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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_crusher	Car crusher	["1 Types of car crushers","1.1 Car crushing machine","1.2 Mobile car crusher","1.3 Baling Press","1.4 Scrap Shredder","2 Car crushers in popular culture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Industrial device used to reduce size of cars Stacks of crushed cars A car crusher is an industrial device used to reduce the dimensions of derelict (depreciated) cars prior to transport for recycling. A Ford van being crushed in St. Louis, Missouri a blue 1990s Lincoln Town Car after crushing Historically, because scrap cars were too big and bulky to transport to the sites that turned them into reusable material, and the cost to transport them was uneconomical because, at times, it would cost more to send it than the car was worth, because transportation costs were determined by weight. Since uncrushed cars were less dense and took up more space, even for a short haul, the scrap cars were worth less than it cost to deliver them. An SUV being crushed by a grapple crane Cars can be crushed either dropping heavy weights onto them, using an excavator bucket or mechanical grab, but these rudimentary means can be time consuming and produces inconsistent scrap sizes. By contrast, having a dedicated car crushing machine speeds up the compacting process and results in more uniform scrap bundles. Types of car crushers Car crushers are essentially a type of hydraulic compactor and subdivide into two basic types; the pancake crusher where the vehicle is flattened vertically into a slab, or the baler which crushes and compresses the vehicle from several directions into a dense rectangular cube or 'bale'. Both types can be mounted onto a semi trailer - the transportable mobile car crusher - to allow it to crush and collect vehicles from multiple junkyards who do not own their own machine. Shredding machines also have a crushing action which will reduce the height of the vehicle before it is finally pulverised into fragments by spinning rotors. Car crushing machine One of the first car crushing machines was invented by Allen B. Sharp and Richard A. Hull, both assignors to Al-Jon Incorporated located in Ottumwa, Iowa. The patent for the machine was filed on March 22, 1965, and patented on August 16, 1966. This United States Patent was primarily examined by Walter A. Scheel. With this car crushing machine, a car is fed through a hydraulically powered jaw and is slowly flattened as it goes through, similar to how a pasta machine flattens pasta dough. The car scraps are flattened into dimensions of six inches tall by five to six feet wide, similar to the length of its original size. The design of this machine is meant to be portable so it can move to anywhere cars have been gathered by being within the legal size of highway transport. The machine can be operated by a single person. Mobile car crusher The mobile car crusher was invented by Charlie Roy Hall in the city of Wadley, Georgia in the year 1996 and was patented on August 12, 1997. The primary examiner of this United States patent was Stephen F. Gerrity. As a condensed version of a standard car crusher, a mobile car crusher has a smaller opening with lower output, so it can crush only smaller sized, C-class cars. This machine is mobile as a result of its dual functions: a travel mode for highways, which is when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are lowered, and a working mode, when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are raised. There are two guiding posts on either side of the machine, with hydraulic cylinders inside of them. The guiding posts protect the hydraulic cylinders from external interference. The hydraulic cylinders are what is used to apply pressure to the car, with a crusher hood to spread the pressure evenly and crush the entirety of the car. A heavy-duty lowboy trailer is attached to the bottom of the mobile car crusher and can be transported only using a semi-trailer truck. Due to the increase in car production, scrap metal became high in demand, so the mobile car crusher was made to increase efficiency of gathering scrap metal. Lifespans of cars were also decreasing, so the number of cars being sent to large centralized car crushing facilities rose. Consequently, facilities needed to outsource to mobile car crushers so they could keep up with the increased volume of automobiles. Baling Press Baling presses are used for the compaction of general scrap material, but are popularly used for automobile bodyshells. They generally consist of two hydraulically powered hinged "wings", which fold the vehicle in half, pressing it into a rectangular "log". Once the wings are fully closed, pusher plates, again powered by hydraulics, squeeze the log along its axis from one or both ends until a dense cube or "bale" is formed, which is then either ejected from a door at the end of the machine or removed by a crane. Some baling presses have a guillotine shear which chops the bale or log into smaller pieces. Baling presses, like mobile car crushers, can be mounted on a semi-trailer so that it can be transported between automobile recycling yards. Scrap Shredder See main articles: Hammermill and Automotive shredder residue Shredders are normally the final stage of the destruction of a derelict automobile which pulverise it to fist-sized pieces - and come in two main forms - the first is essentially a scaled up version of a domestic paper shredder which employs two contrarotating rotors which turn continuously, shearing the vehicle and tearing it up into pieces. The other type are industrial shredding plants which are usually built on a very large scale - these employ a giant pair of rollers which flatten the hulk and feed it into the main hammermill. Shredders can either accept the vehicle hulk in its original uncrushed state directly, or the flattened or baled vehicles from primary crushing processes can also be fed into them. Car crushers in popular culture This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Car crushers have been popular in films as devices of murder or humour. They have appeared in such well known films as Goldfinger (destroying a Lincoln Continental with a body inside), Cleopatra Jones, National Lampoon's Vacation, I'll Never Forget What's'isname, Kick-Ass, Superman III, Gone in 60 Seconds, Pulp Fiction, Strul, Mickey One, and many others. They have also appeared in several television shows including Mathnet's "The Case of the Great Car Robbery". Joe Howard's character, George Frankly hid in a to-be-stolen car, and the other characters thought he was still in the car after it was flattened by the crusher. A car crusher was used to dispose of Walt and Jesse's RV containing a mobile meth lab in season three of Breaking Bad. A car crusher appeared in the junkyard scene of the Kushner-Locke/Disney film The Brave Little Toaster. A car crusher appeared in the San Francisco junkyard also Known as: Wrecking yard in the scene so when Sasha stops a junkyard car crusher from crushing the one Charlie is stuck in during the episode "Miss Guidance." All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series A car crusher also appears in the video games Grand Theft Auto 2 where it generates power-ups depending on car model and is also used in an assassination mission. It also appears in Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Mafia II where the player can make money from stealing cars and taking them to the crusher. A car crusher also featured in Need for Speed: The Run. Jack is seen tied to the steering wheel of his red Porsche Carrera 911, on a crusher in a junkyard, before Janella Salvador/Habib Diator's death. On the ground, Marcus Blackwell and a mobster are watching. He is about to be crushed to death, but he wakes up and manages to untie himself and escape the crusher at the last second. He sneaks out and steals an NFS Edition Audi RS4, barely escaping the junkyard alive. Soon, he is chased by multiple Porsche Cayennes, but Jack escapes. A car crusher also appeared in the Drake music video of "Family Matters." As part of the Drake-Kendrick Lamar fued, the car crusher in the video is shown crushing a red van that matches the van on the cover artwork of Kendrick Lamar's album, Good Kid, M.A.A.D City. See also Beat the Crusher, a UK TV show featuring cars demolished by a car crusher César Baldaccini, a baled car artist, now deceased James Squillante, a mobster reputedly crushed in his own car Scrap metal shredder Vehicle recycling References ^ U.S. patent 3,266,413 ^ U.S. patent 5,655,443 ^ "Goldfinger (1964) - Car Tailing Scene". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022. ^ "Vacation Car Dealer". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022. ^ "Superman lll Superman vs Clark Part 2 HD". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022. ^ "Car Crush Scene Gone in 60 Seconds (2000)". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022. External links "Where Old Cars Meet Their End And Start Over", November 1930, Popular Science bottom of page 61 shows the first type car crusher in action "Giant Press Bales Autos." Popular Science, August 1948, p.119. Car Crushing Machine Patent Mobile Car Crusher Patent	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auto_scrapyard_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"depreciated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciation"},{"link_name":"cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recycling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_crushing_machine_being_operated_in_St._Louis,_MO.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_exiting_crusher.jpg"},{"link_name":"excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator"},{"link_name":"mechanical grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_(tool)"}],"text":"Stacks of crushed carsA car crusher is an industrial device used to reduce the dimensions of derelict (depreciated) cars prior to transport for recycling.A Ford van being crushed in St. Louis, Missouria blue 1990s Lincoln Town Car after crushingHistorically, because scrap cars were too big and bulky to transport to the sites that turned them into reusable material, and the cost to transport them was uneconomical because, at times, it would cost more to send it than the car was worth, because transportation costs were determined by weight. Since uncrushed cars were less dense and took up more space, even for a short haul, the scrap cars were worth less than it cost to deliver them.An SUV being crushed by a grapple craneCars can be crushed either dropping heavy weights onto them, using an excavator bucket or mechanical grab, but these rudimentary means can be time consuming and produces inconsistent scrap sizes. By contrast, having a dedicated car crushing machine speeds up the compacting process and results in more uniform scrap bundles.","title":"Car crusher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactor"}],"text":"Car crushers are essentially a type of hydraulic compactor and subdivide into two basic types; the pancake crusher where the vehicle is flattened vertically into a slab, or the baler which crushes and compresses the vehicle from several directions into a dense rectangular cube or 'bale'.Both types can be mounted onto a semi trailer - the transportable mobile car crusher - to allow it to crush and collect vehicles from multiple junkyards who do not own their own machine.Shredding machines also have a crushing action which will reduce the height of the vehicle before it is finally pulverised into fragments by spinning rotors.","title":"Types of car crushers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Car crushing machine","text":"One of the first car crushing machines was invented by Allen B. Sharp and Richard A. Hull, both assignors to Al-Jon Incorporated located in Ottumwa, Iowa. The patent for the machine was filed on March 22, 1965, and patented on August 16, 1966. This United States Patent was primarily examined by Walter A. Scheel.[1]With this car crushing machine, a car is fed through a hydraulically powered jaw and is slowly flattened as it goes through, similar to how a pasta machine flattens pasta dough. The car scraps are flattened into dimensions of six inches tall by five to six feet wide, similar to the length of its original size. The design of this machine is meant to be portable so it can move to anywhere cars have been gathered by being within the legal size of highway transport. The machine can be operated by a single person.","title":"Types of car crushers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Mobile car crusher","text":"The mobile car crusher was invented by Charlie Roy Hall in the city of Wadley, Georgia in the year 1996 and was patented on August 12, 1997. The primary examiner of this United States patent was Stephen F. Gerrity.[2] As a condensed version of a standard car crusher, a mobile car crusher has a smaller opening with lower output, so it can crush only smaller sized, C-class cars. This machine is mobile as a result of its dual functions: a travel mode for highways, which is when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are lowered, and a working mode, when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are raised. There are two guiding posts on either side of the machine, with hydraulic cylinders inside of them. The guiding posts protect the hydraulic cylinders from external interference. The hydraulic cylinders are what is used to apply pressure to the car, with a crusher hood to spread the pressure evenly and crush the entirety of the car. A heavy-duty lowboy trailer is attached to the bottom of the mobile car crusher and can be transported only using a semi-trailer truck. Due to the increase in car production, scrap metal became high in demand, so the mobile car crusher was made to increase efficiency of gathering scrap metal. Lifespans of cars were also decreasing, so the number of cars being sent to large centralized car crushing facilities rose. Consequently, facilities needed to outsource to mobile car crushers so they could keep up with the increased volume of automobiles.","title":"Types of car crushers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Baling Press","text":"Baling presses are used for the compaction of general scrap material, but are popularly used for automobile bodyshells. They generally consist of two hydraulically powered hinged \"wings\", which fold the vehicle in half, pressing it into a rectangular \"log\". Once the wings are fully closed, pusher plates, again powered by hydraulics, squeeze the log along its axis from one or both ends until a dense cube or \"bale\" is formed, which is then either ejected from a door at the end of the machine or removed by a crane. Some baling presses have a guillotine shear which chops the bale or log into smaller pieces. Baling presses, like mobile car crushers, can be mounted on a semi-trailer so that it can be transported between automobile recycling yards.","title":"Types of car crushers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammermill"},{"link_name":"Automotive shredder residue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_shredder_residue"},{"link_name":"domestic paper shredder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_shredder"}],"sub_title":"Scrap Shredder","text":"See main articles: Hammermill and Automotive shredder residueShredders are normally the final stage of the destruction of a derelict automobile which pulverise it to fist-sized pieces - and come in two main forms - the first is essentially a scaled up version of a domestic paper shredder which employs two contrarotating rotors which turn continuously, shearing the vehicle and tearing it up into pieces. The other type are industrial shredding plants which are usually built on a very large scale - these employ a giant pair of rollers which flatten the hulk and feed it into the main hammermill. Shredders can either accept the vehicle hulk in its original uncrushed state directly, or the flattened or baled vehicles from primary crushing processes can also be fed into them.","title":"Types of car crushers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental#1961%E2%80%931963"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Jones"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Vacation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"I'll Never Forget What's'isname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Never_Forget_What%27s%27isname"},{"link_name":"Kick-Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick-Ass_(film)"},{"link_name":"Superman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_III"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gone in 60 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_in_60_Seconds_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Strul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strul"},{"link_name":"Mathnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathnet"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"The Brave Little Toaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Toaster_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wrecking yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_yard"},{"link_name":"All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven:_The_Series"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_2"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Liberty_City_Stories"},{"link_name":"Mafia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_II"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed: The Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed:_The_Run"},{"link_name":"Porsche Carrera 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911"},{"link_name":"Janella Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janella_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Audi RS4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_RS4"},{"link_name":"Porsche Cayennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Drake-Kendrick Lamar fued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%E2%80%93Kendrick_Lamar_feud"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Good Kid, M.A.A.D City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Kid,_M.A.A.D_City"}],"text":"Car crushers have been popular in films as devices of murder or humour. They have appeared in such well known films as Goldfinger (destroying a Lincoln Continental with a body inside[3]), Cleopatra Jones, National Lampoon's Vacation,[4] I'll Never Forget What's'isname, Kick-Ass, Superman III,[5] Gone in 60 Seconds,[6] Pulp Fiction, Strul, Mickey One, and many others.They have also appeared in several television shows including Mathnet's \"The Case of the Great Car Robbery\". Joe Howard's character, George Frankly hid in a to-be-stolen car, and the other characters thought he was still in the car after it was flattened by the crusher.A car crusher was used to dispose of Walt and Jesse's RV containing a mobile meth lab in season three of Breaking Bad.A car crusher appeared in the junkyard scene of the Kushner-Locke/Disney film The Brave Little Toaster.A car crusher appeared in the San Francisco junkyard also Known as: Wrecking yard in the scene so when Sasha stops a junkyard car crusher from crushing the one Charlie is stuck in during the episode \"Miss Guidance.\" All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series [clarification needed]A car crusher also appears in the video games Grand Theft Auto 2 where it generates power-ups depending on car model and is also used in an assassination mission. It also appears in Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Mafia II where the player can make money from stealing cars and taking them to the crusher.A car crusher also featured in Need for Speed: The Run. Jack is seen tied to the steering wheel of his red Porsche Carrera 911, on a crusher in a junkyard, before Janella Salvador/Habib Diator's death. On the ground, Marcus Blackwell and a mobster are watching. He is about to be crushed to death, but he wakes up and manages to untie himself and escape the crusher at the last second. He sneaks out and steals an NFS Edition Audi RS4, barely escaping the junkyard alive. Soon, he is chased by multiple Porsche Cayennes, but Jack escapes.A car crusher also appeared in the Drake music video of \"Family Matters.\" As part of the Drake-Kendrick Lamar fued, the car crusher in the video is shown crushing a red van that matches the van on the cover artwork of Kendrick Lamar's album, Good Kid, M.A.A.D City.","title":"Car crushers in popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Stacks of crushed cars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Auto_scrapyard_1.jpg/280px-Auto_scrapyard_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Ford van being crushed in St. Louis, Missouri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Car_crushing_machine_being_operated_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg/220px-Car_crushing_machine_being_operated_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg"},{"image_text":"a blue 1990s Lincoln Town Car after crushing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Car_exiting_crusher.jpg/220px-Car_exiting_crusher.jpg"},{"image_text":"An SUV being crushed by a grapple crane"}]	[{"title":"César Baldaccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Baldaccini"},{"title":"James Squillante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Squillante"},{"title":"Scrap metal shredder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap_metal_shredder"},{"title":"Vehicle recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recycling"}]	[{"reference":"\"Goldfinger (1964) - Car Tailing Scene\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHvIv01QNhA","url_text":"\"Goldfinger (1964) - Car Tailing Scene\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vacation Car Dealer\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD6NCnwNQk4","url_text":"\"Vacation Car Dealer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superman lll Superman vs Clark Part 2 HD\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfe5drzybRU","url_text":"\"Superman lll Superman vs Clark Part 2 HD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Crush Scene Gone in 60 Seconds (2000)\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gcFy9GwuXU","url_text":"\"Car Crush Scene Gone in 60 Seconds (2000)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US3266413","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 3,266,413"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US5655443","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 5,655,443"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHvIv01QNhA","external_links_name":"\"Goldfinger (1964) - Car Tailing Scene\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD6NCnwNQk4","external_links_name":"\"Vacation Car Dealer\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfe5drzybRU","external_links_name":"\"Superman lll Superman vs Clark Part 2 HD\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gcFy9GwuXU","external_links_name":"\"Car Crush Scene Gone in 60 Seconds (2000)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xSgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1931+plane&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"\"Where Old Cars Meet Their End And Start Over\", November 1930, Popular Science"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QCgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"\"Giant Press Bales Autos.\""},{"Link":"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ef/f5/e7/05aa62fd503582/US3266413.pdf","external_links_name":"Car Crushing Machine Patent"},{"Link":"https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e3/c7/cd/50cfea4ddec2b7/US5655443.pdf","external_links_name":"Mobile Car Crusher Patent"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_house	Lorraine house	["1 Overview","2 External links"]	Example in Hemmersdorf The Lorraine house (German: Lothringerhaus) or Lorraine farmhouse (German: Lothringer Bauernhaus) is a vernacular, agricultural house type found in Lorraine in France and the western part of the Saarland in Germany. It is a byre-dwelling, with the living and working quarters of a farming business combined under one roof. Lorraine houses developed after the devastating wars of the 17th century and took the place of individual scattered farmsteads. Overview The Lorraine house stands with its roof ridge parallel to the village street, an eaves side is therefore the front of the house. Neighbouring houses adjoin each other so that a solid row of houses is formed along the road. The Lorraine house is divided at right angles to the roof ridge, i.e. from front to back, into a living area on the one side and a working area on the other; this is referred to as a transversely divided single unit house (German: Quereinhaus). The living area is on two storeys. Typical of the Lorraine house is a triple room layout, whereby the middle room has no windows if it adjoins a neighbouring house. On the ground floor the kitchen is located between the parlour (front) and chamber (rear). The open hearth in the kitchen acts as heating for the other rooms. Above the first floor there is often an extra half-storey forming a mezzanine floor (known in German as a Drempelgeschoss or Kniestock), recognizable from the ventilation hatches over the windows of the upper storey. Given the same height of roof ridge this meant that the roof pitch was shallower. The working area consisted of a livestock stall and barn. The stall was located in the middle between the living area and the barn. Carts from the street were able to get to the yard behind the farmhouse through the barn. The masonry of a Lorraine house is made of irregular stones and is plastered. The lintels, jambs and sills of the windows and doors are picked out both in terms of relief and colour; they are made of local sandstone or limestone. The windows are fitted with wooden shutters. The roof is usually covered with wooden monk and nun tiles. Renovated Lorraine houses, several turned into museums, may be seen on either side of the Franco-German border between Lorraine and the Saarland. Examples include: Haus Saargau a museum in Gisingen from the 18th century with Lorraine furniture Several renovated Lorraine houses in Hemmersdorf Maison Lorraine, a Lorraine house museum in Oberdorff La Vieille Maison de 1710, an eco-museum in Gomelange Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lorraine house. External links "Saar-Mosel-Dorf Das Saargauhaus" – Description of a Saargau house in the Roscheider Hof open-air museum, accessed on 11 August 2013 Gerhild Krebs: Farmhouse types in the super-region of Saar-Lor-Lux (pdf; 37 kB), accessed on 10 August 2013	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"byre-dwelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byre-dwelling"},{"link_name":"farming business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhouse"}],"text":"The Lorraine house (German: Lothringerhaus) or Lorraine farmhouse (German: Lothringer Bauernhaus) is a vernacular, agricultural house type found in Lorraine in France and the western part of the Saarland in Germany. It is a byre-dwelling, with the living and working quarters of a farming business combined under one roof. Lorraine houses developed after the devastating wars of the 17th century and took the place of individual scattered farmsteads.","title":"Lorraine house"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roof ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_ridge"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves"},{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine"},{"link_name":"lintels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel"},{"link_name":"jambs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamb"},{"link_name":"sills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_sill"},{"link_name":"monk and nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_and_nun"},{"link_name":"Gisingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisingen_(Wallerfangen)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hemmersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemmersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oberdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberdorff"},{"link_name":"Gomelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomelange"},{"link_name":"Lorraine house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lorraine_house"}],"text":"The Lorraine house stands with its roof ridge parallel to the village street, an eaves side is therefore the front of the house. Neighbouring houses adjoin each other so that a solid row of houses is formed along the road. The Lorraine house is divided at right angles to the roof ridge, i.e. from front to back, into a living area on the one side and a working area on the other; this is referred to as a transversely divided single unit house (German: Quereinhaus).The living area is on two storeys. Typical of the Lorraine house is a triple room layout, whereby the middle room has no windows if it adjoins a neighbouring house. On the ground floor the kitchen is located between the parlour (front) and chamber (rear). The open hearth in the kitchen acts as heating for the other rooms. Above the first floor there is often an extra half-storey forming a mezzanine floor (known in German as a Drempelgeschoss or Kniestock), recognizable from the ventilation hatches over the windows of the upper storey. Given the same height of roof ridge this meant that the roof pitch was shallower.The working area consisted of a livestock stall and barn. The stall was located in the middle between the living area and the barn. Carts from the street were able to get to the yard behind the farmhouse through the barn.The masonry of a Lorraine house is made of irregular stones and is plastered. The lintels, jambs and sills of the windows and doors are picked out both in terms of relief and colour; they are made of local sandstone or limestone. The windows are fitted with wooden shutters. The roof is usually covered with wooden monk and nun tiles.Renovated Lorraine houses, several turned into museums, may be seen on either side of the Franco-German border between Lorraine and the Saarland. Examples include:Haus Saargau a museum in Gisingen from the 18th century with Lorraine furniture\nSeveral renovated Lorraine houses in Hemmersdorf\nMaison Lorraine, a Lorraine house museum in Oberdorff\nLa Vieille Maison de 1710, an eco-museum in GomelangeWikimedia Commons has media related to Lorraine house.","title":"Overview"}]	[{"image_text":"Example in Hemmersdorf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LothringerHaus.jpg/220px-LothringerHaus.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170115045208/http://www.roscheiderhof.de/index.php/de/?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=467&lang=de","external_links_name":"\"Saar-Mosel-Dorf Das Saargauhaus\""},{"Link":"http://www.memotransfront.uni-saarland.de/pdf/bauernhaustypen.pdf","external_links_name":"Gerhild Krebs: Farmhouse types in the super-region of Saar-Lor-Lux"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square	Town square	["1 Australia","2 China","3 Germany","4 Indonesia","5 Iran","6 Italy","7 Netherlands and Belgium","8 Russia","9 South Korea","10 Spanish-speaking countries","11 United Kingdom","12 United States","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"]	Open public spaces in cities or towns, usually rectilinear, surrounded by buildings Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Plaza (disambiguation), Town square (disambiguation), City square (disambiguation), Public square (disambiguation), and Piazza (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Town square" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Piazza della Signoria, in Florence, Italy, a historic example of a traditional public square Announcement of the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on Congress Square in 1918 The Saint Peter's Square is the heart of the Greek city of Argos. A square (or plaza, public square, or urban square) is an open public space used for various activities. Squares are not necessarily a true geometric square. Most squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. A town square is commonly found in the heart of a traditional town and is used for community gatherings. A square in a city may be called a city square. Related concepts are the civic center, the market square and the village green. Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a well, monument, statue or other feature. Those with fountains are sometimes called fountain squares. The term "town square" (especially via the term "public square") is synonymous with the politics of many cultures, and the names of a certain town squares, such as the Euromaidan or Red Square, have become symbolic of specific political events throughout history. Australia The city centre of Adelaide and the adjacent suburb of North Adelaide, in South Australia, were planned by Colonel William Light in 1837. The city streets were laid out in a grid plan, with the city centre including a central public square, Victoria Square, and four public squares in the centre of each quarter of the city. North Adelaide has two public squares. The city was also designed to be surrounded by park lands, and all of these features still exist today, with the squares maintained as mostly green spaces. China Fountain in People's Square in Shanghai, China In Mainland China, People's Square is a common designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities, established as part of urban modernization within the last few decades. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings. One such square, Tiananmen Square, is a famous site in Chinese history due to it being the site of the May Fourth Movement, the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the 1976 Tiananmen Incident, the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests, and all Chinese National Day Parades. Germany Schlossplatz in Stuttgart, Germany The German word for square is Platz, which also means "Place", and is a common term for central squares in German-speaking countries. These have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today. Squares located opposite a Palace or Castle (German: Schloss) are commonly named Schlossplatz. Prominent Plätze include the Alexanderplatz, Pariser Platz and Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Heldenplatz in Vienna, and the Königsplatz in Munich. Indonesia Alun-Alun Purbalingga, Central Java A large open square common in villages, towns and cities of Indonesia is known as alun-alun. It is a Javanese term which in modern-day Indonesia refers to the two large open squares of kraton compounds. It is typically located adjacent a mosque or a palace. It is a place for public spectacles, court celebrations and general non-court entertainments. Iran Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran In traditional Persian architecture, town squares are known as maydan or meydan. A maydan is considered one of the essential features in urban planning and they are often adjacent to bazaars, large mosques and other public buildings. Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan and Azadi Square in Tehran are examples of classic and modern squares. Several countries use the term "maidan" across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, including Ukraine, in which the term became well-known globally during the Euromaidan. Italy "Piazza" redirects here. For other uses, see Piazza (disambiguation). Piazza Navona and the Fontana (fountain) del Moro in central Rome, Italy. The fountain in the background is Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi A piazza (Italian pronunciation: ) is a city square in Italy, Malta, along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. Possibly influenced by the centrality of the Forum (Roman) to ancient Mediterranean culture, the piazze of Italy are central to most towns and cities. Shops, businesses, metro stations, and bus stops are commonly found on piazzas, and in multiple locations also feature Roman Catholic Churches, such as in places known as the Piazza del Duomo, with the most famous perhaps being at Duomo di Milan, or government buildings, such as the Piazza del Quirinale adjacent from the Quirinal Palace of the Italian president. The Piazza San Marco in Venice and Piazza del Popolo in Rome are among the world's best known. The Italian piazzas historically played a major role in the political developments of Italy in both the Italian Medieval Era and the Italian Renaissance. For example, the Piazza della Signoria in Florence remains synonymous with the return of the Medici from their exile in 1530 as well as the burning at the stake of Savonarola during the Italian Inquisition. The Italian term is roughly equivalent to the Spanish plaza, the French term place, the Portuguese praça, and the German Platz. Not to be confused, other countries use the phrase to refer to an unrelated feature of architectural or urban design, such as the "piazza" at King's Cross station in London or piazza as used by some in the United States, to refer to a verandah or front porch of a house or apartment, such as at George Washington's historic home Mount Vernon. Several countries, especially around the Mediterranean Sea, feature Italian-style town squares. In Gibraltar, one such town square just off Gibraltar's Main Street, between the Parliament Building and the City Hall officially named John Mackintosh Square is referred to as The Piazza. Netherlands and Belgium Grand-Place in Brussels, Belgium In the Low Countries, squares are often called "markets" because of their usage as marketplaces. Most towns and cities in Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands have in their historical centre a Grote Markt (literally "Big Market") in Dutch or Grand-Place (literally "Grand Square") in French (for example the Grand-Place in Brussels and the Grote Markt in Antwerp). The Grote Markt or Grand-Place is often the location of the town hall, hence also the political centre of the town. The Dutch word for square is plein, which is another common name for squares in Dutch-speaking regions (for example Het Plein in The Hague). In the 17th and 18th centuries, another type of square emerged, the so-called royal square (French: Place royale, Dutch: Koningsplein). Such squares did not serve as a marketplace but were built in front of large palaces or public buildings to emphasise their grandeur, as well as to accommodate military parades and ceremonies, among others (for example the Place Royale in Brussels and the Koningsplein in Amsterdam). Palace squares are usually more symmetrical than their older market counterparts. Russia Red Square in Moscow, Russia, a view from the northwest, showing historic St. Basil's Cathedral and the Spasskaya Tower or "Saviour Tower" In Russia, central square (Russian: центра́льная пло́щадь, romanised: tsentráĺnaya plóshchad́) is a common term for an open area in the heart of the town. In a number of cities, the square has no individual name and is officially designated Central Square, for example Central Square (Tolyatti). The most famous central square is the monumentally-proportioned Red Square which became a synecdoche for the Soviet Union during the 20th century; nevertheless, the association with "red communism" is a back formation, since krásnaja (the term for "red") also means "beautiful" in archaic and poetic Russian, with many cities and towns throughout the region having locations with the name "Red Square." South Korea Gwanghwamun Square Gwanghwamun Plaza (Korean: 광화문광장) also known as Gwanghwamun Square) is a public open space on Sejongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It against the background of A Gwanghwamun Gate(Korean: 광화문). In 2009, Restoration of Gwanghwamun Gate made the gate's front space as a public plaza. The square has been renovated to modern style has new waterways & rest Areas, exhibition Hall for Excavated Cultural Assets in 2022 Aug. Spanish-speaking countries Plaza Mayor of Madrid, Spain The Spanish-language term for a public square is plaza ( or depending on the dialectal variety). It comes from Latin platea, with the meaning of 'broad street' or 'public square'. Ultimately coming from Greek πλατεῖα (ὁδός) plateia (hodos), it is a cognate of Italian piazza and French place (which has also been borrowed into English). The term is used across Spanish-speaking territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as in the Philippines. In addition to smaller plazas, the Plaza Mayor (sometimes called in the Americas as Plaza de Armas, "armament square" where troops could be mustered) of each center of administration held three closely related institutions: the cathedral, the cantabile or administrative center, which might be incorporated in a wing of a governor's palace, and the audiencia or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiestas, it serves as the gathering space for large crowds. Diminutives of plaza include plazuela and the latter's double diminutive plazoleta, which can be occasionally used as a particle in a proper noun. Like the Italian piazza and the Portuguese praça, the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled by the market-place. A plaza de toros is a bullring. Shopping centers may incorporate 'plaza' into their names, and plaza comercial is used in some countries as a synonym for centro comercial i.e. "shopping center". United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh, a "square" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre, sometimes known as garden squares. Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the Squares in London category. Additionally, many public squares were created in towns and cities across the UK as part of urban redevelopment following the Blitz. Squares can also be quite small and resemble courtyards, especially in the City of London. United States Los Angeles Music Center Plaza In some cities, especially in New England, the term "square" (as its Spanish equivalent, plaza) is applied to a commercial area (like Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). Many of these intersections are irregular rather than square. The placita (Spanish for "little plaza"), as it is known in the Southwestern United States, is a common feature within the boundaries of the former provincial kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. They are a blend of Hispano and Pueblo design styles, several of which continue to be hubs for cities and towns in New Mexico, including Santa Fe Plaza, Old Town Albuquerque, Acoma Pueblo's plaza, Taos Downtown Historic District, Mesilla Plaza, Mora, and Las Vegas Plaza. In U.S. English, a plaza can mean one of several things: a town square, as in the Spanish usage "any open area usually located near urban buildings and often featuring walkways, trees and shrubs, places to sit, and sometimes shops" a shopping center of any size a toll plaza, where traffic must temporarily stop to pay tolls an area adjacent to an expressway that has service facilities (such as restaurants, gas stations, and restrooms) Today's metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the plaza as a design element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary constraints, and the like. Sociologist William H. Whyte conducted an extensive study of plazas in New York City: his study humanized the way modern urban plazas are conceptualized, and helped usher in significant design changes in the making of plazas. They can be used to open spaces for low-income neighborhoods, and can also the overall aesthetic of the surrounding area boosting economic vitality, pedestrian mobility and safety for pedestrians. Most plazas are created out of a collaboration between local non-profit applicants and city officials which requires approval from the city. Throughout North America, words like place, square, or plaza frequently appear in the names of commercial developments such as shopping centers and hotels. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urban squares. Cathedral Square List of city squares List of city squares by size Urban vitality References ^ Dyer, Hadley (2010). Watch this Space: Designing, Defending and Sharing Public Spaces. Illustrated by Marc Ngui. Toronto: Kids Can Press. pp. 8–3, 78. ISBN 978-1-55453-293-3. ^ The Adelaide Park Lands and City Layout (PDF). Australian Heritage Database: Places for Decision: Class: Historic. For consideration for National Heritage List. Australian Government. Dept for the Environment, Water, Heritage & the Arts. 9 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Anderson, Margaret (31 December 2013). "Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837". Adelaidia. Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ Jones II, Philip J. (1997). "The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria". Oxford University Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 0191590304. ^ "Piazza Della Signoria, Visit Florence". Visit Florence. Retrieved 18 December 2023. ^ "Piazza". Oxford American Dictionary. 2001. ^ "Mount Vernon, Piazza". Mount Vernon. Retrieved 18 December 2023. ^ Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2008). "543 Le type grand-mère.". le bon usage: Grammaire française (in French) (14 ed.). Bruxelles: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 703. ISBN 978-2-8011-1404-9. Grand accompagne (avec trait d'union H2) des noms féminins dans quelques expressions figées : grand-croix, grand-maman, grand-mère . En outre, des expressions cantonnées dans des vocabulaires spéciaux, grand-chambre, grand-garde, grand-hune, grand-salle, grand-voile ; – des emplois régionaux, comme grand-place, surtout courant dans le Nord de la France et en Belgique. H2 543 Historique On a longtemps écrit grand'mère, etc. avec une apostrophe parce que l'on croyait qu'un e final avait disparu comme dans l'élision. C'est en 1932 que l'Ac. a remplacé par un trait d'union cette apostrophe injustifiée. ^ Morris, Michèle R. (1988). "4.5.2 Cas d'élision". Mieux écrire en français: Manuel de composition et guide pratique à l'usage des étudiants anglophones (in French) (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780878402250. Le e de grande s'élide dans certains noms composés comme : grand-mère grand-tante grand-maman grand-duc grand-messe grand-rue grand-route grand-chose à grand-peine Observez que dans les noms précedent on utilise le trait d'union et non l'apostrophe (orthographe vieillie). ^ Florian Prouteau, Comment repenser nos places, centralités historiques remises en cause ? (in French), Sciences agricoles, 2013 ^ "Ever-evolving Gwanghwamun to be altered anew". koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ "광화문광장". gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ "A bigger and better Gwanghwamun Square Reopens!". Visit Seoul. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Lodares Marrodán, Juan Ramón (2005). "Aventuras y desventuras etimológicas de Cerdá en torno a su "indicador urbano" de la urbanización". Ciudad y Territorio: Estudios Territoriales. 37 (144). Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento: 583. ISSN 1133-4762. ^ "Plaza". Reference.com. plaza. "plaza". Reference.com. πλατεῖα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. ^ Regúnaga, Alejandra (2005). "Morfología derivativa: consideraciones en torno al uso de diminutivos en la ciudad de Santa Rosa (La Pampa-Argentina)" (PDF). Anclajes. 9. Santa Rosa: Universidad Nacional de La Pampa: 261. ISSN 1851-4669. ^ "plaza comercial". Linguee. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ Woodruff, Andy (16 June 2010). "Boston Squared". Andy Woodruff. Retrieved 30 July 2013. ^ "Plaza". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 27 May 2024. ^ "Public Plazas". New York City DOT. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Bloomekatz, Ari (11 March 2012). "Silver Lake Gets an Unusual New Park Space". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 October 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urban squares. Pitlane Magazine.com: "The Hidden Origin of the Town Square" BBC.com: "The Violent History of Public Squares" "This research initiative is an attempt to rediscover the lost or neglected urban symbols. The Urban Square is a city's 'heart and soul' and that is the focus of this project." Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland vteArchitecture of the United StatesNative and indigenous Mound Builders Pueblo Colonial and post-colonial Creole First Period Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Territorial Early Republic Adam Federal Jeffersonian Neoclassical Antebellum Mid-19th century Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival Victorian Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle Late-19th tomid-20th century Art Deco (Streamline Moderne) Pre-war American Craftsman American Foursquare Beaux-Arts California bungalow Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Googie International style Mayan Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Deco Prairie School PWA Moderne Sarasota School of Architecture Rustic Spanish Colonial Revival Territorial Revival Tudor Revival Post–World War II Blobitecture Brutalist Deconstructivism Dingbat Earthship High-tech Mid-century modern Modern Neo-eclectic Neo-futurism Neomodern New Classical architecture Postmodern Ranch Shed style Tiny-house Usonian Building types and vernacular Adobe Barabara Cape Cod Central-passage house Chickee Corn crib Cowboy church Critical regionalism Dogtrot house Earth lodge Hogan Hall and parlor house I-house Igloo Jacal Kiva Log cabin Longhouses Moki steps Plank house Platform mound Qargi Quiggly hole Ramada Saltbox Shotgun house Sipapu Skyscraper Sod house Sweat lodge Temples Tipi Town square Tupiq Wigwam Cities Atlanta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Detroit Houston Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Omaha Philadelphia Portland San Antonio San Francisco Seattle Spokane St. Louis Washington, D.C. States Hawaii Texas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaza (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Town square (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"City square (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_square_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Public square (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_square_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Piazza (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_della_Signoria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piazza della Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KongressfallofAH.jpg"},{"link_name":"State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Congress Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Peter%27s_Square_Argos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"public space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"geometric square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square"},{"link_name":"hardscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardscape"},{"link_name":"markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(place)"},{"link_name":"concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"civic center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_center"},{"link_name":"market square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_square"},{"link_name":"village green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_green"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"fountain squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_square"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"}],"text":"Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Plaza (disambiguation), Town square (disambiguation), City square (disambiguation), Public square (disambiguation), and Piazza (disambiguation).Piazza della Signoria, in Florence, Italy, a historic example of a traditional public squareAnnouncement of the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on Congress Square in 1918The Saint Peter's Square is the heart of the Greek city of Argos.A square (or plaza, public square, or urban square) is an open public space used for various activities.[1] Squares are not necessarily a true geometric square. Most squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground.A town square is commonly found in the heart of a traditional town and is used for community gatherings. A square in a city may be called a city square. Related concepts are the civic center, the market square and the village green.Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a well, monument, statue or other feature. Those with fountains are sometimes called fountain squares.The term \"town square\" (especially via the term \"public square\") is synonymous with the politics of many cultures, and the names of a certain town squares, such as the Euromaidan or Red Square, have become symbolic of specific political events throughout history.","title":"Town square"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city centre of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"North Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Colonel William Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_William_Light"},{"link_name":"grid plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"},{"link_name":"Victoria Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"park lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_park_lands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The city centre of Adelaide and the adjacent suburb of North Adelaide, in South Australia, were planned by Colonel William Light in 1837. The city streets were laid out in a grid plan, with the city centre including a central public square, Victoria Square, and four public squares in the centre of each quarter of the city. North Adelaide has two public squares. The city was also designed to be surrounded by park lands, and all of these features still exist today, with the squares maintained as mostly green spaces.[2][3]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_People%27s_Square_Shanghai.jpg"},{"link_name":"People's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Square"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"People's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Square"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square"},{"link_name":"May Fourth Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement"},{"link_name":"Proclamation of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"1976 Tiananmen Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident"},{"link_name":"1989 Tiananmen Square Protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_Protests"},{"link_name":"Chinese National Day Parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_National_Day_Parade"}],"text":"Fountain in People's Square in Shanghai, ChinaIn Mainland China, People's Square is a common designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities, established as part of urban modernization within the last few decades. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings. One such square, Tiananmen Square, is a famous site in Chinese history due to it being the site of the May Fourth Movement, the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the 1976 Tiananmen Incident, the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests, and all Chinese National Day Parades.","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neues_Schloss_Schlossplatzspringbrunnen_Jubil%C3%A4umss%C3%A4ule_Schlossplatz_Stuttgart_2015_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schlossplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlossplatz_(Stuttgart)"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Schloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss"},{"link_name":"Schlossplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlossplatz_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Alexanderplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz"},{"link_name":"Pariser Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariser_Platz"},{"link_name":"Potsdamer Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz"},{"link_name":"Heldenplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heldenplatz"},{"link_name":"Königsplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsplatz,_Munich"}],"text":"Schlossplatz in Stuttgart, GermanyThe German word for square is Platz, which also means \"Place\", and is a common term for central squares in German-speaking countries. These have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today. Squares located opposite a Palace or Castle (German: Schloss) are commonly named Schlossplatz. Prominent Plätze include the Alexanderplatz, Pariser Platz and Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Heldenplatz in Vienna, and the Königsplatz in Munich.","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alun-alun_Purbalingga_aerialview25-2-2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Purbalingga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbalingga"},{"link_name":"alun-alun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun-alun"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"kraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Alun-Alun Purbalingga, Central JavaA large open square common in villages, towns and cities of Indonesia is known as alun-alun. It is a Javanese term which in modern-day Indonesia refers to the two large open squares of kraton compounds. It is typically located adjacent a mosque or a palace. It is a place for public spectacles, court celebrations and general non-court entertainments.[citation needed]","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahyad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azadi Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Square"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Jahan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square"},{"link_name":"Azadi Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Square"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"}],"text":"Azadi Square in Tehran, IranIn traditional Persian architecture, town squares are known as maydan or meydan. A maydan is considered one of the essential features in urban planning and they are often adjacent to bazaars, large mosques and other public buildings. Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan and Azadi Square in Tehran are examples of classic and modern squares. Several countries use the term \"maidan\" across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, including Ukraine, in which the term became well-known globally during the Euromaidan.","title":"Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piazza (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piazza_Navona_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piazza Navona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Navona"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi"},{"link_name":"[ˈpjattsa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"city square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_square"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Forum (Roman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Piazza del Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Duomo di Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomo_di_Milan"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Piazza San Marco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco"},{"link_name":"Piazza del Popolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Piazza della Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"Savonarola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonarola"},{"link_name":"Italian Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"verandah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah"},{"link_name":"porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Main Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street,_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Parliament Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Mackintosh Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackintosh_Square"}],"text":"\"Piazza\" redirects here. For other uses, see Piazza (disambiguation).Piazza Navona and the Fontana (fountain) del Moro in central Rome, Italy. The fountain in the background is Fontana dei Quattro FiumiA piazza (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjattsa]) is a city square in Italy, Malta, along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. Possibly influenced by the centrality of the Forum (Roman) to ancient Mediterranean culture, the piazze of Italy are central to most towns and cities. Shops, businesses, metro stations, and bus stops are commonly found on piazzas, and in multiple locations also feature Roman Catholic Churches, such as in places known as the Piazza del Duomo, with the most famous perhaps being at Duomo di Milan, or government buildings, such as the Piazza del Quirinale adjacent from the Quirinal Palace of the Italian president.The Piazza San Marco in Venice and Piazza del Popolo in Rome are among the world's best known. The Italian piazzas historically played a major role in the political developments of Italy in both the Italian Medieval Era and the Italian Renaissance.[4] For example, the Piazza della Signoria in Florence remains synonymous with the return of the Medici from their exile in 1530 as well as the burning at the stake of Savonarola during the Italian Inquisition.[5]The Italian term is roughly equivalent to the Spanish plaza, the French term place, the Portuguese praça, and the German Platz. Not to be confused, other countries use the phrase to refer to an unrelated feature of architectural or urban design, such as the \"piazza\" at King's Cross station in London or piazza as used by some in the United States, to refer to a verandah or front porch of a house or apartment,[6] such as at George Washington's historic home Mount Vernon.[7]Several countries, especially around the Mediterranean Sea, feature Italian-style town squares. In Gibraltar, one such town square just off Gibraltar's Main Street, between the Parliament Building and the City Hall officially named John Mackintosh Square is referred to as The Piazza.","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grote_Markt_(9379072012).jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand-Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"marketplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grand-Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Place"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Grote Markt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"Het Plein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Plein"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"military parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"Place Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Royale,_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Koningsplein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsplein"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Grand-Place in Brussels, BelgiumIn the Low Countries, squares are often called \"markets\" because of their usage as marketplaces. Most towns and cities in Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands have in their historical centre a Grote Markt (literally \"Big Market\") in Dutch or Grand-Place (literally \"Grand Square\") in French[8][9] (for example the Grand-Place in Brussels and the Grote Markt in Antwerp). The Grote Markt or Grand-Place is often the location of the town hall, hence also the political centre of the town. The Dutch word for square is plein, which is another common name for squares in Dutch-speaking regions (for example Het Plein in The Hague).In the 17th and 18th centuries, another type of square emerged, the so-called royal square (French: Place royale, Dutch: Koningsplein). Such squares did not serve as a marketplace but were built in front of large palaces or public buildings to emphasise their grandeur, as well as to accommodate military parades and ceremonies, among others (for example the Place Royale in Brussels and the Koningsplein in Amsterdam). Palace squares are usually more symmetrical than their older market counterparts.[10]","title":"Netherlands and Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_July_2011-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"St. Basil's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Basil%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Central Square (Tolyatti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Square_(Tolyatti)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Red Square in Moscow, Russia, a view from the northwest, showing historic St. Basil's Cathedral and the Spasskaya Tower or \"Saviour Tower\"In Russia, central square (Russian: центра́льная пло́щадь, romanised: tsentráĺnaya plóshchad́) is a common term for an open area in the heart of the town.[citation needed] In a number of cities, the square has no individual name and is officially designated Central Square, for example Central Square (Tolyatti).[citation needed] The most famous central square is the monumentally-proportioned Red Square which became a synecdoche for the Soviet Union during the 20th century; nevertheless, the association with \"red communism\" is a back formation, since krásnaja (the term for \"red\") also means \"beautiful\" in archaic and poetic Russian, with many cities and towns throughout the region having locations with the name \"Red Square.\"[citation needed]","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gwanghwamun_Square_20220806_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Sejongno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejongno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Gwanghwamun SquareGwanghwamun Plaza (Korean: 광화문광장) also known as Gwanghwamun Square) is a public open space on Sejongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It against the background of A Gwanghwamun Gate(Korean: 광화문).[11]In 2009, Restoration of Gwanghwamun Gate made the gate's front space as a public plaza. The square has been renovated to modern style has new waterways & rest Areas, exhibition Hall for Excavated Cultural Assets in 2022 Aug.[12][13]","title":"South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_Mayor_de_Madrid_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plaza Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[ˈplasa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"[ˈplaθa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etymology-15"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Armas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace"},{"link_name":"fiestas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"bullring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullring"},{"link_name":"Shopping centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Plaza Mayor of Madrid, SpainThe Spanish-language term for a public square is plaza ([ˈplasa] or [ˈplaθa] depending on the dialectal variety). It comes from Latin platea, with the meaning of 'broad street' or 'public square'.[14] Ultimately coming from Greek πλατεῖα (ὁδός) plateia (hodos), it is a cognate of Italian piazza and French place (which has also been borrowed into English).[15]The term is used across Spanish-speaking territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as in the Philippines. In addition to smaller plazas, the Plaza Mayor (sometimes called in the Americas as Plaza de Armas, \"armament square\" where troops could be mustered) of each center of administration held three closely related institutions: the cathedral, the cantabile or administrative center, which might be incorporated in a wing of a governor's palace, and the audiencia or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiestas, it serves as the gathering space for large crowds.[citation needed]Diminutives of plaza include plazuela and the latter's double diminutive plazoleta, which can be occasionally used as a particle in a proper noun.[16]Like the Italian piazza and the Portuguese praça, the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled by the market-place. A plaza de toros is a bullring. Shopping centers may incorporate 'plaza' into their names, and plaza comercial is used in some countries as a synonym for centro comercial i.e. \"shopping center\".[17]","title":"Spanish-speaking countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"garden squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_square"},{"link_name":"Squares in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Squares_in_London"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh, a \"square\" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre, sometimes known as garden squares. Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the Squares in London category. Additionally, many public squares were created in towns and cities across the UK as part of urban redevelopment following the Blitz. Squares can also be quite small and resemble courtyards, especially in the City of London.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_aerial_plaza_view,_facing_northwest._-_Los_Angeles_Music_Center,_135_North_Grand_Avenue,_Los_Angeles,_Los_Angeles_County,_CA_HABS_CA-2780-18.tif"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Music Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Music_Center"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Central Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Square_(Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"traffic calming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_calming"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe de Nuevo México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Hispano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Style"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_architecture"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Old Town Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Acoma Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Taos Downtown Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos_Downtown_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Mesilla Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesilla_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Plaza_(Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"U.S. English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._English"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"shopping center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center"},{"link_name":"toll plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plaza"},{"link_name":"William H. Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whyte"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silverlake-21"}],"text":"Los Angeles Music Center PlazaIn some cities, especially in New England, the term \"square\" (as its Spanish equivalent, plaza) is applied to a commercial area (like Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). Many of these intersections are irregular rather than square.[18]The placita (Spanish for \"little plaza\"), as it is known in the Southwestern United States, is a common feature within the boundaries of the former provincial kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. They are a blend of Hispano and Pueblo design styles, several of which continue to be hubs for cities and towns in New Mexico, including Santa Fe Plaza, Old Town Albuquerque, Acoma Pueblo's plaza, Taos Downtown Historic District, Mesilla Plaza, Mora, and Las Vegas Plaza.In U.S. English, a plaza can mean one of several things:[19]a town square, as in the Spanish usage\n\"any open area usually located near urban buildings and often featuring walkways, trees and shrubs, places to sit, and sometimes shops\"[citation needed]\na shopping center of any size\na toll plaza, where traffic must temporarily stop to pay tolls\nan area adjacent to an expressway that has service facilities (such as restaurants, gas stations, and restrooms)Today's metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the plaza as a design element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary constraints, and the like. Sociologist William H. Whyte conducted an extensive study of plazas in New York City: his study humanized the way modern urban plazas are conceptualized, and helped usher in significant design changes in the making of plazas. They can be used to open spaces for low-income neighborhoods, and can also the overall aesthetic of the surrounding area boosting economic vitality, pedestrian mobility and safety for pedestrians.[20] Most plazas are created out of a collaboration between local non-profit applicants and city officials which requires approval from the city.[21]Throughout North America, words like place, square, or plaza frequently appear in the names of commercial developments such as shopping centers and hotels.","title":"United States"}]	[{"image_text":"Piazza della Signoria, in Florence, Italy, a historic example of a traditional public square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Piazza_della_Signoria.jpg/220px-Piazza_della_Signoria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Announcement of the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on Congress Square in 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/KongressfallofAH.jpg/220px-KongressfallofAH.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Saint Peter's Square is the heart of the Greek city of Argos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Peter%27s_Square_Argos.jpg/220px-Saint_Peter%27s_Square_Argos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fountain in People's Square in Shanghai, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fountain_People%27s_Square_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Fountain_People%27s_Square_Shanghai.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schlossplatz in Stuttgart, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neues_Schloss_Schlossplatzspringbrunnen_Jubil%C3%A4umss%C3%A4ule_Schlossplatz_Stuttgart_2015_02.jpg/220px-Neues_Schloss_Schlossplatzspringbrunnen_Jubil%C3%A4umss%C3%A4ule_Schlossplatz_Stuttgart_2015_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alun-Alun Purbalingga, Central Java","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alun-alun_Purbalingga_aerialview25-2-2022.jpg/220px-Alun-alun_Purbalingga_aerialview25-2-2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shahyad.jpg/220px-Shahyad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Piazza Navona and the Fontana (fountain) del Moro in central Rome, Italy. The fountain in the background is Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Piazza_Navona_1.jpg/220px-Piazza_Navona_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand-Place in Brussels, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grote_Markt_%289379072012%29.jpg/220px-Grote_Markt_%289379072012%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Red Square in Moscow, Russia, a view from the northwest, showing historic St. Basil's Cathedral and the Spasskaya Tower or \"Saviour Tower\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moscow_July_2011-16.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-16.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gwanghwamun Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gwanghwamun_Square_20220806_06.jpg/220px-Gwanghwamun_Square_20220806_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaza Mayor of Madrid, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plaza_Mayor_de_Madrid_06.jpg/220px-Plaza_Mayor_de_Madrid_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles Music Center Plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Exterior_aerial_plaza_view%2C_facing_northwest._-_Los_Angeles_Music_Center%2C_135_North_Grand_Avenue%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Los_Angeles_County%2C_CA_HABS_CA-2780-18.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Exterior_aerial_plaza_view%2C_facing_northwest._-_Los_Angeles_Music_Center%2C_135_North_Grand_Avenue%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Los_Angeles_County%2C_CA_HABS_CA-2780-18.tif.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Urban squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Urban_squares"},{"title":"Cathedral Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Square_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of city squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_squares"},{"title":"List of city squares by size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_squares_by_size"},{"title":"Urban vitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_vitality"}]	[{"reference":"Dyer, Hadley (2010). Watch this Space: Designing, Defending and Sharing Public Spaces. Illustrated by Marc Ngui. Toronto: Kids Can Press. pp. 8–3, 78. ISBN 978-1-55453-293-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55453-293-3","url_text":"978-1-55453-293-3"}]},{"reference":"The Adelaide Park Lands and City Layout (PDF). Australian Heritage Database: Places for Decision: Class: Historic. For consideration for National Heritage List. Australian Government. Dept for the Environment, Water, Heritage & the Arts. 9 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022015417/https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c04bdff3-d299-4665-a401-922846833dbb/files/adelaide-park-lands.pdf","url_text":"The Adelaide Park Lands and City Layout"},{"url":"https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c04bdff3-d299-4665-a401-922846833dbb/files/adelaide-park-lands.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Margaret (31 December 2013). \"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837\". Adelaidia. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1837","url_text":"\"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837\""}]},{"reference":"Jones II, Philip J. (1997). \"The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria\". Oxford University Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 0191590304.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jones_(historian)","url_text":"Jones II, Philip J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191590304","url_text":"0191590304"}]},{"reference":"\"Piazza Della Signoria, Visit Florence\". Visit Florence. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitflorence.com/florence-monuments/piazza-della-signoria.html#google_vignette","url_text":"\"Piazza Della Signoria, Visit Florence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piazza\". Oxford American Dictionary. 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mount Vernon, Piazza\". Mount Vernon. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/location/piazza/","url_text":"\"Mount Vernon, Piazza\""}]},{"reference":"Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2008). \"543 Le type grand-mère.\". le bon usage: Grammaire française (in French) (14 ed.). Bruxelles: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 703. ISBN 978-2-8011-1404-9. Grand accompagne (avec trait d'union H2) des noms féminins dans quelques expressions figées : grand-croix, grand-maman, grand-mère [..]. En outre, des expressions cantonnées dans des vocabulaires spéciaux, grand-chambre, grand-garde, grand-hune, grand-salle, grand-voile ; – des emplois régionaux, comme grand-place, surtout courant dans le Nord de la France et en Belgique. H2 543 Historique On a longtemps écrit grand'mère, etc. avec une apostrophe parce que l'on croyait qu'un e final avait disparu comme dans l'élision. C'est en 1932 que l'Ac. a remplacé par un trait d'union cette apostrophe injustifiée.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grevisselebonusage14eed.deboeckduculot2007/page/n702/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"543 Le type grand-mère.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8011-1404-9","url_text":"978-2-8011-1404-9"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Michèle R. (1988). \"4.5.2 Cas d'élision\". Mieux écrire en français: Manuel de composition et guide pratique à l'usage des étudiants anglophones (in French) (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780878402250. Le e de grande s'élide dans certains noms composés comme : grand-mère grand-tante grand-maman grand-duc grand-messe grand-rue grand-route grand-chose à grand-peine Observez que dans les noms précedent on utilise le trait d'union et non l'apostrophe (orthographe vieillie).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JocEfO__dvYC&dq=Mich%C3%A8le+R.+Morris,+Mieux+%C3%A9crire+en+fran%C3%A7ais,+Georgetown+University+Press,+1988+4.5.2.&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"4.5.2 Cas d'élision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878402250","url_text":"9780878402250"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever-evolving Gwanghwamun to be altered anew\". koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2015/08/11/socialAffairs/Everevolving-Gwanghwamun-to-be-altered-anew/3007803.html","url_text":"\"Ever-evolving Gwanghwamun to be altered anew\""}]},{"reference":"\"광화문광장\". gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr/,%20https://gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr","url_text":"\"광화문광장\""}]},{"reference":"\"A bigger and better Gwanghwamun Square Reopens!\". Visit Seoul. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.visitseoul.net/editorspicks/gwanghwamun-square_/41306","url_text":"\"A bigger and better Gwanghwamun Square Reopens!\""}]},{"reference":"Lodares Marrodán, Juan Ramón (2005). \"Aventuras y desventuras etimológicas de Cerdá en torno a su \"indicador urbano\" de la urbanización\". Ciudad y Territorio: Estudios Territoriales. 37 (144). Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento: 583. ISSN 1133-4762.","urls":[{"url":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/75565/46043/242044","url_text":"\"Aventuras y desventuras etimológicas de Cerdá en torno a su \"indicador urbano\" de la urbanización\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Spain)","url_text":"Ministerio de Fomento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1133-4762","url_text":"1133-4762"}]},{"reference":"\"Plaza\". Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","url_text":"\"Plaza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference.com","url_text":"Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"plaza.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","url_text":"plaza"}]},{"reference":"\"plaza\". Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","url_text":"\"plaza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference.com","url_text":"Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"Regúnaga, Alejandra (2005). \"Morfología derivativa: consideraciones en torno al uso de diminutivos en la ciudad de Santa Rosa (La Pampa-Argentina)\" (PDF). Anclajes. 9. Santa Rosa: Universidad Nacional de La Pampa: 261. ISSN 1851-4669.","urls":[{"url":"https://repo.unlpam.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/unlpam/3431/n09a13regunaga.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Morfología derivativa: consideraciones en torno al uso de diminutivos en la ciudad de Santa Rosa (La Pampa-Argentina)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Pampa","url_text":"Universidad Nacional de La Pampa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1851-4669","url_text":"1851-4669"}]},{"reference":"\"plaza comercial\". Linguee. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linguee.com/spanish-english/translation/plaza+comercial.html","url_text":"\"plaza comercial\""}]},{"reference":"Woodruff, Andy (16 June 2010). \"Boston Squared\". Andy Woodruff. Retrieved 30 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://andywoodruff.com/blog/boston-squared/","url_text":"\"Boston Squared\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plaza\". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plaza","url_text":"\"Plaza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Plazas\". New York City DOT. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907063254/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pedestrians/public-plazas.shtml","url_text":"\"Public Plazas\""},{"url":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pedestrians/public-plazas.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bloomekatz, Ari (11 March 2012). \"Silver Lake Gets an Unusual New Park Space\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/11/local/la-me-silver-lake-space-20120311","url_text":"\"Silver Lake Gets an Unusual New Park Space\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Town+square%22","external_links_name":"\"Town square\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Town+square%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Town+square%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Town+square%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Town+square%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Town+square%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022015417/https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c04bdff3-d299-4665-a401-922846833dbb/files/adelaide-park-lands.pdf","external_links_name":"The Adelaide Park Lands and City Layout"},{"Link":"https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c04bdff3-d299-4665-a401-922846833dbb/files/adelaide-park-lands.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1837","external_links_name":"\"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837\""},{"Link":"https://www.visitflorence.com/florence-monuments/piazza-della-signoria.html#google_vignette","external_links_name":"\"Piazza Della Signoria, Visit Florence\""},{"Link":"https://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/location/piazza/","external_links_name":"\"Mount Vernon, Piazza\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grevisselebonusage14eed.deboeckduculot2007/page/n702/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"543 Le type grand-mère.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JocEfO__dvYC&dq=Mich%C3%A8le+R.+Morris,+Mieux+%C3%A9crire+en+fran%C3%A7ais,+Georgetown+University+Press,+1988+4.5.2.&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"4.5.2 Cas d'élision\""},{"Link":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2015/08/11/socialAffairs/Everevolving-Gwanghwamun-to-be-altered-anew/3007803.html","external_links_name":"\"Ever-evolving Gwanghwamun to be altered anew\""},{"Link":"https://gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr/,%20https://gwanghwamun.seoul.go.kr","external_links_name":"\"광화문광장\""},{"Link":"https://english.visitseoul.net/editorspicks/gwanghwamun-square_/41306","external_links_name":"\"A bigger and better Gwanghwamun Square Reopens!\""},{"Link":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/CyTET/article/view/75565/46043/242044","external_links_name":"\"Aventuras y desventuras etimológicas de Cerdá en torno a su \"indicador urbano\" de la urbanización\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1133-4762","external_links_name":"1133-4762"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","external_links_name":"\"Plaza\""},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","external_links_name":"plaza"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plaza","external_links_name":"\"plaza\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=platu/s","external_links_name":"πλατεῖα"},{"Link":"https://repo.unlpam.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/unlpam/3431/n09a13regunaga.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Morfología derivativa: consideraciones en torno al uso de diminutivos en la ciudad de Santa Rosa (La Pampa-Argentina)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1851-4669","external_links_name":"1851-4669"},{"Link":"https://www.linguee.com/spanish-english/translation/plaza+comercial.html","external_links_name":"\"plaza comercial\""},{"Link":"http://andywoodruff.com/blog/boston-squared/","external_links_name":"\"Boston Squared\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plaza","external_links_name":"\"Plaza\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907063254/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pedestrians/public-plazas.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Public Plazas\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pedestrians/public-plazas.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/11/local/la-me-silver-lake-space-20120311","external_links_name":"\"Silver Lake Gets an Unusual New Park Space\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitlanemagazine.com/society-and-lifestyle-other/the-hidden-origin-of-the-town-square.html","external_links_name":"Pitlane Magazine.com: \"The Hidden Origin of the Town Square\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141203-blood-on-the-streets","external_links_name":"BBC.com: \"The Violent History of Public Squares\""},{"Link":"http://urbansquares.com/","external_links_name":"\"This research initiative is an attempt to rediscover the lost or neglected urban symbols. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Nolan	Linda Nolan	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Singing career","2.2 Musicals","2.3 Other","2.4 Celebrity Big Brother","3 Personal life","3.1 Health","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 EPs and mini-albums","4.3 Singles","5 Filmography","6 Selected theatre","7 References"]	Irish musician (b. 1959) Linda NolanBorn (1959-02-23) 23 February 1959 (age 65)Dublin, IrelandOccupation(s)Singer, actress, author, television personalityYears active1974–presentTelevisionTop of the PopsCelebrity Big Brother UKLoose WomenSpouse Brian Hudson (m. 1981; died 2007)FamilyAnne Nolan (sister)Denise Nolan (sister)Maureen Nolan (sister) Bernie Nolan (sister)Coleen Nolan (sister)Jake Roche (nephew)Websitewww.nolansisters.com/lindanolan.htm Linda Nolan (born 23 February 1959) is an Irish singer, actress and television personality. After moving with her family to Blackpool at the age of three in 1962, she attained fame as a member of the girl group The Nolans in 1974, along with her sisters Anne, Denise, Maureen, Bernie and Coleen. As a member of the Nolans, Linda toured with Frank Sinatra in 1975, won the Tokyo Music Festival in 1981, and had seven UK top 20 hits between 1979 and 1982. Soon after leaving the group, Linda Nolan supported Gene Pitney on his 1984 UK tour. She then went on to perform in theatre, including an eight-season residency as Maggie May on Blackpool's Central Pier (1986–93), where she clocked up over 1,000 performances, followed by two seasons as Rosie O'Grady on Blackpool's South Pier (1994–95). She reunited with the Nolans for the 2009 I'm in the Mood Again album and tour, and in 2014, she took part in the 13th series of Celebrity Big Brother. In 2018, she was a recurring guest panellist on Loose Women. Early life Linda Nolan was born in Holles Street Hospital in Dublin, Ireland, the sixth of eight children born to Tommy and Maureen Nolan. The family lived in Raheny, a suburb of Dublin, before moving to Blackpool in 1962, at which point Tommy and Maureen formed the Singing Nolans of which Linda was a member. She went to school at Blackpool's St Catherine's Catholic Secondary School, and also attended The Cardinal Wiseman School in Greenford, West London. Career Singing career In 1981, Linda scored a minor hit with her sister Coleen as part of the Young & Moody Band, with "Don't Do That" (UK No. 63) which also featured Lemmy from Motörhead and Cozy Powell. Linda left The Nolans in December 1983 and quickly gained the label "Naughty Nolan" due to her posing in risqué publicity photos. The Nolans reunited as a five-piece (Bernie, Anne, Coleen, Maureen and Linda) for one-off performances of "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" first for BBC One's All Time Greatest Party Songs, hosted by Tess Daly, which aired on 17 December 2005 and again on 9 August 2007 on Loose Women. Four of the sisters (Linda, Bernie, Coleen & Maureen) reunited in 2009 for a successful tour of the UK and Ireland. They also released an album I'm in the Mood Again, which reached No. 22 on the UK Albums Chart. Musicals On leaving the group, Linda Nolan went on to play the role of Maggie May at Blackpool's Central Pier for eight summer seasons (1986–93), clocking up more than 1,000 performances. She then starred for two seasons in a similar show on Blackpool's South Pier called Rosie O' Grady's (1994–95). From 1996 to 1997, she starred as the prison governor in two UK tours of Prisoner: Cell Block H – The Musical, alongside Paul O'Grady. From 2000, Linda Nolan starred as Mrs Johnstone in Blood Brothers for three years in the West End, and regularly played the role in the UK touring production until 2008. She was the third Nolan sister to play the role, after Bernie and Denise. Maureen Nolan has also since played the role in the West End on the UK tour for several years, earning the sisters a place in the Guinness World Records, as the most siblings to play the same role in a musical. Other Linda Nolan has also appeared on Blankety Blank, with sister Anne and niece Alex on Celebrity Pressure Pad and with sister Bernie on Pointless Celebrities. Celebrity Big Brother Main article: Celebrity Big Brother (British series 13) In January 2014, Linda Nolan participated in the thirteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother. Prior to this, her sister Coleen had participated in and achieved second place in the tenth series. Upon learning that she was to be handcuffed, Linda confirmed her "Naughty Nolan" nickname by saying "I like a bit of bondage". Jim Davidson, who was also a contestant in the house that year has history with Linda Nolan; in 1995, Nolan's husband Brian Hudson was caught red-handed stealing money from comic Frank Carson's dressing room at the South Pier Theatre Blackpool. This raised the ire of Davidson, who was playing up the road at the time and promptly lost his temper, yelling "no one steals from my mates" and threatened to punch him. Davidson was promptly thrown out of that nightclub. On Day 15, Nolan was reminded by Davidson of his antics, prompting an argument. She was evicted on Day 22. Personal life Nolan met Brian Hudson in 1979 and they married in 1981. He was the Nolans' tour manager until 1983 and became Linda's manager after she left the group. They were married for 26 years until his death on 21 September 2007, from liver failure. On 7 July 2014, Linda Nolan claimed that she was sexually assaulted by Rolf Harris in 1975 while The Nolans were supporting Harris in a tour of South Africa. Health In 2006, Linda Nolan was diagnosed with breast cancer. As part of her treatment, she underwent a single mastectomy. She was given the all-clear from cancer in 2011. In 2007, she was diagnosed with cellulitis and lymphedema in her arm. In 2017, Nolan fell on her hip and was taken to hospital, where doctors discovered a form of incurable secondary breast cancer on her pelvis. She began undergoing regular radiotherapy treatment to make sure that the cancer would not spread, but has said that she would reject chemotherapy if the cancer was found to be terminal, after seeing how her sister Bernie was in pain from her chemotherapy shortly before Bernie's death in 2013. On 27 March 2023, Linda stated that the cancer had now metastasised to her brain, with a tumour discovered on the left side of her brain, resulting in balance loss on her right side, which has led to her using a wheelchair. She was prescribed the experimental drug Tucatinib to treat her brain cancer. Discography Main article: The Nolans discography Studio albums Year Title Details 1972 The Singing Nolans Released: June 1972 Label: Nevis Formats: LP 1975 The Nolan Sisters Released: 1975 Label: Hanover Grand Formats: LP 1978 20 Giant Hits Released: 7 July 1978 Label: Target Formats: LP, MC Released in Japan in February 1981 1979 Nolan Sisters Released: 19 November 1979 Label: Epic Formats: LP, MC Released in Japan as Dancing Sisters 1980 Making Waves Released: 17 October 1980 Label: Epic Formats: LP, MC 1982 Portrait Released: 19 March 1982 Label: Epic Formats: CD, LP, MC Released in Japan in December 1981 as Don't Love Me Too Hard 2009 I'm in the Mood Again Released: 28 September 2009 Label: Universal Formats: CD EPs and mini-albums Title Details Year The Singing Nolans (Silent Night) Released: December 1972 Label: Nevis Formats: 7" EP 1972 Dancing Sisters Released: 21 July 1980 Label: Epic Format: 10" mini-album Japan-only release 1980 Greatest Original Hits – 4 Track E.P. Released: March 1983 Label: Epic Formats: 7" EP 1983 Singles Single Year "Blackpool" (as the Singing Nolans) 1972 "But I Do" (as the Nolan Sisters) 1974 "(Won't You) Make a Little Sunshine Shine" (as Nolan Sisters) 1975 "Rain" (as the Nolan Sisters) 1976 "Thanks for Calling" (as Nolan Sisters) "When You Are a King" (as the Nolan Sisters) "Love Transformation" (as Nolan Sisters) 1977 "Love Bandit" (as Nolan Sisters) "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" (as the Nolan Sisters) 1978 "Harry My Honolulu Lover" (as Nolan Sisters) 1979 "Spirit, Body and Soul" (as Nolan Sisters) "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" "Don't Make Waves" 1980 "Gotta Pull Myself Together" "Who's Gonna Rock You" "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (Japan-only release) 1981 "Attention to Me" "Sexy Music" (Japan-only release) "Chemistry" "Don't Love Me Too Hard" "Crashing Down" 1982 "Dragonfly" "Dressed to Kill" 1983 Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 1974 It's Cliff Richard! Performer Series regular 1979 Mike Yarwood In Persons Performer Series regular 1979–82 Top of the Pops Performer 15 episodes 1984–89 Blankety Blank Panellist 7 episodes 1999 Never Mind the Buzzcocks Mystery guest 1 episode 2003 We Are Family Contributor Documentary 2004 Saturday Night Takeaway Herself 1 episode 2005 All Time Greatest Party Songs Performer 1 episode 2009 The Paul O'Grady Show Performer 1 episode 2009 The Nolans: In the Mood For Dancing Herself Documentary 2009 The Late Late Show Performer 1 episode 2011 Come Dine With Me Participant 5 episodes 2010–12 The One Show Reporter 3 episodes 2012–14 Big Brother's Bit on the Side Panellist 13 episodes 2014 Celebrity Big Brother Participant 24 episodes Most Shocking Celebrity Moments Contributor Documentary 2016 The Seven O'Clock Show Guest 1 episodes 2018 The Wright Stuff Panellist 2 episodes 2006–18 Lorraine Guest 7 episodes 2007, 2018 Loose Women Guest/Performer/Panellist 20 episodes 2018–19 Jeremy Vine Panellist 3 episodes Selected theatre Year Title Role Notes 1986–93 Maggie May's Title role Central Pier, Blackpool 1994–95 Rosie O'Grady's Title role South Pier, Blackpool 1996–97 Prisoner Cell Block H: The Musical Prison Governor UK tour 2000–08 Blood Brothers Mrs. Johnstone West End (2000–03) / UK tour (2003–08) 2015–16 Menopause The Musical The Soap Star Irish & UK tours 2016 Rumpy Pumpy! Madame Holly Spencer Union Theatre, London References ^ a b c d e Larkin, Colin (1998). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music 3rd Edition Volume V: Louvin, Charlie-Paul, Clarence. London: Macmillan. p. 3969. ISBN 0-333-74134-X. ^ Bassam Mahfouz (10 November 1997). "Steve Pound MP for Ealing North... Maiden Speech". Stevepound.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ Guinness World Records British Hit Singles 14th Edition. London: Guinness World Records. 2001. p. 482. ISBN 0-85156-156-X. ^ Cummins, Fiona (9 February 2006). "Exclusive: Linda: I'll Beat Breast Cancer". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 31 March 2008. ^ Daly, Tess (presenter) (17 December 2005). All Time Greatest Party Songs (Television program). England: BBC One. ^ "Loose Women". 11. Episode 149. 2007. ^ "NOLANS \| Artist". Official Charts. Retrieved 23 January 2014. ^ "Nolan sister Linda still gets scared on stage". This Is Worcestershire. 15 September 2000. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2008. ^ Dealey, Justin (11 May 2005). "Linda's in the mood for Blood Brothers!". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2008. ^ "Willy Russell - Blood Brothers - The Actors". Willyrussell.com. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ "Most siblings to play same role in a musical". Guinness World Records. 11 April 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ Blankety Blank. Season 7. Episode 11. 30 November 1984. BBC. ^ Celebrity Pressure Pad. BBC1. 1 September 2014. ^ Pointless Celebrities. 20 December 2012. BBC One. ^ "Coleen Nolan housemate profile – Celebrity Big Brother 2012". Bbspy.co.uk. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ "Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Meet the House Mates". International Business Times. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ Emily Hewett (18 January 2014). "Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Jim Davidson threatened Linda Nolan's husband – the 'night from hell' in Frank Carson's dressing room finally explained". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ McNally, Kelby. "Linda Nolan in tears after row with Jim Davidson over 'Frank Carson's dressing room' \| Showbiz". The Daily Express. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ "Day 22". Celebrity Big Brother 13. Channel 5. 24 January 2014. ^ a b "Linda Nolan: nightmare struggle since my husband died". The Belfast Telegraph. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2014. ^ Chris Johnston. "Vanessa Feltz and Linda Nolan reveal assaults by Rolf Harris \| UK news". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2014. ^ ^ "Linda Nolan breaks down as she opens up about 'incurable' cancer diagnosis". Uk.news.yahoo.com. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "Linda Nolan opens up about painful radiotherapy cancer treatment". Hellomagazine.com. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ "Linda Nolan Is Planning One Big Final Party After Turning Down Chemotherapy For Terminal Cancer". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ Paton, Ryan; Retter, Emily (22 April 2023). "One thing Linda Nolan doesn't want to know amid cancer battle". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ Sachdeva, Maanya (26 April 2023). "Linda Nolan shares health update after cancer diagnosis". The Independent. Retrieved 15 June 2024. vteThe Nolans Maureen Nolan Anne Nolan Linda Nolan Denise Nolan Coleen Nolan Bernie Nolan Amy Wilson Julia Duckworth Studio albums Nolan Sisters Making Waves Portrait Girls Just Wanna Have Fun! Playback Part 2 Rock and Rolling Idol Tidal Wave (Samishii Nettaigyo) The Hottest Place on Earth Please Don't The Nolans Sing Momoe 2005 I'm in the Mood Again Compilations Altogether The Nolans Sings J-Pop Singles "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" "Sexy Music" "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" "Tidal Wave" Related articles Discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-1"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"The Nolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nolans"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Denise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Maureen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Bernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Coleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Gene Pitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Pitney"},{"link_name":"Central Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pier,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Blackpool's South Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pier,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"I'm in the Mood Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_in_the_Mood_Again"},{"link_name":"13th series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_series_13)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Loose Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Women"}],"text":"Linda Nolan (born 23 February 1959) is an Irish singer, actress and television personality.[1] After moving with her family to Blackpool at the age of three in 1962, she attained fame as a member of the girl group The Nolans in 1974, along with her sisters Anne, Denise, Maureen, Bernie and Coleen. As a member of the Nolans, Linda toured with Frank Sinatra in 1975, won the Tokyo Music Festival in 1981, and had seven UK top 20 hits between 1979 and 1982.Soon after leaving the group, Linda Nolan supported Gene Pitney on his 1984 UK tour. She then went on to perform in theatre, including an eight-season residency as Maggie May on Blackpool's Central Pier (1986–93), where she clocked up over 1,000 performances, followed by two seasons as Rosie O'Grady on Blackpool's South Pier (1994–95). She reunited with the Nolans for the 2009 I'm in the Mood Again album and tour, and in 2014, she took part in the 13th series of Celebrity Big Brother. In 2018, she was a recurring guest panellist on Loose Women.","title":"Linda Nolan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holles Street Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maternity_Hospital,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-1"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-1"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's Catholic Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Catholic_College_(Blackpool)"},{"link_name":"The Cardinal Wiseman School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cardinal_Wiseman_Catholic_School,_Greenford"},{"link_name":"Greenford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pound-2"}],"text":"Linda Nolan was born in Holles Street Hospital in Dublin, Ireland, the sixth of eight children born to Tommy and Maureen Nolan.[1] The family lived in Raheny, a suburb of Dublin, before moving to Blackpool in 1962,[1] at which point Tommy and Maureen formed the Singing Nolans of which Linda was a member.[1] She went to school at Blackpool's St Catherine's Catholic Secondary School, and also attended The Cardinal Wiseman School in Greenford, West London.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Nolan"},{"link_name":"the Young & Moody Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_%26_Moody_Band"},{"link_name":"Lemmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmy"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"Cozy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozy_Powell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKSinglesMoody-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LindaMirror-4"},{"link_name":"Bernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Maureen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Tess Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_Daly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atgps-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lw_mdb-6"},{"link_name":"I'm in the Mood Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_in_the_Mood_Again"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts-7"}],"sub_title":"Singing career","text":"In 1981, Linda scored a minor hit with her sister Coleen as part of the Young & Moody Band, with \"Don't Do That\" (UK No. 63) which also featured Lemmy from Motörhead and Cozy Powell.[3]Linda left The Nolans in December 1983 and quickly gained the label \"Naughty Nolan\" due to her posing in risqué publicity photos.[1][4] The Nolans reunited as a five-piece (Bernie, Anne, Coleen, Maureen and Linda) for one-off performances of \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\" first for BBC One's All Time Greatest Party Songs, hosted by Tess Daly, which aired on 17 December 2005[5] and again on 9 August 2007 on Loose Women.[6]Four of the sisters (Linda, Bernie, Coleen & Maureen) reunited in 2009 for a successful tour of the UK and Ireland. They also released an album I'm in the Mood Again, which reached No. 22 on the UK Albums Chart.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pier,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linda-8"},{"link_name":"South Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pier,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Prisoner: Cell Block H – The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paul O'Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_O%27Grady"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prisoner-9"},{"link_name":"Blood Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Brothers_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Musicals","text":"On leaving the group, Linda Nolan went on to play the role of Maggie May at Blackpool's Central Pier for eight summer seasons (1986–93), clocking up more than 1,000 performances.[8] She then starred for two seasons in a similar show on Blackpool's South Pier called Rosie O' Grady's (1994–95).From 1996 to 1997, she starred as the prison governor in two UK tours of Prisoner: Cell Block H – The Musical, alongside Paul O'Grady.[9]From 2000, Linda Nolan starred as Mrs Johnstone in Blood Brothers for three years in the West End, and regularly played the role in the UK touring production until 2008. She was the third Nolan sister to play the role, after Bernie and Denise. Maureen Nolan has also since played the role in the West End on the UK tour for several years,[10] earning the sisters a place in the Guinness World Records, as the most siblings to play the same role in a musical.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blankety Blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankety_Blank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blanketyblank-12"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Pressure Pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_Pad#Celebrity_series"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpp-13"},{"link_name":"Pointless Celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_Celebrities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc-14"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Linda Nolan has also appeared on Blankety Blank,[12] with sister Anne and niece Alex on Celebrity Pressure Pad[13] and with sister Bernie on Pointless Celebrities.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thirteenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_series_13)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Coleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Nolan"},{"link_name":"tenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_series_10)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbspy-15"},{"link_name":"bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibtimes-16"},{"link_name":"Jim Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Frank Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-express-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evicted-19"}],"sub_title":"Celebrity Big Brother","text":"In January 2014, Linda Nolan participated in the thirteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother. Prior to this, her sister Coleen had participated in and achieved second place in the tenth series.[15]Upon learning that she was to be handcuffed, Linda confirmed her \"Naughty Nolan\" nickname by saying \"I like a bit of bondage\".[16]Jim Davidson, who was also a contestant in the house that year has history with Linda Nolan; in 1995, Nolan's husband Brian Hudson was caught red-handed stealing money from comic Frank Carson's dressing room at the South Pier Theatre Blackpool. This raised the ire of Davidson, who was playing up the road at the time and promptly lost his temper, yelling \"no one steals from my mates\" and threatened to punch him. Davidson was promptly thrown out of that nightclub.[17] On Day 15, Nolan was reminded by Davidson of his antics, prompting an argument.[18] She was evicted on Day 22.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belfast-20"},{"link_name":"sexually assaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"Rolf Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Harris"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Nolan met Brian Hudson in 1979 and they married in 1981. He was the Nolans' tour manager until 1983 and became Linda's manager after she left the group. They were married for 26 years until his death on 21 September 2007, from liver failure.[20]On 7 July 2014, Linda Nolan claimed that she was sexually assaulted by Rolf Harris in 1975 while The Nolans were supporting Harris in a tour of South Africa.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LindaOp-22"},{"link_name":"cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belfast-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Tucatinib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucatinib"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"In 2006, Linda Nolan was diagnosed with breast cancer. As part of her treatment, she underwent a single mastectomy.[22] She was given the all-clear from cancer in 2011. In 2007, she was diagnosed with cellulitis and lymphedema in her arm.[20]In 2017, Nolan fell on her hip and was taken to hospital, where doctors discovered a form of incurable secondary breast cancer on her pelvis.[23] She began undergoing regular radiotherapy treatment to make sure that the cancer would not spread, but has said that she would reject chemotherapy if the cancer was found to be terminal, after seeing how her sister Bernie was in pain from her chemotherapy shortly before Bernie's death in 2013.[24][25] On 27 March 2023, Linda stated that the cancer had now metastasised to her brain, with a tumour discovered on the left side of her brain, resulting in balance loss on her right side, which has led to her using a wheelchair.[26] She was prescribed the experimental drug Tucatinib to treat her brain cancer.[27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs and mini-albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected theatre"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (1998). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music 3rd Edition Volume V: Louvin, Charlie-Paul, Clarence. London: Macmillan. p. 3969. ISBN 0-333-74134-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-74134-X","url_text":"0-333-74134-X"}]},{"reference":"Bassam Mahfouz (10 November 1997). \"Steve Pound MP for Ealing North... Maiden Speech\". Stevepound.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090517215007/http://www.stevepound.org.uk/maidenspeech.html","url_text":"\"Steve Pound MP for Ealing North... Maiden Speech\""},{"url":"http://www.stevepound.org.uk/maidenspeech.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guinness World Records British Hit Singles 14th Edition. London: Guinness World Records. 2001. p. 482. ISBN 0-85156-156-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85156-156-X","url_text":"0-85156-156-X"}]},{"reference":"Cummins, Fiona (9 February 2006). \"Exclusive: Linda: I'll Beat Breast Cancer\". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16682287&method=full&siteid=94762&headline=i-ll-fight-this--name_page.html","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Linda: I'll Beat Breast Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror","url_text":"The Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Tess (presenter) (17 December 2005). All Time Greatest Party Songs (Television program). England: BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"}]},{"reference":"\"Loose Women\". 11. Episode 149. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NOLANS \| Artist\". Official Charts. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/nolans/","url_text":"\"NOLANS \| Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nolan sister Linda still gets scared on stage\". This Is Worcestershire. 15 September 2000. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090112002331/http://archive.thisisworcestershire.co.uk/2000/9/15/355532.html","url_text":"\"Nolan sister Linda still gets scared on stage\""},{"url":"http://archive.thisisworcestershire.co.uk/2000/9/15/355532.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dealey, Justin (11 May 2005). \"Linda's in the mood for Blood Brothers!\". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2005/05/11/blood_brothers_linda_nolan_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Linda's in the mood for Blood Brothers!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willy Russell - Blood Brothers - The Actors\". Willyrussell.com. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.willyrussell.com/blood_stars.html","url_text":"\"Willy Russell - Blood Brothers - The Actors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most siblings to play same role in a musical\". Guinness World Records. 11 April 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-siblings-to-play-same-role-in-a-musical","url_text":"\"Most siblings to play same role in a musical\""}]},{"reference":"Blankety Blank. Season 7. Episode 11. 30 November 1984. BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Celebrity Pressure Pad. BBC1. 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC1","url_text":"BBC1"}]},{"reference":"Pointless Celebrities. 20 December 2012. BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_Celebrities","url_text":"Pointless Celebrities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"}]},{"reference":"\"Coleen Nolan housemate profile – Celebrity Big Brother 2012\". Bbspy.co.uk. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbspy.co.uk/cbb10/housemates/coleen-nolan","url_text":"\"Coleen Nolan housemate profile – Celebrity Big Brother 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Meet the House Mates\". International Business Times. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/meet-celebrity-big-brother-house-mates-2014-1430966","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Meet the House Mates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Emily Hewett (18 January 2014). \"Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Jim Davidson threatened Linda Nolan's husband – the 'night from hell' in Frank Carson's dressing room finally explained\". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2014/01/18/jim-davidson-threatened-to-beat-up-linda-nolans-husband-over-frank-carson-dressing-room-theft-celebrity-big-brother-grudge-explained-4267721/","url_text":"\"Celebrity Big Brother 2014: Jim Davidson threatened Linda Nolan's husband – the 'night from hell' in Frank Carson's dressing room finally explained\""}]},{"reference":"McNally, Kelby. \"Linda Nolan in tears after row with Jim Davidson over 'Frank Carson's dressing room' \| Showbiz\". The Daily Express. Retrieved 17 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/454437/Linda-Nolan-in-tears-after-row-with-Jim-Davidson-over-Frank-Carson-s-dressing-room","url_text":"\"Linda Nolan in tears after row with Jim Davidson over 'Frank Carson's dressing room' \| Showbiz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Express","url_text":"The Daily Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Day 22\". Celebrity Big Brother 13. 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Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/linda-nolan-shares-one-thing-26759774","url_text":"\"One thing Linda Nolan doesn't want to know amid cancer battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]},{"reference":"Sachdeva, Maanya (26 April 2023). \"Linda Nolan shares health update after cancer diagnosis\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/linda-nolan-health-sisters-cancer-b2327063.html","url_text":"\"Linda Nolan shares health update after cancer diagnosis\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nolansisters.com/lindanolan.htm","external_links_name":"www.nolansisters.com/lindanolan.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090517215007/http://www.stevepound.org.uk/maidenspeech.html","external_links_name":"\"Steve Pound MP for Ealing North... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy	Académie Française	["1 History","2 Membership","2.1 Uniform","3 Role as authority on the French language","3.1 Dictionary","3.2 Anglicisms","3.3 Alleged conservatism","4 Prizes","5 Opposition of regional languages","6 Current members","7 See also","8 Explanatory notes","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 General sources","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°51′26″N 2°20′13″E / 48.8573°N 2.337°E / 48.8573; 2.337Pre-eminent council for the French language "French Academy" redirects here. For other uses, see French Academy (disambiguation). Académie FrançaiseInstitut de France buildingFormation22 February 1635; 389 years ago (22 February 1635)FounderCardinal RichelieuHeadquartersParis, FranceCoordinates48°51′26″N 2°20′13″E / 48.8573°N 2.337°E / 48.8573; 2.337Membership 40 members known as les immortels ("the immortals")Perpetual SecretaryAmin Maalouf (since September 28, 2023)Websiteacademie-francaise.fr The Académie Française (French pronunciation: ), also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was restored as a division of the Institut de France in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. It is the oldest of the five académies of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language. The Académie comprises forty members, known as les immortels ("the immortals"). New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. Philippe Pétain, named Marshal of France after the Battle of Verdun of World War I, was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of Vichy France in World War II, was forced to resign his seat in 1945. History Cardinal Richelieu, responsible for the establishment of the Académie The Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the salons held at the Hôtel de Rambouillet during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at Valentin Conrart's house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637, the Académie Française was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences". The Académie Française has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature. Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612. During the French Revolution, the National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Académie Française. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the Institut de France. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Académie Française. When King Louis XVIII came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Académie Française. Since 1816, the existence of the Académie Française has been uninterrupted. The President of France is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642, Pierre Séguier, the Chancellor of France, succeeded him. King Louis XIV adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were in the Louvre; since 1805, the Académie Française has met in the Collège des Quatre-Nations (known now as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the Institut de France also meet in the Palais de l'Institut. Membership The Académie Française has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for a specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors. Members are known as "les immortels" ("the Immortals") in reference to the Académie's motto, À l'immortalité ("To Immortality"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu. One of the immortels is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three post-World War II Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie. New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected by a majority of votes from voting members. A quorum is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality. Raymond Poincaré was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the Académie Française. He is depicted wearing the habit vert, or green habit, of the Académie. The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, which includes a eulogy for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member, Georges de Porto-Riche, was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it. Georges Clemenceau refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy, Raymond Poincaré. Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when Auger de Moléon de Granier was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at the end of World War II: Philippe Pétain, Abel Bonnard, Abel Hermant, and Charles Maurras were all excluded for their association with the Vichy regime. In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie. There have been a total of 740 immortels, of whom eleven have been women; Marguerite Yourcenar was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it is not necessary to be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior Roman Catholic clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members – Adolphe Thiers, Raymond Poincaré, Paul Deschanel, Philippe Pétain, and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – and one foreign head of state, the poet Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal, who was also the first African elected, in 1983. Other famous members include Voltaire; Montesquieu; Victor Hugo; Alexandre Dumas, fils; Émile Littré; Louis Pasteur; Louis de Broglie; and Henri Poincaré. Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie Française. In 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph de Maistre, Honoré de Balzac, René Descartes, Denis Diderot, Romain Rolland, Charles Baudelaire, Gustave Flaubert, Molière, Marcel Proust, Jules Verne, Théophile Gautier, and Émile Zola. Uniform Bernard Dujon and his colleague Eric Westhof, wearing the "Habit vert" of the Institut de France The official uniform of a member is known as l'habit vert, or green clothing. The habit vert, worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the Institut de France. It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered bicorne, both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than clergy carry a ceremonial sword (l'épée). The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $50,000, and Amin Maalouf said that his induction cost him some $230,000 overall. The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed. Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees. Role as authority on the French language Title page of the 6th edition of the Académie's dictionary (1835) The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language. Dictionary The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work. The Académie has published thirteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, eight were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words. These are: Preliminary editions: Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Aversion), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Confiture), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Neuf), pre-edition, Paris, 1687 Complete editions: Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy ("1st edition"), Paris, 1694 Nouveau Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy ("2nd edition"), Paris, 1718 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("3rd edition"), Paris, 1740 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("4th edition"), Paris, 1762 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("5th edition"), Paris, 1798 Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("6th edition"), Paris, 1835 Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("7th edition"), Paris, 1879 Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("8th edition"), Paris, 1932–1935 Supplementary editions for the sciences, arts, and technology: Corneille, Thomas, Le Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences, Paris, 1694 Barré, Louis, Complément du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, Paris, 1842 The Académie is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (A to Enzyme) appeared in 1992, Éocène to Mappemonde was published in 2000, and Maquereau to Quotité in 2011. In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A. Anglicisms As the use of English terms by media increased over the years, the Académie has tried to prevent the Anglicization of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of loanwords from modern English (such as walkman, computer, software and e-mail), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (baladeur, ordinateur, logiciel, and courriel respectively). The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word "confortable" as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance. The Académie Française has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct". Alleged conservatism The Académie, despite working on the modernization of the French orthography, has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner. A recent controversy involved the officialization of feminine equivalents for the names of several professions. For instance, in 1997, Lionel Jospin's government began using the feminine noun "la ministre" to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of Canada, Belgium and Switzerland and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted in accordance with French grammar rules on the traditional use of the masculine noun, "le ministre", for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the “incompetence and anachronism of the Académie”. Use of either form remains highly controversial. Prizes See also: Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française and Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française The Académie Française is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of the prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780. In total, the Académie awards more than sixty prizes, most of them annually. The most important prize is the Grand prix de la francophonie, which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the Grand prix de littérature (for a literary work), the grand prix du roman (for a novel), the Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française (for poetry), the Grand prix de philosophie (for a philosophical work), the Grand prix du cinéma (for film), and the grand prix Gobert (for a work on French history). Opposition of regional languages The Académie Française intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages (Flemish, Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Occitan, Gascon, and Arpitan). Current members Further information: List of members of the Académie française The current members of the Académie Française are: Seat number Name Year elected 1 Claude Dagens 2008 2 Dany Laferrière 2013 3 Vacant 4 Jean-Luc Marion 2008 5 Andreï Makine 2016 6 Christian Jambet 2024 7 Jules Hoffmann 2012 8 Daniel Rondeau 2019 9 Patrick Grainville 2018 10 Florence Delay 2000 11 Gabriel de Broglie 2001 12 Chantal Thomas 2021 13 Maurizio Serra 2020 14 Vacant 15 Frédéric Vitoux 2001 16 Raphaël Gaillard 2024 17 Érik Orsenna 1998 18 Mario Vargas Llosa 2021 19 Sylviane Agacinski 2023 20 Angelo Rinaldi 2001 21 Alain Finkielkraut 2014 22 Vacant 23 Pierre Rosenberg (Dean) 1995 24 François Sureau 2020 25 Dominique Fernandez 2007 26 Jean-Marie Rouart 1997 27 Pierre Nora 2001 28 Jean-Christophe Rufin 2008 29 Amin Maalouf (Perpetual Secretary) 2011 30 Danièle Sallenave 2011 31 Michael Edwards 2013 32 Pascal Ory 2021 33 Dominique Bona 2013 34 François Cheng 2002 35 Antoine Compagnon 2022 36 Barbara Cassin 2018 37 Michel Zink 2017 38 Marc Lambron 2014 39 Jean Clair 2008 40 Xavier Darcos 2013 See also France portal Academy of sciences Conseil international de la langue française Former prizes awarded by the Académie française French art salons and academies Language policy in France List of language regulators Language council Montyon Prize – prizes awarded annually by the Académie française and the Académie des sciences Office québécois de la langue française Paschimbanga Bangla Academy Proposals for an English Academy Royal Spanish Academy Swedish Academy Mademoiselle Cloque by René Boylesve Explanatory notes ^ This is the anglicized version of the name, with a capital "F". In French, it is generally written with a lowercase "f". ^ There was a controversy about the candidacy of Paul Morand, whom Charles de Gaulle opposed in 1958. Morand was finally elected ten years later, and he was received without the customary visit, at the time of investiture, to the Palace Élysée. References Citations ^ a b c d e "L'histoire". Academie Française official website. Retrieved 2010-01-13. ^ a b c "Les immortels". Academie Française official website. Retrieved 2023-12-12. ^ Sanche de Gramont, The French: Portrait of a People, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1969, p. 270 ^ Einar Ingvald Haugen and Anwar S. Dil, The Ecology of Language, (Stanford University Press) p. 169. ^ "Message from Mister Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic, to the Senegalese People". World Digital Library. Retrieved 28 April 2013. ^ a b c "L'habit vert et l'épée". Académie Française official website. Retrieved 2018-06-14. ^ Nossiter, Adam (3 March 2019). "The Guardians of the French Language Are Deadlocked, Just Like Their Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ Meet the Cultural Illuminati Guarding France’s Most Sacrosanct Asset: The French Language ^ Classiques Garnier numérique Archived 2014-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, Corpus of Dictionaries of the French Academy (from the 17th to the 20th Century), Retrieved 2011-03-17 ^ "Questions de langue \| Académie française". academie-francaise.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-22. ^ "French officials told to abandon gaming Anglicisms". BBC.com. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2019-06-02. ^ "BALLAST • Que l'Académie tienne sa langue, pas la nôtre". 28 November 2017. ^ Allen, Peter (16 August 2008). "France's L'Académie française upset by rule to recognise regional tongues". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 23 April 2010. ^ "Patrick GRAINVILLE". Académie française official website. Retrieved 2018-03-09. General sources Viala, Alain (2001). "Académie Française", vol. 1, pp. 6–9, in Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, edited by Michel Delon. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 157958246X. Vincent, Leon H. (1901). The French Academy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Académie française. L'Académie française (in French) L'Académie française from the Scholarly Societies project. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The French Academy" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, neuvième édition (in French) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic 2 Australia Greece Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists ULAN Other MusicBrainz series IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Academy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[akademi fʁɑ̃sɛːz]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aH-2"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Institut de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aH-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aIM-3"},{"link_name":"elected by the members of the Académie itself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-option"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Marshal of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pre-eminent council for the French language\"French Academy\" redirects here. For other uses, see French Academy (disambiguation).The Académie Française[a] (French pronunciation: [akademi fʁɑ̃sɛːz]), also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII.[1] Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was restored as a division of the Institut de France in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte.[1] It is the oldest of the five académies of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language.The Académie comprises forty members, known as les immortels (\"the immortals\").[2] New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. Philippe Pétain, named Marshal of France after the Battle of Verdun of World War I, was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of Vichy France in World War II, was forced to resign his seat in 1945.[3]","title":"Académie Française"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal_de_Richelieu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rambouillet"},{"link_name":"Valentin Conrart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Conrart"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Parlement de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aH-2"},{"link_name":"Accademia della Crusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca"},{"link_name":"Tuscan dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Institut de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"First Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Consul"},{"link_name":"King Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pierre Séguier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_France"},{"link_name":"King Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Collège des Quatre-Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations"}],"text":"Cardinal Richelieu, responsible for the establishment of the AcadémieThe Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the salons held at the Hôtel de Rambouillet during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at Valentin Conrart's house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637,[1] the Académie Française was \"to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences\". The Académie Française has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature.Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the \"impurities\" of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612.[4]During the French Revolution, the National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Académie Française. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, decided to restore the former academies, but only as \"classes\" or divisions of the Institut de France. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Académie Française. When King Louis XVIII came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of \"Académie\"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Académie Française. Since 1816, the existence of the Académie Française has been uninterrupted.[citation needed]The President of France is the \"protector\" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642, Pierre Séguier, the Chancellor of France, succeeded him. King Louis XIV adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were in the Louvre; since 1805, the Académie Française has met in the Collège des Quatre-Nations (known now as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the Institut de France also meet in the Palais de l'Institut.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aIM-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"quorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poincare_larger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raymond Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"eulogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"},{"link_name":"Georges de Porto-Riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_Porto-Riche"},{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Raymond Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Auger de Moléon de Granier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_de_Mol%C3%A9on_de_Granier"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Abel Bonnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Bonnard"},{"link_name":"Abel Hermant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Hermant"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"Vichy regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aIM-3"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Yourcenar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Thiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"Raymond Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paul Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"Léopold Sédar Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDL1-7"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas, fils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_fils"},{"link_name":"Émile Littré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Littr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Louis Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur"},{"link_name":"Louis de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Arsène Houssaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Maistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre"},{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Romain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"Gustave Flaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Théophile Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier"},{"link_name":"Émile Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola"}],"text":"The Académie Française has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for a specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors.[citation needed]Members are known as \"les immortels\" (\"the Immortals\") in reference to the Académie's motto, À l'immortalité (\"To Immortality\"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu.[2]One of the immortels is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called \"Perpetual\", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as \"Honorary Perpetual Secretary\", with three post-World War II Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie.New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected by a majority of votes from voting members. A quorum is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality.[b]Raymond Poincaré was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the Académie Française. He is depicted wearing the habit vert, or green habit, of the Académie.The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, which includes a eulogy for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member, Georges de Porto-Riche, was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it. Georges Clemenceau refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy, Raymond Poincaré.Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when Auger de Moléon de Granier was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at the end of World War II: Philippe Pétain, Abel Bonnard, Abel Hermant, and Charles Maurras were all excluded for their association with the Vichy regime. In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie.There have been a total of 740 immortels,[2] of whom eleven have been women; Marguerite Yourcenar was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it is not necessary to be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior Roman Catholic clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members – Adolphe Thiers, Raymond Poincaré, Paul Deschanel, Philippe Pétain, and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – and one foreign head of state, the poet Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal, who was also the first African elected, in 1983.[5] Other famous members include Voltaire; Montesquieu; Victor Hugo; Alexandre Dumas, fils; Émile Littré; Louis Pasteur; Louis de Broglie; and Henri Poincaré.Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie Française. In 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression \"forty-first seat\" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph de Maistre, Honoré de Balzac, René Descartes, Denis Diderot, Romain Rolland, Charles Baudelaire, Gustave Flaubert, Molière, Marcel Proust, Jules Verne, Théophile Gautier, and Émile Zola.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:At_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernard Dujon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Dujon"},{"link_name":"Eric Westhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Westhof"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uniform-8"},{"link_name":"bicorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicorne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uniform-8"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"ceremonial sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_sword"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uniform-8"},{"link_name":"Amin Maalouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Maalouf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_3_March_2019-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Uniform","text":"Bernard Dujon and his colleague Eric Westhof, wearing the \"Habit vert\" of the Institut de FranceThe official uniform of a member is known as l'habit vert, or green clothing.[6] The habit vert, worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the Institut de France. It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered bicorne,[6] both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than clergy carry a ceremonial sword (l'épée).[6]The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $50,000, and Amin Maalouf said that his induction cost him some $230,000 overall.[7] The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed. Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees.[8]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg"},{"link_name":"dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"}],"text":"Title page of the 6th edition of the Académie's dictionary (1835)The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language.","title":"Role as authority on the French language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionnaire de l'Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aH-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aH-2"}],"sub_title":"Dictionary","text":"The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work.[1]The Académie has published thirteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, eight were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words.[9] These are:Preliminary editions:\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Aversion), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Confiture), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Neuf), pre-edition, Paris, 1687\nComplete editions:\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy (\"1st edition\"), Paris, 1694\nNouveau Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy (\"2nd edition\"), Paris, 1718\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"3rd edition\"), Paris, 1740\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"4th edition\"), Paris, 1762\nLe Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"5th edition\"), Paris, 1798\nDictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"6th edition\"), Paris, 1835\nDictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"7th edition\"), Paris, 1879\nDictionnaire de l'Académie française (\"8th edition\"), Paris, 1932–1935\nSupplementary editions for the sciences, arts, and technology:\nCorneille, Thomas, Le Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences, Paris, 1694\nBarré, Louis, Complément du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, Paris, 1842The Académie is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (A to Enzyme) appeared in 1992,[1] Éocène to Mappemonde was published in 2000, and Maquereau to Quotité in 2011. In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a \"historical dictionary\" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A.","title":"Role as authority on the French language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Anglicization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicism"},{"link_name":"loanwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"baladeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baladeur#French"},{"link_name":"ordinateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ordinateur#French"},{"link_name":"logiciel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logiciel#French"},{"link_name":"courriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/courriel#French"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Anglicisms","text":"As the use of English terms by media increased over the years, the Académie has tried to prevent the Anglicization of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of loanwords from modern English (such as walkman, computer, software and e-mail), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (baladeur, ordinateur, logiciel, and courriel respectively).The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an \"invasion\" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word \"confortable\" as an example, from the English \"comfortable\"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by \"snobs\" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear \"in vogue\". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance.[10] The Académie Française has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like \"e-sports\", it should be \"jeu video de competition\". Likewise \"streamer\" should be \"joueur-animateur en direct\".[11]","title":"Role as authority on the French language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Alleged conservatism","text":"The Académie, despite working on the modernization of the French orthography, has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner.\nA recent[when?] controversy involved the officialization of feminine equivalents for the names of several professions. For instance, in 1997, Lionel Jospin's government began using the feminine noun \"la ministre\" to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of Canada, Belgium and Switzerland and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted in accordance with French grammar rules on the traditional use of the masculine noun, \"le ministre\", for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the “incompetence and anachronism of the Académie”.[12] Use of either form remains highly controversial.","title":"Role as authority on the French language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_du_roman_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_de_litt%C3%A9rature_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Grand prix de la francophonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_de_la_francophonie"},{"link_name":"Grand prix de littérature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_de_litt%C3%A9rature"},{"link_name":"Grand prix de philosophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_de_philosophie"},{"link_name":"grand prix Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_Gobert"}],"text":"See also: Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française and Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie françaiseThe Académie Française is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of the prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780. In total, the Académie awards more than sixty prizes, most of them annually.The most important prize is the Grand prix de la francophonie, which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the Grand prix de littérature (for a literary work), the grand prix du roman (for a novel), the Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française (for poetry), the Grand prix de philosophie (for a philosophical work), the Grand prix du cinéma (for film), and the grand prix Gobert (for a work on French history).","title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_dialects"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_language"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Corsican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"Gascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_language"},{"link_name":"Arpitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Académie Française intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages (Flemish, Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Occitan, Gascon, and Arpitan).[13]","title":"Opposition of regional languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of members of the Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_1"},{"link_name":"Claude Dagens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Dagens"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_2"},{"link_name":"Dany Laferrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Laferri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_4"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_5"},{"link_name":"Andreï Makine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%C3%AF_Makine"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_6"},{"link_name":"Christian Jambet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jambet"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_7"},{"link_name":"Jules Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_8"},{"link_name":"Daniel Rondeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rondeau"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_9"},{"link_name":"Patrick Grainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Grainville"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f9PG-16"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_10"},{"link_name":"Florence Delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Delay"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_11"},{"link_name":"Gabriel de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_12"},{"link_name":"Chantal Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Thomas"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_13"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Serra"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_15"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Vitoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vitoux_(writer)"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_16"},{"link_name":"Raphaël Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapha%C3%ABl_Gaillard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_17"},{"link_name":"Érik Orsenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rik_Orsenna"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_18"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_19"},{"link_name":"Sylviane Agacinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviane_Agacinski"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_20"},{"link_name":"Angelo Rinaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Rinaldi"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_21"},{"link_name":"Alain Finkielkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Finkielkraut"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_22"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_23"},{"link_name":"Pierre Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_24"},{"link_name":"François Sureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sureau"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_25"},{"link_name":"Dominique Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_26"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Rouart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Rouart"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_27"},{"link_name":"Pierre Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nora"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_28"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Rufin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Rufin"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_29"},{"link_name":"Amin Maalouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Maalouf"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_30"},{"link_name":"Danièle Sallenave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Sallenave"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_31"},{"link_name":"Michael Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(literary_scholar)"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_32"},{"link_name":"Pascal Ory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Ory"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_33"},{"link_name":"Dominique Bona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Bona"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_34"},{"link_name":"François Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cheng"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_35"},{"link_name":"Antoine Compagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Compagnon"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_36"},{"link_name":"Barbara Cassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Cassin"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_37"},{"link_name":"Michel Zink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Zink"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_38"},{"link_name":"Marc Lambron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lambron"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_39"},{"link_name":"Jean Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Clair"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_40"},{"link_name":"Xavier Darcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Darcos"}],"text":"Further information: List of members of the Académie françaiseThe current members of the Académie Française are:Seat number\nName\nYear elected\n\n\n1\nClaude Dagens\n2008\n\n\n2\nDany Laferrière\n2013\n\n\n3\nVacant\n\n\n\n4\nJean-Luc Marion\n2008\n\n\n5\nAndreï Makine\n2016\n\n\n6\nChristian Jambet\n2024\n\n\n7\nJules Hoffmann\n2012\n\n\n8\nDaniel Rondeau\n2019\n\n\n9\nPatrick Grainville[14]\n2018\n\n\n10\nFlorence Delay\n2000\n\n\n11\nGabriel de Broglie\n2001\n\n\n12\nChantal Thomas\n2021\n\n\n13\nMaurizio Serra\n2020\n\n\n14\nVacant\n\n\n\n15\nFrédéric Vitoux\n2001\n\n\n16\nRaphaël Gaillard\n2024\n\n\n17\nÉrik Orsenna\n1998\n\n\n18\nMario Vargas Llosa\n2021\n\n\n19\nSylviane Agacinski\n2023\n\n\n20\nAngelo Rinaldi\n2001\n\n\n21\nAlain Finkielkraut\n2014\n\n\n22\nVacant\n\n\n\n23\nPierre Rosenberg (Dean)\n1995\n\n\n24\nFrançois Sureau\n2020\n\n\n25\nDominique Fernandez\n2007\n\n\n26\nJean-Marie Rouart\n1997\n\n\n27\nPierre Nora\n2001\n\n\n28\nJean-Christophe Rufin\n2008\n\n\n29\nAmin Maalouf (Perpetual Secretary)\n2011\n\n\n30\nDanièle Sallenave\n2011\n\n\n31\nMichael Edwards\n2013\n\n\n32\nPascal Ory\n2021\n\n\n33\nDominique Bona\n2013\n\n\n34\nFrançois Cheng\n2002\n\n\n35\nAntoine Compagnon\n2022\n\n\n36\nBarbara Cassin\n2018\n\n\n37\nMichel Zink\n2017\n\n\n38\nMarc Lambron\n2014\n\n\n39\nJean Clair\n2008\n\n\n40\nXavier Darcos\n2013","title":"Current members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Morand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morand"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Élysée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e"}],"text":"^ This is the anglicized version of the name, with a capital \"F\". In French, it is generally written with a lowercase \"f\".\n\n^ There was a controversy about the candidacy of Paul Morand, whom Charles de Gaulle opposed in 1958. Morand was finally elected ten years later, and he was received without the customary visit, at the time of investiture, to the Palace Élysée.","title":"Explanatory notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Cardinal Richelieu, responsible for the establishment of the Académie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cardinal_de_Richelieu.jpg/170px-Cardinal_de_Richelieu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Raymond Poincaré was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the Académie Française. He is depicted wearing the habit vert, or green habit, of the Académie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poincare_larger.jpg/170px-Poincare_larger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bernard Dujon and his colleague Eric Westhof, wearing the \"Habit vert\" of the Institut de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/At_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg/220px-At_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page of the 6th edition of the Académie's dictionary (1835)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg/200px-DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg"}]	[{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Academy of sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_sciences"},{"title":"Conseil international de la langue française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_international_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"title":"Former prizes awarded by the Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_prizes_awarded_by_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"title":"French art salons and academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_art_salons_and_academies"},{"title":"Language policy in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy_in_France"},{"title":"List of language regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators"},{"title":"Language council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_council"},{"title":"Montyon Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montyon_Prize"},{"title":"Office québécois de la langue française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"title":"Paschimbanga Bangla Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Academy"},{"title":"Proposals for an English Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_an_English_Academy"},{"title":"Royal Spanish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy"},{"title":"Swedish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Academy"},{"title":"Mademoiselle Cloque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mademoiselle_Cloque"}]	[{"reference":"\"L'histoire\". Academie Française official website. Retrieved 2010-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/histoire/index.html","url_text":"\"L'histoire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les immortels\". Academie Française official website. Retrieved 2023-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/index.html","url_text":"\"Les immortels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Message from Mister Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic, to the Senegalese People\". World Digital Library. Retrieved 28 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2538","url_text":"\"Message from Mister Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic, to the Senegalese People\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library","url_text":"World Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"\"L'habit vert et l'épée\". Académie Française official website. Retrieved 2018-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/lhabit-vert-et-lepee","url_text":"\"L'habit vert et l'épée\""}]},{"reference":"Nossiter, Adam (3 March 2019). \"The Guardians of the French Language Are Deadlocked, Just Like Their Country\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/03/world/europe/academie-francaise-france-deadlock.html","url_text":"\"The Guardians of the French Language Are Deadlocked, Just Like Their Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Questions de langue \| Académie française\". academie-francaise.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://academie-francaise.fr/questions-de-langue#12_strong-em-anglicismes-et-autres-emprunts-em-strong","url_text":"\"Questions de langue \| Académie française\""}]},{"reference":"\"French officials told to abandon gaming Anglicisms\". BBC.com. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2019-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-61647192","url_text":"\"French officials told to abandon gaming Anglicisms\""}]},{"reference":"\"BALLAST • Que l'Académie tienne sa langue, pas la nôtre\". 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revue-ballast.fr/lacademie-tienne-langue","url_text":"\"BALLAST • Que l'Académie tienne sa langue, pas la nôtre\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Peter (16 August 2008). \"France's L'Académie française upset by rule to recognise regional tongues\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 23 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/2569651/Frances-LAcadmie-Franaise-upset-by-rule-to-recognise-regional-tongues.html","url_text":"\"France's L'Académie française upset by rule to recognise regional tongues\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/2569651/Frances-LAcadmie-Franaise-upset-by-rule-to-recognise-regional-tongues.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick GRAINVILLE\". Académie française official website. Retrieved 2018-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/patrick-grainville","url_text":"\"Patrick GRAINVILLE\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"The French Academy\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_French_Academy","url_text":"\"The French Academy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise&params=48.8573_N_2.337_E_type:landmark_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°51′26″N 2°20′13″E / 48.8573°N 2.337°E / 48.8573; 2.337"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise&params=48.8573_N_2.337_E_type:landmark_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°51′26″N 2°20′13″E / 48.8573°N 2.337°E / 48.8573; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dawud_al-Sijistani	Abu Dawud al-Sijistani	["1 Biography","2 School of thought and Quotes","3 Works","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	9th-century Persian Islamic hadith scholar For other uses, see Abu Dawud (disambiguation). Abu Dawud al-SijistaniManuscript of al-Sijistani's Kitab al-sunan, probably created in Al-Andalus, dated 13th centuryPersonalBorn817–18 CE / 202 AHSistan, Abbasid CaliphateDied889 CE / 275 AHBasra, Abbasid CaliphateReligionIslamEraIslamic golden age (Abbasid era)DenominationSunniSchoolHanbaliCreedAthariMain interest(s)ḥadīth and fiqhNotable work(s)Sunan Abī DāwūdOccupationmuhaddithMuslim leader Influenced by Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, Yahya ibn Ma'in Influenced Tirmidhi, Al-Nasa'i Abū Dāwūd (Dā’ūd) Sulaymān ibn al-Ash‘ath ibn Isḥāq al-Azdī al-Sijistānī (Arabic: أبو داود سليمان بن الأشعث الأزدي السجستاني), commonly known as Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī, was a scholar of prophetic hadith who compiled the third of the six "canonical" hadith collections recognized by Sunni Muslims, the Sunan Abu Dāwūd. Biography Born in Persia to an Arab family, Abū Dā’ūd was born in Sistan and died in 889 in Basra. He travelled widely collecting ḥadīth (traditions) from scholars in numerous locations including Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Hijaz, Tihamah, Nishapur and Merv. His focus on legal ḥadīth arose from a particular interest in fiqh (law). His collection included 4,800 ḥadīth, selected from some 500,000. His son, Abū Bakr ‘Abd Allāh ibn Abī Dā’ūd (died 928/929), was a well known ḥāfiẓ and author of Kitāb al-Masābīh, whose famous pupil was Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Marzubānī. School of thought and Quotes Imam Abu Dawud was a follower of Hanbali although some have considered him Shafi. Imam Abu Dawud has stated: "From this book of mine four Hadith are sufficient for an intelligent and insightful person. They are: Deeds are to be judged only by intentions. Part of a man's good observance of Islam is that he leaves alone that which does not concern him. None of you can be a believer unless you love for your brother that which you love for yourself. The permitted (halal) is clear, and the forbidden (haram) is clear, between these two are doubtful matters. Whosoever abstains from these doubtful matters has saved his religion." Works Principal among his twenty-one works are: Sunan Abu Dāwūd: contains 4,800 hadith – mostly sahih (authenticated), some marked ḍaʿīf (unauthenticated) – usually numbered after the edition of Muhammad Muhyi al-Din `Abd al-Hamid (Cairo: Matba`at Mustafa Muhammad, 1354 AH/1935 CE), where 5,274 are distinguished. Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, and some others, believe a number of the unmarked hadith are ḍaʿīf. Kitab al-Marāsīl lists 600 extensively investigated sahih mursal hadith. Risālat Abu Dāwūd ilā Ahli Makkah: letter to the people of Makkah describing his Sunan Abu Dāwūd collection. See also Kutub al-Sittah Sunan Abu Dawood References ^ El Shamsy, Ahmed (2013). "Chapter 8: Canonization beyond the Shafi'i School". The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-107-04148-6. Al-Buwayti... enjoyed the trust of traditionalist scholars such as Abu Dawud al-Sijistani and al-Humaydı as well as Ahmad b. Hanbal himself.. ^ Melchert, Christopher (1997). "Chapter 8: The Maliki School". The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 165–166. ISBN 90-04-10952-8. the later Iraqi traditionalist Abu Dawud says not only that he was weak.. ^ Al-Bastawī, ʻAbd al-ʻAlīm ʻAbd al-ʻAẓīm (1990). Al-Imām al-Jūzajānī wa-manhajuhu fi al-jarḥ wa-al-taʻdīl. Maktabat Dār al-Ṭaḥāwī. p. 9. ^ Nadīm (al) 1970, pp. 164–6. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 590, I. ^ "Islamic Pedia - Abu Dawood Sijistani (202–275H) أبو داوود السجستاني". Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. ^ "Imam Abu Dawud". www.sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2016-02-21. ^ Shahih Al Bukhari, Imam Al Bukthari, Vol.1 Book 1 Hadith 1 ^ "Translation of the Risālah by Abū Dāwūd". Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Bibliography Baghdādī (al-), Al-Khaṭīb Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (2001). Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād) (in Arabic). Vol. X, §4591. Beirut: Dār al-Gharib al-Islāmī. p. 75. Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1843). Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men). Vol. I. Translated by McGuckin de Slane, William. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 590–91. Nadīm (al), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq (1970). Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231029254. Nawawī (al-), Abū Zakarīyā’ Yaḥyā (1847) . Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men) (in Arabic). Göttingen: London Society for the Publication of the Oriental Texts. p. 708 Arabic. Further reading Abderrazzaq, Mohammad A. (2009). "Sijistānī, Abū Dāʿūd al-.". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Bowker, John (2000). "Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7. Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Sijistani, Abu Daud al-". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. Melchert, Christopher (2007). "Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830. Melchert, Christopher (2008). "The Life and Works of Abu Dāwūd al-Sijistāni". Al-Qantara. 29 (1): 9–44. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2008.v29.i1.48. Pakatchi, Ahmad; Khodaverdian, Shahram (2008). "Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. Robson, James (1952). "The Transmission of Abū Dāwūd's 'Sunan'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 579–588. Robson, J. (1960). "Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456. Thomas, David (24 March 2010). "Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī". In Thomas, David (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations 600 – 1500. Brill Online. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Abu Dawud al-Sijistani. Biodata at MuslimScholars.info * Biography at Sunnah.com Letter from Imam Abu Dawud to the people of Makkah explaining his book, terms he uses, and his methodology. vteMuslim scholars of the Hanbali School by century (AH CE) 3rd/9th Ahmad ibn Hanbal (founder of the school; 780–855) Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani (d. 872) Abu Dawood (d. 889) 4th/10th Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 923) Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari (867–941) Abu Bakr al-Ajurri (d. 970) Ibn Battah (d. 997) 5th/11th Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi (952–1020 CE/341–410 AH) Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la (990–1066) Abu Ali ibn al-Banna (d. 1079) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (1006–1088) Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi (1013–1119) Ibn Aqil (1040–1119) 6th/12th Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra (1105–1165) Abdul Qadir Gilani (1078–1166) Ibn al-Jawzi (1116–1201) Hammad al-Harrani (d. 1202) Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi (1146–1203) Abdul-Razzaq Gilani (1134–1207) 7th/13th Ibn Qudamah (1147–1223) Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi (1173–1245) Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah (1194–1255) Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah (1230–1284) Zayn al-Din al-Amidi (d. 1312) 8th/14th Ibn Hamdan (1206–1295) Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328) Ibn Abd al-Hadi (1305–1343) Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) Ibn Muflih (1310–1362) Ibn Rajab (1335–1393) 11th/17th Mar'i al-Karmi (1580–1624) Al-Buhūtī (1592–1641) Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali (1623–1679) 12th/18th Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini (1701–1774) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1699–1793/94) Fatima bint Hamad al-Fudayliyya (d. 1831) 14th/20th Abdul Qadir ibn Badran (1864–1927) Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di (1889–1957) Ibn Humaid (1908–1981) Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen (1929–2001) 15th/21st Abdullah Ibn Jibreen (1933–2009) Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais (b. 1960) Saud Al-Shuraim (b. 1964) Ismail ibn Musa Menk (b.1975) Saeed Abubakr Zakaria Omar Suleiman (b. 1986) Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Zahiri vtePeople of KhorasanScientists Abu Hatam Isfizari Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi Abu Wafa Abu Ubayd Juzjani Abu Zayd Balkhi Alfraganus Ali Qushji Avicenna Birjandi Biruni Hasib Marwazi Ibn Hayyan Abu Ja'far al-Khazin Khazini Khojandi Khwarizmi Nasawi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Omar Khayyam Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Sijzi Philosophers Algazel Amiri Avicenna Farabi Haji Bektash Veli Nasir Khusraw Sijistani Shahrastani Islamic scholars Abu Dawud al-Sijistani Abu Barakat Nasafi Abu Hanifa Abu Hafs Nasafi Abu Layth Samarqandi Abu Mu'in Nasafi Abu Qasim Samarqandi Ansari Baghavi Bayhaqi Bazdawi Bukhari Dabusi Fatima Samarqandi Ghazali Ghaznawi Hakim Tirmidhi Hakim Nishapuri Ibn Hibban Ibn Mubarak Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi Juwayni Kasani Kashifi Lamishi Marghinani Maturidi Mulla al-Qari Muqatil Muslim Nasa'i Qushayri Razi Sabuni Sajawandi Sarakhsi Shaykh Tusi Taftazani Tha'labi Nishapuri Tirmidhi Zamakhshari Poets and artists Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr Anvari Aruzi Samarqandi Asadi Tusi Attar Nishapuri Behzad Daqiqi Farrukhi Sistani Ferdowsi Jami Kashifi Nasir Khusraw Rabia Balkhi Rudaki Rumi Sanā'ī Historians andpolitical figures Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah Abu Muslim Khorasani Gardizi Ali-Shir Nava'i Ata-Malik Juvayni Aufi Abu Ali Bal'ami Gawhar Shad Ibn Khordadbeh Khalid ibn Barmak Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani Nizam al-Mulk Tahir ibn Husayn Yahya Barmaki Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk Shihab al-Nasawi Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Dawud (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dawud_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"six \"canonical\" hadith collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_major_Hadith_collections"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Sunan Abu Dāwūd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood"}],"text":"For other uses, see Abu Dawud (disambiguation).Abū Dāwūd (Dā’ūd) Sulaymān ibn al-Ash‘ath ibn Isḥāq al-Azdī al-Sijistānī (Arabic: أبو داود سليمان بن الأشعث الأزدي السجستاني), commonly known as Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī, was a scholar of prophetic hadith who compiled the third of the six \"canonical\" hadith collections recognized by Sunni Muslims, the Sunan Abu Dāwūd.","title":"Abu Dawud al-Sijistani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"ḥadīth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Hijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijaz"},{"link_name":"Tihamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihamah"},{"link_name":"Nishapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur"},{"link_name":"Merv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"ḥāfiẓ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)"},{"link_name":"Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Marzubānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Marzub%C4%81n%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENad%C4%ABm_(al)1970164%E2%80%936-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallik%C4%81n_(Ibn)1843590I-5"}],"text":"Born in Persia to an Arab family, Abū Dā’ūd was born in Sistan and died in 889 in Basra. He travelled widely collecting ḥadīth (traditions) from scholars in numerous locations including Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Hijaz, Tihamah, Nishapur and Merv. His focus on legal ḥadīth arose from a particular interest in fiqh (law). His collection included 4,800 ḥadīth, selected from some 500,000. His son, Abū Bakr ‘Abd Allāh ibn Abī Dā’ūd (died 928/929), was a well known ḥāfiẓ and author of Kitāb al-Masābīh, whose famous pupil was Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Marzubānī.[4][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanbali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali"},{"link_name":"Shafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Imam Abu Dawud was a follower of Hanbali although some have considered him Shafi.[6]Imam Abu Dawud has stated: \"From this book of mine four Hadith are sufficient for an intelligent and insightful person.[7] They are:Deeds are to be judged only by intentions.[8]\nPart of a man's good observance of Islam is that he leaves alone that which does not concern him.\nNone of you can be a believer unless you love for your brother that which you love for yourself.\nThe permitted (halal) is clear, and the forbidden (haram) is clear, between these two are doubtful matters. Whosoever abstains from these doubtful matters has saved his religion.\"","title":"School of thought and Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunan Abu Dāwūd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"sahih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Sahih"},{"link_name":"ḍaʿīf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Da%60if"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_Asqalani"},{"link_name":"ḍaʿīf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Da%60if"},{"link_name":"sahih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Sahih"},{"link_name":"mursal hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Mursal"},{"link_name":"Makkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Sunan Abu Dāwūd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Principal among his twenty-one works are:Sunan Abu Dāwūd: contains 4,800 hadith – mostly sahih (authenticated), some marked ḍaʿīf (unauthenticated) – usually numbered after the edition of Muhammad Muhyi al-Din `Abd al-Hamid (Cairo: Matba`at Mustafa Muhammad, 1354 AH/1935 CE), where 5,274 are distinguished. Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, and some others, believe a number of the unmarked hadith are ḍaʿīf.\nKitab al-Marāsīl lists 600 extensively investigated sahih mursal hadith.\nRisālat Abu Dāwūd ilā Ahli Makkah: letter to the people of Makkah describing his Sunan Abu Dāwūd collection.[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baghdādī (al-), Al-Khaṭīb Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi"},{"link_name":"Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/WAQtaba"},{"link_name":"Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan"},{"link_name":"Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/WafayatAlAyantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan/Vol1Of4WafayatAl-ayantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan#page/n629/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"McGuckin de Slane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane"},{"link_name":"Nadīm (al), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Dodge"},{"link_name":"The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fihristofalnadim0000ibna"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780231029254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231029254"},{"link_name":"Wüstenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_W%C3%BCstenfeld"},{"link_name":"Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b30092966/page/n175"}],"text":"Baghdādī (al-), Al-Khaṭīb Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (2001). Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād) (in Arabic). Vol. X, §4591. Beirut: Dār al-Gharib al-Islāmī. p. 75.\nKhallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1843). Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men). Vol. I. Translated by McGuckin de Slane, William. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 590–91.\nNadīm (al), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq (1970). Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231029254.\nNawawī (al-), Abū Zakarīyā’ Yaḥyā (1847) [1842]. Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men) (in Arabic). Göttingen: London Society for the Publication of the Oriental Texts. p. 708 Arabic.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Sijistānī, Abū Dāʿūd al-.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1082?rskey=gkmm46&result=7"},{"link_name":"Esposito, John L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Esposito"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-530513-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5"},{"link_name":"Bowker, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-102?rskey=gkmm46&result=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-280094-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7"},{"link_name":"Esposito, John L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Esposito"},{"link_name":"\"Sijistani, Abu Daud al-\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2207?rskey=gkmm46&result=6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-512558-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"},{"link_name":"Melchert, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Melchert"},{"link_name":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/abu-dawud-al-sijistani-SIM_0024"},{"link_name":"Krämer, Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer"},{"link_name":"Rowson, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1873-9830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830"},{"link_name":"Melchert, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Melchert"},{"link_name":"\"The Life and Works of Abu Dāwūd al-Sijistāni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2008.v29.i1.48"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3989/alqantara.2008.v29.i1.48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2008.v29.i1.48"},{"link_name":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abu-dawud-al-sijistani-COM_0053?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=Maslama"},{"link_name":"Madelung, Wilferd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung"},{"link_name":"Daftary, Farhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Daftary"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1875-9831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831"},{"link_name":"\"The Transmission of Abū Dāwūd's 'Sunan'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/609117"},{"link_name":"\"Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abu-daud-al-sidjistani-SIM_0172"},{"link_name":"Gibb, H. A. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb"},{"link_name":"Kramers, J. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers"},{"link_name":"Lévi-Provençal, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456"},{"link_name":"\"Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-i/*-COM_23760"}],"text":"Abderrazzaq, Mohammad A. (2009). \"Sijistānī, Abū Dāʿūd al-.\". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.\nBowker, John (2000). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7.\nEsposito, John L., ed. (2003). \"Sijistani, Abu Daud al-\". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.\nMelchert, Christopher (2007). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.\nMelchert, Christopher (2008). \"The Life and Works of Abu Dāwūd al-Sijistāni\". Al-Qantara. 29 (1): 9–44. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2008.v29.i1.48.\nPakatchi, Ahmad; Khodaverdian, Shahram (2008). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.\nRobson, James (1952). \"The Transmission of Abū Dāwūd's 'Sunan'\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 579–588.\nRobson, J. (1960). \"Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.\nThomas, David (24 March 2010). \"Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī\". In Thomas, David (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations 600 – 1500. Brill Online.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Kutub al-Sittah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah"},{"title":"Sunan Abu Dawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood"}]	[{"reference":"El Shamsy, Ahmed (2013). \"Chapter 8: Canonization beyond the Shafi'i School\". The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-107-04148-6. Al-Buwayti... enjoyed the trust of traditionalist scholars such as Abu Dawud al-Sijistani and al-Humaydı as well as Ahmad b. Hanbal himself..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04148-6","url_text":"978-1-107-04148-6"}]},{"reference":"Melchert, Christopher (1997). \"Chapter 8: The Maliki School\". The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 165–166. ISBN 90-04-10952-8. the later Iraqi traditionalist Abu Dawud says not only that he was weak..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10952-8","url_text":"90-04-10952-8"}]},{"reference":"Al-Bastawī, ʻAbd al-ʻAlīm ʻAbd al-ʻAẓīm (1990). Al-Imām al-Jūzajānī wa-manhajuhu fi al-jarḥ wa-al-taʻdīl. Maktabat Dār al-Ṭaḥāwī. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Islamic Pedia - Abu Dawood Sijistani (202–275H) أبو داوود السجستاني\". Archived from the original on 2018-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041058/http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=54","url_text":"\"Islamic Pedia - Abu Dawood Sijistani (202–275H) أبو داوود السجستاني\""},{"url":"http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=54","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Imam Abu Dawud\". www.sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2016-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215093725/http://sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_abu_dawud.htm","url_text":"\"Imam Abu Dawud\""},{"url":"http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_abu_dawud.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Translation of the Risālah by Abū Dāwūd\". Archived from the original on August 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819072727/http://www.dkh-islam.com/Content/Article.aspx?ATID=71","url_text":"\"Translation of the Risālah by Abū Dāwūd\""},{"url":"http://www.dkh-islam.com/Content/Article.aspx?ATID=71","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baghdādī (al-), Al-Khaṭīb Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (2001). Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād) (in Arabic). Vol. X, §4591. Beirut: Dār al-Gharib al-Islāmī. p. 75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi","url_text":"Baghdādī (al-), Al-Khaṭīb Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/WAQtaba","url_text":"Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād)"}]},{"reference":"Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1843). Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men). Vol. I. Translated by McGuckin de Slane, William. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 590–91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan","url_text":"Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/WafayatAlAyantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan/Vol1Of4WafayatAl-ayantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan#page/n629/mode/2up","url_text":"Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane","url_text":"McGuckin de Slane"}]},{"reference":"Nadīm (al), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq (1970). Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231029254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim","url_text":"Nadīm (al), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Dodge","url_text":"Dodge"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fihristofalnadim0000ibna","url_text":"The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231029254","url_text":"9780231029254"}]},{"reference":"Nawawī (al-), Abū Zakarīyā’ Yaḥyā (1847) [1842]. Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men) (in Arabic). Göttingen: London Society for the Publication of the Oriental Texts. p. 708 Arabic.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_W%C3%BCstenfeld","url_text":"Wüstenfeld"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b30092966/page/n175","url_text":"Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men)"}]},{"reference":"Abderrazzaq, Mohammad A. (2009). \"Sijistānī, Abū Dāʿūd al-.\". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1082?rskey=gkmm46&result=7","url_text":"\"Sijistānī, Abū Dāʿūd al-.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Esposito","url_text":"Esposito, John L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5","url_text":"978-0-19-530513-5"}]},{"reference":"Bowker, John (2000). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)","url_text":"Bowker, John"},{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-102?rskey=gkmm46&result=1","url_text":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7","url_text":"978-0-19-280094-7"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). \"Sijistani, Abu Daud al-\". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Esposito","url_text":"Esposito, John L."},{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2207?rskey=gkmm46&result=6","url_text":"\"Sijistani, Abu Daud al-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0","url_text":"978-0-19-512558-0"}]},{"reference":"Melchert, Christopher (2007). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Melchert","url_text":"Melchert, Christopher"},{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/abu-dawud-al-sijistani-SIM_0024","url_text":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer","url_text":"Krämer, Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson","url_text":"Rowson, Everett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830","url_text":"1873-9830"}]},{"reference":"Melchert, Christopher (2008). \"The Life and Works of Abu Dāwūd al-Sijistāni\". Al-Qantara. 29 (1): 9–44. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2008.v29.i1.48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Melchert","url_text":"Melchert, Christopher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2008.v29.i1.48","url_text":"\"The Life and Works of Abu Dāwūd al-Sijistāni\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2008.v29.i1.48","url_text":"10.3989/alqantara.2008.v29.i1.48"}]},{"reference":"Pakatchi, Ahmad; Khodaverdian, Shahram (2008). \"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abu-dawud-al-sijistani-COM_0053?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=Maslama","url_text":"\"Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung","url_text":"Madelung, Wilferd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Daftary","url_text":"Daftary, Farhad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831","url_text":"1875-9831"}]},{"reference":"Robson, James (1952). \"The Transmission of Abū Dāwūd's 'Sunan'\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 579–588.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609117","url_text":"\"The Transmission of Abū Dāwūd's 'Sunan'\""}]},{"reference":"Robson, J. (1960). \"Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abu-daud-al-sidjistani-SIM_0172","url_text":"\"Abū Dāʾūd al-Sid̲j̲istānī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb","url_text":"Gibb, H. A. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers","url_text":"Kramers, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al","url_text":"Lévi-Provençal, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456","url_text":"495469456"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, David (24 March 2010). \"Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī\". In Thomas, David (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations 600 – 1500. Brill Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-i/*-COM_23760","url_text":"\"Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041058/http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=54","external_links_name":"\"Islamic Pedia - Abu Dawood Sijistani (202–275H) أبو داوود السجستاني\""},{"Link":"http://www.islamicencyclopedia.org/islamic-pedia-topic.php?id=54","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215093725/http://sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_abu_dawud.htm","external_links_name":"\"Imam Abu Dawud\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_abu_dawud.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819072727/http://www.dkh-islam.com/Content/Article.aspx?ATID=71","external_links_name":"\"Translation of the Risālah by Abū Dāwūd\""},{"Link":"http://www.dkh-islam.com/Content/Article.aspx?ATID=71","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/WAQtaba","external_links_name":"Ta'rīkh Madīnat al-Salām (Ta'rīkh Baghdād)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/WafayatAlAyantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan/Vol1Of4WafayatAl-ayantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan#page/n629/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān (The Obituaries of Eminent Men)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fihristofalnadim0000ibna","external_links_name":"The Fihrist of al-Nadim; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjuder	Tsjuder	["1 Name","2 History","3 Musical style and lyrical themes","4 Band members","4.1 Timeline","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"]	Norwegian black metal band TsjuderNag performing at Party.San 2013Background informationOriginOslo, NorwayGenresBlack metalYears active1993–2006, 2010–presentLabelsSeason of MistWebsitetsjuder.comMusical artist Tsjuder is a Norwegian black metal band founded in Oslo in 1993. For the majority of the band's existence, it has functioned as a trio, including bassist/frontman Nag, guitarist Draugluin, and drummer Anti-Christian. With the latter's departure, the band operates as a duo, with Nag and Draugluin being the longterm and primary members. Name The name Tsjuder was picked from the Norwegian movie Pathfinder (Veiviseren). The Tsjuder (or Chud) was a mythical Northern Finnic tribe. History Originally from Oslo, Tsjuder was formed in 1993 by bassist and vocalist Nag and guitarist Berserk, with second guitarist Draugluin joining in 1994. After a year of rehearsals and writing, the band record their first demo tape, entitled Ved Ferdens Ende—shortly after, Berserk left the band. Tsjuder replaced him with drummer Torvus for their second demo tape, 1996's Possessed. The following year, Tsjuder underwent another change in its formation, with Torvus being fired, and his replacement Desecrator, along with American guitarist Diabolus Mort, recorded the Throne of the Goat EP, released through Solistitium Records in 1997. Later in 1998, both Diabolus Mort and Desecrator left the band due to "lack of interest". The full-length debut album was then planned with Blod from Gehenna on drums, and Arak Draconiiz from Isvind; who joined the band as guitarist. They then, recorded the promo Atum Nocturnem actually meant for Blod to rehearse, but indie labels had begun to pay attention to Tsjuder's "totally uncompromising brand of brutal, speed-addicted black metal" and it was eventually released by At War Records in 1999. Later that year, Tsjuder signed a deal for two albums with Drakkar Productions, and the debut album Kill for Satan was recorded. Because of time limits and that Blod was unable to join the band on the first planned tour in 2000, Christian "Anti-Christian" Svendsen joined instead on the drums. After the release of Kill for Satan, Arak Draconiiz moved away from Oslo, and was replaced by Pål. In October 2001, Svendsen had to leave the band, because he got tendinitis in both arms. Guitarist Pål also left the band due to his working hours. Svendsen was replaced by Jontho of Ragnarok, and this line-up recorded from December 2001 to January 2002, which became the band's second studio album Demonic Possession, which was released through Drakkar Productions in 2002. Norwegian label Mester Productions also re-released the Throne of the Goat EP on picture disc in a limited edition of 666 copies that same year. In 2003, the recovered Svendsen returned to Tsjuder, replacing the drummer Jontho. The band signed to the French label Season of Mist in April 2004, and, after striking this new deal, their third full-length Desert Northern Hell was released in November 2004. Tsjuder toured Europe with Carpathian Forest in early 2005. As of 2006 the band had split up, but reunited to play at Wacken Open Air festival in August 2011 and continued to tour afterwards. A fourth studio album, Legion Helvete was released in October 2011 and a fifth, Antiliv, in September 2015. The band's sixth album, Helvegr, was released in June 2023. Musical style and lyrical themes The music in Tsjuder is mainly written by Nag and Draugluin, citing as main musical inspirations the black metal bands from the early 1980s and early 1990s such as Bathory, Celtic Frost, Darkthrone, Gorgoroth, Immortal, Marduk, Mayhem, and "old" thrash metal and death metal bands: Destruction, Kreator, Possessed, Sepultura, Slayer, and Sodom. Tsjuder's lyrics are written prior to the music, and are based on topics such as darkness, death, evil, hatred, demons, antireligious themes, Satanism, horror films, and the fictional book Necronomicon, that appears in the stories of horror novelist H. P. Lovecraft, considered as a "great source of inspiration" by frontman Nag. Band members Current Nag (Jan-Erik Romøren) – vocals, bass guitar (1993–2006, 2010–present) Draugluin (Halvor Storrøsten) – guitar, vocals (1994–2006, 2010–present) Session Jon Rice – drums (2020-present) Former Berserk – guitar (1993–1995) Torvus – drums (1995–1996) Desecrator – drums (1997–1998) Diabolus Mort – guitar (1997–1998) Blod – drums (1998–1999, died 2018) Arak Draconiiz – guitar (1999–2000) Pål – guitar (2000–2001) Jontho – drums (2001–2003) Anti-Christian (Christian Svendsen) – drums (1999–2001, 2003–2006, 2010–2020) Timeline Discography Studio Kill for Satan (2000) Demonic Possession (2002) Desert Northern Hell (2004) Legion Helvete (2011) Antiliv (2015) Helvegr (2023) Live Norwegian Apocalypse (2006) References ^ a b c Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Tsjuder–Biography". Allmusic. Macrovision. Retrieved 4 February 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sharpe-Young, Garry. "Biography of Tsjuder". MusicMight. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2009. ^ "Carpathian Fucking Forest!!!!". Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006. ^ "Tsjuder's Official Domain". Tsjuder.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016. ^ "W:O:A – Wacken Open Air : News – View". Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010. ^ Weaver, James (April 2023). "Tsjuder announce new album 'Helvegr'". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ a b c Banziger, Marcel (17 October 2005). "The 'big' press has nothing to do with Black Metal at all". Archaic-Magazine.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2009. ^ "Tsjuder interview with Nag". Tartareandesire.com. 28 January 2005. Archived from the original on 22 February 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ "Tsjuder Interview". Metalthai.com. 6 May 2002. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009. ^ "Interview with Tsjuder". Maelstrom. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tsjuder. Official website Tsjuder at AllMusic Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"}],"text":"Musical artistTsjuder is a Norwegian black metal band founded in Oslo in 1993. For the majority of the band's existence, it has functioned as a trio, including bassist/frontman Nag, guitarist Draugluin, and drummer Anti-Christian. With the latter's departure, the band operates as a duo, with Nag and Draugluin being the longterm and primary members.","title":"Tsjuder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Chud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chud"}],"text":"The name Tsjuder was picked from the Norwegian movie Pathfinder (Veiviseren). The Tsjuder (or Chud) was a mythical Northern Finnic tribe.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"demo tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"Gehenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehenna_(band)"},{"link_name":"promo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_recording"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"Drakkar Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakkar_Productions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"tendinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinitis"},{"link_name":"Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok_(Norwegian_band)"},{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"Season of Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_Mist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMight-2"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Forest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wacken Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helvegr_Distorted_Sound-6"}],"text":"Originally from Oslo, Tsjuder was formed in 1993 by bassist and vocalist Nag and guitarist Berserk, with second guitarist Draugluin joining in 1994.[1][2] After a year of rehearsals and writing, the band record their first demo tape, entitled Ved Ferdens Ende—shortly after, Berserk left the band.[2] Tsjuder replaced him with drummer Torvus for their second demo tape, 1996's Possessed.[1] The following year, Tsjuder underwent another change in its formation, with Torvus being fired, and his replacement Desecrator, along with American guitarist Diabolus Mort, recorded the Throne of the Goat EP, released through Solistitium Records in 1997.[2] Later in 1998, both Diabolus Mort and Desecrator left the band due to \"lack of interest\". The full-length debut album was then planned with Blod from Gehenna on drums, and Arak Draconiiz from Isvind; who joined the band as guitarist. They then, recorded the promo Atum Nocturnem actually meant for Blod to rehearse, but indie labels had begun to pay attention to Tsjuder's \"totally uncompromising brand of brutal, speed-addicted black metal\"[1] and it was eventually released by At War Records in 1999.[2] Later that year, Tsjuder signed a deal for two albums with Drakkar Productions, and the debut album Kill for Satan was recorded.[2] Because of time limits and that Blod was unable to join the band on the first planned tour in 2000, Christian \"Anti-Christian\" Svendsen joined instead on the drums.[2]After the release of Kill for Satan, Arak Draconiiz moved away from Oslo, and was replaced by Pål. In October 2001, Svendsen had to leave the band,[2] because he got tendinitis in both arms. Guitarist Pål also left the band due to his working hours. Svendsen was replaced by Jontho of Ragnarok, and this line-up recorded from December 2001 to January 2002, which became the band's second studio album Demonic Possession, which was released through Drakkar Productions in 2002. Norwegian label Mester Productions also re-released the Throne of the Goat EP on picture disc in a limited edition of 666 copies that same year.[2] In 2003, the recovered Svendsen returned to Tsjuder, replacing the drummer Jontho. The band signed to the French label Season of Mist in April 2004,[2] and, after striking this new deal, their third full-length Desert Northern Hell was released in November 2004. Tsjuder toured Europe with Carpathian Forest in early 2005.[3]As of 2006 the band had split up,[4] but reunited to play at Wacken Open Air festival in August 2011 and continued to tour afterwards.[5] A fourth studio album, Legion Helvete was released in October 2011 and a fifth, Antiliv, in September 2015. The band's sixth album, Helvegr, was released in June 2023.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaic-magazine-7"},{"link_name":"Bathory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathory_(band)"},{"link_name":"Celtic Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Frost"},{"link_name":"Darkthrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkthrone"},{"link_name":"Gorgoroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoroth"},{"link_name":"Immortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_(band)"},{"link_name":"Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaic-magazine-7"},{"link_name":"Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kreator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreator"},{"link_name":"Possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessed_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sepultura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepultura"},{"link_name":"Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer"},{"link_name":"Sodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tartareandesire-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archaic-magazine-7"},{"link_name":"demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"antireligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireligious"},{"link_name":"Satanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"fictional book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_book"},{"link_name":"Necronomicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metalthai-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maelstrom.nu-10"}],"text":"The music in Tsjuder is mainly written by Nag and Draugluin, citing as main musical inspirations the black metal bands from the early 1980s and early 1990s[7] such as Bathory, Celtic Frost, Darkthrone, Gorgoroth, Immortal, Marduk, Mayhem, and \"old\" thrash metal and death metal bands:[7] Destruction, Kreator, Possessed, Sepultura, Slayer, and Sodom.[8]Tsjuder's lyrics are written prior to the music,[7] and are based on topics such as darkness, death, evil, hatred, demons, antireligious themes, Satanism, horror films, and the fictional book Necronomicon, that appears in the stories of horror novelist H. P. Lovecraft, considered as a \"great source of inspiration\" by frontman Nag.[9][10]","title":"Musical style and lyrical themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CurrentNag (Jan-Erik Romøren) – vocals, bass guitar (1993–2006, 2010–present)\nDraugluin (Halvor Storrøsten) – guitar, vocals (1994–2006, 2010–present)SessionJon Rice – drums (2020-present)FormerBerserk – guitar (1993–1995)\nTorvus – drums (1995–1996)\nDesecrator – drums (1997–1998)\nDiabolus Mort – guitar (1997–1998)\nBlod – drums (1998–1999, died 2018)\nArak Draconiiz – guitar (1999–2000)\nPål – guitar (2000–2001)\nJontho – drums (2001–2003)\nAnti-Christian (Christian Svendsen) – drums (1999–2001, 2003–2006, 2010–2020)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"StudioKill for Satan (2000)\nDemonic Possession (2002)\nDesert Northern Hell (2004)\nLegion Helvete (2011)\nAntiliv (2015)\nHelvegr (2023)LiveNorwegian Apocalypse (2006)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rivadavia, Eduardo. \"Tsjuder–Biography\". Allmusic. Macrovision. Retrieved 4 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p681879","url_text":"\"Tsjuder–Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrovision","url_text":"Macrovision"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe-Young, Garry. \"Biography of Tsjuder\". MusicMight. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607064650/http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/norway/oslo/tsjuder#bio","url_text":"\"Biography of Tsjuder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicMight","url_text":"MusicMight"},{"url":"http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/norway/oslo/tsjuder#bio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carpathian Fucking Forest!!!!\". Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061213222357/http://www.tnbm.no/past.htm","url_text":"\"Carpathian Fucking Forest!!!!\""},{"url":"http://www.tnbm.no/past.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tsjuder's Official Domain\". Tsjuder.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsjuder.com/","url_text":"\"Tsjuder's Official Domain\""}]},{"reference":"\"W:O:A – Wacken Open Air : News – View\". Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930101338/http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2011/main-news/news/ansicht/article/das-18te-tuerchen-the-haunted-tsjuder/","url_text":"\"W:O:A – Wacken Open Air : News – View\""},{"url":"http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2011/main-news/news/ansicht/article/das-18te-tuerchen-the-haunted-tsjuder/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, James (April 2023). \"Tsjuder announce new album 'Helvegr'\". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/tsjuder-announce-new-album-helvegr/","url_text":"\"Tsjuder announce new album 'Helvegr'\""}]},{"reference":"Banziger, Marcel (17 October 2005). \"The 'big' press has nothing to do with Black Metal at all\". Archaic-Magazine.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160148/http://www.archaic-magazine.com/article.php?aid=39852","url_text":"\"The 'big' press has nothing to do with Black Metal at all\""},{"url":"http://www.archaic-magazine.com/article.php?aid=39852","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tsjuder interview with Nag\". Tartareandesire.com. 28 January 2005. Archived from the original on 22 February 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050222121819/http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/tsjuder.html","url_text":"\"Tsjuder interview with Nag\""},{"url":"http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/tsjuder.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tsjuder Interview\". Metalthai.com. 6 May 2002. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124234227/http://metalthai.com/interview/bands/tsjuder06052002.html","url_text":"\"Tsjuder Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.metalthai.com/interview/bands/tsjuder06052002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Tsjuder\". Maelstrom. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070905195746/http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss4_55.php","url_text":"\"Interview with Tsjuder\""},{"url":"http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss4_55.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tsjuder.com/","external_links_name":"tsjuder.com"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p681879","external_links_name":"\"Tsjuder–Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607064650/http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/norway/oslo/tsjuder#bio","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Tsjuder\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockdetector.com/artist/norway/oslo/tsjuder#bio","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061213222357/http://www.tnbm.no/past.htm","external_links_name":"\"Carpathian Fucking Forest!!!!\""},{"Link":"http://www.tnbm.no/past.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tsjuder.com/","external_links_name":"\"Tsjuder's Official Domain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930101338/http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2011/main-news/news/ansicht/article/das-18te-tuerchen-the-haunted-tsjuder/","external_links_name":"\"W:O:A – Wacken Open Air : News – View\""},{"Link":"http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2011/main-news/news/ansicht/article/das-18te-tuerchen-the-haunted-tsjuder/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/tsjuder-announce-new-album-helvegr/","external_links_name":"\"Tsjuder announce new album 'Helvegr'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160148/http://www.archaic-magazine.com/article.php?aid=39852","external_links_name":"\"The 'big' press has nothing to do with Black Metal at all\""},{"Link":"http://www.archaic-magazine.com/article.php?aid=39852","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050222121819/http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/tsjuder.html","external_links_name":"\"Tsjuder interview with Nag\""},{"Link":"http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/tsjuder.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124234227/http://metalthai.com/interview/bands/tsjuder06052002.html","external_links_name":"\"Tsjuder Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalthai.com/interview/bands/tsjuder06052002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070905195746/http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss4_55.php","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Tsjuder\""},{"Link":"http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss4_55.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tsjuder.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000114412","external_links_name":"Tsjuder"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086829557","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/166145970345032252753","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9042731","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14647202h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14647202h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016124233","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/dbf23164-c702-46b9-a7e1-32acaabca310","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/16915677X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ingham	Albert Ingham	["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Honours","4 Marriage and children","5 Death","6 Publications","7 References"]	English mathematician Albert InghamFRSBornAlbert Edward Ingham(1900-04-03)3 April 1900Northampton, Northamptonshire, EnglandDied6 September 1967(1967-09-06) (aged 67)SwitzerlandAlma materTrinity College, CambridgeSpouse Rose Marie Tupper-Carey (m. 1932)AwardsSmith's Prize (1921)Fellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerInstitutionsKing's College, CambridgeDoctoral studentsWolfgang FuchsC. HaselgroveChristopher HooleyRobert Rankin NotesErdős Number: 1 Albert Edward Ingham FRS (3 April 1900 – 6 September 1967) was an English mathematician. Early life and education Ingham was born in Northampton. He went to Stafford Grammar School and began his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge in January 1919 after service in the British Army in World War I. Ingham received a distinction as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. He was elected a fellow of Trinity in 1922. He also received an 1851 Research Fellowship. Academic career Ingham was appointed a Reader at the University of Leeds in 1926 and returned to Cambridge as a fellow of King's College and lecturer in 1930. Ingham was appointed after the death of Frank Ramsey. Ingham supervised the PhDs of C. Brian Haselgrove, Wolfgang Fuchs and Christopher Hooley. Ingham proved in 1937 that if ζ ( 1 / 2 + i t ) = O ( t c ) {\displaystyle \zeta \left(1/2+it\right)=O\left(t^{c}\right)} for some positive constant c, then π ( x + x θ ) − π ( x ) ∼ x θ log ⁡ x , {\displaystyle \pi \left(x+x^{\theta }\right)-\pi (x)\sim {\frac {x^{\theta }}{\log x}},} for any θ > (1+4c)/(2+4c). Here ζ denotes the Riemann zeta function and π the prime-counting function. Using the best published value for c at the time, an immediate consequence of his result was that gn < pn5/8, where pn the n-th prime number and gn = pn+1 − pn denotes the n-th prime gap. Ingham retired from teaching in 1959. Honours Ingham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945. Marriage and children Ingham married Rose Marie "Jane" Tupper‑Carey in 1932. They had two sons. Death Ingham died in Switzerland in 1967, aged 67. Publications Ingham's sole book, On the Distribution of Prime Numbers, was published in 1932. References ^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Albert Ingham", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews ^ Burkill, J. C. (1968). "Albert Edward Ingham 1900-1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 14: 271–286. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0012. S2CID 73247345. ^ a b Albert Ingham at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ The Distribution of Prime Numbers, Cambridge University Press, 1932 (Reissued with a foreword by R. C. Vaughan in 1990) ^ a b c d e "Mr A. E. Ingham". The Times. No. 57042. London. 9 September 1967. p. 12. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Ingham, A. E. (1937). "On the Difference Between Consecutive Primes". The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics: 255–266. Bibcode:1937QJMat...8..255I. doi:10.1093/qmath/os-8.1.255. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Portugal Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Albert Edward Ingham FRS (3 April 1900 – 6 September 1967) was an English mathematician.[4]","title":"Albert Ingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"Stafford Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Tripos"},{"link_name":"1851 Research Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_Research_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mactutor-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-5"}],"text":"Ingham was born in Northampton. He went to Stafford Grammar School and began his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge in January 1919 after service in the British Army in World War I. Ingham received a distinction as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. He was elected a fellow of Trinity in 1922. He also received an 1851 Research Fellowship.[1][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"King's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Frank Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ramsey_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"PhDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"C. Brian Haselgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Brian_Haselgrove"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Heinrich_Johannes_Fuchs"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hooley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathgene-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Riemann zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"prime-counting function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"prime gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_gap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-5"}],"text":"Ingham was appointed a Reader at the University of Leeds in 1926 and returned to Cambridge as a fellow of King's College and lecturer in 1930. Ingham was appointed after the death of Frank Ramsey.Ingham supervised the PhDs of C. Brian Haselgrove, Wolfgang Fuchs and Christopher Hooley.[3]Ingham proved in 1937[6] that ifζ\n \n (\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n i\n t\n \n )\n \n =\n O\n \n (\n \n t\n \n c\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta \\left(1/2+it\\right)=O\\left(t^{c}\\right)}for some positive constant c, thenπ\n \n (\n \n x\n +\n \n x\n \n θ\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n π\n (\n x\n )\n ∼\n \n \n \n x\n \n θ\n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n x\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi \\left(x+x^{\\theta }\\right)-\\pi (x)\\sim {\\frac {x^{\\theta }}{\\log x}},}for any θ > (1+4c)/(2+4c). Here ζ denotes the Riemann zeta function and π the prime-counting function.Using the best published value for c at the time, an immediate consequence of his result was thatgn < pn5/8,where pn the n-th prime number and gn = pn+1 − pn denotes the n-th prime gap.Ingham retired from teaching in 1959.[5]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-5"}],"text":"Ingham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945.[5]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Marie \"Jane\" Tupper‑Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ingham"}],"text":"Ingham married Rose Marie \"Jane\" Tupper‑Carey in 1932. They had two sons.","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-5"}],"text":"Ingham died in Switzerland in 1967, aged 67.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-5"}],"text":"Ingham's sole book, On the Distribution of Prime Numbers, was published in 1932.[5]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Albert Ingham\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ingham.html","url_text":"\"Albert Ingham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Burkill, J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_modem	Mobile broadband modem	["1 History","1.1 1G and 2G","1.2 3G","2 Variants","2.1 Standalone","2.2 Integrated router","2.3 Smartphones and tethering","3 Service providers","4 Technologies","5 Device driver switching","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	"Connect card" redirects here. For the smart card system termed ConnectCard, see Port Authority of Allegheny County § Fare structure. Modem providing Internet access via a wireless connection USB broadband modems A mobile broadband modem, also known as wireless modem or cellular modem, is a type of modem that allows a personal computer or a router to receive wireless Internet access via a mobile broadband connection instead of using telephone or cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access. History 1G and 2G While some analogue mobile phones provided a standard RJ11 telephone socket into which a normal landline modem could be plugged, this only provided slow dial-up connections, usually 2.4 kilobit per second (kbit/s) or less. The next generation of phones, known as 2G (for 'second generation'), were digital, and offered faster dial-up speeds of 9.6 kbit/s or 14.4 kbit/s without the need for a separate modem. A further evolution called HSCSD used multiple GSM channels (two or three in each direction) to support up to 43.2 kbit/s. All of these technologies still required their users to have a dial-up ISP to connect to and provide the Internet access - it was not provided by the mobile phone network itself. The release of 2.5G phones with support for packet data changed this. The 2.5G networks break both digital voice and data into small chunks, and mix both onto the network simultaneously in a process called packet switching. This allows the phone to have a voice connection and a data connection at the same time, rather than a single channel that has to be used for one or the other. The network can link the data connection into a company network, but for most users the connection is to the Internet. This allows web browsing on the phone, but a PC can also tap into this service if it connects to the phone. The PC needs to send a special telephone number to the phone to get access to the packet data connection. From the PC's viewpoint, the connection still looks like a normal PPP dial-up link, but it is all terminating on the phone, which then handles the exchange of data with the network. Speeds on 2.5G networks are usually in the 30–50 kbit/s range. 3G 3G networks have taken this approach to a higher level, using different underlying technology but the same principles. They routinely provide speeds over 300 kbit/s. Due to the now increased internet speed, internet connection sharing via WLAN has become a workable reality. Devices which allow internet connection sharing or other types of routing on cellular networks are called also cellular routers. A further evolution is the 3.5G technology HSDPA, which provides speeds of multiple Megabits per second. Several of the mobile network operators that provide 3G or faster wireless internet access offer plans and wireless modems that enable computers to connect to and access the internet. These wireless modems are typically in the form of a small USB based device or a small, portable mobile hotspot that acts as a WiFi access point (hotspot) to enable multiple devices to connect to the internet. WiMAX based services that provide high speed wireless internet access are available in some countries and also rely on wireless modems that connect to the provider's wireless network. Wireless USB modems are nicknamed as "dongles". Early 3G mobile broadband modems used the PCMCIA or ExpressCard ports, commonly found on legacy laptops. The expression "connect card" (instead of connection card) had been registered and used the first time by Vodafone as brand for its products but now is become a brandnomer or genericized trademark used in colloquial or commercial speech for similar product, made by different manufacturers, too. Major producers are Huawei, Option N.V., Novatel Wireless. More recently, the expression "connect card" is also used to identify internet USB keys. Vodafone brands this type of device as a Vodem. Often a mobile network operator will supply a 'locked' modem or other wireless device that can only be used on their network. It is possible to use online unlocking services that will remove the 'lock' so the device accepts SIM cards from any network. Variants Standalone Standalone mobile broadband modems are designed to be connected directly to one computer. In the past the PCMCIA and ExpressCard standards were used to connect to the computer. As USB connectivity became almost universal, these various standards were largely superseded by USB modems in the early 21st century. Some models have GPS support, providing geographical location information. Integrated router Many mobile broadband modems sold nowadays also have built-in routing capabilities. They provide traditional networking interfaces such as Ethernet, USB and Wi-Fi. Smartphones and tethering Numerous smartphones support the Hayes command set and therefore can be used as a mobile broadband modem. Some mobile network operators charge a fee for this facility, if able to detect the tethering. Other networks have an allowance for full speed mobile broadband access, which—if exceeded—can result in overage charges or slower speeds. An Internet-accessing smartphone may have the same capabilities as a standalone modem, and, when connected via a USB cable to a computer, can serve as a modem for the computer. Smartphones with built-in Wi-Fi also typically provide routing and wireless access point facilities. This method of connecting is commonly referred to as "tethering." Service providers There are competing common carriers broadcasting signal in most countries. Technologies CDMA2000 (3G) CDPD EDGE EVDO (3G, although could be considered to be 3.5G due to its peak bandwidth) DC-HSPA+ GPRS Core Network GPRS (2.5G) HiperMAN (pre-4G) HSDPA (3.5G) HSPA+ 3.75G iBurst (pre-4G) IP Multimedia Subsystem LTE (4G) LTE Advanced (4G) NR (5G) UMTS (3G) WiBro (pre-4G) WiMAX (pre-4G) Device driver switching Mobile broadband modems often use a virtual CD-ROM switching utility and have the device drivers on board. Those modems have two modes, a USB flash drive mode and in the other mode they are a modem. Via the USB Protocol. See also Access Point Name Dongle EVDO GSM modem Laptop MiFi Mobile broadband Netbook Smartphones Terminal node controller Tethering References ^ "The Purpose and Use of Broadband Modems in Internet Networking". ^ "What is Wireless Modem? - Definition from Techopedia". ^ "Vodafone mobile broadband devices". Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. ^ "Phone". Sony Xperia (Global UK English). Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. ^ Danny Briere; Pat Hurley; Edward Ferris (2008). Wireless Home Networking for Dummies (3 ed.). For Dummies. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-470-25889-7. ^ Brian Nadel (November 4, 2011). "Wi-Fi tethering 101: Use a smartphone as a mobile hotspot". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-01-16. ^ a b Kim, Eugene and Alex Colon, "The Best Mobile Hotspots of 2015", June 10, 2015, PC Magazine retrieved November 4, 2015 External links Media related to Wireless modems at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Authority of Allegheny County § Fare structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_Allegheny_County#Fare_structure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USB_broadband_modems.jpg"},{"link_name":"modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_broadband"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"mobile broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"Internet Service Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Connect card\" redirects here. For the smart card system termed ConnectCard, see Port Authority of Allegheny County § Fare structure.Modem providing Internet access via a wireless connectionUSB broadband modemsA mobile broadband modem, also known as wireless modem or cellular modem, is a type of modem that allows a personal computer or a router to receive wireless Internet access via a mobile broadband connection instead of using telephone or cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access.[1][2]","title":"Mobile broadband modem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics"},{"link_name":"RJ11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ11,_RJ14,_RJ25"},{"link_name":"dial-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up"},{"link_name":"HSCSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data#High_Speed_Circuit_Switched_Data_(HSCSD)"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"2.5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5G"},{"link_name":"packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)"},{"link_name":"packet switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching"}],"sub_title":"1G and 2G","text":"While some analogue mobile phones provided a standard RJ11 telephone socket into which a normal landline modem could be plugged, this only provided slow dial-up connections, usually 2.4 kilobit per second (kbit/s) or less. The next generation of phones, known as 2G (for 'second generation'), were digital, and offered faster dial-up speeds of 9.6 kbit/s or 14.4 kbit/s without the need for a separate modem. A further evolution called HSCSD used multiple GSM channels (two or three in each direction) to support up to 43.2 kbit/s. All of these technologies still required their users to have a dial-up ISP to connect to and provide the Internet access - it was not provided by the mobile phone network itself.The release of 2.5G phones with support for packet data changed this. The 2.5G networks break both digital voice and data into small chunks, and mix both onto the network simultaneously in a process called packet switching. This allows the phone to have a voice connection and a data connection at the same time, rather than a single channel that has to be used for one or the other. The network can link the data connection into a company network, but for most users the connection is to the Internet. This allows web browsing on the phone, but a PC can also tap into this service if it connects to the phone. The PC needs to send a special telephone number to the phone to get access to the packet data connection. From the PC's viewpoint, the connection still looks like a normal PPP dial-up link, but it is all terminating on the phone, which then handles the exchange of data with the network. Speeds on 2.5G networks are usually in the 30–50 kbit/s range.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"WLAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"},{"link_name":"cellular routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_router"},{"link_name":"3.5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5G"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"Megabits per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabits_per_second"},{"link_name":"mobile network operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operators"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"dongles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongle"},{"link_name":"PCMCIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIA"},{"link_name":"ExpressCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"brandnomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandnomer"},{"link_name":"genericized trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark"},{"link_name":"colloquial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"Option N.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_N.V."},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"3G","text":"3G networks have taken this approach to a higher level, using different underlying technology but the same principles. They routinely provide speeds over 300 kbit/s. Due to the now increased internet speed, internet connection sharing via WLAN has become a workable reality. Devices which allow internet connection sharing or other types of routing on cellular networks are called also cellular routers.A further evolution is the 3.5G technology HSDPA, which provides speeds of multiple Megabits per second. Several of the mobile network operators that provide 3G or faster wireless internet access offer plans and wireless modems that enable computers to connect to and access the internet. These wireless modems are typically in the form of a small USB based device or a small, portable mobile hotspot that acts as a WiFi access point (hotspot) to enable multiple devices to connect to the internet. WiMAX based services that provide high speed wireless internet access are available in some countries and also rely on wireless modems that connect to the provider's wireless network. Wireless USB modems are nicknamed as \"dongles\".Early 3G mobile broadband modems used the PCMCIA or ExpressCard ports, commonly found on legacy laptops. The expression \"connect card\" (instead of connection card) had been registered and used the first time by Vodafone as brand for its products but now is become a brandnomer or genericized trademark used in colloquial or commercial speech for similar product, made by different manufacturers, too. Major producers are Huawei, Option N.V., Novatel Wireless. More recently, the expression \"connect card\" is also used to identify internet USB keys. Vodafone brands this type of device as a Vodem.[3]Often a mobile network operator will supply a 'locked' modem or other wireless device that can only be used on their network. It is possible to use online unlocking services that will remove the 'lock' so the device accepts SIM cards from any network.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PCMCIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIA"},{"link_name":"ExpressCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Standalone","text":"Standalone mobile broadband modems are designed to be connected directly to one computer. In the past the PCMCIA and ExpressCard standards were used to connect to the computer. As USB connectivity became almost universal, these various standards were largely superseded by USB modems in the early 21st century. Some models have GPS support, providing geographical location information.[4]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Integrated router","text":"Many mobile broadband modems sold nowadays also have built-in routing capabilities. They provide traditional networking interfaces such as Ethernet, USB and Wi-Fi.[5]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"Hayes command set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_command_set"},{"link_name":"mobile network operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotspots_2015-pc_magz-7"},{"link_name":"wireless access point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point"},{"link_name":"tethering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotspots_2015-pc_magz-7"}],"sub_title":"Smartphones and tethering","text":"Numerous smartphones support the Hayes command set and therefore can be used as a mobile broadband modem. Some mobile network operators charge a fee for this facility,[6] if able to detect the tethering. Other networks have an allowance for full speed mobile broadband access, which—if exceeded—can result in overage charges or slower speeds.[7]An Internet-accessing smartphone may have the same capabilities as a standalone modem, and, when connected via a USB cable to a computer, can serve as a modem for the computer. Smartphones with built-in Wi-Fi also typically provide routing and wireless access point facilities. This method of connecting is commonly referred to as \"tethering.\"[7]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier"},{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"}],"text":"There are competing common carriers broadcasting signal in most countries.","title":"Service providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDMA2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000"},{"link_name":"CDPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDPD"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution"},{"link_name":"EVDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDO"},{"link_name":"DC-HSPA+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPA"},{"link_name":"GPRS Core Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS_Core_Network"},{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS"},{"link_name":"HiperMAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperMAN"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"HSPA+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2B"},{"link_name":"iBurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBurst"},{"link_name":"IP Multimedia Subsystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem"},{"link_name":"LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution"},{"link_name":"LTE Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"WiBro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBro"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"}],"text":"CDMA2000 (3G)\nCDPD\nEDGE\nEVDO (3G, although could be considered to be 3.5G due to its peak bandwidth)\nDC-HSPA+\nGPRS Core Network\nGPRS (2.5G)\nHiperMAN (pre-4G)\nHSDPA (3.5G)\nHSPA+ 3.75G\niBurst (pre-4G)\nIP Multimedia Subsystem\nLTE (4G)\nLTE Advanced (4G)\nNR (5G)\nUMTS (3G)\nWiBro (pre-4G)\nWiMAX (pre-4G)","title":"Technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual CD-ROM switching utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_CD-ROM_switching_utility"}],"text":"Mobile broadband modems often use a virtual CD-ROM switching utility and have the device drivers on board. Those modems have two modes, a USB flash drive mode and in the other mode they are a modem. Via the USB Protocol.","title":"Device driver switching"}]	[{"image_text":"USB broadband modems","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USB_broadband_modems.jpg/220px-USB_broadband_modems.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Access Point Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Point_Name"},{"title":"Dongle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongle"},{"title":"EVDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDO"},{"title":"GSM modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_modem"},{"title":"Laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"title":"MiFi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiFi"},{"title":"Mobile broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband"},{"title":"Netbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook"},{"title":"Smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones"},{"title":"Terminal node controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_node_controller"},{"title":"Tethering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Purpose and Use of Broadband Modems in Internet Networking\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifewire.com/definition-of-broadband-modem-817451","url_text":"\"The Purpose and Use of Broadband Modems in Internet Networking\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Wireless Modem? - Definition from Techopedia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3019/wireless-modem","url_text":"\"What is Wireless Modem? - Definition from Techopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vodafone mobile broadband devices\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912000545/https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/devices/mobile_broadbanddevices.html","url_text":"\"Vodafone mobile broadband devices\""},{"url":"http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/devices/mobile_broadbanddevices.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phone\". Sony Xperia (Global UK English). Archived from the original on 1 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191753/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/pccards/overview/ec400g?cc=be&lc=en","url_text":"\"Phone\""},{"url":"http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/pccards/overview/ec400g?cc=be&lc=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Danny Briere; Pat Hurley; Edward Ferris (2008). Wireless Home Networking for Dummies (3 ed.). For Dummies. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-470-25889-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Dummies","url_text":"For Dummies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-25889-7","url_text":"978-0-470-25889-7"}]},{"reference":"Brian Nadel (November 4, 2011). \"Wi-Fi tethering 101: Use a smartphone as a mobile hotspot\". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9221336/Wi_Fi_tethering_101_Use_a_smartphone_as_a_mobile_hotspot","url_text":"\"Wi-Fi tethering 101: Use a smartphone as a mobile hotspot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.lifewire.com/definition-of-broadband-modem-817451","external_links_name":"\"The Purpose and Use of Broadband Modems in Internet Networking\""},{"Link":"https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3019/wireless-modem","external_links_name":"\"What is Wireless Modem? - Definition from Techopedia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912000545/https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/devices/mobile_broadbanddevices.html","external_links_name":"\"Vodafone mobile broadband devices\""},{"Link":"http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/what/devices/mobile_broadbanddevices.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191753/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/pccards/overview/ec400g?cc=be&lc=en","external_links_name":"\"Phone\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/pccards/overview/ec400g?cc=be&lc=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9221336/Wi_Fi_tethering_101_Use_a_smartphone_as_a_mobile_hotspot","external_links_name":"\"Wi-Fi tethering 101: Use a smartphone as a mobile hotspot\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400503,00.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Best Mobile Hotspots of 2015\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World:_Skeletons	Real World: Skeletons	["1 Season changes","2 Employment","3 Residence","4 Cast","5 Episodes","6 After filming","6.1 The Challenge","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°53′04.5″N 87°39′16.8″W / 41.884583°N 87.654667°W / 41.884583; -87.654667For the 2002 season of the same TV series set in the same city, see The Real World: Chicago. Season of television series Real World: SkeletonsSeason 30The cast of Real World: SkeletonsStarring Bruno Bettencourt Jason Hill Madison Walls Nicole Zanatta Sylvia Elsrode Tony Raines Violetta Milerman No. of episodes13ReleaseOriginal networkMTVOriginal releaseDecember 16, 2014 (2014-12-16) –March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)Season chronology← PreviousReal World:Ex-Plosion Next →Real World:Go Big or Go Home Real World: Skeletons is the thirtieth season of MTV's reality television series Real World, which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras document their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of Real World to be filmed in the East North Central States region of the United States, specifically in Chicago, Illinois after The Real World: Chicago. The season featured a total of seven people with an additional 11 rotating guests who were the "Skeletons." It is the eighth season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's eleventh season was set in Chicago in 2002. Chicago was first reported as the location for the 30th season in a June 2014 article by Crain's Chicago Business. Production began on August 8, 2014, and concluded on October 20, 2014 totaling up to 74 days of filming. The season premiered on December 16 of that year, consisting of 13 episodes. This season marks the first time that the show has aired on a night other than a Wednesday since the seventeenth season. No reunion special was produced, marking the first time since the tenth season in 2001. Season changes Each week, one cast member is faced with people from their past ("skeletons") who they have unresolved issues with at the moment relating to family, romance, work, and socialization. Unlike the previous season, the surprise guests only have the option to live in the house for only one week. Employment Beginning in the 28th season, certain jobs in the area were approved by production that the cast had the liberty to apply for independently if desired. This season, the entire cast worked in groups of two or three as bartenders, barbacks, and waiters at three Chicago bars and nightclubs: Vincenzo’s Sports Tavern, Old Fifth, and Red Kiva. Red Kiva was located next door to the cast residence before being demolished in 2019. Residence During shooting, the cast lived at 1100 W. Randolph Street in the West Loop neighborhood, the location of Bon V, a former nightclub. The property was demolished in late September 2019 along with the cast's workplace Red Kiva. Cast The season started off with seven roommates, and then the cast was joined at different points by eleven additional guests, who each were chosen to visit for a week. The additional guests are Skeletons, people who have unresolved issues with the originals at the moment relating to family, romance, work, and socialization, but they are not officially part of the cast. Cast Member Age1 Hometown Biography Bruno Bettencourt 24 East Providence, Rhode Island Bruno is a Portuguese-American fitness fanatic from Rhode Island who works for his father's construction company. His skeleton is his brother Briah, who arrived to the house in episode 10, whom he has not spoken to in three years after Briah personally attacked him during a verbal argument over a tuna sandwich. In episode 10, Bruno shares his history with anger, and explains how it came from his father giving him tough love when he was younger. Jason Hill 24 Raleigh, North Carolina Jason is originally from Fayetteville, North Carolina, but lives in Raleigh, North Carolina where he worked as a car salesman. He was raised by a single mother and played football at Campbell University and resents his father for leaving when Jason was a baby. His father, Lafayette, is his skeleton, who arrived to the house in the season finale. While being in Chicago, Jason has a daughter on the way. Madison Walls 23 Austin, Texas Madison is a former child actress who recovered from a heroin addiction two years ago and is seeking a fresh start. Her skeletons are former acquaintances who suffered as a result of her addiction: her stepsister Rachel, who arrived to the house in episode 11, and ex Skyler, who arrived to the house in episode 12. Nicole Zanatta 23 Staten Island, New York Nicole participated in track and field at Tottenville High School, graduated from St. John's University, and works as an EMT on Staten Island. Her skeletons are her triplet sisters, Ashley and Samantha, who both arrived to the house in episode 9, whom are both about to get married and move out while Nicole has no interest in settling down. Sylvia Elsrode 25 Kansas City, Missouri Sylvia graduated from Oak Park High School in 2007, and works as a bartender, saleswoman, and aspiring actress in Kansas City. Her skeleton is a former "boss from hell", Alicia, who arrived to the house in episode 4. In episode 2, she explains her past with abuse from her ex-boyfriend when she was 15. She also reveals that she was pregnant by him, but she had a miscarriage. Tony Raines 25 Folsom, Louisiana Tony is an aspiring actor and is a former chemical plant worker who is originally from Metairie, Louisiana, and lived in Baton Rouge, Louisiana before leaving for the show. His skeletons are former girlfriends, Elizabeth and Alyssa, who both arrived to the house in episode 6. Violetta Milerman 23 Sarasota, Florida Violetta is originally from Moldova, but moved to the United States over 10 years ago. She currently resides in Sarasota, Florida, where she graduated from high school in 2009, and is enrolled in college at State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota. Her skeletons are former acquaintances, Jessica and Tia, who both arrived to the house in episode 8, whom have been involved in cyber and verbal harassment with Violetta. Milerman later reveals she is suffering from anorexia and bulimia due to past bullying about her weight. The Skeletons Alicia Glenny 24 Kansas City, Missouri Designated as Sylvia's "Boss from hell". Alicia and Sylvia used to be friends until Alicia earned her role of the boss which is when she and Sylvia's friendship went sour. After she and Sylvia were no longer friends Alicia then started telling people that Sylvia slept with one of her closest friends' boyfriends causing her to quit. Entering the Real World house, Alicia gets into a heated argument with roommate Violetta turning everyone in the house (except for Madison) against her. In episode 5, Alicia voluntarily leaves the house after not feeling welcomed, leaving her and Sylvia's relationship undecided. Elizabeth Hagan 25 Baton Rouge, Louisiana Elizabeth is Tony's girl from back home but they decided to break up when Tony came to the Real World. Elizabeth quickly rubs all of the roommates the wrong way with her princess-like attitude and accuses the cast of acting for camera time. Elizabeth and Tony come to an equal decision to no longer speak to each other when the show is over. Alyssa Giacone 23 Walker, Louisiana Alyssa is Tony's Stalker/ex-girlfriend, the two met in high school where they were inseparable. Alyssa claims she is still in love with Tony. Tia Kuttig 23 Sarasota, Florida Tia is Violetta's ½ enemies. Tia and Violetta do not like each other because of reasons undisclosed on the show. Tia and Violetta connected over Violetta's eating disorder. Jessica Marino 25 Sarasota, Florida Jessica is Violetta's enemy. Violetta claims Jessica made an Instagram account bashing Violetta and her friends, possibly in retaliation to Violetta posting Jessica's nose-job pictures on Facebook. Ashley & Samantha Zanatta 23 Staten Island, New York Ashley and Samantha are Nicole's sisters. They grew up very close and were always inseparable with them being triplets. With both Samantha and Ashley getting married, them coming to Chicago is the last time they have together before going their separate ways. Briah Bettencourt 22 East Providence, Rhode Island Briah is Bruno's brother, the two no longer speak due to a heated argument over a tuna fish sandwich in which Briah told Bruno he wished he died in the car accident Bruno suffered a few years back. Briah apologized to Bruno for the comment and the two rekindled the relationship. Rachel Shapshak 20 Austin, Texas Rachel is Madison's step-sister, the two were really close growing up but when Madison started falling into a drug addiction their relationship began to fade. Rachel and Madison have since became closer. Skyler Russ 21 Austin, Texas Skyler is Madison's ex, the two were dating for a couple years, but when Madison started her drug addiction he backed away from that relationship. Lafayette Ricks 50 Durham, North Carolina Lafayette Ricks is Jason's father, at a very young age Lafayette left Jason with only his mother to raise him. With Jason having a child on the way he wants to break the cycle and be there for his daughter like his father never was. The two rekindled things and have plans to keep in contact. ^1 Age at time of filming ^ Skeletons in order of arrival Episodes No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)5661"Skeleton Keys"December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)0.65 Seven strangers move in together. They will soon be forced to confront the last person on Earth they want to see. 5672"Love and Other Drugs"December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)0.51 When the roommates clash with Madison, she reveals a haunting secret; Bruno and Sylvia's romance is jeopardized by jealousy. 5683"Three Way"December 30, 2014 (2014-12-30)0.67 Tension between the housemates rises over wild parties and scandalous hookups; a battle between Jason and Violetta results in the revelation of another secret. 5694"Blast From The Past"January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)0.84 Tensions come to head when Sylvia's skeleton comes into the house. 5705"Dirty Laundry"January 12, 2015 (2015-01-12)0.81 The first Skeleton ambushes the roommates; Sylvia's past returns to haunt her; Tony and Madison restart their romance. 5716"A Royal Nightmare"January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)1.02 Tony is shocked when two of his Skeletons move in, creating a battle for his affection between them and Madison. 5727"All the King's Women"January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)1.13 Tony has his work cut out for him with three of his lovers in the house. Violetta's annoyance with Madison erupts into a physical altercation which Sylvia jumps into in order to defend Violetta. After watching the fight back, Violetta is disgusted by her actions and apologizes to Madison. Sylvia doesn't feel like she needs to but also apologizes. Tony attempts to sort out his feelings for the girls in his life. He finally tells Alyssa what she needed to hear: that he doesn't love her anymore. Elizabeth officially breaks things off with Tony for good. 5738"Sarasota's Finest"February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)0.94 The roommates worry about Violetta's eating habits when she quickly loses weight. Violetta is in for a shock when two of her enemies arrive at the house: Jessica, who is rumored to have started a hateful Instagram page about her and Tia, who called Violetta and her friends "coke-whores." After Violetta and Bruno trade negative remarks at each other, Bruno explodes in anger and Violetta finally talks about her eating disorder. Tony juggles his feelings for Jessica and Madison. Violetta, Tia and Jessica learn a valuable lesson about gossiping when they decide to bury the hatchet. 5749"Where's the Beef?"February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)0.99 Nicole receives two surprising skeletons. Tensions run high after the new skeleton is arriving into the house. 57510"Brother in Arms"February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)0.95 Bruno's skeleton comes into the house. Tony gets a visit from his brother Shane. Also tensions blow between Sylvia, Tony and Shane against Bruno and Briah. 57611"Breaking Mad"February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)0.86 Madison's sister and first skeleton comes into the house to confront her about her past drug addiction. Also Jason embraces fatherhood. 57712"Wine and Roses"March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)1.03 A surprise mystery skeleton leaves the house scrambling when Madison receives another skeleton. Tensions run high between Jason and Nicole after a bar fight. 57813"The Final Skeleton"March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)0.97 After a shocking fight between best friends Jason and Nicole, Jason receives the biggest skeleton this season. The cast say goodbye to Chicago. After filming On August 10, 2015, it was announced that Madison and Tony are expecting their first child. On February 16, 2016, Madison and Tony welcomed their daughter, Harper. Nine months after Harper was born, on November 7, 2016, Tony and his former skeleton, Alyssa, welcomed a daughter, Isla. In July 2018, Madison's parents requested sole custody of Harper. In October of the same year, Madison' parents and Tony agreed to a temporary custody order amid claims that Walls relapsed on drugs use. In 2017, Walls briefly dated Teen Mom 2 star Javi Marroquin. Tony and Alyssa appeared on the second season of How Far Is Tattoo Far? The couple got engaged at the Reunion special of The Challenge: Final Reckoning, and ultimately got married on October 14, 2023. In 2019, Nicole appeared on Game of Clones looking for a Ciara lookalike, and later on the fourth season of Ex on the Beach with exes Laurel Stucky, Ashley Ceasar and Jemmye Carroll. After exiting Ex on the Beach together, Nicole and Ashley appeared on True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories. Sylvia Elsrode became a real estate agent and appeared on House Hunters. The Challenge Cast member Seasons of The Challenge Other appearances Bruno Bettencourt Invasion of the Champions — Jason Hill — — Madison Walls — — Nicole Zanatta Invasion of the Champions, Vendettas, Double Agents The Challenge: All Stars (season 4) Sylvia Elsrode Invasion of the Champions, Vendettas, Final Reckoning The Challenge: All Stars (season 3) Tony Raines Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions,XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas, Final Reckoning The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 2),The Challenge: All Stars (season 4) Violetta Milerman — — References ^ a b c Maidenberg, Micah (June 12, 2014). "MTV's 'Real World' moving into West Loop". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved June 12, 2014. ^ Riley, Chloe (June 18, 2014). "'Real World' Producers Warned: 'No Shenanigans' During West Loop Filming". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ Donnelly, Matthew Scott (October 20, 2014). "'Real World' Is Digging Up 'Skeletons' For Season 30". MTV. Retrieved October 20, 2014. ^ "'Real World: Skeletons': What's Happening With The Reunion Special?". Fashion Style. March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015. ^ "Meet seven strangers picked to live in a Chicago house on 'The Real World' (VIDEO)". November 5, 2014. ^ "Randolph Street Loft". Real World Houses. December 16, 2014 ^ "'Remember the 'Real World' house in the West Loop? It's been torn down". Real Estate. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019. ^ Heldman, Breanne L. (May 21, 2017). "Every Season of 'The Real World' Ranked". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 29, 2022. ^ a b Jue, Teresa (November 4, 2014). "'Real World: Skeletons' cast will feature 7 living humans, 0 skeletons". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Bruno on Real World: Skeletons". www.mtv.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. ^ a b c d "Meet the cast of MTV's Real World Skeletons set in Chicago". Chicago Sun-Times. November 4, 2014. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. ^ "Why Real World Has Another Crazy Twist This Season - E! Online". December 16, 2014. ^ "Madison on Real World: Skeletons". www.mtv.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. ^ Ringler, Matt (February 11, 2015). "'Real World Skeletons' Episode 9: Where's the Beef?". Observer. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ a b REAL WORLD SKELETONS OVERVIEW, thepub.viacom.com, Archived 2014-11-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 17, 2014). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 12.16.2014". Showbuzzdaily. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Tuesday Cable Ratings - 'Moonshiners,' 'The Curse of Oak Island,' 'College Football,' 'Ground Floor,' 'The Little Couple' & More!". TV Recaps-Reviews. December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 2, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: College Football Tops Night + 'Moonshiners' The Little Couple', 'Ground Floor' & More". Zap2it. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015. NOTE: Scroll down to the comments section. ^ Bibel, Sara (January 8, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night' 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Switched at Birth', 'Dance Moms', 'The Real World' & More". Zap2it. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 14, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Monday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 1.12.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 22, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 01/20/2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015. ^ "All the King's Women". Real World: Skeletons. Season 30. Episode 7. January 27, 2015. MTV. ^ Kondology, Amanda (January 28, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Tops Night + 'Pretty Little Liars', 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Sons of Liberty' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ "Sarasota's Finest". Real World: Skeletons. Season 30. Episode 8. February 3, 2015. MTV. ^ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Mary Jane' wins night, 'The Have and Have Not' + Plus 'Pretty Little Liars'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015. ^ Kondology, Amanda (February 11, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Tops Night + 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015. ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: '19 Kids and Counting' Wins Night, 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Cougar Town' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015. NOTE: Scroll down to the comments section. ^ Kondology, Amanda (February 25, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Being Mary Jane' Tops Night + 'The Haves and the Have Nots', '19 Kids and Counting', 'Pretty Little Liars' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ Bibel, Sara (March 4, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: College Basketball & 'Being Mary Jane' Win NIght, 'The Haves & The Have Nots', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Rizzoli & Isles' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015. ^ Kondology, Amanda (March 11, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Pretty Little Liars' & 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Top Night". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. ^ Ossad, Jordana (August 10, 2015). "Madison And Tony From 'Real World': Skeletons' Just Announced The 'Happiest' News Ever". MTV. Retrieved August 10, 2015. ^ "Real World's Tony Raines Welcomes Daughter No. 2". MTV News. November 14, 2016. ^ "Hiding Something! 'The Challenge's Tony Raines & Baby Mama Madison Seal Custody Case". E! Online. December 6, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ^ "Teen Mom 2's Javi Marroquin Has a New Girlfriend, Madison Channing Walls: Details!". US Weekly. March 23, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ "Javi Marroquin Splits From 'Real World' Star Madison Channing Walls After Two Weeks of Dating". US Weekly. April 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ Debler, Lance. "A Tee Mom Duo is Getting Inked on How Far Is Tattoo Far?". MTV. Retrieved April 27, 2019. ^ Heller, Corinne (October 13, 2018). "Real World's Tony Raines and Alyssa Giacone Are Engaged". E! Online. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ^ Strohm, Emily; Greene, Jordan (October 17, 2023). "The Challenge Star Tony Raines Marries High School Love Alyssa Giacone: '18 Years in the Making!' (Exclusive)". People. ^ Ossad, Jordana (January 31, 2019). "First Look: 'Game of Clones' Features MTV Stars Dating Celeb Lookalikes". MTV. Retrieved May 19, 2019. ^ Pasquini, Maria (October 24, 2019). "MTV Announces New Dating Show, Ex on the Beach: Peak of Love — with Your Favorite Reality Stars". People. ^ Tinwala, Yasmin (August 19, 2020). "'True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories': Same-sex couple Nicole and Ashley feel the pressure of the pandemic". Meaww. ^ "'The Challenge' Cast: Where Are They Now? Johnny 'Bananas' Devenanzio, Julie Stoffer and More". InTouch Weekly. February 15, 2021. External links Official site. MTV.com Real World: Skeletons Trailer. MTV.com 41°53′04.5″N 87°39′16.8″W / 41.884583°N 87.654667°W / 41.884583; -87.654667 vteThe Real WorldSeasons New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. New Orleans (2010) Las Vegas (2011) San Diego (2011) St. Thomas Portland Ex-Plosion Skeletons Go Big or Go Home Seattle: Bad Blood Atlanta Reunions Reunited: Las Vegas Homecoming: New York Homecoming: Los Angeles Homecoming: New Orleans Cast members Alexandra Govere Arielle Scott Brianna Taylor Coral Smith CT Tamburello Danny Roberts David Rainey Eric Nies Erika Lauren Wasilewski Frankie Abernathy Heather B. Gardner Heather Cooke Irene McGee Jacinda Barrett Jamie Chung Joey Kovar Johnny Devenanzio Jonna Mannion Judd Winick Julie Stoffer Karamo Brown Kevin Powell Kyle Brandt Mallory Snyder Melissa Howard Mike Manning Mike Mizanin Neil Forrester Norman Korpi Pam Ling Pedro Zamora Rachel Campos-Duffy Rebecca Blasband Ryan A. Conklin Sean Duffy Simon Sherry-Wood Steven Hill Tami Roman Tonya Cooley Trishelle Cannatella William Gilbert Related Road Rules The Challenge Pedro Pedro and Me The Real World Movie: The Lost Season The Real World: Stockholm The Real World: Visby El Mundo Real: Ciudad de México	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Real World: Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Chicago"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"East North Central States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_North_Central_States"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"The Real World: Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Chicago"},{"link_name":"eleventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Crain's Chicago Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season30-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season30-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"seventeenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Key_West"},{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Back_to_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the 2002 season of the same TV series set in the same city, see The Real World: Chicago.Season of television seriesReal World: Skeletons is the thirtieth season of MTV's reality television series Real World, which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras document their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of Real World to be filmed in the East North Central States region of the United States, specifically in Chicago, Illinois after The Real World: Chicago.The season featured a total of seven people with an additional 11 rotating guests who were the \"Skeletons.\" It is the eighth season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season, as the show's eleventh season was set in Chicago in 2002. Chicago was first reported as the location for the 30th season in a June 2014 article by Crain's Chicago Business.[1] Production began on August 8, 2014, and concluded on October 20, 2014 totaling up to 74 days of filming.[1][2] The season premiered on December 16 of that year, consisting of 13 episodes.[3]This season marks the first time that the show has aired on a night other than a Wednesday since the seventeenth season. No reunion special was produced, marking the first time since the tenth season in 2001.[4]","title":"Real World: Skeletons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World:_Ex-Plosion"}],"text":"Each week, one cast member is faced with people from their past (\"skeletons\") who they have unresolved issues with at the moment relating to family, romance, work, and socialization. Unlike the previous season, the surprise guests only have the option to live in the house for only one week.","title":"Season changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"28th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World:_Portland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Beginning in the 28th season, certain jobs in the area were approved by production that the cast had the liberty to apply for independently if desired. This season, the entire cast worked in groups of two or three as bartenders, barbacks, and waiters at three Chicago bars and nightclubs: Vincenzo’s Sports Tavern, Old Fifth, and Red Kiva.[5] Red Kiva was located next door to the cast residence before being demolished in 2019.","title":"Employment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Loop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season30-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"During shooting, the cast lived at 1100 W. Randolph Street in the West Loop neighborhood, the location of Bon V, a former nightclub.[1][6] The property was demolished in late September 2019 along with the cast's workplace Red Kiva.[7]","title":"Residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_age"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"}],"text":"The season started off with seven roommates, and then the cast was joined at different points by eleven additional guests, who each were chosen to visit for a week. The additional guests are Skeletons, people who have unresolved issues with the originals at the moment relating to family, romance, work, and socialization, but they are not officially part of the cast.^1 Age at time of filming[9]\n^ Skeletons in order of arrival","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season30Baby-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Teen Mom 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Mom_2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"How Far Is Tattoo Far?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Far_Is_Tattoo_Far%3F"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Game of Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Clones"},{"link_name":"Ciara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciara"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ex on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_on_the_Beach_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Life"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"House Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Hunters"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On August 10, 2015, it was announced that Madison and Tony are expecting their first child. On February 16, 2016, Madison and Tony welcomed their daughter, Harper.[31] Nine months after Harper was born, on November 7, 2016, Tony and his former skeleton, Alyssa, welcomed a daughter, Isla.[32] In July 2018, Madison's parents requested sole custody of Harper. In October of the same year, Madison' parents and Tony agreed to a temporary custody order amid claims that Walls relapsed on drugs use.[33]In 2017, Walls briefly dated Teen Mom 2 star Javi Marroquin.[34][35]Tony and Alyssa appeared on the second season of How Far Is Tattoo Far?[36] The couple got engaged at the Reunion special of The Challenge: Final Reckoning,[37] and ultimately got married on October 14, 2023.[38]In 2019, Nicole appeared on Game of Clones looking for a Ciara lookalike,[39] and later on the fourth season of Ex on the Beach with exes Laurel Stucky, Ashley Ceasar and Jemmye Carroll.[40] After exiting Ex on the Beach together, Nicole and Ashley appeared on True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories.[41]Sylvia Elsrode became a real estate agent and appeared on House Hunters.[42]","title":"After filming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Challenge","title":"After filming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maidenberg, Micah (June 12, 2014). \"MTV's 'Real World' moving into West Loop\". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved June 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20140612/CRED03/140619941/the-real-world-moving-into-west-loop","url_text":"\"MTV's 'Real World' moving into West Loop\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Chloe (June 18, 2014). \"'Real World' Producers Warned: 'No Shenanigans' During West Loop Filming\". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140619225233/http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20140618/west-loop/real-world-producers-warned-no-shenanigans-during-west-loop-filming","url_text":"\"'Real World' Producers Warned: 'No Shenanigans' During West Loop Filming\""},{"url":"http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20140618/west-loop/real-world-producers-warned-no-shenanigans-during-west-loop-filming","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donnelly, Matthew Scott (October 20, 2014). \"'Real World' Is Digging Up 'Skeletons' For Season 30\". MTV. Retrieved October 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1968977/real-world-skeletons/","url_text":"\"'Real World' Is Digging Up 'Skeletons' For Season 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"'Real World: Skeletons': What's Happening With The Reunion Special?\". Fashion Style. March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fashionnstyle.com/articles/51082/20150310/real-world-skeletons-whats-happening-with-the-reunion-special.htm","url_text":"\"'Real World: Skeletons': What's Happening With The Reunion Special?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet seven strangers picked to live in a Chicago house on 'The Real World' (VIDEO)\". November 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/meet-seven-strangers-picked-to-live-in-a-chicago-house-on-the-real-world-video/","url_text":"\"Meet seven strangers picked to live in a Chicago house on 'The Real World' (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Remember the 'Real World' house in the West Loop? It's been torn down\". Real Estate. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/10/3/20897089/real-world-house-west-loop-construction","url_text":"\"'Remember the 'Real World' house in the West Loop? It's been torn down\""}]},{"reference":"Heldman, Breanne L. (May 21, 2017). \"Every Season of 'The Real World' Ranked\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/the-real-world-seasons-ranked/?slide=5655723#5655723","url_text":"\"Every Season of 'The Real World' Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Jue, Teresa (November 4, 2014). \"'Real World: Skeletons' cast will feature 7 living humans, 0 skeletons\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2014/11/04/real-world-skeletons-cast-to-feature-7-living-humans-0-skeletons/","url_text":"\"'Real World: Skeletons' cast will feature 7 living humans, 0 skeletons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruno on Real World: Skeletons\". www.mtv.com. 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'The Challenge's Tony Raines & Baby Mama Madison Seal Custody Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teen Mom 2's Javi Marroquin Has a New Girlfriend, Madison Channing Walls: Details!\". US Weekly. March 23, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/javi-marroquin-has-a-new-girlfriend-madison-channing-walls-w473448/","url_text":"\"Teen Mom 2's Javi Marroquin Has a New Girlfriend, Madison Channing Walls: Details!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Javi Marroquin Splits From 'Real World' Star Madison Channing Walls After Two Weeks of Dating\". US Weekly. April 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/javi-marroquin-splits-from-madison-channing-walls-w474842/","url_text":"\"Javi Marroquin Splits From 'Real World' Star Madison Channing Walls After Two Weeks of Dating\""}]},{"reference":"Debler, Lance. \"A Tee Mom Duo is Getting Inked on How Far Is Tattoo Far?\". MTV. 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(Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Ossad, Jordana (January 31, 2019). \"First Look: 'Game of Clones' Features MTV Stars Dating Celeb Lookalikes\". MTV. Retrieved May 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/3110842/game-of-clones-first-look/","url_text":"\"First Look: 'Game of Clones' Features MTV Stars Dating Celeb Lookalikes\""}]},{"reference":"Pasquini, Maria (October 24, 2019). \"MTV Announces New Dating Show, Ex on the Beach: Peak of Love — with Your Favorite Reality Stars\". People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/mtv-announces-new-dating-show-ex-on-the-beach-peak-of-love-with-your-favorite-reality-stars/","url_text":"\"MTV Announces New Dating Show, Ex on the Beach: Peak of Love — with Your Favorite Reality Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Tinwala, Yasmin (August 19, 2020). \"'True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories': Same-sex couple Nicole and Ashley feel the pressure of the pandemic\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendravarman_I	Mahendravarman I	["1 Patronage of arts and architecture","2 Religion","3 In literature and popular culture","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	7th-century Pallava Emperor For other people named Mahendravarman, see Mahendravarman. Mahendravarman ISculpture of Mahendravarman I with his queens at Adivaraha Cave Temple.Pallava EmperorReign590–630 CEPredecessorSimhavishnuSuccessorNarasimhavarman IIssueNarasimhavarman IHousePallavaFatherSimhavishnu Pallava Monarchs (200s–800s CE)Virakurcha(??–??)Vishnugopa I(??–??)Vishnugopa II(??–??)Simhavarman III(??–??)Simhavishnu575–600Mahendravarman I600–630Narasimhavarman I630–668Mahendravarman II668–670Paramesvaravarman I670–695Narasimhavarman II695–728Paramesvaravarman II728–731Nandivarman II731–795Dantivarman795–846Nandivarman III846–869Nrpatungavarman869–880Aparajitavarman880–897vte Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) was a Pallava emperor who ruled the Southern portion of present-day Andhra region and Northern regions of what forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in the early 7th century. He was a scholar, painter, architect, musician. He was the son of Simhavishnu, who defeated the Kalabhras and re-established the Pallava kingdom. During his reign, the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II attacked the Pallava kingdom. The Pallavas fought a series of wars in the northern Vengi region, before Mahendravarma decimated his chief enemies at Pullalur (according to Pallava grants at Kuram, Kasakudi and Tadantottam). Although Mahendravarma saved his capital, he lost the northern provinces to Pulakeshin. Tamil literature flourished under his rule, with the rise in popularity of Tevaram written by Appar and Sambandhar. Mahendravarman I was the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana which is a Sanskrit satire. During his period "Bhagwatajjukam", another satire (prahasan), was written by Bodhayan. King Mahendravarman mentioned this on a stone inscription in Mamandur along with his own Mattavilas Prahasan. Mahendravarma was succeeded to the throne by his more famous son Narasimhavarman I in 630 CE. who defeated Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty and ransacked the Chalukyan capital city of Vatapi (also known as Badami). Patronage of arts and architecture Construction of these started in the reign of Mahendravarma I. Mahendravarman was a great patron of letters and architecture. He constructed the Mahabalipuram Lighthouse and Kanchi University where Vedas, Buddhism, Jainism, Painting, Music & Dance were taught. He was the pioneer of the Rock-cut Architecture amongst the Pallavas. The inscription at the rock-cut Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple hails him as Vichitrachitta and claims that the temple was built without wood, brick, mortar or metal. The five-celled cave temple at Pallavaram was also built during his reign as was the Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam of Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu. He made Kudimiya malai Inscription. His paintings are found in Sittanavasal Cave (Tamil Nadu). Fine examples of his rock-cut temples can be witnessed at Mahabalipuram, (Satyagirinathar and Satyagirishwarar twin temples), Seeyamangalam (the Avanibhajana Pallaveswaram Siva temple) in North Arcot district and the upper rock-cut temple at Trichy. Apart from the Siva temples, Mahendravarma also excavated a few Vishnu cave temples, the Mahendravishnugrha at Mahendravadi, and the Ranganatha Temple at Singavaram in present-day Gingee (then North Arcot district). He was also the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana, a farce concerning Buddhist and Saiva ascetics. He is also claimed to be the author of another play called Bhagavadajjuka,. This is evident by the inscriptions found at Mamandur cave shrines (near Kanchipuram - this place is mentioned as Dusi Mamandur to avoid confusions with other places by the same name). However, there is an alternate view that attributes this play to Bodhayana. Religion Varaha Cave Temple Built by Mahendravarman I Mahendrravarma was initially a patron of the Jainism, but he converted into the Saiva faith under the influence of the Saiva saint Appar. According to Dhivyacharitam a Sanskrit work on life of Alwars written in 12th century, Yatotkara perumal (mahavishnu), enshrined in Kancheepuram left the city along with his great devotee Thirumalisai Alvar, because the Vaishnava Alwar faced tough persecution and exilement from the king who had at least temporarily come under the influence of Jainism. In literature and popular culture Further information: List of Sanskrit plays in English translation Mahendravarman I is a prominent characters in Tamil historical fiction novel Sivagamiyin Sapatham by Kalki Krishnamurthy, that talks about the first Vatapi invasion into the Pallava Kingdom, Mahendravarman's heroic deeds in the war and securing the Kanchi fort from the imminent invasion of the huge Vatapi army, his loss to the Vatapi Pulikesi and eventual death. The inscriptions in Madangapattu mentions him as a curious king who wanted to discard perishable material like wood, brick, metal or mortar for building temples. He was a pioneer in rock-cut inscription. Literature also mentions that he built the famous Mahendratankta, the famous irrigation tank. He initiated most of the monuments in Mahabalipuram, which in modern times are grouped as Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram and one of the UNESCO world heritage sites. Notes ^ a b Hall, John Whitney, ed. (2005) . "India". History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day. John Grayson Kirk. 455 Somerset Avenue, North Dighton, MA 02764, USA: World Publications Group. p. 246. ISBN 1-57215-421-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Seventeen, Volume (1885). Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain. Royal asiatic society of great Britain. ^ Sastri 2008, p. 136 ^ Bodhayan's Bhagwatajjukam edited by Veturi Prabhakara Sastri, Manmanjari Publications, Hyderabad, 2nd edition 1986, for more information Veturi Prabhakara Sastri Memorial Trust, 2-2-18/15/18/D/1, Bagh Amberpet, Hyderabad 500013 ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 217. ^ Sastri 2008, p. 412 ^ Sastri 2008, p. 413 ^ Sastri 2008, p. 313 ^ Somasundaram, O; Tejus Murthy, AG; Raghavan, DV (2016), "Jainism - Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana", Indian J Psychiatry, 58 (4): 471–474, doi:10.4103/0019-5545.196702, PMC 5270277, PMID 28197009 ^ a b C. 2004, pp. 5-6 ^ Sastri 2008, p. 382–383 ^ Stein, p. 122 References Prasad, Durga (1988). History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. Guntur, India: P. G. Publishers. C., Sivaramamurthi (2004). Mahabalipuram. New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 3. Sastri, K A N (2008). A History of South India (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. Stein, Burton (1998). A history of India. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20546-2. External links Mahendravarman I Pallava dynasty Preceded bySimhavishnu Pallava dynasty 600–630 Succeeded byNarasimhavarman I Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Catalonia Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahendravarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendravarman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histoworldwhitney-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava"},{"link_name":"Andhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Simhavishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhavishnu"},{"link_name":"Kalabhras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabhras"},{"link_name":"Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya"},{"link_name":"Pulakeshin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulakeshin_II"},{"link_name":"Vengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tevaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaram"},{"link_name":"Appar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appar"},{"link_name":"Sambandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambandhar"},{"link_name":"Mattavilasa Prahasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattavilasa_Prahasana"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Narasimhavarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histoworldwhitney-1"},{"link_name":"Pulakeshin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulakeshin_II"},{"link_name":"Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya"},{"link_name":"Vatapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatapi"},{"link_name":"Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami"}],"text":"For other people named Mahendravarman, see Mahendravarman.Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE)[1][2] was a Pallava emperor who ruled the Southern portion of present-day Andhra region and Northern regions of what forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in the early 7th century. He was a scholar, painter, architect, musician. He was the son of Simhavishnu, who defeated the Kalabhras and re-established the Pallava kingdom.During his reign, the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II attacked the Pallava kingdom. The Pallavas fought a series of wars in the northern Vengi region, before Mahendravarma decimated his chief enemies at Pullalur (according to Pallava grants at Kuram, Kasakudi and Tadantottam). Although Mahendravarma saved his capital, he lost the northern provinces to Pulakeshin.[3] Tamil literature flourished under his rule, with the rise in popularity of Tevaram written by Appar and Sambandhar. Mahendravarman I was the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana which is a Sanskrit satire. During his period \"Bhagwatajjukam\", another satire (prahasan), was written by Bodhayan. King Mahendravarman mentioned this on a stone inscription in Mamandur along with his own Mattavilas Prahasan.[4]Mahendravarma was succeeded to the throne by his more famous son Narasimhavarman I in 630 CE.[1]\nwho defeated Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty and ransacked the Chalukyan capital city of Vatapi (also known as Badami).","title":"Mahendravarman I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancha_Ratha_Panorama_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen-5"},{"link_name":"Mahabalipuram Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandagapattu_Tirumurti_Temple"},{"link_name":"Pallavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavaram"},{"link_name":"Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokarneswarar_Temple,_Thirukokarnam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sittanavasal Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittanavasal_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mahabalipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram"},{"link_name":"Seeyamangalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeyamangalam"},{"link_name":"Avanibhajana Pallaveswaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanibhajana_Pallaveshwaram_Temple"},{"link_name":"upper rock-cut temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Rock_Fort#Rock-cut_temple"},{"link_name":"Trichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichy"},{"link_name":"Mahendravadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendravadi"},{"link_name":"the Ranganatha Temple at Singavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senji_Singavaram_Ranganatha_Temple"},{"link_name":"Gingee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mattavilasa Prahasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattavilasa_Prahasana"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Saiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saivite"},{"link_name":"Mamandur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamandur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Construction of these[clarification needed] started in the reign of Mahendravarma I.[5] Mahendravarman was a great patron of letters and architecture. He constructed the Mahabalipuram Lighthouse and Kanchi University where Vedas, Buddhism, Jainism, Painting, Music & Dance were taught. He was the pioneer of the Rock-cut Architecture amongst the Pallavas.[6] The inscription at the rock-cut Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple hails him as Vichitrachitta and claims that the temple was built without wood, brick, mortar or metal. The five-celled cave temple at Pallavaram was also built during his reign as was the Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam of Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu.[7] He made Kudimiya malai Inscription. His paintings are found in Sittanavasal Cave (Tamil Nadu).Fine examples of his rock-cut temples can be witnessed at Mahabalipuram, (Satyagirinathar and Satyagirishwarar twin temples), Seeyamangalam (the Avanibhajana Pallaveswaram Siva temple) in North Arcot district and the upper rock-cut temple at Trichy. Apart from the Siva temples, Mahendravarma also excavated a few Vishnu cave temples, the Mahendravishnugrha at Mahendravadi, and the Ranganatha Temple at Singavaram in present-day Gingee (then North Arcot district).[8]He was also the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana, a farce concerning Buddhist and Saiva ascetics. He is also claimed to be the author of another play called Bhagavadajjuka,. This is evident by the inscriptions found at Mamandur cave shrines (near Kanchipuram - this place is mentioned as Dusi Mamandur to avoid confusions with other places by the same name). However, there is an alternate view that attributes this play to Bodhayana.[9]","title":"Patronage of arts and architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vsvarahacave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Varaha Cave Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha_Cave_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Saiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Appar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malla-11"},{"link_name":"Thirumalisai Alvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirumalisai_Alvar"},{"link_name":"Vaishnava Alwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvars"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Varaha Cave Temple Built by Mahendravarman IMahendrravarma was initially a patron of the Jainism,[10] but he converted into the Saiva faith under the influence of the Saiva saint Appar.[11] According to Dhivyacharitam a Sanskrit work on life of Alwars written in 12th century, Yatotkara perumal (mahavishnu), enshrined in Kancheepuram left the city along with his great devotee Thirumalisai Alvar, because the Vaishnava Alwar faced tough persecution and exilement from the king who had at least temporarily come under the influence of Jainism.[12][13]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Sanskrit plays in English translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_plays_in_English_translation"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"historical fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Sivagamiyin Sapatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagamiyin_Sapatham"},{"link_name":"Kalki Krishnamurthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy"},{"link_name":"Mahabalipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram"},{"link_name":"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malla-11"}],"text":"Further information: List of Sanskrit plays in English translationMahendravarman I is a prominent characters in Tamil historical fiction novel Sivagamiyin Sapatham by Kalki Krishnamurthy, that talks about the first Vatapi invasion into the Pallava Kingdom, Mahendravarman's heroic deeds in the war and securing the Kanchi fort from the imminent invasion of the huge Vatapi army, his loss to the Vatapi Pulikesi and eventual death. The inscriptions in Madangapattu mentions him as a curious king who wanted to discard perishable material like wood, brick, metal or mortar for building temples. He was a pioneer in rock-cut inscription. Literature also mentions that he built the famous Mahendratankta, the famous irrigation tank. He initiated most of the monuments in Mahabalipuram, which in modern times are grouped as Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram and one of the UNESCO world heritage sites.[11]","title":"In literature and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-histoworldwhitney_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-histoworldwhitney_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57215-421-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57215-421-7"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0CybxK9ANI8C&q=Mahendra+Varma&pg=PA203"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Sastri 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sastri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sen_5-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-38060-734-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"India through the ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"},{"link_name":"217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Sastri 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sastri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Sastri 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sastri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Sastri 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sastri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/0019-5545.196702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.196702"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5270277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270277"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28197009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Malla_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Malla_11-1"},{"link_name":"C. 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Malla"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Sastri 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sastri"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stein"}],"text":"^ a b Hall, John Whitney, ed. (2005) [1988]. \"India\". History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day. John Grayson Kirk. 455 Somerset Avenue, North Dighton, MA 02764, USA: World Publications Group. p. 246. ISBN 1-57215-421-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\n\n^ Seventeen, Volume (1885). Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain. Royal asiatic society of great Britain.\n\n^ Sastri 2008, p. 136\n\n^ Bodhayan's Bhagwatajjukam edited by Veturi Prabhakara Sastri, Manmanjari Publications, Hyderabad, 2nd edition 1986, for more information Veturi Prabhakara Sastri Memorial Trust, 2-2-18/15/18/D/1, Bagh Amberpet, Hyderabad 500013\n\n^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.\n\n^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 217.\n\n^ Sastri 2008, p. 412\n\n^ Sastri 2008, p. 413\n\n^ Sastri 2008, p. 313\n\n^ Somasundaram, O; Tejus Murthy, AG; Raghavan, DV (2016), \"Jainism - Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana\", Indian J Psychiatry, 58 (4): 471–474, doi:10.4103/0019-5545.196702, PMC 5270277, PMID 28197009\n\n^ a b C. 2004, pp. 5-6\n\n^ Sastri 2008, p. 382–383\n\n^ Stein, p. 122","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pancha_Ratha_Panorama_%281%29.jpg/400px-Pancha_Ratha_Panorama_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Varaha Cave Temple Built by Mahendravarman I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vsvarahacave.jpg/220px-Vsvarahacave.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hall, John Whitney, ed. (2005) [1988]. \"India\". History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day. John Grayson Kirk. 455 Somerset Avenue, North Dighton, MA 02764, USA: World Publications Group. p. 246. ISBN 1-57215-421-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57215-421-7","url_text":"1-57215-421-7"}]},{"reference":"Seventeen, Volume (1885). Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain. Royal asiatic society of great Britain.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0CybxK9ANI8C&q=Mahendra+Varma&pg=PA203","url_text":"Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4","url_text":"978-9-38060-734-4"}]},{"reference":"Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 217.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada","url_text":"India through the ages"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217","url_text":"217"}]},{"reference":"Somasundaram, O; Tejus Murthy, AG; Raghavan, DV (2016), \"Jainism - Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana\", Indian J Psychiatry, 58 (4): 471–474, doi:10.4103/0019-5545.196702, PMC 5270277, PMID 28197009","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.196702","url_text":"10.4103/0019-5545.196702"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270277","url_text":"5270277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197009","url_text":"28197009"}]},{"reference":"Prasad, Durga (1988). History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. Guntur, India: P. G. Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C., Sivaramamurthi (2004). Mahabalipuram. New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sastri, K A N (2008). A History of South India (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stein, Burton (1998). A history of India. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20546-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20546-2","url_text":"0-631-20546-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0CybxK9ANI8C&q=Mahendra+Varma&pg=PA203","external_links_name":"Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada","external_links_name":"India through the ages"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217","external_links_name":"217"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.196702","external_links_name":"10.4103/0019-5545.196702"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270277","external_links_name":"5270277"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197009","external_links_name":"28197009"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1832275/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008131743X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52496262","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX9vxyTJFpV6WGRYYdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513233306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119306379","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344493305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82123493","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p187562407","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810589621805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/249417863","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel	Sopwith Camel	["1 Development","2 Design","2.1 Overview","2.2 Flight characteristics","3 Operational history","3.1 Western front","3.2 Home defence and night fighting","3.3 Shipboard and parasite fighter","3.4 Ground attack","3.5 Postwar service","4 Variants","4.1 Sopwith Camel F.1","4.2 Sopwith Camel 2F.1","4.3 Sopwith Camel \"Comic\" Night fighter","4.4 F.1/1","4.5 T.F.1","4.6 Trainer","5 Operators","6 Surviving aircraft","6.1 Reproductions","7 Specifications (F.1 Camel)","8 Notable appearances in media","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Notes","10.2 Citations","10.3 Bibliography","11 External links"]	British WW1 biplane fighter aircraft This article is about the fighter aircraft. For the 1960s psychedelic rock band, see Sopwith Camel (band). Camel Sopwith Camel Role Biplane fighterType of aircraft Manufacturer Sopwith Aviation Company Designer Herbert Smith First flight 22 December 1916 Introduction June 1917 Retired January 1920 Primary users Royal Flying CorpsRoyal Naval Air Service Royal Air Force Number built 5,490 Developed from Sopwith Pup The Sopwith Camel is a British First World War single-seat biplane fighter aircraft that was introduced on the Western Front in 1917. It was developed by the Sopwith Aviation Company as a successor to the Sopwith Pup and became one of the best-known fighter aircraft of the Great War. In total, Camel pilots were credited with downing 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than their counterparts flying any other Allied fighter of the conflict. Towards the end of the war, the type also saw use as a ground-attack aircraft, partly because the capabilities of fighter aircraft on both sides had advanced rapidly and left the Camel somewhat outclassed. The Camel was powered by a single rotary engine and was armed with twin synchronized Vickers machine guns. It was difficult to fly, with 90% of its weight in the front seven feet of the aircraft, but it was highly manoeuvrable in the hands of an experienced pilot, a vital attribute in the relatively low-speed, low-altitude dogfights of the era. Its pilots joked that their fates would involve "a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross". The main variant of the Camel was designated as the F.1. Other variants included the 2F.1 Ship's Camel, which operated from aircraft carriers; the Comic night fighter variant; and the T.F.1, a "trench fighter" armoured for attacks on heavily defended ground targets. A two-seat variant served as a trainer. The last Camels were withdrawn from RAF service in January 1920. Development Harry Cobby sitting in the cockpit of a Sopwith Camel When it became clear the Sopwith Pup was no match for the newer German fighters such as the Albatros D.III, the Camel was developed to replace it, as well as the Nieuport 17s that had been purchased from the French as an interim measure. It was recognised that the new fighter needed to be faster and have a heavier armament. The design effort to produce this successor, initially designated as the Sopwith F.1, was headed by Sopwith's chief designer, Herbert Smith. Early in its development, the Camel was simply referred to as the "Big Pup". A metal fairing over the gun breeches, intended to protect the guns from freezing at altitude, created a "hump" that led pilots to call the aircraft "Camel", although this name was never used officially. On 22 December 1916, the prototype Camel was first flown by Harry Hawker at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey; it was powered by a 110-horsepower (82 kW) Clerget 9Z. In May 1917, the first production contract for an initial batch of 250 Camels was issued by the British War Office. Throughout 1917, a total of 1,325 Camels were produced, almost entirely the initial F.1 variant. By the time that production of the type came to an end, approximately 5,490 Camels of all types had been built. In early 1918, production of the naval variant of the Sopwith Camel, the "Ship's" Camel 2F.1 began. Design Overview Replica Sopwith Camel showing internal structure The Camel had a conventional design for its era, with a wire-braced wooden box-girder fuselage structure, an aluminium engine cowling, plywood panels around the cockpit, and a fabric-covered fuselage, wings and tail. While possessing some clear similarities with the Pup, it had a noticeably bulkier fuselage. For the first time on an operational British-designed fighter, two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns were mounted directly in front of the cockpit, synchronised to fire forwards through the propeller disc – initially this consisted of the fitment of the Sopwith firm's own synchronizer design, but after the mechanical-linkage Sopwith-Kauper units began to wear out, the more accurate and easier-to-maintain, hydraulic-link Constantinesco-Colley system replaced it from November 1917 onward. In addition to the machine guns, a total of four Cooper bombs could be carried for ground attack purposes. The bottom wing was rigged with 5° dihedral while the top wing lacked any dihedral; this meant that the gap between the wings was less at the tips than at the roots; this change had been made at the suggestion of Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager, as a measure to simplify the aircraft's construction. The upper wing featured a central cutout section for the purpose of providing improved upwards visibility for the pilot. Production Camels were powered by various rotary engines, most commonly either the Clerget 9B or the Bentley BR1. In order to evade a potential manufacturing bottleneck being imposed upon the overall aircraft in the event of an engine shortage, several other engines were adopted to power the type as well. Flight characteristics 1917 Sopwith F.1 Camel at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Pilot's view from the cockpit of a Camel, June 1918 Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was considered to be difficult to fly. With light and sensitive controls the type owed both its extreme manoeuvrability and its difficult handling to the close placement of the engine, pilot, guns and fuel tank (some 90% of the aircraft's weight) within the front seven feet (2.1 m) of the aircraft, and to the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotating mass of the cylinders common to rotary engines. Due to the torque of the rotary engine the Camel turned more slowly to the left, which resulted in a nose-up attitude, but the torque also resulted in being able to turn to the right quicker than other fighters, although that resulted in a tendency towards a nose-down attitude from the turn. Because of the faster turning capability to the right, some pilots preferred to change heading 90° to the left by turning 270° to the right. Upon entering service, the Camel gained an unfortunate reputation with pilots, with inexperienced ones crashing on take-off when the full fuel load pushed the aircraft's centre of gravity beyond the rearmost safe limit. When in level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the Sopwith Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane, so that the pilot had to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. The aircraft could be rigged so that at higher altitudes it could be flown "hands off". A stall immediately resulted in a dangerous spin. RFC pilots used to joke that it offered the choice between "a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross". A two-seat trainer version was later built to ease the transition process: in his Recollections of an Airman, Lieutenant Colonel L. A. Strange, who served with the central flying school, wrote: "In spite of the care we took, Camels continually spun down out of control when flew by pupils on their first solos. At length, with the assistance of Lieut Morgan, who managed our workshops, I took the main tank out of several Camels and replaced with a smaller one, which enabled us to fit in dual control." Such conversions, and dual instruction, went some way to alleviating the previously unacceptable casualties incurred during the critical type-specific solo training stage. Despite these issues, its agility in combat made the Camel one of the best-remembered Allied aircraft of the First World War. Aviation author Robert Jackson notes that: "in the hands of a novice it displayed vicious characteristics that could make it a killer; but under the firm touch of a skilled pilot, who knew how to turn its vices to his own advantage, it was one of the most superb fighting machines ever built". Operational history Western front Camels being prepared for a sortie. A downed Sopwith Camel near Zillebeke, West Flanders, Belgium, 26 September 1917 In June 1917, the Sopwith Camel entered service with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, which was stationed near Dunkirk, France; this was the first squadron to operate the type. Its first combat flight and reportedly its first victory claim were both made on 4 July 1917. By the end of July, the Camel also equipped No. 3 and No. 9 Naval Squadrons; and it had become operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. By February 1918, 13 squadrons had Camels as their primary equipment. The Camel proved in service to have better manoeuvrability than the Albatros D.III and D.V and offered heavier armament and better performance than the Pup and Triplane. Together with the S.E.5a and the SPAD S.XIII, it helped to re-establish the Allied aerial superiority that lasted well into 1918. While flying a Sopwith Camel with the serial number B6313, the Canadian ace Billy Barker was credited with shooting down 46 aircraft. The total aircraft credited to Barker while flying B6313 is the highest attributed to a single aircraft during World War I. Home defence and night fighting An important role for the Camel was home defence. The RNAS flew Camels from Eastchurch and Manston airfields against daylight raids by German bombers, including Gothas, from July 1917. The public outcry against the night raids and the poor response of London's defences resulted in the RFC deciding to divert Camels that had been heading to the frontlines in France to Britain for the purposes of home defence; in July 1917, 44 Squadron RFC reformed and reequipped with the Camel to conduct the home defence mission. By March 1918, the home defence squadrons had been widely equipped with the Camel and by August 1918, a total of seven home defence squadrons were operating these aircraft. When the Germans switched to performing nighttime attacks, the Camel proved capable of being flown at night as well. Accordingly, those aircraft assigned to home defence squadrons were quickly modified with navigation lights in order that they could serve as night fighters. A smaller number of Camels were more extensively reconfigured; on these aircraft, the Vickers machine guns were replaced by overwing Lewis guns and the cockpit was moved rearwards so the pilot could reload the guns. This modification, which became known as the "Sopwith Comic" allowed the guns to be fired without affecting the pilot's night vision, and allowed the use of new, more effective incendiary ammunition that was considered unsafe to fire from synchronised Vickers guns. The Camel was successfully used to intercept and shoot down German bombers on multiple occasions during 1918, serving in this capacity through to the final German bombing raid upon Britain on the night of the 20/21 May 1918. During this air raid, a combined force of 74 Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s intercepted 28 Gothas and Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs; three German bombers were shot down, while two more were downed by anti-aircraft fire from the ground and a further aircraft was lost to engine failure, resulting in the heaviest losses suffered by German bombers during a single night's operation over England. Navalised Camels on the aircraft carrier HMS Furious prior to raiding the Tondern airship hangars The Camel night fighter was also operated by 151 Squadron to intercept German night bombers operating over the Western Front. These aircraft were not only deployed defensively, but often carried out night intruder missions against German airstrips. After five months of operations, 151 Squadron had claimed responsibility for shooting down 26 German aircraft. Shipboard and parasite fighter Sopwith 2F.1 Camel suspended from airship R 23 prior to a test flight The RNAS operated a number of 2F.1 Camels that were suitable for launching from platforms mounted on the turrets of major warships as well as from some of the earliest aircraft carriers to be built. Furthermore, the Camel could be deployed from aircraft lighters, which were specially modified barges; these had to be towed fast enough that a Camel could successfully take off. The aircraft lighters served as means of launching interception sorties against incoming enemy air raids from a more advantageous position than had been possible when using shore bases alone. During the summer of 1918, a single 2F.1 Camel (N6814) participated in a series of trials as a parasite fighter. The aircraft used Airship R23 as a mothership. Ground attack By mid-1918, the Camel had become obsolescent as a day fighter as its climb rate, level speed and performance at altitudes over 12,000 ft (3,650 m) were outclassed by the latest German fighters, such as the Fokker D.VII. However, it remained viable as a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft and instead was increasingly used in that capacity. The Camel inflicted high losses on German ground forces, albeit suffering from a high rate of losses itself in turn, through the dropping of 25 lb (11 kg) Cooper bombs and low-level strafing runs. The protracted development of the Camel's replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, resulted in the Camel remaining in service in this capacity until well after the signing of the Armistice. During the German spring offensive of March 1918, squadrons of Camels participated in the defence of the Allied lines, harassing the advancing German Army from the skies. Jackson observed that "some of the most intense air operations took place" during the retreat of the British Fifth Army, in which the Camel provided extensive aerial support. Camels flew at multiple altitudes, some as low as 500 feet (150 m) for surprise strafing attacks upon ground forces, while being covered from attack by hostile fighters by the higher altitude aircraft. Strafing attacks formed a major component of British efforts to contain the offensive, the attacks often having the result of producing confusion and panic amongst the advancing German forces. As the March offensive waned, the Camel was able to operate within and maintain aerial superiority for the remainder of the war. Postwar service In the aftermath of the First World War, the Camel saw further combat action. Multiple British squadrons were deployed into Russia as a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. Between the Camel and the S.E.5, which were the two main types deployed to the Caspian Sea area to bomb Bolshevik bases and to provide aerial support to the Royal Navy warships present, Allied control of the Caspian region had been achieved by May 1919. Starting in March 1919, direct support was also provided for White Russian forces, carrying out reconnaissance, ground attack, and escort operations. During the summer of 1919, Camels of No. 47 Squadron conducted offensive operations in the vicinity of Tsaritsyn, primarily against Urbabk airfield; targets including enemy aircraft, cavalry formations, and river traffic. In September 1919, 47 Squadron was relocated to Kotluban, where its aircraft operations mainly focused on harassing enemy communication lines. During late 1919 and early 1920, the RAF detachment operated in support of General Vladimir May-Mayevsky's counter-revolutionary volunteer army during intense fighting around Kharkiv. In March 1920, the remainder of the force was evacuated and their remaining aircraft were deliberately destroyed to avoid them falling into enemy hands. Variants Camels were powered by several makes of rotary engines: Bentley BR1, 150 hp (standard for RNAS aircraft) Clerget 9B, 130 hp (standard powerplant) Clerget 9Bf, 140 hp Le Rhône 9J, 110 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2, 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9N, 160 hp Sopwith Camel F.1 The F.1 was the main production version. It was armed with twin synchronised Vickers guns. Sopwith Camel 2F.1 The Sopwith 2F.1 Camel used to shoot down Zeppelin L 53, at the Imperial War Museum, London. Note mounting of twin Lewis guns over the top wing The 2F.1 was a shipboard variant, flown from HMS Furious. It had a slightly shorter wingspan and a Bentley BR1 as its standard engine. Additionally, one Vickers gun was replaced by an overwing Lewis gun to assist in destroying Zeppelins using incendiary ammunition. Sopwith Camel "Comic" Night fighter The "Comic" was a Camel variant designed specifically for night-fighting duties. The twin Vickers guns were replaced by two Lewis guns on Foster mountings firing forward over the top wing, as the muzzle flash of the Vickers guns could blind the pilot. The second reason to use Lewis guns was to facilitate the use of incendiary ammunition because of the risk of using it in synchronized guns. To allow reloading of the guns, the pilot was moved about 12 inches (30 cm) to the rear, and to compensate the fuel tank was moved forward. It served with Home Defence Squadrons against German air raids. The "Comic" nickname was unofficial, and was shared with the night fighter version of the Sopwith 1½ Strutter. F.1/1 The F1/1 was a version with tapered wings. T.F.1 The T.F.1 was an experimental trench fighter used for development work for the Sopwith Salamander. Its machine guns were angled downwards for efficient strafing, and it featured armour plating for protection. Trainer The trainer variant had a second cockpit behind the normal pilot's position. The weapons were removed, although the hump was sometimes kept. Operators Belgian Sopwith Camel flown by Adj. Léon Cremers with n° 11 Squadron "Cocotte" marking Major Wilfred Ashton McCloughry MC, the commanding officer of No. 4 Squadron AFC, and his Sopwith Camel, 6 June 1918 Australia Australian Flying Corps No. 4 Squadron AFC in France. No. 5 Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom. No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom. No. 8 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom. Belgium Aviation Militaire Belge 1ère Escadrille de Chasse Groupe de Chasse 9ème Escadrille de Chasse 11ème Escadrille de Chasse Canada Royal Canadian Air Force Estonia Estonian Air Force France French Government Georgian Air Force - 3-4 aircraft, 1920 Greece Hellenic Navy Latvia Latvian Air Force Netherlands Royal Netherlands Air Force Poland Polish Air Force operated 1 Camel post-war (1921) Russian Empire Imperial Russian Air Service Soviet Union Soviet Air Force - Postwar. United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force 3 Squadron 17 Squadron 28 Squadron 37 Squadron 43 Squadron 44 Squadron 45 Squadron 46 Squadron 47 Squadron 50 Squadron 51 Squadron 54 Squadron 61 Squadron 65 Squadron 66 Squadron 70 Squadron 71 Squadron 73 Squadron 75 Squadron 78 Squadron 80 Squadron 81 Squadron 89 Squadron 94 Squadron 112 Squadron 139 Squadron 143 Squadron 150 Squadron 151 Squadron 152 Squadron 155 Squadron 187 Squadron 188 Squadron 189 Squadron 198 Squadron 201 Squadron 203 Squadron 204 Squadron 208 Squadron 209 Squadron 210 Squadron 212 Squadron 213 Squadron 219 Squadron 220 Squadron 222 Squadron 225 Squadron 230 Squadron 233 Squadron 273 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service No. 1 Squadron RNAS No. 3 Squadron RNAS No. 4 Squadron RNAS No. 6 Squadron RNAS No. 8 Squadron RNAS No. 9 Squadron RNAS No. 10 Squadron RNAS No. 12 Squadron RNAS No. 13 Squadron RNAS USAS Sopwith Camel United States American Expeditionary Force United States Army Air Service 9th Aero Squadron 17th Aero Squadron 27th Aero Squadron 37th Aero Squadron 148th Aero Squadron United States Navy Surviving aircraft Media related to Sopwith Camel museum aircraft at Wikimedia Commons Sopwith Camel at the Royal Air Force Museum There are eight known original Sopwith Camels extant: B5747 – F.1 on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels. B6291 – F.1 on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. After being discovered in the 1960s by Desmond St. Cyrien, the aircraft was restored through the 1980s, with the restoration being completed by Tony Ditheridge at AJD Engineering in the United Kingdom, first flying in 1992. From 2005 the aircraft was part of the Javier Arango Collection in Paso Robles, California and was donated to the NASM on Arango's death in April 2017. B7280 – F.1 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland. The aircraft was built in Lincoln by Clayton & Shuttleworth. On 5 September 1918, when being flown by Captain Herbert A. Patey of No. 210 Squadron RAF over Belgium, it was shot down by Ludwig Beckmann of Jasta 56. Patey survived and was taken prisoner. The Germans repaired the aircraft and flew it until the end of the war. It was then taken to Berlin and exhibited at the Deutsche Luftfahrt Sammlung (German Aviation Collection). During World War II it was moved to Poland for safekeeping, and put into storage. Restoration began in 2007 and was completed by 2010. C8228 – F.1 on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. F6314 – F.1 on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. It was built by Boulton & Paul and is painted to represent an aircraft coded B of No. 65 Squadron RAF. N6812 – 2F.1 on static display at the Imperial War Museum in London. It was built by William Beardmore and was flown by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Stuart Culley on 11 August 1918 when he shot down Zeppelin LZ 100. N8156 – 2F.1 on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Manufactured in 1918 by Hooper and Company Limited, it was purchased by the RCAF in 1925 and last flew in 1967. ZK-SDL – F.1 airworthy in New Zealand with The Vintage Aviator Ltd (TVAL) and painted as B5663. It was previously displayed in the Aerospace Education Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, until it closed in December 2010, and the aircraft was sold to help pay debts. The Camel was sold to TVAL and restored to flying condition. It was previously registered as N6254. Reproductions Media related to Sopwith Camel replicas at Wikimedia Commons Replica of Camel F.1 flown by Lt. George Vaughn Jr., 17th Aero Squadron at the USAF Museum Replica - F.1 airworthy in Oliver BC Canada, operated as C-FGHT by the Royal Flying Corps School of Aerial Fighting Ltd. Built from Replicraft plans by Rolland Carlson in Wi.Powered by a Warner Super Scarab 165 hp engine. Replica – Type T.57 on static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at RNAS Yeovilton near Yeovil, Somerset. It was built in 1969 Slingsby for use in a Biggles film. It has a Warner Scarab engine installed and is painted as B6401. Replica – F.1 on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was built by museum personnel from original First World War factory drawings and was completed in 1974. It is painted and marked as the Camel flown by Lt. George A. Vaughn Jr. while flying with the 17th Aero Squadron. Replica – F.1 airworthy at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum, formerly in Addison, Texas. It was built by Dick Day from original factory drawings. The aircraft is fitted with original instruments, machine guns and an original Gnome rotary engine. It is painted in the scheme of the World War I flying ace Captain Arthur Roy Brown (RAF officer), a Canadian who flew with the Royal Air Force. The museum closed indefinitely on 1 January 2024 and announced that its aircraft would be relocated to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas. Replica – F.1 on display at the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey. It was built in 1977 by Viv Bellamy at Lands End, as a flyable reproduction for Leisure Sport Ltd. Painted to represent B7270 of 209 Squadron, RAF, the machine which Captain Roy Brown flew when officially credited with shooting down Baron Manfred von Richthofen, it has a Clerget rotary engine of 1916 and was registered as G-BFCZ until 2003. First displayed at the museum in January 1988 for Sir Thomas Sopwith’s 100th birthday celebrations, it was purchased by the museum later that year. Replica – B6299 at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook, New York. It was completed in 1992 with a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape model 9N rotary, built by Nathaniel deFlavia and Cole Palen. It replaced one of the Dick Day-built and -flown Camel reproductions formerly flown at Old Rhinebeck by Mr. Day in their weekend vintage airshows, which had left the Aerodrome's collection some years earlier. Replica – F.1 airworthy with the Javier Arango Collection in Paso Robles, California. It was constructed by Dick Day, is powered by a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9N rotary, and is registered as N8343. Replica – Unknown airworthy with the Vintage Aviator Collection in Masterton, New Zealand. It was originally built by Carl Swanson for Gerry Thornhill. It is powered by a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine and is painted as B3889. Replica – F.1 on static display at the Canadian Museum of Flight in Langley, British Columbia. Lacking an engine, a full reproduction 130 hp rotary engine has been installed. Replica – F.1 on static display at the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, Western Australia. The engine is original and the propeller is suspected to also be genuine. Replica – F.1 airworthy at the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire. It was built by the Northern Aeroplane Workshops. Replica – F.1 under construction by Koz Aero in Comstock Park, Michigan. It is based on original factory drawings and using many original parts, including an original engine and instruments. Replica – F.1 under construction by John S. Shaw. It has an original Clerget 9B 130 CV engine. Replica – F.1 under construction by John S. Shaw. It has a new build Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2 100 hp engine. Replica – F.1 on static display at Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre in Montrose, Angus. It is painted and marked as B7320 flown by Captain John Todd of 70 Squadron Royal Flying Corps. Replica – F.1 on static display at The Museum of Flight near Seattle Washington. Assumed replica - on static display at the Australian Army Flying Museum at Oakley, Queensland. https://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/ Specifications (F.1 Camel) Sopwith F.1 Camel drawing Data from Quest for Performance, Profile PublicationsGeneral characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 18 ft 9 in (5.72 m) Wingspan: 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m) Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Wing area: 231 sq ft (21.5 m2) Aspect ratio: 4.11 Airfoil: RAF 16 Empty weight: 930 lb (422 kg) Gross weight: 1,453 lb (659 kg) Zero-lift drag coefficient: CD0.0378 Frontal area: 8.73 square feet (0.811 m2) Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 130 hp (97 kW) Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propeller Performance Maximum speed: 113 mph (182 km/h, 98 kn) Stall speed: 48 mph (77 km/h, 42 kn) Range: 300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi) Service ceiling: 19,000 ft (5,800 m) Rate of climb: 1,085 ft/min (5.51 m/s) Lift-to-drag: 7.7 Wing loading: 6.3 lb/sq ft (31 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.09 hp/lb (0.15 kW/kg) Armament Guns: 2 × 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Vickers machine guns Notable appearances in media Biggles flies a Sopwith Camel in the novels by W. E. Johns during Biggles's spell in 266 Squadron during the First World War. The first collection of Biggles stories, titled The Camels are Coming, was published in 1932. The first two collections of stories (broken into three books in Australia) were all true stories or events, lightly fictionalised—some of them are identifiable in official war records, e.g., the accidental discovery of a major camouflaged airfield when rescuing a downed pilot. The Camel is the "plane" of Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron. See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Albatros D.V Fokker Dr.I Fokker D.VI Fokker D.VII Hanriot HD.1 Nieuport 24 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 SPAD S.XIII Vickers F.B.19 Related lists List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service List of fighter aircraft References Notes ^ As compared with radial engines in which a conventional rotating crankshaft is driven by a fixed engine block. ^ The ammunition in question was the RTS (Richard Thelfall and Sons) round, a combined incendiary and explosive round with a nitroglycerin and phosphorus filling. While more effective than earlier incendiary bullets such as the phosphorus-filled Buckingham bullet, they required careful handling, and were initially banned from synchronised weapons, both because of fears about the consequences of bullets striking the propeller of the fighter, and to prevent cooking off of the sensitive ammunition in the chambers of the Vickers guns, which fired from a closed bolt—a required feature for guns used in synchronized mounts—where heat could build up much quicker than in the open bolted Lewis gun. Citations ^ Mason 1992, p. 89. ^ a b c Bruce Flight 22 April 1955, p. 527. ^ a b Bruce 1965, p. 3. ^ a b c d e Jackson 2007, p. 2. ^ Bruce 1965, pp. 4-5. ^ a b Bruce 1965, p. 5. ^ Bruce Flight 29 April 1955, p. 563. ^ a b Bruce 1965, p. 6. ^ Jon., Guttman (2012). Sopwith Camel. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 9, 16, 30. ISBN 9781780961767. OCLC 775415602. ^ Bruce 1965, pp. 3-5. ^ Bruce 1968, pp. 148-149. ^ Bruce 1965, pp. 7-8. ^ Bruce 1965, pp. 5-6. ^ Clark 1973, p. 134. ^ a b Hoyland, Graham (2021). Merlin: The Power behind the Spitfire, Mosquito and Lancaster (paperback). London: William Collins. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-00-835930-0. ^ a b Jackson 2005, pp. 15–16. ^ Leinburger 2008, p. 30. ^ a b Bruce 1965, p. 9. ^ a b Jackson 2007, p. 3. ^ Sturtevant, Ray; Page, Gordon (1993). The Camel File. UK: Air-Britain, Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 0-85130-212-2. ^ Franks 2018, p. 89. ^ a b Davis 1999, p. 96. ^ Davis 1999, p. 98. ^ a b Davis 1999, p. 97. ^ Bruce 1968, p. 151, 153. ^ Williams and Gustin 2003, pp. 11, 14. ^ Jackson 2007, pp. 3-6. ^ Jackson 2007, p. 6. ^ a b Davis 1999, pp. 98–99. ^ Fitzsimons, p.521. ^ a b Jackson 2007, pp. 7-8. ^ a b c d Jackson 2007, p. 8. ^ Jackson 2007, pp. 8-10. ^ a b Jackson 2007, p. 10. ^ "Sopwith 2F.1 Ship's Camel". Their Flying Machines. 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Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ Shaw, John S. "Le Clerget 9ba rotary engine". John S Shaw Aviation. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ Shaw, John S. "F-AZZB". John S Shaw Aviation. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ Shaw, John S. "Gnome". John S Shaw Aviation. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ "Heritage Centre Layout". Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre. Ian McIntosh Memorial Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "Sopwith Camel F.1 Reproduction". The Museum of Flight. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ Loftin, LK, Jr. "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468". NASA. Retrieved: 22 April 2006. ^ Bruce 1965, p. 12. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ Butts, D (2000). "Biggles – Hero of the Air". In Watkins, T; Jones, D (eds.). A Necessary Fantasy?: The Heroic Figure in Children's Popular Culture. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 137–152. ISBN 0-8153-1844-8. ^ Murphy and McNiece 2003, p. 87. Bibliography Bowyer, Chaz. Sopwith Camel: King of Combat. Falmouth, Cornwall, UK: Glasney Press, 1978. ISBN 0-9502825-7-X. Bruce, J.M. "Sopwith Camel: Historic Military Aircraft No 10: Part I." Flight, 22 April 1955, pp. 527–532. Bruce, J.M. "Sopwith Camel: Historic Military Aircraft No 10: Part II." Flight, 29 April 1955. pp. 560–563. Bruce, J.M. "Aircraft Profile No. 31. The Sopwith Camel F.1" Profile Publications, 1965. Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two Fighters. London:Macdonald, 1968. ISBN 0-356-01473-8. Clark, Alan. Aces High: The War In The Air Over The Western Front 1914 - 1918. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1973. ISBN 0-297-99464-6. Cony, Christophe (April 1999). "Une déception: les Sopwith Camel belges" . Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French). No. 73. pp. 19–23. ISSN 1243-8650. Davis, Mick. Sopwith Aircraft. Ramsbury, Malborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. ISBN 1-86126-217-5. Ellis, Ken. Wrecks & Relics, 21st edition. Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0-85979-134-2. Franks, Norman Images of War - Sopwith Camels Over Italy 1917-18. London: Pen and Sword, 2018. ISBN 1-52672-309-3 Gerdessen, F (July–August 1999). "Round-Out: More Windfalls". Air Enthusiast. No. 82. pp. 79–80. ISSN 0143-5450. Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450. Guttman, Jon: "Sopwith Camel (Air Vanguard; 3)". Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-78096-176-7. Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft 1919-1972: Volume III. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-818-6. Jackson, Robert. Infamous Aircraft - Dangerous Designs and their Vices. Barnsley, UK:Pen and Sword, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84415-172-1. Jackson, Robert. Britain's Greatest Aircraft. Pen and Sword, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-600-1. Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast. No. 80. pp. 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450. Leinburger, Ralf. Fighter: Technology, Facts, History. London: Parragon Inc., 2008. ISBN 978-1-40549-575-2. Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter. London: Putnam, 1992. ISBN 0 85177 852 6 Murphy, Justin D. and Matthew A. McNiece. Military Aircraft, 1919-1945: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2009. ISBN 1-85109-498-9. Ralph, Wayne. Barker VC: The Classic Story of a Legendary First World War Hero. London: Grub Street, 1999. ISBN 1-902304-31-4. Robertson, Bruce. Sopwith: The Man and His Aircraft. London: Harleyford, 1970. ISBN 0-900435-15-1. Sturtivant, Ray and Gordon Page. The Camel File. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1993. ISBN 0-85130-212-2. Thomas, Andrew. "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". Air Enthusiast, No. 94, July–August 2001, pp. 8–9. ISSN 0143-5450 United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975. Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. Flying Guns: World War I and its Aftermath 1914–32. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: Airlife, 2003. ISBN 1-84037-396-2. Winchester, Jim, ed. "Sopwith Camel." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sopwith Camel. Cole Palen/Nat deFlavia reproduction Camel at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Camel photos and links to museums with Camels Canadian Aviation Museum Camel Archived 26 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sopwith fighters in Russia Sopwith Camel Replica Kit from Airdrome Aeroplanes vteSopwith aircraftBy roleFighters Buffalo Bulldog Camel Dolphin Dragon Gunbus Hippo Hispano-Suiza Triplane L.R.T.Tr. Pup Snail Snapper Snark Snipe Swallow Triplane Bombers B.1 Cobham Rhino Torpedo bomber Cuckoo Scouts/bombers Baby Sparrow 1½ Strutter Tabloid Two-Seat Scout Seaplanes Bat-Boat Circuit of Britain floatplane Sopwith Pusher Seaplane/S PG N Admiralty Type 137 Admiralty Type 138 Admiralty Type C Special torpedo seaplane Type C Type 807 Type 860 Schneider (1914) Baby Schneider (1919) Ground attack Salamander Sports tourer Gnu By designation B.1 B.2 2B.2 F.1 2F.1 4F.1 5F.1 7F.1 8F.1 3F.2 (I) 3F.2 (II) FR.2 2FR.2 FS.1 T.1 TF.1 TF.2 By name Antelope Atlantic Baby Bat-Boat Bee Buffalo Bulldog Circuit of Britain floatplane Camel Cobham Cuckoo Dolphin Dove Dragon Gnu Grasshopper Gunbus Hippo Hispano-Suiza Triplane L.R.T.Tr. Pup Rainbow Rhino Salamander Scooter Snail Snapper Snark Snipe Sparrow Sociable Swallow 1½ Strutter Tabloid Tadpole Three-seater Triplane Special torpedo seaplane Type C Wallaby Designers Herbert Smith Thomas Sopwith Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sopwith Camel (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel_(band)"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Aviation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Aviation_Company"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"synchronized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"dogfights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_aircraft"}],"text":"This article is about the fighter aircraft. For the 1960s psychedelic rock band, see Sopwith Camel (band).The Sopwith Camel is a British First World War single-seat biplane fighter aircraft that was introduced on the Western Front in 1917. It was developed by the Sopwith Aviation Company as a successor to the Sopwith Pup and became one of the best-known fighter aircraft of the Great War. In total, Camel pilots were credited with downing 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than their counterparts flying any other Allied fighter of the conflict. Towards the end of the war, the type also saw use as a ground-attack aircraft, partly because the capabilities of fighter aircraft on both sides had advanced rapidly and left the Camel somewhat outclassed.The Camel was powered by a single rotary engine and was armed with twin synchronized Vickers machine guns. It was difficult to fly, with 90% of its weight in the front seven feet of the aircraft, but it was highly manoeuvrable in the hands of an experienced pilot, a vital attribute in the relatively low-speed, low-altitude dogfights of the era. Its pilots joked that their fates would involve \"a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross\".The main variant of the Camel was designated as the F.1. Other variants included the 2F.1 Ship's Camel, which operated from aircraft carriers; the Comic night fighter variant; and the T.F.1, a \"trench fighter\" armoured for attacks on heavily defended ground targets. A two-seat variant served as a trainer. The last Camels were withdrawn from RAF service in January 1920.","title":"Sopwith Camel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AC0158CobbyCamel1918-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Cobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cobby"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_ptI_p527-2"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 17s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_17"},{"link_name":"Herbert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Smith_(aircraft_designer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_2-4"},{"link_name":"fairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_ptI_p527-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Harry Hawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hawker"},{"link_name":"Brooklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklands"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_2-4"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_ptII_p_563-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_6-8"}],"text":"Harry Cobby sitting in the cockpit of a Sopwith CamelWhen it became clear the Sopwith Pup was no match for the newer German fighters such as the Albatros D.III, the Camel was developed to replace it,[2] as well as the Nieuport 17s that had been purchased from the French as an interim measure. It was recognised that the new fighter needed to be faster and have a heavier armament. The design effort to produce this successor, initially designated as the Sopwith F.1, was headed by Sopwith's chief designer, Herbert Smith.[3][4]Early in its development, the Camel was simply referred to as the \"Big Pup\". A metal fairing over the gun breeches, intended to protect the guns from freezing at altitude, created a \"hump\" that led pilots to call the aircraft \"Camel\", although this name was never used officially.[2][5] On 22 December 1916, the prototype Camel was first flown by Harry Hawker at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey; it was powered by a 110-horsepower (82 kW) Clerget 9Z.[4]In May 1917, the first production contract for an initial batch of 250 Camels was issued by the British War Office.[6] Throughout 1917, a total of 1,325 Camels were produced, almost entirely the initial F.1 variant. By the time that production of the type came to an end, approximately 5,490 Camels of all types had been built.[7] In early 1918, production of the naval variant of the Sopwith Camel, the \"Ship's\" Camel 2F.1 began.[8]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Replica_Sopwith_Camel_(G-BZSC)_(12243203404).jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_3-3"},{"link_name":"0.303 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0.303_British"},{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"synchronised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce_ptI_p527-2"},{"link_name":"Sopwith firm's own synchronizer design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear#The_Sopwith-Kauper_gear"},{"link_name":"hydraulic-link Constantinesco-Colley system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_gear#The_Constantinesco_synchronization_gear"},{"link_name":"Cooper bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_bombs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_2-4"},{"link_name":"dihedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Fred Sigrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sigrist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"rotary engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"Clerget 9B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget_9B"},{"link_name":"Bentley BR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_BR1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(production)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"Replica Sopwith Camel showing internal structureThe Camel had a conventional design for its era, with a wire-braced wooden box-girder fuselage structure, an aluminium engine cowling, plywood panels around the cockpit, and a fabric-covered fuselage, wings and tail. While possessing some clear similarities with the Pup, it had a noticeably bulkier fuselage.[3] For the first time on an operational British-designed fighter, two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns were mounted directly in front of the cockpit, synchronised to fire forwards through the propeller disc[4][2] – initially this consisted of the fitment of the Sopwith firm's own synchronizer design, but after the mechanical-linkage Sopwith-Kauper units began to wear out, the more accurate and easier-to-maintain, hydraulic-link Constantinesco-Colley system replaced it from November 1917 onward. In addition to the machine guns, a total of four Cooper bombs could be carried for ground attack purposes.[4]The bottom wing was rigged with 5° dihedral while the top wing lacked any dihedral; this meant that the gap between the wings was less at the tips than at the roots; this change had been made at the suggestion of Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager, as a measure to simplify the aircraft's construction.[9] The upper wing featured a central cutout section for the purpose of providing improved upwards visibility for the pilot.[10]Production Camels were powered by various rotary engines, most commonly either the Clerget 9B or the Bentley BR1.[11] In order to evade a potential manufacturing bottleneck being imposed upon the overall aircraft in the event of an engine shortage, several other engines were adopted to power the type as well.[12]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1917_Sopwith_F.1_Camel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E02659CobbyCamel1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"Triplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Triplane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"gyroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"rotary engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark1973-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoyland-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"centre of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(flight)"},{"link_name":"wooden cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstone"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoyland-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_9-19"},{"link_name":"L. A. Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._A._Strange"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_2-4"}],"sub_title":"Flight characteristics","text":"1917 Sopwith F.1 Camel at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy CenterPilot's view from the cockpit of a Camel, June 1918Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was considered to be difficult to fly.[13] With light and sensitive controls the type owed both its extreme manoeuvrability and its difficult handling to the close placement of the engine, pilot, guns and fuel tank (some 90% of the aircraft's weight) within the front seven feet (2.1 m) of the aircraft, and to the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotating mass of the cylinders common to rotary engines.[Note 1]Due to the torque of the rotary engine the Camel turned more slowly to the left, which resulted in a nose-up attitude, but the torque also resulted in being able to turn to the right quicker than other fighters,[14] although that resulted in a tendency towards a nose-down attitude from the turn. Because of the faster turning capability to the right, some pilots preferred to change heading 90° to the left by turning 270° to the right.[15]Upon entering service, the Camel gained an unfortunate reputation with pilots,[16] with inexperienced ones crashing on take-off when the full fuel load pushed the aircraft's centre of gravity beyond the rearmost safe limit.When in level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the Sopwith Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane, so that the pilot had to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. The aircraft could be rigged so that at higher altitudes it could be flown \"hands off\". A stall immediately resulted in a dangerous spin.\nRFC pilots used to joke that it offered the choice between \"a wooden cross, the Red Cross, or a Victoria Cross\".[17][15]A two-seat trainer version was later built to ease the transition process:[18] in his Recollections of an Airman, Lieutenant Colonel L. A. Strange, who served with the central flying school, wrote: \"In spite of the care we took, Camels continually spun down out of control when flew [sic] by pupils on their first solos. At length, with the assistance of Lieut Morgan, who managed our workshops, I took the main tank out of several Camels and replaced [them] with a smaller one, which enabled us to fit in dual control.\" Such conversions, and dual instruction, went some way to alleviating the previously unacceptable casualties incurred during the critical type-specific solo training stage.[16]Despite these issues, its agility in combat made the Camel one of the best-remembered Allied aircraft of the First World War. Aviation author Robert Jackson notes that: \"in the hands of a novice it displayed vicious characteristics that could make it a killer; but under the firm touch of a skilled pilot, who knew how to turn its vices to his own advantage, it was one of the most superb fighting machines ever built\".[4]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:148th_American_Aero_Squadron_field._Making_preparations_for_a_daylight_raid_on_German_trenches_and_cities._The..._-_NARA_-_530739.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Passchendaele,_July-_November_1917_Q7784.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zillebeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zillebeke"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_3-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_5-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_6-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Albatros D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.III"},{"link_name":"D.V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.V"},{"link_name":"S.E.5a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5"},{"link_name":"SPAD S.XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_S.XIII"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billy Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Barker"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franks1-22"}],"sub_title":"Western front","text":"Camels being prepared for a sortie.A downed Sopwith Camel near Zillebeke, West Flanders, Belgium, 26 September 1917In June 1917, the Sopwith Camel entered service with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, which was stationed near Dunkirk, France; this was the first squadron to operate the type.[19] Its first combat flight and reportedly its first victory claim were both made on 4 July 1917.[6] By the end of July, the Camel also equipped No. 3 and No. 9 Naval Squadrons; and it had become operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps.[8] By February 1918, 13 squadrons had Camels as their primary equipment.[20]The Camel proved in service to have better manoeuvrability than the Albatros D.III and D.V and offered heavier armament and better performance than the Pup and Triplane. Together with the S.E.5a and the SPAD S.XIII, it helped to re-establish the Allied aerial superiority that lasted well into 1918.[citation needed]While flying a Sopwith Camel with the serial number B6313, the Canadian ace Billy Barker was credited with shooting down 46 aircraft. The total aircraft credited to Barker while flying B6313 is the highest attributed to a single aircraft during World War I.[21]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Eastchurch"},{"link_name":"Manston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Manston"},{"link_name":"daylight raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gothas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha_G.IV"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_9-19"},{"link_name":"44 Squadron RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._44_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p96-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p98-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_3-20"},{"link_name":"Lewis guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_guns"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p97-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brucev2_p1151,3-26"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_3_6-29"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_R.VI"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_6-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Furious_Tondern_Raid_1918_IWM_SP_1156.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)"},{"link_name":"Tondern airship hangars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondern_raid"},{"link_name":"151 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._151_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p98-9-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p98-9-31"}],"sub_title":"Home defence and night fighting","text":"An important role for the Camel was home defence. The RNAS flew Camels from Eastchurch and Manston airfields against daylight raids by German bombers, including Gothas, from July 1917.[18]\nThe public outcry against the night raids and the poor response of London's defences resulted in the RFC deciding to divert Camels that had been heading to the frontlines in France to Britain for the purposes of home defence; in July 1917, 44 Squadron RFC reformed and reequipped with the Camel to conduct the home defence mission.[22] By March 1918, the home defence squadrons had been widely equipped with the Camel and by August 1918, a total of seven home defence squadrons were operating these aircraft.[23]When the Germans switched to performing nighttime attacks, the Camel proved capable of being flown at night as well.[19] Accordingly, those aircraft assigned to home defence squadrons were quickly modified with navigation lights in order that they could serve as night fighters. A smaller number of Camels were more extensively reconfigured; on these aircraft, the Vickers machine guns were replaced by overwing Lewis guns and the cockpit was moved rearwards so the pilot could reload the guns. This modification, which became known as the \"Sopwith Comic\" allowed the guns to be fired without affecting the pilot's night vision, and allowed the use of new, more effective incendiary ammunition that was considered unsafe to fire from synchronised Vickers guns.[24][25][Note 2]The Camel was successfully used to intercept and shoot down German bombers on multiple occasions during 1918, serving in this capacity through to the final German bombing raid upon Britain on the night of the 20/21 May 1918.[27] During this air raid, a combined force of 74 Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s intercepted 28 Gothas and Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs; three German bombers were shot down, while two more were downed by anti-aircraft fire from the ground and a further aircraft was lost to engine failure, resulting in the heaviest losses suffered by German bombers during a single night's operation over England.[28]Navalised Camels on the aircraft carrier HMS Furious prior to raiding the Tondern airship hangarsThe Camel night fighter was also operated by 151 Squadron to intercept German night bombers operating over the Western Front.[29] These aircraft were not only deployed defensively, but often carried out night intruder missions against German airstrips. After five months of operations, 151 Squadron had claimed responsibility for shooting down 26 German aircraft.[29]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"parasite fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"R23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23r"},{"link_name":"mothership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothership"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Shipboard and parasite fighter","text":"Sopwith 2F.1 Camel suspended from airship R 23 prior to a test flightThe RNAS operated a number of 2F.1 Camels that were suitable for launching from platforms mounted on the turrets of major warships as well as from some of the earliest aircraft carriers to be built. Furthermore, the Camel could be deployed from aircraft lighters, which were specially modified barges; these had to be towed fast enough that a Camel could successfully take off. The aircraft lighters served as means of launching interception sorties against incoming enemy air raids from a more advantageous position than had been possible when using shore bases alone.During the summer of 1918, a single 2F.1 Camel (N6814) participated in a series of trials as a parasite fighter. The aircraft used Airship R23 as a mothership.[30]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_7_8-33"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Snipe"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_8-34"},{"link_name":"German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_7_8-33"},{"link_name":"British Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_8-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_8-34"}],"sub_title":"Ground attack","text":"By mid-1918, the Camel had become obsolescent as a day fighter as its climb rate, level speed and performance at altitudes over 12,000 ft (3,650 m) were outclassed by the latest German fighters, such as the Fokker D.VII. However, it remained viable as a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft and instead was increasingly used in that capacity. The Camel inflicted high losses on German ground forces, albeit suffering from a high rate of losses itself in turn, through the dropping of 25 lb (11 kg) Cooper bombs and low-level strafing runs.[31] The protracted development of the Camel's replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, resulted in the Camel remaining in service in this capacity until well after the signing of the Armistice.[32]During the German spring offensive of March 1918, squadrons of Camels participated in the defence of the Allied lines, harassing the advancing German Army from the skies.[31] Jackson observed that \"some of the most intense air operations took place\" during the retreat of the British Fifth Army, in which the Camel provided extensive aerial support. Camels flew at multiple altitudes, some as low as 500 feet (150 m) for surprise strafing attacks upon ground forces, while being covered from attack by hostile fighters by the higher altitude aircraft.[32] Strafing attacks formed a major component of British efforts to contain the offensive, the attacks often having the result of producing confusion and panic amongst the advancing German forces. As the March offensive waned, the Camel was able to operate within and maintain aerial superiority for the remainder of the war.[32]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_8-34"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"White Russian forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Russian_forces"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_8_10-35"},{"link_name":"No. 47 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._47_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Tsaritsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaritsyn"},{"link_name":"Urbabk airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urbabk_airfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kotluban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotluban"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_10-36"},{"link_name":"Vladimir May-Mayevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_May-Mayevsky"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionary"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_2007_10-36"}],"sub_title":"Postwar service","text":"In the aftermath of the First World War, the Camel saw further combat action. Multiple British squadrons were deployed into Russia as a part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.[32] Between the Camel and the S.E.5, which were the two main types deployed to the Caspian Sea area to bomb Bolshevik bases and to provide aerial support to the Royal Navy warships present, Allied control of the Caspian region had been achieved by May 1919. Starting in March 1919, direct support was also provided for White Russian forces, carrying out reconnaissance, ground attack, and escort operations.[33] During the summer of 1919, Camels of No. 47 Squadron conducted offensive operations in the vicinity of Tsaritsyn, primarily against Urbabk airfield; targets including enemy aircraft, cavalry formations, and river traffic. In September 1919, 47 Squadron was relocated to Kotluban, where its aircraft operations mainly focused on harassing enemy communication lines.[34] During late 1919 and early 1920, the RAF detachment operated in support of General Vladimir May-Mayevsky's counter-revolutionary volunteer army during intense fighting around Kharkiv. In March 1920, the remainder of the force was evacuated and their remaining aircraft were deliberately destroyed to avoid them falling into enemy hands.[34]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotary engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"Bentley BR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_BR1"},{"link_name":"Clerget 9B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget_9B"},{"link_name":"Le Rhône 9J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9J"},{"link_name":"Gnome Monosoupape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape"},{"link_name":"Gnome Monosoupape 9N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape#Variants"}],"text":"Camels were powered by several makes of rotary engines:Bentley BR1, 150 hp (standard for RNAS aircraft)\nClerget 9B, 130 hp (standard powerplant)\nClerget 9Bf, 140 hp\nLe Rhône 9J, 110 hp\nGnome Monosoupape 9B-2, 100 hp\nGnome Monosoupape 9N, 160 hp","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sopwith Camel F.1","text":"The F.1 was the main production version. It was armed with twin synchronised Vickers guns.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_Camel_at_the_Imperial_War_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin L 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_P_Class"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"HMS Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bentley BR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_BR1"},{"link_name":"Lewis gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_gun"}],"sub_title":"Sopwith Camel 2F.1","text":"The Sopwith 2F.1 Camel used to shoot down Zeppelin L 53, at the Imperial War Museum, London. Note mounting of twin Lewis guns over the top wingThe 2F.1 was a shipboard variant, flown from HMS Furious.[35] It had a slightly shorter wingspan and a Bentley BR1 as its standard engine. Additionally, one Vickers gun was replaced by an overwing Lewis gun to assist in destroying Zeppelins using incendiary ammunition.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"night-fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_fighter"},{"link_name":"Foster mountings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_mounting"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sopwith 1½ Strutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_1%C2%BD_Strutter"}],"sub_title":"Sopwith Camel \"Comic\" Night fighter","text":"The \"Comic\" was a Camel variant designed specifically for night-fighting duties. The twin Vickers guns were replaced by two Lewis guns on Foster mountings firing forward over the top wing, as the muzzle flash of the Vickers guns could blind the pilot. The second reason to use Lewis guns was to facilitate the use of incendiary ammunition because of the risk of using it in synchronized guns. To allow reloading of the guns, the pilot was moved about 12 inches (30 cm) to the rear, and to compensate the fuel tank was moved forward.[36] It served with Home Defence Squadrons against German air raids. The \"Comic\" nickname was unofficial, and was shared with the night fighter version of the Sopwith 1½ Strutter.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"F.1/1","text":"The F1/1 was a version with tapered wings.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trench fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_fighter"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Salamander"},{"link_name":"strafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafing"}],"sub_title":"T.F.1","text":"The T.F.1 was an experimental trench fighter used for development work for the Sopwith Salamander. Its machine guns were angled downwards for efficient strafing, and it featured armour plating for protection.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trainer","text":"The trainer variant had a second cockpit behind the normal pilot's position. The weapons were removed, although the hump was sometimes kept.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_Camel_Cremers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Major_Wilfred_Ashton_McCloughry_MC_(3288054135).jpg"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Squadron AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 5\nSquadron AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 8 (Training) Squadron AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aviation Militaire Belge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component"},{"link_name":"1ère Escadrille de Chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%C3%A8re_Escadrille_de_Chasse"},{"link_name":"Groupe de Chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_de_Chasse_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p96-23"},{"link_name":"9ème Escadrille de Chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Squadron_(Belgian_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"11ème Escadrille de Chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Squadron_(Belgian_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Estonian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georgian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_p102-39"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Latvian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"3 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"17 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._17_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"28 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._28_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"37 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._37_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"43 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._43_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"44 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._44_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"45 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"46 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._46_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"47 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._47_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"50 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._50_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"51 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._51_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"54 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._54_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"61 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._61_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"65 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._65_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"66 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._66_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"70 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._70_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"71 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._71_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"73 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._73_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"75 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._75_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"78 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._78_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"80 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._80_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"81 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._81_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"89 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._89_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"94 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._94_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"112 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._112_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"139 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._139_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"143 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._143_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"150 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._150_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"151 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._151_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"152 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._152_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"155 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._155_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"187 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._187_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"188 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._188_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"189 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._189_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"198 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._198_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"201 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._201_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"203 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._203_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"204 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._204_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"208 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._208_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"209 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._209_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"210 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._210_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"212 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._212_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"213 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._213_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"219 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._219_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"220 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._220_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"222 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._222_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"225 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._225_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"230 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._230_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"233 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._233_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"273 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._273_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._201_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._203_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._204_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 6 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._206_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._208_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 9 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._209_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 10 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._210_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 12 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._212_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 13 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._213_Squadron_RAF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_Camel_F.1_Right_Rear.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"9th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Aero_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"17th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Aero_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"27th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Aero_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"37th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Bomb_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"148th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th_Aero_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"Belgian Sopwith Camel flown by Adj. Léon Cremers with n° 11 Squadron \"Cocotte\" markingMajor Wilfred Ashton McCloughry MC, the commanding officer of No. 4 Squadron AFC, and his Sopwith Camel, 6 June 1918AustraliaAustralian Flying Corps\nNo. 4 Squadron AFC in France.\nNo. 5\nSquadron AFC in the United Kingdom.\nNo. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.\nNo. 8 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.BelgiumAviation Militaire Belge\n1ère Escadrille de Chasse\nGroupe de Chasse[22]\n9ème Escadrille de Chasse\n11ème Escadrille de ChasseCanadaRoyal Canadian Air ForceEstoniaEstonian Air ForceFranceFrench GovernmentGeorgian Air Force - 3-4 aircraft, 1920GreeceHellenic Navy[37]LatviaLatvian Air ForceNetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Air ForcePolandPolish Air Force operated 1 Camel post-war (1921)Russian EmpireImperial Russian Air ServiceSoviet UnionSoviet Air Force - Postwar.United KingdomRoyal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force3 Squadron\n17 Squadron\n28 Squadron\n37 Squadron\n43 Squadron\n44 Squadron\n45 Squadron\n46 Squadron\n47 Squadron\n50 Squadron\n51 Squadron\n54 Squadron\n61 Squadron\n\n\n65 Squadron\n66 Squadron\n70 Squadron\n71 Squadron\n73 Squadron\n75 Squadron\n78 Squadron\n80 Squadron\n81 Squadron\n89 Squadron\n94 Squadron\n112 Squadron\n139 Squadron\n\n\n143 Squadron\n150 Squadron\n151 Squadron\n152 Squadron\n155 Squadron\n187 Squadron\n188 Squadron\n189 Squadron\n198 Squadron\n201 Squadron\n203 Squadron\n204 Squadron\n208 Squadron\n\n\n209 Squadron\n210 Squadron\n212 Squadron\n213 Squadron\n219 Squadron\n220 Squadron\n222 Squadron\n225 Squadron\n230 Squadron\n233 Squadron\n273 SquadronRoyal Naval Air Service\nNo. 1 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 3 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 4 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 6 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 8 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 9 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 10 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 12 Squadron RNAS\nNo. 13 Squadron RNASUSAS Sopwith CamelUnited StatesAmerican Expeditionary Force\nUnited States Army Air Service\n9th Aero Squadron[38]\n17th Aero Squadron[39]\n27th Aero Squadron[40]\n37th Aero Squadron[41]\n148th Aero Squadron\nUnited States Navy","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Camel museum aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sopwith_Camel_museum_aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_Camel_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"Chantilly, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Paso Robles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles,_California"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Polish Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kraków, Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Clayton & Shuttleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_%26_Shuttleworth"},{"link_name":"Herbert A. Patey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Patey"},{"link_name":"No. 210 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._210_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Jasta 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasta_56"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Boulton & Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul"},{"link_name":"No. 65 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._65_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"William Beardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beardmore_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin LZ 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_LZ_100"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis148-55"},{"link_name":"Canada Aviation and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Media related to Sopwith Camel museum aircraft at Wikimedia CommonsSopwith Camel at the Royal Air Force MuseumThere are eight known original Sopwith Camels extant:[42]B5747 – F.1 on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels.[43]\nB6291 – F.1 on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. After being discovered in the 1960s by Desmond St. Cyrien, the aircraft was restored through the 1980s, with the restoration being completed by Tony Ditheridge at AJD Engineering in the United Kingdom, first flying in 1992.[44] From 2005 the aircraft was part of the Javier Arango Collection in Paso Robles, California and was donated to the NASM on Arango's death in April 2017.[45]\nB7280 – F.1 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland. The aircraft was built in Lincoln by Clayton & Shuttleworth. On 5 September 1918, when being flown by Captain Herbert A. Patey of No. 210 Squadron RAF over Belgium, it was shot down by Ludwig Beckmann of Jasta 56. Patey survived and was taken prisoner. The Germans repaired the aircraft and flew it until the end of the war. It was then taken to Berlin and exhibited at the Deutsche Luftfahrt Sammlung (German Aviation Collection). During World War II it was moved to Poland for safekeeping, and put into storage. Restoration began in 2007 and was completed by 2010.[46][47]\nC8228 – F.1 on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.[48][49]\nF6314 – F.1 on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. It was built by Boulton & Paul and is painted to represent an aircraft coded B of No. 65 Squadron RAF.[50][51]\nN6812 – 2F.1 on static display at the Imperial War Museum in London. It was built by William Beardmore and was flown by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Stuart Culley on 11 August 1918 when he shot down Zeppelin LZ 100.[52][53]\nN8156 – 2F.1 on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Manufactured in 1918 by Hooper and Company Limited, it was purchased by the RCAF in 1925 and last flew in 1967.[54]\nZK-SDL – F.1 airworthy in New Zealand with The Vintage Aviator Ltd (TVAL)[55] and painted as B5663. It was previously displayed in the Aerospace Education Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, until it closed in December 2010, and the aircraft was sold to help pay debts. The Camel was sold to TVAL and restored to flying condition.[56][failed verification] It was previously registered as N6254.[57]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Camel replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sopwith_Camel_replicas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_F-1_Camel_USAF.jpg"},{"link_name":"USAF Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum"},{"link_name":"RNAS Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton"},{"link_name":"Yeovil, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Slingsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingsby_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Biggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lt. George A. Vaughn Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Augustus_Vaughn_Jr."},{"link_name":"17th Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Aero_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Cavanaugh Flight Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavanaugh_Flight_Museum"},{"link_name":"Addison, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Roy Brown (RAF officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Brown_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"North Texas Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Denison, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Brooklands Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklands_Museum"},{"link_name":"Weybridge, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Baron Manfred von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Manfred_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sopwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sopwith"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Rhinebeck_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Red Hook, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gnome Monosoupape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Masterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterton"},{"link_name":"Gnome Monosoupape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Canadian Museum of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"Langley, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Aviation Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Heritage_Museum_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Bull Creek, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Creek,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Shuttleworth Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttleworth_Collection"},{"link_name":"Old Warden, Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Warden"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Comstock Park, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock_Park,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose_Air_Station_Heritage_Centre"},{"link_name":"Montrose, Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Angus"},{"link_name":"Captain John Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"70 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._70_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"Seattle Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Washington"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"https://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/"}],"sub_title":"Reproductions","text":"Media related to Sopwith Camel replicas at Wikimedia CommonsReplica of Camel F.1 flown by Lt. George Vaughn Jr., 17th Aero Squadron at the USAF MuseumReplica - F.1 airworthy in Oliver BC Canada, operated as C-FGHT by the Royal Flying Corps School of Aerial Fighting Ltd. Built from Replicraft plans by Rolland Carlson in Wi.Powered by a Warner Super Scarab 165 hp engine.\nReplica – Type T.57 on static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at RNAS Yeovilton near Yeovil, Somerset. It was built in 1969 Slingsby for use in a Biggles film. It has a Warner Scarab engine installed and is painted as B6401.[58][59]\nReplica – F.1 on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was built by museum personnel from original First World War factory drawings and was completed in 1974. It is painted and marked as the Camel flown by Lt. George A. Vaughn Jr. while flying with the 17th Aero Squadron.[60]\nReplica – F.1 airworthy at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum, formerly in Addison, Texas. It was built by Dick Day from original factory drawings. The aircraft is fitted with original instruments, machine guns and an original Gnome rotary engine. It is painted in the scheme of the World War I flying ace Captain Arthur Roy Brown (RAF officer), a Canadian who flew with the Royal Air Force.[61][62] The museum closed indefinitely on 1 January 2024 and announced that its aircraft would be relocated to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas.[63]\nReplica – F.1 on display at the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey. It was built in 1977 by Viv Bellamy at Lands End, as a flyable reproduction for Leisure Sport Ltd. Painted to represent B7270 of 209 Squadron, RAF, the machine which Captain Roy Brown flew when officially credited with shooting down Baron Manfred von Richthofen, it has a Clerget rotary engine of 1916 and was registered as G-BFCZ until 2003. First displayed at the museum in January 1988 for Sir Thomas Sopwith’s 100th birthday celebrations, it was purchased by the museum later that year.[64][failed verification][65][failed verification]\nReplica – B6299 at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook, New York. It was completed in 1992 with a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape model 9N rotary, built by Nathaniel deFlavia and Cole Palen.[66][67] It replaced one of the Dick Day-built and -flown Camel reproductions formerly flown at Old Rhinebeck by Mr. Day in their weekend vintage airshows, which had left the Aerodrome's collection some years earlier.[citation needed]\nReplica – F.1 airworthy with the Javier Arango Collection in Paso Robles, California. It was constructed by Dick Day, is powered by a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9N rotary, and is registered as N8343.[68][failed verification]\nReplica – Unknown airworthy with the Vintage Aviator Collection in Masterton, New Zealand. It was originally built by Carl Swanson for Gerry Thornhill. It is powered by a 160 hp Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine and is painted as B3889.[citation needed]\nReplica – F.1 on static display at the Canadian Museum of Flight in Langley, British Columbia. Lacking an engine, a full reproduction 130 hp rotary engine has been installed.[69]\nReplica – F.1 on static display at the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, Western Australia. The engine is original and the propeller is suspected to also be genuine.[70]\nReplica – F.1 airworthy at the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire. It was built by the Northern Aeroplane Workshops.[71][72]\nReplica – F.1 under construction by Koz Aero in Comstock Park, Michigan. It is based on original factory drawings and using many original parts, including an original engine and instruments.[73][74]\nReplica – F.1 under construction by John S. Shaw. It has an original Clerget 9B 130 CV engine.[75][76]\nReplica – F.1 under construction by John S. Shaw. It has a new build Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2 100 hp engine.[77][78]\nReplica – F.1 on static display at Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre in Montrose, Angus. It is painted and marked as B7320 flown by Captain John Todd of 70 Squadron Royal Flying Corps.[79]\nReplica – F.1 on static display at The Museum of Flight near Seattle Washington.[80]\nAssumed replica - on static display at the Australian Army Flying Museum at Oakley, Queensland. https://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sopwith_F.1_Camel_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_12-84"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-85"},{"link_name":"Zero-lift drag coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-lift_drag_coefficient"},{"link_name":"Clerget 9B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget_9B"},{"link_name":"rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"Vickers machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"}],"text":"Sopwith F.1 Camel drawingData from Quest for Performance,[81] Profile Publications[82]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 18 ft 9 in (5.72 m)\nWingspan: 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m)\nHeight: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)\nWing area: 231 sq ft (21.5 m2)\nAspect ratio: 4.11\nAirfoil: RAF 16[83]\nEmpty weight: 930 lb (422 kg)\nGross weight: 1,453 lb (659 kg)\nZero-lift drag coefficient: CD0.0378\nFrontal area: 8.73 square feet (0.811 m2)\nPowerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 130 hp (97 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 113 mph (182 km/h, 98 kn)\nStall speed: 48 mph (77 km/h, 42 kn)\nRange: 300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi)\nService ceiling: 19,000 ft (5,800 m)\nRate of climb: 1,085 ft/min (5.51 m/s)\nLift-to-drag: 7.7\nWing loading: 6.3 lb/sq ft (31 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.09 hp/lb (0.15 kW/kg)ArmamentGuns: 2 × 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Vickers machine guns","title":"Specifications (F.1 Camel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles"},{"link_name":"W. E. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._Johns"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butts-86"},{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"Red Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Biggles flies a Sopwith Camel in the novels by W. E. Johns during Biggles's spell in 266 Squadron during the First World War. The first collection of Biggles stories, titled The Camels are Coming, was published in 1932. The first two collections of stories (broken into three books in Australia) were all true stories or events, lightly fictionalised—some of them are identifiable in official war records, e.g., the accidental discovery of a major camouflaged airfield when rescuing a downed pilot.[84]The Camel is the \"plane\" of Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip, when he imagines himself as a World War I flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron.[85]","title":"Notable appearances in media"}]	[{"image_text":"Harry Cobby sitting in the cockpit of a Sopwith Camel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/AC0158CobbyCamel1918-19.jpg/220px-AC0158CobbyCamel1918-19.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replica Sopwith Camel showing internal structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Replica_Sopwith_Camel_%28G-BZSC%29_%2812243203404%29.jpg/220px-Replica_Sopwith_Camel_%28G-BZSC%29_%2812243203404%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1917 Sopwith F.1 Camel at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1917_Sopwith_F.1_Camel.jpg/220px-1917_Sopwith_F.1_Camel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pilot's view from the cockpit of a Camel, June 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/E02659CobbyCamel1918.jpg/220px-E02659CobbyCamel1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"Camels being prepared for a sortie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/148th_American_Aero_Squadron_field._Making_preparations_for_a_daylight_raid_on_German_trenches_and_cities._The..._-_NARA_-_530739.tif/lossy-page1-220px-148th_American_Aero_Squadron_field._Making_preparations_for_a_daylight_raid_on_German_trenches_and_cities._The..._-_NARA_-_530739.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A downed Sopwith Camel near Zillebeke, West Flanders, Belgium, 26 September 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Battle_of_Passchendaele%2C_July-_November_1917_Q7784.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Passchendaele%2C_July-_November_1917_Q7784.jpg"},{"image_text":"Navalised Camels on the aircraft carrier HMS Furious prior to raiding the Tondern airship hangars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HMS_Furious_Tondern_Raid_1918_IWM_SP_1156.jpg/220px-HMS_Furious_Tondern_Raid_1918_IWM_SP_1156.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sopwith 2F.1 Camel suspended from airship R 23 prior to a test flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg/220px-HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sopwith 2F.1 Camel used to shoot down Zeppelin L 53, at the Imperial War Museum, London. Note mounting of twin Lewis guns over the top wing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sopwith_Camel_at_the_Imperial_War_Museum.jpg/220px-Sopwith_Camel_at_the_Imperial_War_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belgian Sopwith Camel flown by Adj. Léon Cremers with n° 11 Squadron \"Cocotte\" marking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sopwith_Camel_Cremers.jpg/220px-Sopwith_Camel_Cremers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major Wilfred Ashton McCloughry MC, the commanding officer of No. 4 Squadron AFC, and his Sopwith Camel, 6 June 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Major_Wilfred_Ashton_McCloughry_MC_%283288054135%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Major_Wilfred_Ashton_McCloughry_MC_%283288054135%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USAS Sopwith Camel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sopwith_Camel_F.1_Right_Rear.jpg/220px-Sopwith_Camel_F.1_Right_Rear.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sopwith Camel at the Royal Air Force Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sopwith_Camel_1.jpg/220px-Sopwith_Camel_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replica of Camel F.1 flown by Lt. George Vaughn Jr., 17th Aero Squadron at the USAF Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sopwith_F-1_Camel_USAF.jpg/220px-Sopwith_F-1_Camel_USAF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sopwith F.1 Camel drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sopwith_F.1_Camel_drawing.jpg/220px-Sopwith_F.1_Camel_drawing.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Albatros D.V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros_D.V"},{"title":"Fokker Dr.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Dr.I"},{"title":"Fokker D.VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VI"},{"title":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"},{"title":"Hanriot HD.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanriot_HD.1"},{"title":"Nieuport 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_24"},{"title":"Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5"},{"title":"SPAD S.XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPAD_S.XIII"},{"title":"Vickers F.B.19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_F.B.19"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"title":"List of fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"Jon., Guttman (2012). Sopwith Camel. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 9, 16, 30. ISBN 9781780961767. OCLC 775415602.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780961767","url_text":"9781780961767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775415602","url_text":"775415602"}]},{"reference":"Hoyland, Graham (2021). Merlin: The Power behind the Spitfire, Mosquito and Lancaster (paperback). London: William Collins. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-00-835930-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-835930-0","url_text":"978-0-00-835930-0"}]},{"reference":"Sturtevant, Ray; Page, Gordon (1993). The Camel File. UK: Air-Britain, Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 0-85130-212-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-212-2","url_text":"0-85130-212-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith 2F.1 Ship's Camel\". Their Flying Machines. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://flyingmachines.ru/Site2/Crafts/Craft31478.htm","url_text":"\"Sopwith 2F.1 Ship's Camel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith Camel\". Demobbed - Out of Service British Military Aircraft. 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://demobbed.org.uk/aircraft.php?type=299","url_text":"\"Sopwith Camel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airframe Dossier - Sopwith Camel, s/n B5747 RAF\". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=16677","url_text":"\"Airframe Dossier - Sopwith Camel, s/n B5747 RAF\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Aircraft On Display at NASM's Udvar-Hazy Center\". 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Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwaonline.com/news/2011/mar/16/history-takes-flight-vintage-aircraft-sol-20110316","url_text":"\"History Takes Flight: Vintage aircraft sold to pay center's bills\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry [N6254]\". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=N6254","url_text":"\"FAA Registry [N6254]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith Camel (replica) (B6401)\". Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Museum. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fleetairarm.com/exhibit/Sopwith-Camel-replica-B6401/6-30-3.aspx","url_text":"\"Sopwith Camel (replica) (B6401)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith F-1 Camel\". National Museum of the US Air Force. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197401/sopwith-f-1-camel","url_text":"\"Sopwith F-1 Camel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft\". Cavanaugh Flight Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cavflight.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=119","url_text":"\"Aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry [N86678]\". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=86678","url_text":"\"FAA Registry [N86678]\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Cole (1 January 2024). \"Historic Addison flight museum announces closure\". WFAA. Dallas, Texas. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/addison-texas-cavanaugh-flight-museum-closing/287-85fe72cf-3131-4919-88ed-e92d8cfa30c0","url_text":"\"Historic Addison flight museum announces closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith Camel F1 (replica)\". Brooklands Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/explore/our-collection/aircraft/sopwith-camel-f1-replica","url_text":"\"Sopwith Camel F1 (replica)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GINFO Search Results [G-BFCZ]\". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=BFCZ","url_text":"\"GINFO Search Results [G-BFCZ]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith Camel\". Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220095820/http://oldrhinebeck.org/sopwith-camel","url_text":"\"Sopwith Camel\""},{"url":"http://oldrhinebeck.org/sopwith-camel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry [N7157Q]\". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=7157Q","url_text":"\"FAA Registry [N7157Q]\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry [N8343]\". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=8343","url_text":"\"FAA Registry [N8343]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sopwith Camel Replica\". The Canadian Museum of Flight. 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ISSN 1243-8650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650","url_text":"1243-8650"}]},{"reference":"Gerdessen, F (July–August 1999). \"Round-Out: More Windfalls\". Air Enthusiast. No. 82. pp. 79–80. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]},{"reference":"Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). \"Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War\". Air Enthusiast. No. 80. pp. 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/","external_links_name":"https://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775415602","external_links_name":"775415602"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKv-TahJStsC&q=%22wooden+cross%22","external_links_name":"2008, p. 30."},{"Link":"http://flyingmachines.ru/Site2/Crafts/Craft31478.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sopwith 2F.1 Ship's Camel\""},{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9784","external_links_name":"\"9 Bomb Squadron (ACC).\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093654/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9784","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9849","external_links_name":"\"17 Weapons Squadron 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamia_II_Gurieli	Mamia II Gurieli	["1 Biography","1.1 Youth","1.2 Ottoman War","1.3 Alliance and Collapse","1.4 Murder","2 Family","3 Bibliography","4 References"]	Prince of Guria Mamia II GurieliMamia II Gurieli's portrait drawn by Teramo CastelliPrince of GuriaReign1598–1625PredecessorGeorge IISuccessorSimon IDied1625 (or 1627)SpouseTinatin JaqeliIssueAnaSimonManucharTamarTinatinHouseGurieliFatherGeorge II GurieliReligionOrthodox Church of Abkhazia Mamia II Gurieli (-1625/1627) is a 17th-century Georgian prince that ruled over the Principality of Guria in Western Georgia. Son of Prince George II, he succeeded his father in 1600 after spending a decade as head of Gurian troops. As Prince, he distinguished himself as a staunch supporter of closer relations with other Georgian states and an enemy of the Ottoman Empire. However, his policy failed as he was forced to remain under Turkish influence, while his ties with the Kingdom of Imereti progressively declined until an armed conflict and his assassination in 1625. Biography Youth Mamia Gurieli was born at an unknown date after 1566 within the House of Gurieli, a powerful Georgian princely family governing the Principality of Guria as a quasi-independent state since the 15th century. Oldest son of Prince George II and, most likely, of his first wife (a daughter of Prince Levan I Dadiani), his father's reign is largely unstable and characterized by conflicts between the various Georgian states, which forced George II into exile in Istanbul in 1583, though Mamia's fate during that time is unknown. Following his father's return to the throne of Guria in 1587, Mamia was granted several responsibilities. In 1589, he led Gurian troops in the war his father launched against the Kingdom of Imereti and managed, with Ottoman help, to depose King Rostom, who was at the time acting as a puppet king of the Principality of Mingrelia. Mamia crowned the young prince Bagrat IV as King of Imereti and stayed in the royal capital Kutaisi under his father's orders to protect the unstable throne. Starting in 1590, he had to defend the kingdom against the armies of King Simon I of Kartli, the ruler of Central Georgia, who deposed Bagrat IV and expelled the Gurian troops. When Abkhaz pirates under the leadership of Prince Putu launched maritime raids on the Black Sea shores of Guria in 1591, Mamia led the defense of the coast and expelled them. George II died in 1600 (or 1598 in some sources) and Mamia succeeded him as Mamia II Gurieli, a prince enjoying de facto independence but formally under the protection of the Kingdom of Imereti. Ottoman War As soon as he acceded the Gurian throne, Mamia II changed his father's pro-Ottoman and anti-Imeretian foreign policy. 18th-century historian Vakhusht Bagrationi would later describe Mamia II's accession as the beginning of a time of peace between Guria, Imereti, and Mingrelia. His oldest daughter Ana's wedding to King Teimuraz I of Kakheti in 1606 (or 1607–1608 based on other sources) shows that Mamia sought to find allies even the easternmost Georgian states. In a complete reversal of his predecessors' policies, Mamia II forged an alliance with Safavid Persia in 1609 by using his ties to pro-Safavid Kakheti. Using the 1603–1618 Persia-Turkish War to his advantage, he sent a joint Mingrelian-Gurian army to invade Adjara, a former Gurian region annexed by the Ottoman Empire 50 years prior, and slaughtered the Turkish troops stationed in Batumi in 1609. However, with Persia holding little to no imperial ambitions in Western Georgia and Persian troops never reaching Guria, Mamia II was forced to engage with North Caucasian Cossacks to protect his territorial gains. The Cossacks crossed the Dnepr and launched raids on Black Sea Ottoman ports. Istanbul responded by imposing a maritime blockade on Guria and Mingrelia, removing their access to salt and iron imports. In 1614, Mamia II and Levan II Dadiani petitioned Sultan Ahmed I, asking him to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict and on 13 December, Mamia II met Ambassador Omar Pasha and Italian emissary Ludovico Grangiero to negotiate. They agreed to an end of the blockade in exchange for the return of Adjara to the Ottoman Empire, an annual tribute of six grams of silver per household, and male and female slaves. On his side, Mamia won the right to refuse entry to all Ottoman troops. Mingrelia, Abkhazia, and Imereti reached a similar agreement a few months later. Mamia II had to face the Cossacks he invited into his lands. They had been attacking Black Sea ports in Guria and in 1616, launched large raids against Gurian, Mingrelian and Ottoman towns. Alliance and Collapse The return of stability in Western Georgia allowed Mamia II to stay in peace with Mingrelia and Imereti. Together, he wrote a letter to Tsar Michael I of Russia, asking him to grant asylum to exiled king Teimuraz I of Kakheti, a request refused by Moscow. Western unity was solidified again in 1618 with the marriage of Prince Alexander Bagrationi, heir to the throne of Imereti, to Princess Tamar Gurieli, daughter of Mamia II. That alliance was short-lived. In 1620, Kutaisi expelled Princess Tamar, accusing her of adultery and forcing her to find refuge in Guria with her son Bagrat. Guria and Mingrelia responded by imposing a blockade on Imereti and organizing their own marriage alliance: Simon Gurieli, son and heir of Mamia II, married Levan II Dadiani's sister, while Prince Levan II married the daughter of the Prince of Abkhazia. In anticipation of an attack by Imereti, Mingrelia and Guria launched their own attack against King George III in December 1623. A long civil war was started between the different Western Georgian states, a conflict that would last until 1658 and that would considerably weaken the region for centuries to come. Levan Dadiani became de facto lord of all the Black Sea Georgian states and exiled his vizier Paata Tsulukidze after accusing him of treason. Tsulukidze found refuge at the court of Mamia II. Murder Mamia II entertained a difficult relationship with his children. His daughter Ana, queen of Kakheti, died in 1610. His son Manuchar died in 1612. Mamia had a chapel built for the latter at Chekheda in the vicinity of Kobuleti, as a metochion to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. In 1625 (or, according to a 17th-century annotation in a liturgical anthology of the Monastery of Shemokmedi, in 1627), while in open war with Imereti, he was murdered in his sleep by his oldest son Simon. The latter became Prince of Guria and made a donation to the Monastery of Achi to ask the Catholicate of Abkhazia to forgive his sins. Levan II of Mingrelia, opposed to the change in power, invaded the principality, deposed Simon, and became the formal suzerain of House Gurieli. Family Mamia II Gurieli's wife is unknown. But we know of at least six children, including one prince and two queens: Ana Gurieli (-1610), wife of King Teimuraz I of Kakheti; Simon Gurieli (-1672), patricide and next prince of Guria; Manuchar Gurieli (-1612); Tamar Gurieli, wife of Prince Alexander Bagrationi of Imereti; Tinatin Gurieli (-1627), wife of Prince Kaikhosro Bagrationi of Mukhrani; Elene Gurieli, wife of King Vameq Dadiani of Imereti (a daughter of Simon Gurieli according to Cyril Toumanoff). Bibliography Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires – A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. Battaglini, Marco (1699). Annali del sacedrozio e dell imperio (in Italian). Venice. Khakhutaishvili, Davit (2009). კვლევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიის შესახებ (XV-XVIII სს.) (in Georgian). Batumi: Shota Rustaveli State University. References ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 189. ^ a b c d Rayfield 2012, p. 192. ^ a b c d e Rayfield 2012, p. 194. ^ Battaglini 1699, p. 243. ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 196. ^ a b Rayfield 2012, p. 197. ^ a b Khakhutaishvili 2009, p. 43-45. ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 198.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principality of Guria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Guria"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_Gurieli"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti"}],"text":"Prince of GuriaMamia II Gurieli (-1625/1627) is a 17th-century Georgian prince that ruled over the Principality of Guria in Western Georgia. Son of Prince George II, he succeeded his father in 1600 after spending a decade as head of Gurian troops. As Prince, he distinguished himself as a staunch supporter of closer relations with other Georgian states and an enemy of the Ottoman Empire. However, his policy failed as he was forced to remain under Turkish influence, while his ties with the Kingdom of Imereti progressively declined until an armed conflict and his assassination in 1625.","title":"Mamia II Gurieli"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Gurieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gurieli"},{"link_name":"Principality of Guria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Guria"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_Gurieli"},{"link_name":"Levan I Dadiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levan_I_Dadiani"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Guria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"King Rostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostom_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"Principality of Mingrelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia"},{"link_name":"Bagrat IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"Kutaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi"},{"link_name":"Simon I of Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazians"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Mamia Gurieli was born at an unknown date after 1566 within the House of Gurieli, a powerful Georgian princely family governing the Principality of Guria as a quasi-independent state since the 15th century. Oldest son of Prince George II and, most likely, of his first wife (a daughter of Prince Levan I Dadiani), his father's reign is largely unstable and characterized by conflicts between the various Georgian states, which forced George II into exile in Istanbul in 1583, though Mamia's fate during that time is unknown.Following his father's return to the throne of Guria in 1587, Mamia was granted several responsibilities. In 1589, he led Gurian troops in the war his father launched against the Kingdom of Imereti and managed, with Ottoman help, to depose King Rostom, who was at the time acting as a puppet king of the Principality of Mingrelia. Mamia crowned the young prince Bagrat IV as King of Imereti and stayed in the royal capital Kutaisi under his father's orders to protect the unstable throne. Starting in 1590, he had to defend the kingdom against the armies of King Simon I of Kartli, the ruler of Central Georgia, who deposed Bagrat IV and expelled the Gurian troops.When Abkhaz pirates under the leadership of Prince Putu launched maritime raids on the Black Sea shores of Guria in 1591, Mamia led the defense of the coast and expelled them.George II died in 1600 (or 1598 in some sources) and Mamia succeeded him as Mamia II Gurieli, a prince enjoying de facto independence but formally under the protection of the Kingdom of Imereti.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vakhusht Bagrationi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imereti"},{"link_name":"Mingrelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingrelia"},{"link_name":"Teimuraz I of Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012189-1"},{"link_name":"Safavid Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012192-2"},{"link_name":"1603–1618 Persia-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%931618)"},{"link_name":"Adjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012192-2"},{"link_name":"Batumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012192-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012192-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012194-3"},{"link_name":"Levan II Dadiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levan_II_Dadiani"},{"link_name":"Ahmed I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012194-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattaglini1699243-4"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012194-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012194-3"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman War","text":"As soon as he acceded the Gurian throne, Mamia II changed his father's pro-Ottoman and anti-Imeretian foreign policy. 18th-century historian Vakhusht Bagrationi would later describe Mamia II's accession as the beginning of a time of peace between Guria, Imereti, and Mingrelia. His oldest daughter Ana's wedding to King Teimuraz I of Kakheti in 1606[1] (or 1607–1608 based on other sources) shows that Mamia sought to find allies even the easternmost Georgian states.In a complete reversal of his predecessors' policies, Mamia II forged an alliance with Safavid Persia in 1609 by using his ties to pro-Safavid Kakheti.[2] Using the 1603–1618 Persia-Turkish War to his advantage, he sent a joint Mingrelian-Gurian army to invade Adjara,[2] a former Gurian region annexed by the Ottoman Empire 50 years prior, and slaughtered the Turkish troops stationed in Batumi in 1609. However, with Persia holding little to no imperial ambitions in Western Georgia and Persian troops never reaching Guria, Mamia II was forced to engage with North Caucasian Cossacks to protect his territorial gains.[2] The Cossacks crossed the Dnepr and launched raids on Black Sea Ottoman ports.[2]Istanbul responded by imposing a maritime blockade on Guria and Mingrelia, removing their access to salt and iron imports.[3] In 1614, Mamia II and Levan II Dadiani petitioned Sultan Ahmed I, asking him to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict and on 13 December, Mamia II met Ambassador Omar Pasha and Italian emissary Ludovico Grangiero to negotiate.[3] They agreed to an end of the blockade in exchange for the return of Adjara to the Ottoman Empire, an annual tribute of six grams of silver per household, and male and female slaves. On his side, Mamia won the right to refuse entry to all Ottoman troops.[4] Mingrelia, Abkhazia, and Imereti reached a similar agreement a few months later.[3]Mamia II had to face the Cossacks he invited into his lands. They had been attacking Black Sea ports in Guria and in 1616, launched large raids against Gurian, Mingrelian and Ottoman towns.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012194-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bagrationi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012196-5"},{"link_name":"Prince of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012197-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012197-6"}],"sub_title":"Alliance and Collapse","text":"The return of stability in Western Georgia allowed Mamia II to stay in peace with Mingrelia and Imereti. Together, he wrote a letter to Tsar Michael I of Russia, asking him to grant asylum to exiled king Teimuraz I of Kakheti,[3] a request refused by Moscow. Western unity was solidified again in 1618 with the marriage of Prince Alexander Bagrationi, heir to the throne of Imereti, to Princess Tamar Gurieli, daughter of Mamia II.That alliance was short-lived. In 1620, Kutaisi expelled Princess Tamar, accusing her of adultery and forcing her to find refuge in Guria with her son Bagrat.[5] Guria and Mingrelia responded by imposing a blockade on Imereti and organizing their own marriage alliance: Simon Gurieli, son and heir of Mamia II, married Levan II Dadiani's sister, while Prince Levan II married the daughter of the Prince of Abkhazia. In anticipation of an attack by Imereti, Mingrelia and Guria launched their own attack against King George III in December 1623.[6]A long civil war was started between the different Western Georgian states, a conflict that would last until 1658 and that would considerably weaken the region for centuries to come. Levan Dadiani became de facto lord of all the Black Sea Georgian states and exiled his vizier Paata Tsulukidze after accusing him of treason. Tsulukidze found refuge at the court of Mamia II.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kobuleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobuleti"},{"link_name":"metochion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metochion"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhakhutaishvili200943-45-7"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Shemokmedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemokmedi_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhakhutaishvili200943-45-7"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I_Gurieli"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012198-8"},{"link_name":"Catholicate of Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicate_of_Abkhazia"}],"sub_title":"Murder","text":"Mamia II entertained a difficult relationship with his children. His daughter Ana, queen of Kakheti, died in 1610. His son Manuchar died in 1612. Mamia had a chapel built for the latter at Chekheda in the vicinity of Kobuleti, as a metochion to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.[7]In 1625 (or, according to a 17th-century annotation in a liturgical anthology of the Monastery of Shemokmedi, in 1627[7]), while in open war with Imereti, he was murdered in his sleep by his oldest son Simon.[8] The latter became Prince of Guria and made a donation to the Monastery of Achi to ask the Catholicate of Abkhazia to forgive his sins. Levan II of Mingrelia, opposed to the change in power, invaded the principality, deposed Simon, and became the formal suzerain of House Gurieli.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teimuraz I of Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"Simon Gurieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I_Gurieli"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bagrationi of Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Imereti"},{"link_name":"Kaikhosro Bagrationi of Mukhrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikhosro,_Prince_of_Mukhrani"},{"link_name":"Vameq Dadiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vameq_I_Dadiani"},{"link_name":"Cyril Toumanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff"}],"text":"Mamia II Gurieli's wife is unknown. But we know of at least six children, including one prince and two queens:Ana Gurieli (-1610), wife of King Teimuraz I of Kakheti;\nSimon Gurieli (-1672), patricide and next prince of Guria;\nManuchar Gurieli (-1612);\nTamar Gurieli, wife of Prince Alexander Bagrationi of Imereti;\nTinatin Gurieli (-1627), wife of Prince Kaikhosro Bagrationi of Mukhrani;\nElene Gurieli, wife of King Vameq Dadiani of Imereti (a daughter of Simon Gurieli according to Cyril Toumanoff).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires – A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.\nBattaglini, Marco (1699). Annali del sacedrozio e dell imperio [Annals of the priesthood and the empire] (in Italian). Venice.\nKhakhutaishvili, Davit (2009). კვლევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიის შესახებ (XV-XVIII სს.) [Studies on the history of the Principality of Guria (15th–18th centuries)] (in Georgian). Batumi: Shota Rustaveli State University.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires – A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Battaglini, Marco (1699). Annali del sacedrozio e dell imperio [Annals of the priesthood and the empire] (in Italian). Venice.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khakhutaishvili, Davit (2009). კვლევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიის შესახებ (XV-XVIII სს.) [Studies on the history of the Principality of Guria (15th–18th centuries)] (in Georgian). Batumi: Shota Rustaveli State University.","urls":[]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Rapaport	Matilda Rapaport	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","5 Video games","6 References"]	Swedish alpine free-skier Matilda RapaportRapaport at the 2014 Freeride World Tour in ChamonixPersonal informationNationalitySwedishBorn(1986-01-29)29 January 1986Died18 July 2016(2016-07-18) (aged 30)Santiago, ChileOccupationSkierSpouse Mattias Hargin (m. 2016⁠–⁠2016) (her death) Matilda Rapaport (29 January 1986 – 18 July 2016) was a Swedish alpine free-skier. She was married to Swedish alpine skier Mattias Hargin, and was the niece of Swedish actress Alexandra Rapaport. Early life This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2019) Career Rapaport was the winner of the Xtreme Verbier event of the Freeride World Tour in 2013. Death On 14 July 2016 Rapaport was involved in an avalanche accident during the filming of a promotional video for Ubisoft's upcoming video game Steep, in Farellones, Chile. She was buried under the snow and fell into a coma. She was brought to a hospital in Santiago de Chile where she died on 18 July 2016. Filmography Film 2013 Shades of Winter documentary 2014 Pure documentary 2015 A Skier Knows - Spirit of Alaska documentary 2015 A Skier Knows - Entering a Skier's Mind documentary 2016 Between documentary (tribute) Video games Year Title Role Notes 2016 Steep promotion References ^ "Matilda Rapaport, Ski, Swe". Swatch Freeride World Tour. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ "Svenskt skidproffs i koma efter lavinolycka". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 17 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ "Swedish extreme skier Matilda Rapaport dies filming Ubisoft game promo in Chile". BBC News. 20 July 2016. ^ "Matilda Rapaport har avlidit" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ "Swedish skier dies in avalanche tragedy". The Local. Sweden. 18 July 2016. ^ "Extreme skier Matilda Rapaport killed in avalanche in Chile". The Guardian. Reuters. 18 July 2016. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This biographical article relating to alpine skiing in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mattias Hargin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_Hargin"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Rapaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Rapaport"}],"text":"Matilda Rapaport (29 January 1986 – 18 July 2016) was a Swedish alpine free-skier. She was married to Swedish alpine skier Mattias Hargin, and was the niece of Swedish actress Alexandra Rapaport.","title":"Matilda Rapaport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freeride World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeride_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rapaport was the winner of the Xtreme Verbier event of the Freeride World Tour in 2013.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"Steep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steep_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Farellones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farellones"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 14 July 2016 Rapaport was involved in an avalanche accident during the filming of a promotional video for Ubisoft's upcoming video game Steep, in Farellones, Chile. She was buried under the snow and fell into a coma.[2][3] She was brought to a hospital in Santiago de Chile where she died on 18 July 2016.[4][5][6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Video games"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Matilda Rapaport, Ski, Swe\". Swatch Freeride World Tour. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://freerideworldtour.com/riders/matilda-rapaport","url_text":"\"Matilda Rapaport, Ski, Swe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Svenskt skidproffs i koma efter lavinolycka\". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 17 July 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Anderson_(runner)	Jon Anderson (athlete)	["1 Collegiate career","2 The Olympics 10K, Boston Marathon, and beyond","3 Achievements","4 Professional career","5 References","6 External links"]	American athlete For similarly named athletes, see John Anderson (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jon Peter Anderson (born October 12, 1949), is a lifelong Eugene, Oregon resident. He was a publisher and runner best known for winning the 1973 Boston Marathon. Anderson was a competitive long-distance runner from 1966 to 1984. He represented the United States as a member of the 1972 US Olympic track and field team. Collegiate career In 1971, Anderson graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, with a bachelor's degree in economics. In the Ivy League and at the national level, Anderson notched numerous achievements during his collegiate career. His coach during college was long-time, successful Cornell Coach Jack Warner. In 1969 and 1970, Anderson was an Ivy League cross country first team selection, winning the championship in 1970. In the spring of 1970, he was named an NCAA All-American when he placed third in the NCAA Division I six-mile at Drake Stadium, Des Moines, Iowa. He won the Ivy League and Heptagonal Cross Country Championship in 1970 at Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. Anderson was injured (stress fracture) during the 1971 outdoor track season. In his senior year at Cornell, Anderson was elected to the Sphinx Head senior honor society. He was also a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. The Olympics 10K, Boston Marathon, and beyond After graduating from Cornell in 1971, Anderson qualified for the 1972 US Olympic track and field team in the 10,000 meters event at the US Olympic Trials in his hometown, Eugene, Oregon. His father, Les Anderson, was the mayor of Eugene at that time. In front of hometown fans in a stirring finish, Anderson passed Jack Bacheler in the final 50 meters of the race, making up more than eight seconds in the last lap on Bacheler to surprise all in earning the third spot on the US Olympic team. He had placed as the 6th American in the AAU 10,000m in Seattle just two weeks earlier. Anderson ran the 10,000 meters at the Munich Olympics, placing eighth in his heat in 28:34.2, a personal record; however, he did not make the final. Anderson began his running career in Eugene as a senior at Sheldon High School. Bill Bowerman, the legendary University of Oregon track coach and a longtime family friend, taught Anderson the fundamentals of distance running at the beginning of his serious competitive distance running career. Anderson's pivotal achievements helped Eugene to establish itself as a mecca for running, well ahead of the ensuing running boom that rippled across the United States during the 1980s. In February 1972, Anderson won the Channel to Lake 10-Mile Run in Vallejo, California, with a time of 47:46, establishing an unofficial national road race record for the distance. Anderson achieved his greatest success in 1973, winning the 77th Boston Marathon, in a time of 2:16:03 on a very warm day. He overtook defending champion Olavi Suomalainen of Finland on Heartbreak Hill. The then 23-year-old Anderson thus became the first athlete to win a major international sporting event in Nike shoes. At 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), Anderson and the 1942 winner, Bernard Joseph Smith, were Boston's tallest champions. Later in 1973, he placed fourth in the Fukuoka Marathon in Japan (behind four-time Fukuoka winner Frank Shorter). Anderson served as a pallbearer at the funeral for the legendary Steve Prefontaine, who had died in an automobile accident on May 30, 1975. Anderson also represented the US at the 1977 World Cross Country Championships in Düsseldorf, Germany. Anderson's best marathon time is 2:12:03, in a fourth-place finish at the 1980 Nike OTC Marathon, in Eugene, Oregon. In June 1981, Anderson won the Antwerp Marathon in Belgium in a time of 2:17:32, and later that year he won the Honolulu Marathon in Hawaii, where he was timed in 2:16:54. In his last year of competition at age 34, Anderson clocked his 2nd and 3rd fastest marathons, winning a June 1984 marathon in Sydney, Australia in 2:13:18 after placing 5th in 2:13:22 at the Beppu-Oita (Japan) Marathon earlier in the year. In his last race, in September 1984, he placed 4th at the Seoul (Korea) Marathon in 2:16:04 just prior to retiring from competitive running. He ran 21 marathons, finishing 16 of them in under 2:20:00. In 1985, Anderson was inducted into Cornell University's Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Road Runners Club of America Hall of Fame, inducted in 2016. In addition, he is recognized at Nike's headquarters with a plaque along the company's Walk of Fame as the first Nike-sponsored athlete to win an event recognized world wide while wearing Nike shoes. Achievements All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise Year Competition Venue Position Notes Representing the United States 1973 Boston Marathon Boston, United States 1st 2:16:03 1981 Honolulu Marathon Honolulu, Hawaii 1st 2:16:54 1981 Antwerp Marathon Antwerp, Belgium 1st 2:17:32 1984 Wang Australia Marathon Sydney, Australia 1st 2:13:18 Professional career In 1974, Jon Anderson joined Random Lengths Publications, which publishes forest products market activity and price reports. He was named president and publisher in 1984–85 at the same time becoming the sole owner after 60 years of Anderson family ownership. He sold the company in 2018 to London-based Euromoney Institutional Investors. He retired at that time. He served on the University of Oregon Foundation Board of Trustees from 2005 to 2015. Anderson is currently the president of the Eugene Civic Alliance, a non-profit raising funds to redevelop the Civic Park site in Eugene. References ^ a b "Marathon man". The Rotarian. July 1983. p. 46. ^ "ARRS - Race: Nike-OTC". Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Jon Anderson". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. External links "Oregon editor grabs the headlines", HonoluluMarathon.org at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2007) "The Random Lengths Reporting and Editorial Staff", RandomLengths.com vteBoston Marathon – men's winners 1897: John McDermott (USA) 1898: Ronald MacDonald (CAN) 1899: Lawrence Brignolia (USA) 1900–01: Jack Caffery (CAN) 1902: Sammy Mellor (USA) 1903: John Lordan (USA) 1904: Michael Spring (USA) 1905: Frederick Lorz (USA) 1906: Timothy Ford (USA) 1907: Thomas Longboat (CAN) 1908: Thomas Morrissey (USA) 1909: Henri Renaud (USA) 1910: Fred Cameron (CAN) 1911: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1912: Michael Ryan (USA) 1913: Fritz Carlson (USA) 1914: James Duffy (CAN) 1915: Édouard Fabre (CAN) 1916: Arthur Roth (USA) 1917: Bill Kennedy (USA) 1918: (Military Relay) 1919: Carl Linder (USA) 1920: Peter Trivoulides (GRE) 1921: Frank Zuna (USA) 1922–24: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1925: Charles Mellor (USA) 1926: John C. Miles (CAN) 1927–28: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1929: John C. Miles (CAN) 1930: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1931: James Henigan (USA) 1932: Paul de Bruyn (GER) 1933: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1934: Dave Komonen (CAN) 1935: John A. Kelley (USA) 1936: Ellison Brown (USA) 1937: Walter Young (CAN) 1938: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1939: Ellison Brown (USA) 1940: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1941: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1942: Joe Smith (USA) 1943–44: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1945: John A. Kelley (USA) 1946: Stylianos Kyriakides (GRE) 1947: Suh Yun-bok (KOR) 1948: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1949: Gösta Leandersson (SWE) 1950: Ham Kee-yong (KOR) 1951: Shigeki Tanaka (JPN) 1952: Mateo Flores (GTM) 1953: Keizo Yamada (JPN) 1954: Veikko Karvonen (FIN) 1955: Hideo Hamamura (JPN) 1956: Antti Viskari (FIN) 1957: John J. Kelley (USA) 1958: Franjo Mihalić (YUG) 1959: Eino Oksanen (FIN) 1960: Paavo Kotila (FIN) 1961–62: Eino Oksanen (FIN) 1963–64: Aurèle Vandendriessche (BEL) 1965: Morio Shigematsu (JPN) 1966: Kenji Kimihara (JPN) 1967: Dave McKenzie (NZL) 1968: Amby Burfoot (USA) 1969: Yoshiaki Unetani (JPN) 1970: Ron Hill (GBR) 1971: Álvaro Mejía (COL) 1972: Olavi Suomalainen (FIN) 1973: Jon Anderson (USA) 1974: Neil Cusack (IRE) 1975: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1976: Jack Fultz (USA) 1977: Jerome Drayton (CAN) 1978–80: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1981: Toshihiko Seko (JPN) 1982: Alberto Salazar (USA) 1983: Greg Meyer (USA) 1984–85: Geoff Smith (GBR) 1986: Robert de Castella (AUS) 1987: Toshihiko Seko (JPN) 1988: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1989: Abebe Mekonnen (ETH) 1990: Gelindo Bordin (ITA) 1991–92: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1993–95: Cosmas Ndeti (KEN) 1996: Moses Tanui (KEN) 1997: Lameck Aguta (KEN) 1998: Moses Tanui (KEN) 1999: Joseph Chebet (KEN) 2000: Elijah Lagat (KEN) 2001: Lee Bong-ju (KOR) 2002: Rodgers Rop (KEN) 2003: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN) 2004: Timothy Cherigat (KEN) 2005: Hailu Negussie (ETH) 2006–08: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN) 2009: Deriba Merga (ETH) 2010: Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot (KEN) 2011: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2012: Wesley Korir (KEN) 2013: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2014: Meb Keflezighi (USA) 2015: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2016: Lemi Berhanu Hayle (ETH) 2017: Geoffrey Kipkorir Kirui (KEN) 2018: Yuki Kawauchi (JPN) 2019: Lawrence Cherono (KEN) 2020: cancelled 2021: Benson Kipruto (KEN) 2022–23: Evans Chebet (KEN) 2024: Sisay Lemma (KEN) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) vteHonolulu Marathon – men's winners 1973: Duncan MacDonald (USA) 1974: Jeff Galloway (USA) 1975: Jack Foster (NZL) 1976: Duncan MacDonald (USA) 1977: Jeff Wells (USA) 1978: Don Kardong (USA) 1979: Dean Matthews (USA) 1980: Duncan MacDonald (USA) 1981: Jon Anderson (USA) 1982: Dave Gordon (USA) 1983: Kevin Ryan (NZL) 1984: Jorge González (PUR) 1985–87: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1988: Gianni Poli (ITA) 1989–90: Simon Robert Naali (TAN) 1991–92: Benson Masya (KEN) 1993: Lee Bong-ju (KOR) 1994: Benson Masya (KEN) 1995: Josia Thugwane (RSA) 1996–97: Eric Kimaiyo (KEN) 1998: Mbarak Hussein (KEN) 1999–2000: Jimmy Muindi (KEN) 2001–02: Mbarak Hussein (KEN) 2003–05: Jimmy Muindi (KEN) 2006: Ambesse Tolosa (ETH) 2007: Jimmy Muindi (KEN) 2008–09: Patrick Ivuti (KEN) 2010–11: Nicholas Chelimo (KEN) 2012: Wilson Kipsang (KEN) 2013: Gilbert Chepkwony (KEN) 2014: Wilson Chebet (KEN) 2015: Filex Kiprotich (KEN) 2016–17: Lawrence Cherono (KEN) 2018–19: Titus Ekiru (KEN) 2021: Emmanuel Saina (KEN) vte1972 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification 1972 United States Olympic trials (track and field) Men'strack and roadathletes Jon Anderson Jack Bacheler Larry Black Doug Brown Dick Bruggeman Larry Burton Wayne Collett Willie Davenport Tom Dooley Jeff Galloway Eddie Hart Steve Hayden Thomas Hill Leonard Hilton Goetz Klopfer Mike Manley Ralph Mann Vincent Matthews Rod Milburn Kenny Moore Steve Prefontaine Rey Robinson Jim Ryun Steve Savage Jim Seymour Frank Shorter Chuck Smith John Smith Ken Swenson Robert Taylor Gerald Tinker (r) William Weigle Bob Wheeler Rick Wohlhuter Dave Wottle George Young Larry Young Men'sfield athletes Jeff Bannister Jeff Bennett Preston Carrington John Craft Chris Dunn Al Feuerbach George Frenn Tom Gage Bruce Jenner Jan Johnson Ron Jourdan Fred Luke Brian Oldfield John Powell Arnie Robinson Bill Schmidt Al Schoterman Bob Seagren Jay Silvester Dave Smith Steve Smith Milt Sonsky Dwight Stones Tim Vollmer Art Walker Randy Williams George Woods Women'strack athletes Iris Davis Debra Edwards Mable Fergerson Barbara Ferrell Pam Greene Kathy Hammond Patty Johnson Wendy Koenig Francie Kraker Francie Larrieu Madeline Manning Mildrette Netter (r) Lacey O'Neal Mamie Rallins Mattiline Render Jackie Thompson Cheryl Toussaint Martha Watson Women'sfield athletes Kim Attlesey Roberta Brown Sherry Calvert Olga Connolly Gale Fitzgerald Jane Frederick Cindy Gilbert Sandi Goldsberry Kate Schmidt Maren Seidler Jan Svendsen Martha Watson Deanne Wilson Willye White Coaches Bill Bowerman (men's head coach) Ted Haydon (men's assistant coach) Hoover Wright (men's assistant coach) Stan Wright (men's assistant coach) Nell Jackson (women's head coach) Randall Lambert (women's assistant coach) Ron Sorkness (women's assistant coach) Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Anderson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Eugene, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"Boston 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He was a publisher and runner best known for winning the 1973 Boston Marathon.[1] Anderson was a competitive long-distance runner from 1966 to 1984. He represented the United States as a member of the 1972 US Olympic track and field team.[1]","title":"Jon Anderson (athlete)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Ithaca, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Drake Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Stadium_(Drake_University)"},{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Sphinx Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx_Head_Society"},{"link_name":"Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi_Fraternity"}],"text":"In 1971, Anderson graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, with a bachelor's degree in economics. In the Ivy League and at the national level, Anderson notched numerous achievements during his collegiate career. His coach during college was long-time, successful Cornell Coach Jack Warner. In 1969 and 1970, Anderson was an Ivy League cross country first team selection, winning the championship in 1970. In the spring of 1970, he was named an NCAA All-American when he placed third in the NCAA Division I six-mile at Drake Stadium, Des Moines, Iowa. He won the Ivy League and Heptagonal Cross Country Championship in 1970 at Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. Anderson was injured (stress fracture) during the 1971 outdoor track season. In his senior year at Cornell, Anderson was elected to the Sphinx Head senior honor society. He was also a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity.","title":"Collegiate career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10,000 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_track_event"},{"link_name":"Jack Bacheler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bacheler"},{"link_name":"Sheldon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_High_School_(Eugene,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Bill Bowerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bowerman"},{"link_name":"running boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_boom"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon#Heartbreak_Hill"},{"link_name":"Bernard Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Smith_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Frank Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Shorter"},{"link_name":"Steve Prefontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Prefontaine"},{"link_name":"World Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Nike OTC Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_OTC_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Road Runners Club of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Runners_Club_of_America"}],"text":"After graduating from Cornell in 1971, Anderson qualified for the 1972 US Olympic track and field team in the 10,000 meters event at the US Olympic Trials in his hometown, Eugene, Oregon. His father, Les Anderson, was the mayor of Eugene at that time. In front of hometown fans in a stirring finish, Anderson passed Jack Bacheler in the final 50 meters of the race, making up more than eight seconds in the last lap on Bacheler to surprise all in earning the third spot on the US Olympic team. He had placed as the 6th American in the AAU 10,000m in Seattle just two weeks earlier. Anderson ran the 10,000 meters at the Munich Olympics, placing eighth in his heat in 28:34.2, a personal record; however, he did not make the final.Anderson began his running career in Eugene as a senior at Sheldon High School. Bill Bowerman, the legendary University of Oregon track coach and a longtime family friend, taught Anderson the fundamentals of distance running at the beginning of his serious competitive distance running career. Anderson's pivotal achievements helped Eugene to establish itself as a mecca for running, well ahead of the ensuing running boom that rippled across the United States during the 1980s.In February 1972, Anderson won the Channel to Lake 10-Mile Run in Vallejo, California, with a time of 47:46, establishing an unofficial national road race record for the distance.Anderson achieved his greatest success in 1973, winning the 77th Boston Marathon, in a time of 2:16:03 on a very warm day. He overtook defending champion Olavi Suomalainen of Finland on Heartbreak Hill. The then 23-year-old Anderson thus became the first athlete to win a major international sporting event in Nike shoes. At 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), Anderson and the 1942 winner, Bernard Joseph Smith, were Boston's tallest champions. Later in 1973, he placed fourth in the Fukuoka Marathon in Japan (behind four-time Fukuoka winner Frank Shorter).Anderson served as a pallbearer at the funeral for the legendary Steve Prefontaine, who had died in an automobile accident on May 30, 1975.Anderson also represented the US at the 1977 World Cross Country Championships in Düsseldorf, Germany.Anderson's best marathon time is 2:12:03, in a fourth-place finish at the 1980 Nike OTC Marathon, in Eugene, Oregon.[2]In June 1981, Anderson won the Antwerp Marathon in Belgium in a time of 2:17:32, and later that year he won the Honolulu Marathon in Hawaii, where he was timed in 2:16:54. In his last year of competition at age 34, Anderson clocked his 2nd and 3rd fastest marathons, winning a June 1984 marathon in Sydney, Australia in 2:13:18 after placing 5th in 2:13:22 at the Beppu-Oita (Japan) Marathon earlier in the year. In his last race, in September 1984, he placed 4th at the Seoul (Korea) Marathon in 2:16:04 just prior to retiring from competitive running. He ran 21 marathons, finishing 16 of them in under 2:20:00.In 1985, Anderson was inducted into Cornell University's Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Road Runners Club of America Hall of Fame, inducted in 2016. In addition, he is recognized at Nike's headquarters with a plaque along the company's Walk of Fame as the first Nike-sponsored athlete to win an event recognized world wide while wearing Nike shoes.","title":"The Olympics 10K, Boston Marathon, and beyond"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Random Lengths Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Random_Lengths_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"forest products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_product"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"}],"text":"In 1974, Jon Anderson joined Random Lengths Publications, which publishes forest products market activity and price reports. He was named president and publisher in 1984–85 at the same time becoming the sole owner after 60 years of Anderson family ownership. He sold the company in 2018 to London-based Euromoney Institutional Investors. He retired at that time. He served on the University of Oregon Foundation Board of Trustees from 2005 to 2015. Anderson is currently the president of the Eugene Civic Alliance, a non-profit raising funds to redevelop the Civic Park site in Eugene.","title":"Professional career"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marathon man\". The Rotarian. July 1983. p. 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ARRS - Race: Nike-OTC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://more.arrs.run/race/12357","url_text":"\"ARRS - Race: Nike-OTC\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Jon Anderson\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052028/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jon-anderson-1.html","url_text":"\"Jon Anderson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jon-anderson-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://more.arrs.run/race/12357","external_links_name":"\"ARRS - Race: Nike-OTC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052028/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jon-anderson-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jon Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jon-anderson-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215529/http://www.honolulumarathon.org/l/Facts___Figures/history/Historybyyear/1981.htm","external_links_name":"\"Oregon editor grabs the headlines\", HonoluluMarathon.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006041756/http://www.randomlengths.com/base.asp?s1=RL_Staff","external_links_name":"\"The Random Lengths Reporting and Editorial Staff\", RandomLengths.com"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14355119","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification	Trewartha climate classification	["1 Scheme","1.1 Group A: Tropical climates","1.2 Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates","1.3 Group C: Subtropical climates","1.4 Group D: Temperate and continental climates","1.5 Group E: Boreal climates","1.6 Group F: Polar climates","1.7 Group H: Highland climates","2 Universal Thermal Scale","2.1 Examples","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Climate classification system This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Trewartha climate classification" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: Unclear author-year references. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Trewartha climate types for the world (1967) Ac: Tropical Wet Aw: Tropical Wet-And-Dry Bw: Desert or Arid Bs: Steppe or Semiarid Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer Cf: Subtropical Humid Do: Temperate Oceanic Dc: Temperate Continental E: Boreal Ft: Tundra Fi: Ice Cap H: Highland Trewartha climate types for the contiguous United States The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system, created to answer some of its deficiencies. The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems. Scheme Trewartha's modifications to the 1884 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups: C (subtropical)—8 or more months have a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher; D temperate—4 to 7 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher; and E boreal climate—1 to 3 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher. Otherwise, the tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as the original Köppen climate classification. The "highland" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option. Group A: Tropical climates This is the tropical climate realm, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average 18 °C, 64.4 °F, or above). The "A" climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone. Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than 60 mm, 2.4 inches, average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified Ar, while others are classified Aw if the dry season is at the time of low sun/short days or As if the dry season is at the time of high sun/long days. There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but Am was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation). Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates BW and BS mean the same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10(T − 10) + 3P, with T equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and P denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere and October through March in the Southern). If the precipitation for a given location is less than the above formula, its climate is said to be that of a desert (BW); if it is equal to or greater than the above formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as steppe (BS); and if the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula the climate is not in Group B. Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used. Group C: Subtropical climates In the Trewartha scheme the "C" climate group encompasses Subtropical climates that have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. There are only two types within the "C" or subtropical climate group, Cs which is a dry -summer or Mediterranean climate, and a Cf or humid Subtropical climate. Cw types occur within the Cf group and mean subtropical Monsoon climates (like much of east Asia). Group D: Temperate and continental climates In the Trewartha scheme the "D" climate group encompasses Temperate climates that have 4 to 7 months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. "D" climate groups have two types – an Oceanic type (Do), where the coldest month has a mean temperature 0 °C (32 °F) or higher, and a Continental type (Dc), where the coldest monthly mean temperature reaches below 0 °C in some interior landmasses like North America and Asia. For the continental climates (Dc), sometimes the third letter (a or b) is used to denote a hot or cold summer. "Dca" is where the warmest month has a mean temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) or higher, and "Dcb" is used for cool summer temperate climates, where the warmest month has a mean temperature below 22.2 °C. Most of Europe north of the 44th parallel exhibits Do or Dc climate types. Group E: Boreal climates This represents subarctic and subpolar oceanic climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or above. In this climate zone there is only a short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations Eo and Ec were created, with Eo (maritime subarctic) signifying that the coldest month averages above −10 °C (14 °F), while Ec (continental subarctic or "boreal") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below. As in Group D, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There is no separate counterpart to the Köppen Dfd, Dwd, and Dsd climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to the end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month (see below). Group F: Polar climates This is the polar climate group, where all months must have a monthly mean air temperature of below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates have two subtypes Ft (tundra) and Fi (ice cap): In the "Ft" climate type, at least one month has an average temperature above 0 °C or 32 °F (but not above 10 °C (50 °F)), so that there is a brief time when the surface might be free of snow or ice and a scrub or Tundra vegetation cover is possible. In the "Fi" climate type, all months have an average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This is the region of the vast deserts of perpetually frozen ocean in the North Pole, and the permanent ice plateaus of Antarctica and Greenland. Group H: Highland climates Highland climates are those in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification. Specifically, this would apply if correcting the average temperature of each month to a sea-level value using the formula of adding 5.6 °C (10.1 °F) for each 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of elevation would result in the climate fitting into a different thermal group than that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it. Sometimes G is used instead of H if the above is true and the altitude is between 500 and 2,500 meters (1,600 and 8,200 ft), but the G or H is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the corrected monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures. Universal Thermal Scale An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters used conform to the following scale: i — severely hot: Mean monthly temperature ≥35 °C (95 °F) or higher h — very hot: 28 to 34.9 °C (82.4 to 94.8 °F) a — hot: 22.2 to 27.9 °C (72.0 to 82.2 °F) b — warm: 18 to 22.1 °C (64.4 to 71.8 °F) l — mild: 10 to 17.9 °C (50.0 to 64.2 °F) k — cool: 0.1 to 9.9 °C (32.2 to 49.8 °F) o — cold: −9.9 to 0 °C (14.2 to 32.0 °F) c — very cold: −24.9 to −10 °C (−12.8 to 14.0 °F) d — severely cold: −39.9 to −25 °C (−39.8 to −13.0 °F) e — excessively cold: −40 °C (−40 °F) or below. Examples A Awha for Surabaya, Indonesia Ambb for Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela Amhb for Miami, United States Araa for Suva, Fiji B BWil for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia BWhl for Aswan, Egypt BSbc for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia BSaa for Patos, Brazil BWho for Turpan, China BWih for Dallol, Ethiopia BSlk for Río Gallegos, Argentina C Cfak for Tokyo, Japan Cwak for Changwon, South Korea Csll for San Francisco, California Cfhk for Dallas, U.S. Cwhl for Hanoi, Vietnam Cfbl for Melbourne, Australia Cfbk for Vigo, Spain Cflk for Nelson, New Zealand Cfal for Buenos Aires, Argentina Csal for Faro, Portugal D Dobk for London, U.K. Dcao for Seoul, South Korea Dcac for Harbin, China Dcbo for Klagenfurt, Austria Doak for New York City, United States Dclo for Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy Dcbc for Quebec City, Canada E Ecle for Oymyakon, Russia Ecbd for Yakutsk, Russia Eolo for Tromsø, Norway Ecld for Norilsk, Russia Eclc for Karasjok, Norway Eolk for Punta Arenas, Chile F Ftkd for Utqiagvik, Alaska, U.S. Ftkk for Ushuaia, Argentina Fide for Vostok Station in Antarctica. See also Holdridge life zones climate classification by three dimensions: precipitation, humidity, and potential evapotranspiration ratio Koppen climate classification References ^ Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11: 1633–1644 ^ Bailey RG (2009) Ecosystem geography:from ecoregions to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY ^ Belda, M; Holtanová, E; Halenka, T; Kalvová, J (4 February 2014). "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha" (PDF). Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204. (additional material, including more recent KTC maps) ^ Patton CP (1962) A note on the classification of dry climate in the Köppen system. California Geographer 3: 105–112 ^ McKnight, 237–40 ^ Ikonen, Ari T.K. "Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006" (PDF). Posiva Oy iaea.org. p. 72. External links Use of the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification for the People’s Republic of China	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_trewartha.svg"},{"link_name":"climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Glenn Thomas Trewartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Thomas_Trewartha"},{"link_name":"Köppen–Geiger system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Trewartha climate types for the world (1967) Ac: Tropical Wet Aw: Tropical Wet-And-Dry Bw: Desert or Arid Bs: Steppe or Semiarid Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer Cf: Subtropical Humid Do: Temperate Oceanic Dc: Temperate Continental E: Boreal Ft: Tundra Fi: Ice Cap H: HighlandTrewartha climate types for the contiguous United StatesThe Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system, created to answer some of its deficiencies.[1] The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems.[2]","title":"Trewartha climate classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"boreal climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Trewartha's modifications to the 1884 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups: C (subtropical)—8 or more months have a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher; D temperate—4 to 7 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher; and E boreal climate—1 to 3 months have a mean temperature of 10 °C or higher. Otherwise, the tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as the original Köppen climate classification.The \"highland\" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option.[3]","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"dry season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_climate"}],"sub_title":"Group A: Tropical climates","text":"This is the tropical climate realm, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average 18 °C, 64.4 °F, or above). The \"A\" climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone.Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than 60 mm, 2.4 inches, average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified Ar, while others are classified Aw if the dry season is at the time of low sun/short days or As if the dry season is at the time of high sun/long days. There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but Am was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation).","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Universal Thermal Scale (see below)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Universal_Thermal_Scale"}],"sub_title":"Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates","text":"BW and BS mean the same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10(T − 10) + 3P, with T equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and P denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere and October through March in the Southern).[4]If the precipitation for a given location is less than the above formula, its climate is said to be that of a desert (BW); if it is equal to or greater than the above formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as steppe (BS); and if the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula the climate is not in Group B. Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used.","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"}],"sub_title":"Group C: Subtropical climates","text":"In the Trewartha scheme the \"C\" climate group encompasses Subtropical climates that have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher.There are only two types within the \"C\" or subtropical climate group, Cs which is a dry -summer or Mediterranean climate, and a Cf or humid Subtropical climate. Cw types occur within the Cf group and mean subtropical Monsoon climates (like much of east Asia).","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temperate climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"}],"sub_title":"Group D: Temperate and continental climates","text":"In the Trewartha scheme the \"D\" climate group encompasses Temperate climates that have 4 to 7 months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher.\"D\" climate groups have two types – an Oceanic type (Do), where the coldest month has a mean temperature 0 °C (32 °F) or higher, and a Continental type (Dc), where the coldest monthly mean temperature reaches below 0 °C in some interior landmasses like North America and Asia.For the continental climates (Dc), sometimes the third letter (a or b) is used to denote a hot or cold summer. \"Dca\" is where the warmest month has a mean temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) or higher, and \"Dcb\" is used for cool summer temperate climates, where the warmest month has a mean temperature below 22.2 °C.Most of Europe north of the 44th parallel exhibits Do or Dc climate types.","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"subpolar oceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"see below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Universal_Thermal_Scale"}],"sub_title":"Group E: Boreal climates","text":"This represents subarctic and subpolar oceanic climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or above. In this climate zone there is only a short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations Eo and Ec were created, with Eo (maritime subarctic) signifying that the coldest month averages above −10 °C (14 °F), while Ec (continental subarctic or \"boreal\") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below. As in Group D, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There is no separate counterpart to the Köppen Dfd, Dwd, and Dsd climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to the end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month (see below).","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"ice cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap"}],"sub_title":"Group F: Polar climates","text":"This is the polar climate group, where all months must have a monthly mean air temperature of below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates have two subtypes Ft (tundra) and Fi (ice cap):In the \"Ft\" climate type, at least one month has an average temperature above 0 °C or 32 °F (but not above 10 °C (50 °F)), so that there is a brief time when the surface might be free of snow or ice and a scrub or Tundra vegetation cover is possible.In the \"Fi\" climate type, all months have an average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This is the region of the vast deserts of perpetually frozen ocean in the North Pole, and the permanent ice plateaus of Antarctica and Greenland.","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highland climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_climate"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sea-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-level"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group H: Highland climates","text":"Highland climates are those in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification.[5] Specifically, this would apply if[citation needed] correcting the average temperature of each month to a sea-level value using the formula of adding 5.6 °C (10.1 °F)[citation needed] for each 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of elevation would result in the climate fitting into a different thermal group than that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it.Sometimes G is used instead of H if the above is true and the altitude is between 500 and 2,500 meters (1,600 and 8,200 ft), but the G or H is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the corrected monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures.","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters used conform to the following scale:[6]i — severely hot: Mean monthly temperature ≥35 °C (95 °F) or higher\nh — very hot: 28 to 34.9 °C (82.4 to 94.8 °F)\na — hot: 22.2 to 27.9 °C (72.0 to 82.2 °F)\nb — warm: 18 to 22.1 °C (64.4 to 71.8 °F)\nl — mild: 10 to 17.9 °C (50.0 to 64.2 °F)\nk — cool: 0.1 to 9.9 °C (32.2 to 49.8 °F)\no — cold: −9.9 to 0 °C (14.2 to 32.0 °F)\nc — very cold: −24.9 to −10 °C (−12.8 to 14.0 °F)\nd — severely cold: −39.9 to −25 °C (−39.8 to −13.0 °F)\ne — excessively cold: −40 °C (−40 °F) or below.","title":"Universal Thermal Scale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mérida, Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Aswan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Patos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patos"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Turpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Dallol, Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Río Gallegos, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Gallegos"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Changwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changwon"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Nelson, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Oymyakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakon"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norilsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norilsk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Karasjok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasjok"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Utqiagvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utqiagvik,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ushuaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Vostok Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"AAwha for Surabaya, Indonesia\nAmbb for Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela\nAmhb for Miami, United States\nAraa for Suva, FijiBBWil for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\nBWhl for Aswan, Egypt\nBSbc for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia\nBSaa for Patos, Brazil\nBWho for Turpan, China\nBWih for Dallol, Ethiopia\nBSlk for Río Gallegos, ArgentinaCCfak for Tokyo, Japan\nCwak for Changwon, South Korea\nCsll for San Francisco, California\nCfhk for Dallas, U.S.\nCwhl for Hanoi, Vietnam\nCfbl for Melbourne, Australia\nCfbk for Vigo, Spain\nCflk for Nelson, New Zealand\nCfal for Buenos Aires, Argentina\nCsal for Faro, PortugalDDobk for London, U.K.\nDcao for Seoul, South Korea\nDcac for Harbin, China\nDcbo for Klagenfurt, Austria\nDoak for New York City, United States\nDclo for Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy\nDcbc for Quebec City, CanadaEEcle for Oymyakon, Russia\nEcbd for Yakutsk, Russia\nEolo for Tromsø, Norway\nEcld for Norilsk, Russia\nEclc for Karasjok, Norway\nEolk for Punta Arenas, ChileFFtkd for Utqiagvik, Alaska, U.S.\nFtkk for Ushuaia, Argentina\nFide for Vostok Station in Antarctica.","title":"Universal Thermal Scale"}]	[{"image_text":"Trewartha climate types for the world (1967) Ac: Tropical Wet Aw: Tropical Wet-And-Dry Bw: Desert or Arid Bs: Steppe or Semiarid Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer Cf: Subtropical Humid Do: Temperate Oceanic Dc: Temperate Continental E: Boreal Ft: Tundra Fi: Ice Cap H: Highland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png/350px-Trewartha_climate_classification_world_map.png"},{"image_text":"Trewartha climate types for the contiguous United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/US_trewartha.svg/350px-US_trewartha.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Holdridge life zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones"},{"title":"Koppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"}]	[{"reference":"Belda, M; Holtanová, E; Halenka, T; Kalvová, J (4 February 2014). \"Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha\" (PDF). Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr_oa/c059p001.pdf","url_text":"\"Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClRes..59....1B","url_text":"2014ClRes..59....1B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fcr01204","url_text":"10.3354/cr01204"}]},{"reference":"Ikonen, Ari T.K. \"Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006\" (PDF). Posiva Oy iaea.org. p. 72.","urls":[{"url":"https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/43/063/43063333.pdf","url_text":"\"Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22","external_links_name":"\"Trewartha climate classification\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trewartha+climate+classification%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr_oa/c059p001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClRes..59....1B","external_links_name":"2014ClRes..59....1B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fcr01204","external_links_name":"10.3354/cr01204"},{"Link":"http://kfa.mff.cuni.cz/projects/trewartha/","external_links_name":"additional material, including more recent KTC maps"},{"Link":"https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/43/063/43063333.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_baker008.pdf","external_links_name":"Use of the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification for the People’s Republic of China"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamba	Vamba	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Italian journalist and writer (1858–1920) VambaBornLuigi Bertelli(1860-03-19)19 March 1860Florence, ItalyDied27 November 1920(1920-11-27) (aged 62)Florence, ItalyOccupationAuthor Luigi Bertelli (19 March 1860 - 27 November 1920), best known as Vamba, was an Italian writer, illustrator and journalist. Born in Florence, having completed his studies Bertelli became a railway employer, working first in Rimini and later in Foggia. He later started collaborating with the Roman newspaper Capitan Fracassa and in 1884 he was officially employed as a journalist and caricaturist. He soon adopted the pseudonym "Vamba", named after the clown of Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. After collaborating with several newspapers, in 1890 he founded and directed L'O di Giotto, a newspaper close to the radical political positions of Felice Cavallotti, and in 1901 he co-founded the regional newspaper Il Bruscolo. Best known as a children's author, in 1893 Vamba wrote his first pedagogical novel, Ciondolino, and in 1906 he founded and directed until 1911 the nonconformist children magazine Il giornalino della Domenica. Here, he released in sequential installments his best known novel, Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca, the pedagogical and humorous story of a lively 9 year old. In the summer of 1920 he fell ill, dying on 27 November 1920. A funerary monument made by the sculptor Libero Andreotti was inaugurated in Florence on 14 January 1923. References ^ a b c d e f g h Mario Barsali (1967). "Bertelli, Luigi (Vamba)". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 9. Treccani. Further reading Lea Nissim Rossi. Vamba: Luigi Bertelli. Le Monnier, 1954. Armando Michieli. Vamba. La Scuola, 1965. Lea Nissim Rossi. Luigi Bertelli (Vamba). Mondadori Education, 1967. ISBN 8800863507. Anna Ascenzi, Maila Di Felice, Raffaele Tumino. Santa giovinezza!: lettere di Luigi Bertelli e dei suoi corrispondenti, 1883-1920. Alfabetica Edizioni, 2008. ISBN 8890250933. Roberta Anau. Gian Burrasca. Ragazzi di marzapane e cervello di crema. La cucina di Vamba. Il leone verde edizioni, 2010. ISBN 8865800046. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands 2 Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Italian People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"Foggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foggia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Felice Cavallotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Il giornalino della Domenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_giornalino_della_Domenica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"in sequential installments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giornalino_di_Gian_Burrasca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Libero Andreotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libero_Andreotti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Luigi Bertelli (19 March 1860 - 27 November 1920), best known as Vamba, was an Italian writer, illustrator and journalist.Born in Florence, having completed his studies Bertelli became a railway employer, working first in Rimini and later in Foggia.[1] He later started collaborating with the Roman newspaper Capitan Fracassa and in 1884 he was officially employed as a journalist and caricaturist.[1] He soon adopted the pseudonym \"Vamba\", named after the clown of Walter Scott's Ivanhoe.[1] After collaborating with several newspapers, in 1890 he founded and directed L'O di Giotto, a newspaper close to the radical political positions of Felice Cavallotti, and in 1901 he co-founded the regional newspaper Il Bruscolo.[1] Best known as a children's author, in 1893 Vamba wrote his first pedagogical novel, Ciondolino, and in 1906 he founded and directed until 1911 the nonconformist children magazine Il giornalino della Domenica.[1] Here, he released in sequential installments his best known novel, Il Giornalino di Gian Burrasca, the pedagogical and humorous story of a lively 9 year old.[1] In the summer of 1920 he fell ill, dying on 27 November 1920.[1]A funerary monument made by the sculptor Libero Andreotti was inaugurated in Florence on 14 January 1923.[1]","title":"Vamba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8800863507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8800863507"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8890250933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8890250933"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8865800046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8865800046"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3266386#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/227785/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116831448"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000368607055"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/59895910"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMkyqjGTrc6R4vYx3WjC"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1187601"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050690x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050690x"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119517019"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004730"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286189605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87855674"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/rp352x0939624r4"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459484"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0035936&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35192271"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record152264"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201001444"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000188252&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p09524381X"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068821093"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580386805606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53378"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06217162?l=en"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-bertelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/859036"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028731166"}],"text":"Lea Nissim Rossi. Vamba: Luigi Bertelli. Le Monnier, 1954.\nArmando Michieli. Vamba. La Scuola, 1965.\nLea Nissim Rossi. Luigi Bertelli (Vamba). Mondadori Education, 1967. ISBN 8800863507.\nAnna Ascenzi, Maila Di Felice, Raffaele Tumino. Santa giovinezza!: lettere di Luigi Bertelli e dei suoi corrispondenti, 1883-1920. Alfabetica Edizioni, 2008. ISBN 8890250933.\nRoberta Anau. Gian Burrasca. Ragazzi di marzapane e cervello di crema. La cucina di Vamba. Il leone verde edizioni, 2010. ISBN 8865800046.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\n2\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nCroatia\nNetherlands\n2\nPoland\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nItalian People\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mario Barsali (1967). \"Bertelli, Luigi (Vamba)\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 9. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Cohen_Biden	Melissa Cohen Biden	["1 Early life and education","2 Later life","3 References"]	South African-American filmmaker (born 1986) Melissa Cohen BidenBiden in 2021BornMelissa Batya Cohenc. 1986 (age 37–38)Johannesburg, South AfricaEducationGreenside Design Center College of DesignUniversity of California, Los AngelesOccupation(s)Activist, filmmakerSpouse Jason Lavender (m. 2011; div. 2014) Hunter Biden (m. 2019)Children1FamilyBiden (by marriage) Melissa Batya Cohen Biden (born c. 1986) is a South African‐American activist and documentary filmmaker. She is married to Hunter Biden, a son of U.S. President Joe Biden. Early life and education Melissa Cohen was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. She lived in an orphanage and was three years old when adopted by Lee and Zoe Cohen, a South African Jewish couple with three sons. She attended King David High School Victory Park, a Jewish day school, before studying interior design at Greenside Design Center College of Design in South Africa. She moved to Los Angeles when she was 21 years old to attend the University of California, Los Angeles. Later life While in Los Angeles, she met American businessman Jason Lavender. They married in 2011 and separated in 2014. Cohen was an advocate for environmental and nature conservation groups. After her divorce, Cohen launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund a documentary about tribal communities. In 2019, she met Hunter Biden, son of then-former U.S. Vice President and presidential candidate Joe Biden, through friends. She helped Hunter Biden seek treatment for substance use disorder. They have matching "Shalom" tattoos on their left biceps. On May 16, 2019, six days after meeting, they married in a ceremony at her apartment in the Hollywood Hills. In 2019, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Their son, Beau, was born in March 2020 in Los Angeles. She is the step-mother to Biden's three adult daughters - Naomi, Finnegan and Maisey - with his first wife and to the daughter, Navy Joan Roberts, he had in 2018 with Lunden Roberts. She attended the Inauguration of Joe Biden in 2021. She and her family live in Malibu, California. In June 2024, she accompanied her husband to his trial on federal gun charges, where he was found guilty on all 3 counts in Wilmington, Delaware. During a break in the trial on June 4, she confronted Garrett Ziegler, a former aide to President Donald Trump, outside the courtroom. Cohen approached Ziegler, pointed her finger at him and said in a loud voice, "You have no right to be here, you Nazi piece of shit." Her husband had filed a lawsuit against Ziegler, who has been compiling a searchable database of emails discovered on Hunter Biden's laptop, in September 2023. References ^ a b "Exclusive: Hunter Biden talks getting married after 6 days and why his life is in 'the best place I've ever been'". ABC News. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ a b "What Hunter Biden's memoir tells us about Melissa Cohen, his Jewish wife". The Forward. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ Miltz, Nicola (3 June 2021). "Biden's daughter-in-law in SA for mom's funeral". Jewish Report. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ a b Keren David (9 November 2020). "Joe Biden's very Jewish family". The Jewish Chronicle. ^ "Meet Joe Biden's South African daughter-in-law". News24. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "Who Is Melissa Cohen? Filmmaker And Hunter Biden's Wife". Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ Kaloi, Stephanie (13 February 2021). "Who Is Hunter Biden's Wife, Melissa Cohen?". The List. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ "Hunter Biden details lifelong addiction struggle in memoir". AP News. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ "Hunter Biden Just Married His Girlfriend of One Month". W Magazine. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ Newman, Meredith (July 1, 2019). "Hunter Biden talks about his addiction, 'I was in that darkness'". The News-Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ Heil, Emily (June 12, 2019). "Hunter Biden's messy personal life is back in the news. Will it cause political headaches for his dad?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019. ^ Carlson, Adam (April 1, 2020). "Joe Biden's Son Hunter & His Wife Welcome a Son Less Than a Year After Whirlwind Wedding: Report". People. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ a b Stump, Scott (January 21, 2021). "Joe Biden and baby grandson share precious moment at inauguration — and his name is Beau". Today. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Hunter Biden's 5 Children: Everything to Know". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ Nerozzi, Timothy (23 July 2022). "Hunter Biden makes rare public outing amid investigation". Fox News. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ "'You Nazi piece of s---': Hunter Biden's wife confronts Trump ally in hallway outside gun trial". NBC News. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ Morris, Kyle (2024-06-04). "Hunter Biden's wife lashes out at former Trump aide during court appearance: 'Piece of s---'". Fox News. Retrieved 2024-06-05. vteJoe Biden 46th President of the United States (2021–present) 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017) U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009) Early career Early life U.S. Senate career Vice presidency Obama transition Trump transition Classified Information Procedures Act Counterterrorism Act Violence Against Women Act Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act PresidencyAppointments Cabinet Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Executive Office appointments HHS Homeland Security HUD Interior Justice U.S. attorneys Labor State ambassadors Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Judicial appointments Jackson Supreme Court candidates Legislation2021 American Rescue Plan Act Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act National Defense Authorization Act RENACER Act Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 2022 Bipartisan Safer Communities Act CHIPS and Science Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act No TikTok on Government Devices Act Pregnant Workers Fairness Act State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Inflation Reduction Act Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act PACT Act National Defense Authorization Act Postal Service Reform Act Respect for Marriage Act Speak Out Act Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act 2023 COVID-19 Origin Act Fiscal Responsibility Act National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 2024 Consolidated Appropriations Act Policies Cannabis COVID-19 COVID-19 Advisory Board White House COVID-19 Response Team Economic Biden v. Nebraska Build Back Better Plan Electoral and ethical Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court Summit for Democracy Environmental 2021 Leaders Summit on Climate Executive Order 13990 Foreign 2021 Russia–United States summit 2023 Chinese balloon incident AUKUS Camp David Principles Afghanistan withdrawal killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri War in Ukraine 2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy 2023 visit to Ukraine War in Israel accusation of genocide complicity Immigration Social Space Timeline Transition Inauguration security protests First 100 days 2021 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2022 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2023 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2024 Q1 Q2 Classified documents incident Efforts to impeach House Oversight Committee investigation inquiry Executive actions proclamations Opinion polling 2021 2022 2023 2024 Presidential trips international 2021 2022 2023 2024ElectionsU.S. Senate 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 Vice presidential 2008 campaign selection convention debate election transition 2012 campaign convention debate election Presidential 1988 campaign primaries 2008 campaign primaries debates 2020 campaign endorsements celebrity organizations Congress state and territorial officials municipal officials primaries endorsements debates Unity Task Forces running mate selection convention debates election protests 2024 campaign primaries endorsements protest vote movements election Family Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather) Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife) Jill Biden (second wife) James Biden (brother) Valerie Biden Owens (sister) Beau Biden (son) Hunter Biden (son) Ashley Biden (daughter) Howard Krein (son-in-law) Hallie Olivere Biden (daughter-in-law) Kathleen Buhle (former daughter-in-law) Melissa Cohen Biden (daughter-in-law) Naomi Biden (granddaughter) Dogs Champ Major Commander Cat Willow Writings Promises to Keep Promise Me, Dad Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword) Speeches Inaugural address (2021) Joint session of Congress (2021) State of the Union Address 2022 2023 2024 Warsaw speech (2022) Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech (2022) Vilnius speech (2023) Mediadepictions Confirmation The Choice 2020 "Intro to Political Science" My Son Hunter "One Last Ride" The Onion's "Diamond Joe" Our Cartoon President Saturday Night Live parodies Spitting Image Related Awards Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot Biden Foundation Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory Buy a Shotgun Eponyms Hunter Biden laptop controversy I Did That! Let's Go Brandon Public image Sexual assault allegation Situation Room Sleepy Joe Trump–Ukraine scandal ← Donald Trump ← Dick Cheney Mike Pence → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"Hunter Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"}],"text":"Melissa Batya Cohen Biden (born c. 1986)[1] is a South African‐American activist and documentary filmmaker. She is married to Hunter Biden, a son of U.S. President Joe Biden.","title":"Melissa Cohen Biden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South African Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King David High School Victory Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Schools,_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Melissa Cohen was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. She lived in an orphanage and was three years old when adopted by Lee and Zoe Cohen, a South African Jewish couple with three sons.[2][3] She attended King David High School Victory Park, a Jewish day school, before studying interior design at Greenside Design Center College of Design in South Africa.[4][5] She moved to Los Angeles when she was 21 years old to attend the University of California, Los Angeles.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hunter Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden"},{"link_name":"U.S. Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Vice_President"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-2"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"naturalized citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-today-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-today-13"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"President Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Hunter Biden's laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"While in Los Angeles, she met American businessman Jason Lavender. They married in 2011 and separated in 2014.[6] Cohen was an advocate for environmental and nature conservation groups.[4]After her divorce, Cohen launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund a documentary about tribal communities.[7]In 2019, she met Hunter Biden, son of then-former U.S. Vice President and presidential candidate Joe Biden, through friends. She helped Hunter Biden seek treatment for substance use disorder.[8] They have matching \"Shalom\" tattoos on their left biceps.[2] On May 16, 2019, six days after meeting, they married in a ceremony at her apartment in the Hollywood Hills.[9][10][11] In 2019, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[1]Their son, Beau, was born in March 2020 in Los Angeles.[12][13] She is the step-mother to Biden's three adult daughters - Naomi, Finnegan and Maisey - with his first wife and to the daughter, Navy Joan Roberts, he had in 2018 with Lunden Roberts.[14]She attended the Inauguration of Joe Biden in 2021.[13]She and her family live in Malibu, California.[15]In June 2024, she accompanied her husband to his trial on federal gun charges, where he was found guilty on all 3 counts in Wilmington, Delaware. During a break in the trial on June 4, she confronted Garrett Ziegler, a former aide to President Donald Trump, outside the courtroom. Cohen approached Ziegler, pointed her finger at him and said in a loud voice, \"You have no right to be here, you Nazi piece of shit.\" Her husband had filed a lawsuit against Ziegler, who has been compiling a searchable database of emails discovered on Hunter Biden's laptop, in September 2023.[16][17]","title":"Later life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Hunter Biden talks getting married after 6 days and why his life is in 'the best place I've ever been'\". ABC News. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-hunter-biden-talks-married-days-life-best/story?id=66333924","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Hunter Biden talks getting married after 6 days and why his life is in 'the best place I've ever been'\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Hunter Biden's memoir tells us about Melissa Cohen, his Jewish wife\". The Forward. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://forward.com/schmooze/467305/what-hunter-bidens-memoir-tells-us-about-melissa-cohen-his-jewish-wife/","url_text":"\"What Hunter Biden's memoir tells us about Melissa Cohen, his Jewish wife\""}]},{"reference":"Miltz, Nicola (3 June 2021). \"Biden's daughter-in-law in SA for mom's funeral\". Jewish Report. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sajr.co.za/bidens-daughter-in-law-in-sa-for-moms-funeral/","url_text":"\"Biden's daughter-in-law in SA for mom's funeral\""}]},{"reference":"Keren David (9 November 2020). \"Joe Biden's very Jewish family\". The Jewish Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/news/world/joe-biden-s-very-jewish-family-1.508420","url_text":"\"Joe Biden's very Jewish family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Joe Biden's South African daughter-in-law\". News24. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/meet-melissa-cohen-biden-joe-bidens-south-african-daughter-in-law-2020-11","url_text":"\"Meet Joe Biden's South African daughter-in-law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Is Melissa Cohen? Filmmaker And Hunter Biden's Wife\". Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shethepeople.tv/us/who-is-melissa-cohen-hunter-biden-wife/","url_text":"\"Who Is Melissa Cohen? Filmmaker And Hunter Biden's Wife\""}]},{"reference":"Kaloi, Stephanie (13 February 2021). \"Who Is Hunter Biden's Wife, Melissa Cohen?\". The List. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelist.com/333768/the-truth-about-hunter-bidens-wife-melissa-cohen/","url_text":"\"Who Is Hunter Biden's Wife, Melissa Cohen?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hunter Biden details lifelong addiction struggle in memoir\". AP News. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/hunter-biden-ukraine-firm-memoir-beautiful-things-40d98f7edf2e72f84ba2f12856327c5e","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden details lifelong addiction struggle in memoir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hunter Biden Just Married His Girlfriend of One Month\". W Magazine. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/hunter-biden-melissa-cohen-wedding","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden Just Married His Girlfriend of One Month\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Meredith (July 1, 2019). \"Hunter Biden talks about his addiction, 'I was in that darkness'\". The News-Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/07/01/hunter-biden-talks-his-addiction-i-darkness/1615964001/","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden talks about his addiction, 'I was in that darkness'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News-Journal","url_text":"The News-Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703021818/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/07/01/hunter-biden-talks-his-addiction-i-darkness/1615964001/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heil, Emily (June 12, 2019). \"Hunter Biden's messy personal life is back in the news. Will it cause political headaches for his dad?\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/06/12/hunter-biden-married-los-angeles-woman-after-split-with-his-brothers-widow/?noredirect=on","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden's messy personal life is back in the news. Will it cause political headaches for his dad?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190613011426/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/06/12/hunter-biden-married-los-angeles-woman-after-split-with-his-brothers-widow/?noredirect=on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Adam (April 1, 2020). \"Joe Biden's Son Hunter & His Wife Welcome a Son Less Than a Year After Whirlwind Wedding: Report\". People. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/hunter-biden-wife-melissa-gives-birth-son-report/","url_text":"\"Joe Biden's Son Hunter & His Wife Welcome a Son Less Than a Year After Whirlwind Wedding: Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200411051335/https://people.com/parents/hunter-biden-wife-melissa-gives-birth-son-report/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stump, Scott (January 21, 2021). \"Joe Biden and baby grandson share precious moment at inauguration — and his name is Beau\". Today. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/parents/joe-biden-s-baby-grandson-beau-was-adorable-inauguration-t206415","url_text":"\"Joe Biden and baby grandson share precious moment at inauguration — and his name is Beau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)","url_text":"Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121143428/https://www.today.com/parents/joe-biden-s-baby-grandson-beau-was-adorable-inauguration-t206415","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hunter Biden's 5 Children: Everything to Know\". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/all-about-hunter-biden-kids-7551103","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden's 5 Children: Everything to Know\""}]},{"reference":"Nerozzi, Timothy (23 July 2022). \"Hunter Biden makes rare public outing amid investigation\". Fox News. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/us/hunter-biden-makes-rare-public-outing-investigation","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden makes rare public outing amid investigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"'You Nazi piece of s---': Hunter Biden's wife confronts Trump ally in hallway outside gun trial\". NBC News. 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/-nazi-piece-s-hunter-bidens-wife-confronts-trump-ally-hallway-gun-tria-rcna155450","url_text":"\"'You Nazi piece of s---': Hunter Biden's wife confronts Trump ally in hallway outside gun trial\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Kyle (2024-06-04). \"Hunter Biden's wife lashes out at former Trump aide during court appearance: 'Piece of s---'\". Fox News. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hunter-bidens-wife-lashes-former-trump-aide-during-court-appearance","url_text":"\"Hunter Biden's wife lashes out at former Trump aide during court appearance: 'Piece of s---'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-hunter-biden-talks-married-days-life-best/story?id=66333924","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Hunter Biden talks getting married after 6 days and why his life is in 'the best place I've ever been'\""},{"Link":"https://forward.com/schmooze/467305/what-hunter-bidens-memoir-tells-us-about-melissa-cohen-his-jewish-wife/","external_links_name":"\"What Hunter Biden's memoir tells us about Melissa Cohen, his Jewish wife\""},{"Link":"https://www.sajr.co.za/bidens-daughter-in-law-in-sa-for-moms-funeral/","external_links_name":"\"Biden's daughter-in-law in SA for mom's funeral\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejc.com/news/world/joe-biden-s-very-jewish-family-1.508420","external_links_name":"\"Joe Biden's very Jewish family\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/meet-melissa-cohen-biden-joe-bidens-south-african-daughter-in-law-2020-11","external_links_name":"\"Meet Joe Biden's South African daughter-in-law\""},{"Link":"https://www.shethepeople.tv/us/who-is-melissa-cohen-hunter-biden-wife/","external_links_name":"\"Who Is Melissa Cohen? Filmmaker And Hunter Biden's Wife\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelist.com/333768/the-truth-about-hunter-bidens-wife-melissa-cohen/","external_links_name":"\"Who Is Hunter Biden's Wife, Melissa Cohen?\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/hunter-biden-ukraine-firm-memoir-beautiful-things-40d98f7edf2e72f84ba2f12856327c5e","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden details lifelong addiction struggle in memoir\""},{"Link":"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/hunter-biden-melissa-cohen-wedding","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden Just Married His Girlfriend of One Month\""},{"Link":"https://delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/07/01/hunter-biden-talks-his-addiction-i-darkness/1615964001/","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden talks about his addiction, 'I was in that darkness'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703021818/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2019/07/01/hunter-biden-talks-his-addiction-i-darkness/1615964001/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/06/12/hunter-biden-married-los-angeles-woman-after-split-with-his-brothers-widow/?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden's messy personal life is back in the news. Will it cause political headaches for his dad?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190613011426/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/06/12/hunter-biden-married-los-angeles-woman-after-split-with-his-brothers-widow/?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.com/parents/hunter-biden-wife-melissa-gives-birth-son-report/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Biden's Son Hunter & His Wife Welcome a Son Less Than a Year After Whirlwind Wedding: Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200411051335/https://people.com/parents/hunter-biden-wife-melissa-gives-birth-son-report/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.today.com/parents/joe-biden-s-baby-grandson-beau-was-adorable-inauguration-t206415","external_links_name":"\"Joe Biden and baby grandson share precious moment at inauguration — and his name is Beau\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121143428/https://www.today.com/parents/joe-biden-s-baby-grandson-beau-was-adorable-inauguration-t206415","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.com/all-about-hunter-biden-kids-7551103","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden's 5 Children: Everything to Know\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/us/hunter-biden-makes-rare-public-outing-investigation","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden makes rare public outing amid investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/-nazi-piece-s-hunter-bidens-wife-confronts-trump-ally-hallway-gun-tria-rcna155450","external_links_name":"\"'You Nazi piece of s---': Hunter Biden's wife confronts Trump ally in hallway outside gun trial\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hunter-bidens-wife-lashes-former-trump-aide-during-court-appearance","external_links_name":"\"Hunter Biden's wife lashes out at former Trump aide during court appearance: 'Piece of s---'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_York_State_legislative_elections	2008 New York State legislative elections	["1 New York State Assembly","2 New York State Senate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Elections in New York State Federal government Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem GOP 2012 2016 Dem GOP 2020 Dem 2024 Dem GOP U.S. Senate 1789 1791 1795 1796 sp 1797 Jan 1798 sp Aug 1798 sp Apr 1800 sp Nov 1800 sp 1801 1802 sp 1803 Feb 1804 sp Nov 1804 sp 1807 1809 1813 1815 1819–20 1821 1825–26 1827 1829 sp 1831 1833 1833 sp 1837 1839–40 1843 1845 sp 1849 1851 1855 1857 1861 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1879 1881 1881 sp 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1938 sp 1940 1944 1946 1949 sp 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2010 sp 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 U.S. House 1789 1790 1791 1st sp 1793 1794 1796 1798 1799 1st sp 1800 1801 5th sp 1801 6th sp 1802 1803 6th sp 1803 7th sp 1804 1st sp 2nd and 3rd sp 1805 2nd and 3rd sp 1806 1808 12th sp 1810 2nd sp 1812 6th sp 1813 15th sp 1813 2nd sp 1814 1815 6th sp 1815 12th sp 1816 20th sp 21st sp 1817 4th sp 1818 1821 6th sp 1821 9th sp 1822 1823 28th sp 1824 1826 1827 29th sp 1828 5th sp 1830 6th sp 20th sp 1832 1834 1836 17th sp 30th sp 1838 1840 1841 26th May sp 26th Nov sp 1842 1844 1846 12th sp 1848 1850 1852 1854 12th sp 1856 1858 1859 4th sp 1860 31st sp 1862 1863 14th sp 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 12th sp 1880 32nd sp 1881 9th sp 11th sp 22nd sp 1881 27th sp 1882 1884 1885 8th sp 1886 15th sp 1888 1889 6th sp 9th sp 27th sp 1890 1891 2nd sp 10th sp 1891 12th sp 22nd sp 1892 1894 14th sp 15th sp 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25th sp 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp State government New York gubernatorial elections 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Comptroller elections 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Assembly elections 99th district, 2006 2008 2016 2018 2020 2022 State elections by year 1811-LtGSE 1844 1846 1847-JSE 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1870–JSE 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 2002 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 New York City Mayoral elections Pre-consolidation: 1886 Post-consolidation: 1917 1921 1925 1929 1932 1933 1937 1941 1945 1950 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 City Council elections Pre-consolidation: 1808 Post-consolidation: 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Public Advocate elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 (special) 2019 2021 Comptroller elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Borough president elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Albany Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Buffalo Mayoral elections 1881 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Rochester Mayoral elections 1997 2001 2005 2009 2011 sp 2013 2017 2021 Syracuse Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 2021 vte The 2008 New York State Legislature primary election took place on September 9, 2008, and the general election was held on November 4, 2008. All 150 members of the New York State Assembly and all 62 seats of the New York State Senate were up for election. Members of the Assembly and the State Senate serve two-year terms. The State Senate was heavily contested, as the Republicans held a 32-30 majority going into the election. The election saw the Democrats take control of the State Senate for the first time since 1966 with a 32-30 majority. They gained one seat in the State Assembly. Therefore, Democrats held a trifecta in the state for the first time since 1935. New York State Assembly District Party Incumbent Status Party Candidate Votes % 1 Democratic Marc Alessi Democratic Marc Alessi 36,680 60.35% Republican James Staudenraus 24,095 39.95% 2 Republican Fred Thiele Republican Fred Thiele 32,376 62.1% Democratic William Pitcher 19,793 37.9% 3 Democratic Patricia Eddington Democratic Patricia Eddington 30,334 64.75% Republican Scott Salimando 16,512 35.35% 4 Democratic Steven Englebright Democratic Steven Englebright 34,760 66.1% Republican Bruce Bennett 17,831 33.9% 5 Democratic Ginny Fields Democratic Ginny Fields 30,191 63.5% Republican John Bugler 17,334 36.5% 6 Democratic Philip Ramos Democratic Philip Ramos 23,386 92.2% Conservative Waldo Cabrera 1,968 7.8% 7 Republican Michael J. Fitzpatrick Republican Michael J. Fitzpatrick 36,851 66.6% Democratic Allen Huggins 18,520 33.4% 8 Republican Philip Boyle Republican Philip Boyle 29,449 60.5% Democratic Elizabeth Bloom 19,198 39.5% 9 Republican Andrew Raia Republican Andrew Raia 33,905 61.5% Democratic Karen Kerr-Ozimek 20,225 36.7% Working Families Michele Mastrangelo 1,002 1.8% 10 Republican James Conte Republican James Conte 30,987 57.9% Democratic Jeffrey Stark 22,531 42.1% 11 Democratic Robert Sweeney Democratic Robert Sweeney 28,358 71.3% Republican James McDonaugh 11,415 28.7% 12 Republican Joseph Saladino Republican Joseph Saladino 38,800 67.9% Democratic Keith Scalia 18,307 32.1% 13 Democratic Charles Lavine Democratic Charles Lavine 35,960 65.3% Republican George Mcmenamin 19,118 34.7% 14 Republican Robert Barra Republican Robert Barra 31,167 57.35% Democratic Joseph Ferrara 23,178 42.65% 15 Republican Rob Walker Republican Rob Walker 30,528 60.1% Democratic Stephanie Ovadia 20,272 39.9% 16 Democratic Michelle Schimel Democratic Michelle Schimel 34,555 63.4% Republican Matthew Mitchell 19,961 36.6% 17 Republican Thomas McKevitt Republican Thomas McKevitt 31,803 57.7% Democratic John Pinto 23,321 42.3% 18 Democratic Earlene Hill Hooper Democratic Earlene Hill Hooper 31,629 85.1% Republican Darren Bryant 4,538 12.2% Working Families Henry Conyers 990 2.7% 19 Republican David McDonough Republican David McDonough 33,260 62.0% Democratic Howard Kudler 20,363 38.0% 20 Democratic Harvey Weisenberg Democratic Harvey Weisenberg 34,803 66.6% Republican Michael McGinty 17,435 33.4% 21 Republican Thomas Alfano Republican Thomas Alfano 31,440 62.3% Democratic Alan Smilowitz 19,010 37.7% 22 Democratic Ellen Young Defeated In Primary Democratic Grace Meng 13,549 87.7% Independence Ellen Young 1,472 9.5% Working Families Ellen Young 426 2.8% 23 Democratic Audrey Pheffer Democratic Audrey Pheffer 21,040 67.4% Republican Gerald Sullivan 10,183 32.6% 24 Democratic Mark Weprin Democratic Mark Weprin 27,166 100% 25 Democratic Rory I. Lancman Democratic Rory I. Lancman 16,177 100% 26 Democratic Ann-Margaret Carrozza Democratic Ann-Margaret Carrozza 23,587 67% Republican Robert Speranza 11,639 33% 27 Democratic Nettie Mayersohn Democratic Nettie Mayersohn 19,495 100% 28 Democratic Andrew Hevesi Democratic Andrew Hevesi 22,667 72.9% Republican Walter Schmidt 8,413 27.1% 29 Democratic William Scarborough Democratic William Scarborough 29,497 100% 30 Democratic Margaret Markey Democratic Margaret Markey 17,057 67.4% Republican Anthony Nunziato 8,247 32.6% 31 Democratic Michele Titus Democratic Michele Titus 24,164 100% 32 Democratic Vivian E. Cook Democratic Vivian E. Cook 28,115 100% 33 Democratic Barbara Clark Democratic Barbara Clark 31,698 100% 34 Democratic Ivan Lafayette Retiring Democratic Michael DenDekker 14,152 100% 35 Democratic Jeffrion Aubry Democratic Jeffrion Aubry 15,183 100% 36 Democratic Michael N. Gianaris Democratic Michael N. Gianaris 22,695 100% 37 Democratic Catherine Nolan Democratic Catherine Nolan 19,132 100% 38 Democratic Anthony Seminerio Democratic Anthony Seminerio 18,700 100% 39 Democratic Jose Peralta Democratic Jose Peralta 11,988 100% 40 Nonpartisan Vacant Democratic Inez Barron 29,039 96.6% Republican Kenneth Waluyn 1,018 3.4% 41 Democratic Helene Weinstein Democratic Helene Weinstein 25,547 83.8% Republican Alan Bellone 4,940 16.2% 42 Democratic Rhoda Jacobs Democratic Rhoda Jacobs 25,108 93.9% Republican Alan Kesler 1,643 6.1% 43 Democratic Karim Camara Democratic Karim Camara 26,769 92.7% Republican Stuart Balberg 2,096 7.3% 44 Democratic James F. Brennan Democratic James F. Brennan 26,490 84.3% Republican Yvette Bennett 4,919 15.7% 45 Democratic Steven Cymbrowitz Democratic Steven Cymbrowitz 21,873 100% 46 Democratic Alec Brook-Krasny Democratic Alec Brook-Krasny 19,293 70.05% Republican Robert Capano 8,250 29.95% 47 Democratic William Colton Democratic William Colton 14,949 72.7% Republican Russell Gallo 5,627 27.3% 48 Democratic Dov Hikind Democratic Dov Hikind 18,918 94.3% Conservative Herbert Ryan 1,139 5.7% 49 Democratic Peter Abbate Democratic Peter Abbate 14,034 71.9% Republican Lucretia Regina-Potter 5,487 28.1% 50 Democratic Joseph Lentol Democratic Joseph Lentol 24,538 89.95% Republican Teresa Puccio 2,742 10.05% 51 Democratic Félix Ortiz Democratic Félix Ortiz 16,302 86.9% Republican Luis Garcia 2,161 11.5% Conservative Grace Coen 290 1.6% 52 Democratic Joan Millman Democratic Joan Millman 47,704 91.8% Republican Pedro Monge 4,272 8.2% 53 Democratic Vito Lopez Democratic Vito Lopez 25,733 94.4% Republican Frances Cutrone 1,531 5.6% 54 Democratic Darryl Towns Democratic Darryl Towns 20,532 95.7% Republican Khorshed Chowdhury 923 4.3% 55 Democratic William Boyland, Jr. Democratic William Boyland, Jr. 27,326 98.15% Republican Jonathan Anderson 516 1.85% 56 Democratic Annette Robinson Democratic Annette Robinson 30,911 98.5% Republican Henry Snead 477 1.5% 57 Democratic Hakeem Jeffries Democratic Hakeem Jeffries 39,992 98.0% Republican Charles Brickous 801 2.0% 58 Democratic N. Nick Perry Democratic N. Nick Perry 30,069 100% 59 Democratic Alan Maisel Democratic Alan Maisel 24,569 94.9% Conservative Edward Bracken 1,316 5.1% 60 Democratic Janele Hyer-Spencer Democratic Janele Hyer-Spencer 20,077 54.7% Republican Joseph Cammarata 16,620 45.3% 61 Democratic Matthew Titone Democratic Matthew Titone 25,974 73.1% Republican Thomas Mcginley 8,578 24.1% Independence Rose Margarella 985 2.8% 62 Republican Lou Tobacco Republican Lou Tobacco 30,410 72.0% Democratic Albert Albanese 11,816 28.0% 63 Democratic Michael Cusick Democratic Michael Cusick 23,568 65.3% Republican David Pascarella 12,539 34.7% 64 Democratic Sheldon Silver Democratic Sheldon Silver 27,632 78.9% Republican Danniel Maio 7,387 21.1% 65 Democratic Micah Kellner Democratic Micah Kellner 36,672 75.9% Republican Georgiana Viest 11,629 24.1% 66 Democratic Deborah Glick Democratic Deborah Glick 49,914 100% 67 Democratic Linda Rosenthal Democratic Linda Rosenthal 44,522 83.5% Republican Eleanor Friedman 8,820 16.5% 68 Democratic Adam Clayton Powell IV Democratic Adam Clayton Powell IV 30,161 91.65% Republican Norma Soriano 2,122 6.45% Independence George Espada 627 1.9% 69 Democratic Daniel O'Donnell Democratic Daniel O'Donnell 43,123 100% 70 Democratic Keith L. T. Wright Democratic Keith L. T. Wright 37,130 97.2% Republican Rueben Riley 1,076 2.8% 71 Democratic Herman D. Farrell Democratic Herman D. Farrell 33,824 92.7% Republican Kenneth Britton 2,646 7.3% 72 Democratic Adriano Espaillat Democratic Adriano Espaillat 26,712 94.15% Republican William Buran 1,661 6.85% 73 Democratic Jonathan Bing Democratic Jonathan Bing 37,628 73.8% Republican David Casavis 13,377 26.2% 74 Democratic Brian Kavanagh Democratic Brian Kavanagh 38,763 85.3% Republican Bryan Cooper 6,679 14.7% 75 Democratic Richard Gottfried Democratic Richard Gottfried 43,452 82.3% Republican Saul Farber 9,371 17.7% 76 Democratic Peter Rivera Democratic Peter Rivera 26,832 92.5% Republican Charles Serrano 2,167 7.5% 77 Democratic Aurelia Greene Democratic Aurelia Greene 23,857 96.6% Republican Anthony Curry 849 3.4% 78 Democratic Jose Rivera Democratic Jose Rivera 18,452 90.6% Republican Jose Torres 1,701 8.3% Conservative Robert Lupo 222 1.1% 79 Democratic Michael Benjamin Democratic Michael Benjamin 26,083 98.6% Conservative Sigfredo Gonzalez 364 1.4% 80 Democratic Naomi Rivera Democratic Naomi Rivera 20,075 78.8% Republican Louise Delucia 4,917 18.7% Conservative Patrick McManus 665 2.5% 81 Democratic Jeffrey Dinowitz Democratic Jeffrey Dinowitz 28,702 95.8% Conservative Jeffrey Klapper 1,271 4.2% 82 Democratic Michael Benedetto Democratic Michael Benedetto 29,619 82.9% Republican Raymond Capone 6,092 17.1% 83 Democratic Carl Heastie Democratic Carl Heastie 30,584 97.1% Republican Michael Blot 909 2.9% 84 Democratic Carmen E. Arroyo Democratic Carmen E. Arroyo 22,575 98.8% Conservative Frank Dellavalle 271 1.2% 85 Democratic Ruben Diaz, Jr. Democratic Ruben Diaz, Jr. 23,423 95.7% Republican Nelson Moran 867 3.5% Conservative Sandra Eligon 192 0.8% 86 Nonpartisan Vacant Democratic Nelson Castro 18,248 95.25% Republican Lisa Marie Campbell 910 4.75% 87 Democratic J. Gary Pretlow Democratic J. Gary Pretlow 30,417 93.5% Conservative Ralph Pearson 1,212 3.7% Working Families Ernest Boaten 901 2.8% 88 Democratic Amy Paulin Democratic Amy Paulin 35,153 69.2% Republican Anthony Pilla 15,655 30.8% 89 Democratic Adam Bradley Democratic Adam Bradley 40,238 100% 90 Democratic Sandra Galef Democratic Sandra Galef 35,852 67.3% Republican William Gouldman 16,520 30.5% Working Families Richard Quaglietta 1,197 2.2% 91 Democratic George Latimer Democratic George Latimer 31,886 71.3% Republican Rob Biagi 12,816 28.7% 92 Democratic Richard Brodsky Democratic Richard Brodsky 41,624 100% 93 Democratic Mike Spano Democratic Mike Spano 33,650 73.6% Republican James Faulkner 12,043 26.3% 94 Democratic Kenneth Zebrowski, Jr. Democratic Kenneth Zebrowski, Jr. 43,227 100% 95 Democratic Ellen C. Jaffee Democratic Ellen C. Jaffee 32,850 100% 96 Republican Nancy Calhoun Republican Nancy Calhoun 29,477 53.45% Democratic Richard Randazzo 25,674 46.55% 97 Republican Ann Rabbitt Republican Ann Rabbitt 32,400 61.7% Democratic Jerome Sommer 20,118 38.3% 98 Democratic Aileen Gunther Democratic Aileen Gunther 35,630 100% 99 Republican Greg Ball Republican Greg Ball 33,323 57.8% Democratic John Degnan 24,374 42.2% 100 Republican Thomas Kirwan Democratic Win from Republican Democratic Frank Skartados 22,501 51.0% Republican Thomas Kirwan 21,605 49.0% 101 Democratic Kevin Cahill Democratic Kevin Cahill 38,339 68.0% Republican Robin Yess 18,053 32.0% 102 Republican Joel Miller Republican Joel Miller 28,849 53.25% Democratic Jonathan Smith 25,331 46.75% 103 Republican Marcus Molinaro Republican Marcus Molinaro 33,329 61.3% Democratic Anne Rubin 21,008 38.7% 104 Democratic John McEneny Democratic John McEneny 43,367 78.95% Republican Terrence O'Neill 11,563 21.05% 105 Republican George Amedore Republican George Amedore 29,784 61.8% Democratic Mark Blanchfield 18,404 38.2% 106 Democratic Ronald Canestrari Democratic Ronald Canestrari 37,952 100% 107 Republican Clifford Crouch Republican Clifford Crouch 32,441 100% 108 Independence Timothy P. Gordon Independence Timothy P. Gordon 37,205 60.4% Republican Steven McLaughlin 24,429 39.6% 109 Democratic Robert Reilly Democratic Robert Reilly 41,822 64.0% Republican John Wasielewski 23,566 36.0% 110 Republican James Tedisco Republican James Tedisco 41,889 100% 111 Democratic William Magee Democratic William Magee 29,304 100% 112 Republican Roy McDonald Running for State Senate Republican Tony Jordan 31,264 56.6% Democratic Ian McGaughey 23,990 43.4% 113 Republican Teresa Sayward Republican Teresa Sayward 38,675 100% 114 Republican Janet Duprey Republican Janet Duprey 31,541 100% 115 Republican David Townsend Republican David Townsend 33,383 87.6% Conservative Daniel LeClair 4,710 12.4% 116 Democratic RoAnn Destito Democratic RoAnn Destito 27,226 67.95% Republican Kevin McDonald 12,843 32.05% 117 Republican Marc Butler Republican Marc Butler 30,813 70.9% Democratic Daniel Carter 12,667 29.1% 118 Nonpartisan Vacant Democratic Addie Jenne Russell 24,843 58.4% Republican Robert W. Cantwell III 17,243 40.5% 119 Democratic Joan Christensen Democratic Joan Christensen 35,371 69.3% Republican Christina Fitch 15,639 30.7% 120 Democratic William Magnarelli Democratic William Magnarelli 33,668 76.1% Republican Kristen Rounds 10,549 23.9% 121 Democratic Albert A. Stirpe, Jr. Democratic Albert A. Stirpe, Jr. 37,083 59.4% Republican David Knapp 25,348 40.6% 122 Republican Dierdre Scozzafava Republican Dierdre Scozzafava 29,383 100% 123 Republican Gary Finch Republican Gary Finch 29,456 64.9% Democratic Barbara King 15,940 35.1% 124 Republican William Barclay Republican William Barclay 34,594 66.8% Democratic Jerome Burns 17,198 33.2% 125 Democratic Barbara Lifton Democratic Barbara Lifton 34,768 100% 126 Democratic Donna Lupardo Democratic Donna Lupardo 33,877 100% 127 Republican Peter Lopez Republican Peter Lopez 34,042 100% 128 Republican Robert Oaks Republican Robert Oaks 32,498 100% 129 Republican Brian Kolb Republican Brian Kolb 32,363 65.9% Democratic Noah Sargent 16,762 34.1% 130 Republican Joseph Errigo Republican Joseph Errigo 37,767 100% 131 Democratic Susan John Democratic Susan John 28,591 67.3% Republican Jeffrey Morrow 12,643 29.7% Independence Rafael Colon 1,257 3.0% 132 Democratic Joseph Morelle Democratic Joseph Morelle 41,690 100% 133 Democratic David Gantt Democratic David Gantt 29,601 100% 134 Republican Bill Reilich Republican Bill Reilich 33,490 63.95% Democratic David Garretson 18,881 36.05% 135 Democratic David Koon Democratic David Koon 40,467 59.8% Republican David Bonacchi 27,169 40.2% 136 Republican James Bacalles Republican James Bacalles 31,333 100% 137 Republican Tom O'Mara Republican Tom O'Mara 28,111 100% 138 Democratic Francine DelMonte Democratic Francine DelMonte 28,887 62.5% Republican Paula Banks Dahlke 17,343 37.5% 139 Republican Stephen Hawley Republican Stephen Hawley 34,925 100% 140 Democratic Robin Schimminger Democratic Robin Schimminger 36,354 90.6% Working Families Janice Tennant 3,755 10.4% 141 Democratic Crystal Peoples Democratic Crystal Peoples 37,615 100% 142 Republican Mike Cole Defeated In Primary Republican Jane Corwin 32,293 88.8% Working Families Jeffrey Bono 4,084 11.2% 143 Democratic Dennis H. Gabryszak Democratic Dennis H. Gabryszak 35,834 69.3% Republican John Kaczorowski 15,857 30.7% 144 Democratic Sam Hoyt Democratic Sam Hoyt 30,228 70.9% Republican Sheila Ferrentino 12,418 21.1% 145 Democratic Mark J. F. Schroeder Democratic Mark J. F. Schroeder 37,563 75.0% Republican Dennis Marek 12,551 25.0% 146 Republican Jack Quinn III Republican Jack Quinn III 40,848 72.95% Democratic Leonard Kowalski 15,148 27.05% 147 Republican Daniel Burling Republican Daniel Burling 30,952 70.1% Democratic Philip Jones 12,238 27.7% Working Families Wayne Bieger 949 2.2% 148 Republican James Hayes Republican James Hayes 33,787 60.3% Democratic Jerome Schad 20,680 36.9% Working Families Paul Brown 1,580 2.8% 149 Republican Joseph Giglio Republican Joseph Giglio 26,343 64.8% Democratic Patrick Eaton 14,284 35.2% 150 Democratic William Parment Democratic William Parment 30,086 100% New York State Senate New York State Senate Elections District Party Incumbent Status Party Candidate Votes % 1 Republican Kenneth P. LaValle Republican Kenneth P. LaValle 81,062 100% 2 Republican John J. Flanagan Republican John J. Flanagan 82,777 65.7% Democratic Michael De Paoli 43,220 34.3% 3 Republican Caesar Trunzo Democratic Win from Republican Democratic Brian X. Foley 67,480 59.1% Republican Caesar Trunzo 46,758 40.9% 4 Republican Owen H. Johnson Republican Owen H. Johnson 60,007 59.0% Democratic Tanya Gillard 39,456 38.8% Working Families John Albano 2,219 2.2% 5 Republican Carl Marcellino Republican Carl Marcellino 79,645 60.9% Democratic Matthew Meng 51,130 39.1% 6 Republican Kemp Hannon Republican Kemp Hannon 60,590 51.3% Democratic Kristen McElroy 57,560 48.7% 7 Democratic Craig Johnson Democratic Craig Johnson 68,161 56.7% Republican Barbara Donno 52,108 43.3% 8 Republican Charles Fuschillo Republican Charles Fuschillo 74,374 60.5% Democratic Carol Gordon 48,492 39.5% 9 Republican Dean G. Skelos Republican Dean G. Skelos 82,410 64.7% Democratic Roy Simon 45,038 35.3% 10 Democratic Shirley Huntley Democratic Shirley Huntley 67,361 100% 11 Republican Frank Padavan Republican Frank Padavan 45,294 50.3% Democratic James Gennaro 44,811 49.7% 12 Democratic George Onorato Democratic George Onorato 49,318 81.1% Republican Thomas Dooley 11,472 18.9% 13 Democratic John Sabini Retiring Democratic Hiram Monserrate 39,543 100% 14 Democratic Malcolm Smith Democratic Malcolm Smith 67,828 100% 15 Republican Serphin R. Maltese Democratic Win from Republican Democratic Joseph P. Addabbo, Jr. 39,978 57.5% Republican Serphin R. Maltese 29,544 42.5% 16 Democratic Toby Ann Stavisky Democratic Toby Ann Stavisky 48,078 69.3% Republican Peter Koo 21,336 30.7% 17 Democratic Martin Malave Dilan Democratic Martin Malave Dilan 57,762 92.5% Republican Victor Guarino 4,667 7.5% 18 Democratic Velmanette Montgomery Democratic Velmanette Montgomery 88,137 96.2% Republican Sandra Palacios-Serrano 3,482 3.8% 19 Democratic John L. Sampson Democratic John L. Sampson 69,811 95.1% Republican Godfrey Jelks 3,577 4.9% 20 Democratic Eric Adams Democratic Eric Adams 79,000 93.1% Republican Stephen Christopher 5,887 6.9% 21 Democratic Kevin Parker Democratic Kevin Parker 61,579 90.3% Republican Glenn Nocera 6,594 9.7% 22 Republican Martin Golden Republican Martin Golden 42,084 100% 23 Democratic Diane Savino Democratic Diane Savino 46,386 78.6% Republican Richard Thomas 12,621 21.4% 24 Republican Andrew Lanza Republican Andrew Lanza 75,371 70.2% Democratic Joseph Pancila 32,013 29.8% 25 Democratic Martin Connor Defeated In Primary Democratic Dan Squadron 81,402 87.1% Republican John Chromczak 12,023 12.9% 26 Democratic Liz Krueger Democratic Liz Krueger 92,044 75.0% Republican Timothy Brown 30,648 25.0% 27 Democratic Carl Kruger Democratic Carl Kruger 42,066 93.3% Conservative Vyacheslav Patrin 3,040 6.7% 28 Democratic José M. Serrano Democratic José M. Serrano 63,766 93.0% Republican Keesha Weiner 4,807 7.0% 29 Democratic Thomas K. Duane Democratic Thomas K. Duane 114,103 85.7% Republican Debra Leible 19,008 14.3% 30 Democratic Bill Perkins Democratic Bill Perkins 95,706 100% 31 Democratic Eric T. Schneiderman Democratic Eric T. Schneiderman 80,811 90.0% Republican Martin Chicon 8,346 9.3% Conservative Stephen Bradian 662 0.7% 32 Democratic Rubén Díaz Democratic Rubén Díaz 71,381 98.7% Conservative William McDonagh 918 1.3% 33 Democratic Efrain Gonzalez Defeated In Primary Democratic Pedro Espada 52,090 97.4% Conservative William Sullivan 1,377 2.6% 34 Democratic Jeffrey Klein Democratic Jeffrey Klein 61,862 73.2% Republican Daniel Fasolino 22,622 26.8% 35 Democratic Andrea Stewart-Cousins Democratic Andrea Stewart-Cousins 70,811 61.7% Republican John Murtagh 43,940 38.3% 36 Democratic Ruth Hassell-Thompson Democratic Ruth Hassell-Thompson 82,322 96.7% Republican Curtis Brooks 2,835 3.3% 37 Democratic Suzi Oppenheimer Democratic Suzi Oppenheimer 78,862 62.6% Republican Liz Feld 47,036 37.4% 38 Republican Thomas Morahan Republican Thomas Morahan 84,886 63.35% Democratic Gregory Julian 49,118 36.65% 39 Republican William Larkin Republican William Larkin 72,601 61.2% Democratic Lawrence Delarose 46,063 38.8% 40 Republican Vincent Leibell Republican Vincent Leibell 74,537 100% 41 Republican Stephen M. Saland Republican Stephen M. Saland 74,087 58.05% Democratic Kenneth J. Dow 53,548 41.95% 42 Republican John Bonacic Republican John Bonacic 65,938 100% 43 Nonpartisan Vacancy Republican Roy McDonald 82,211 59.0% Democratic Michael Russo 54,582 39.2% Working Families Christopher Consuello 2,481 1.8% 44 Republican Hugh Farley Republican Hugh Farley 78,178 66.1% Democratic Fred Goodman 37,240 31.5% Working Families BK Keramati 2,798 2.4% 45 Republican Betty Little Republican Betty Little 84,482 100% 46 Democratic Neil Breslin Democratic Neil Breslin 101,794 89.85% Conservative Charlie Voelker 11,497 10.15% 47 Republican Joseph Griffo Republican Joseph Griffo 66,204 88.55% Working Families Michael Boncella 8,562 11.45% 48 Democratic Darrel Aubertine Democratic Darrel Aubertine 52,908 53.0% Republican David Renzi 46,941 47.0% 49 Democratic David J. Valesky Democratic David Valesky 72,337 64.5% Republican James DiStefano 39,819 35.5% 50 Republican John DeFrancisco Republican John DeFrancisco 87,795 69.0% Democratic Carol Mulcahy 39,431 31.0% 51 Republican James Seward Republican James Seward 73,814 63.5% Democratic Don Barber 42,440 36.5% 52 Republican Thomas W. Libous Republican Thomas W. Libous 77,078 100% 53 Republican George H. Winner, Jr. Republican George H. Winner, Jr. 61,144 58.5% Democratic John Tonello 43,341 41.5% 54 Republican Michael Nozzolio Republican Michael Nozzolio 87,428 71.4% Democratic Paloma Capanna 34,988 28.6% 55 Republican James Alesi Republican James Alesi 85,339 60.3% Democratic David Nachbar 56,189 39.7% 56 Republican Joseph Robach Republican Joseph Robach 62,329 51.7% Democratic Richard Dollinger 58,117 48.3% 57 Republican Catharine Young Republican Catharine Young 82,766 78.0% Democratic Christopher Schaeffer 23,400 22.0% 58 Democratic William Stachowski Democratic William Stachowski 64,116 53.0% Republican Dennis Delano 56,871 47.0% 59 Republican Dale Volker Republican Dale Volker 70,635 55.2% Democratic Kathy Konst 57,278 44.8% 60 Democratic Antoine Thompson Democratic Antoine Thompson 76,835 100% 61 Republican Mary Lou Rath Retiring Republican Michael Ranzenhofer 74,750 52.7% Democratic Joe Mesi 67,207 47.3% 62 Republican George Maziarz Republican George Maziarz 78,787 68.2% Democratic Brian Grear 36,689 31.8% See also 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis New York state elections vteElections in New York (state)General 1844 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1988 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 U.S. President 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. SenateClass 1 1789 1791 1797 Jan. 1798 (Special) Aug. 1798 (Special) Apr. 1800 (Special) 1803 1804 (Special) 1809 1815 1821 1827 1829 (Special) 1833 1839–40 1845 1851 1857 1863 1869 1875 1881 1881 (Special) 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1938 (Special) 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2010 (Special) 2012 2018 2024 Class 3 1789 1795 1796 (Special) Nov. 1800 (Special) 1801 1802 (Special) 1804 (Special) 1807 1813 1819–20 1825–26 1831 1833 (Special) 1837 1843 1845 (Special) 1849 1855 1861 1867 1873 1879 1881 (Special) 1885 1891 1897 1903 1909 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1949 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 U.S. House 1789 1790 1793 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1821 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 6th sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 20th sp 23rd sp 2010 29th 2011 9th sp 26th sp 2012 2014 2016 2018 14th 25th sp 22nd 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp Governor andLieutenant Governor 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1811 sp 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 sp 1882 1898 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Comptroller 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State LegislatureState Assembly 2008 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Senate 2008 2010 2012 2018 2020 2022 Judicial 1847 (Special) 1870 (Special) See also Political party strength in New York (state) vte(2007 ←) 2008 United States elections (→ 2009)U.S.President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam (straw poll) U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware District of Columbia (shadow) Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Mississippi (special) Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming Wyoming (special) U.S. House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 12th sp Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia delegate shadow Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois 14th sp Indiana 7th sp Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana 1st sp 6th sp Maine Maryland 4th sp Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 1st sp Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 11th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Lt. Gov Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia AttorneysGeneral North Carolina Pennsylvania Washington Ohio (special) Otherstatewideelections Pennsylvania Auditor General Treasurer Washington Secretary of State Wisconsin Supreme Court Statelegislatures Arizona Senate California Assembly Senate Connecticut Senate Delaware House Senate Iowa House Senate Massachusetts House Senate Michigan House Minnesota House Montana House New Mexico House Senate New York Assembly North Carolina House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Senate Texas House Senate Washington (state) House Senate West Virginia Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Mayors Augusta, GA Bakersfield, CA Baton Rouge, LA Fresno, CA Honolulu, HI Irvine, CA Mesa, AZ Milwaukee, WI Orlando, FL Portland, OR Sacramento, CA San Diego, CA San Juan, PR Santa Ana, CA Stockton, CA Virginia Beach, VA States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming References ^ "2008 New York State Primary Election Results" (PDF). ElectionsNY.gov. ^ "2008 New York State Senate General Election Results" (PDF). ElectionsNY.gov. ^ "2008 New York State Assembly General Election Results" (PDF). ElectionsNY.gov. ^ Galie, Peter J.; Bopst, Christopher; Benjamin, Gerald (November 15, 2016). New York's Broken Constitution: The Governance Crisis and the Path to Renewed Greatness. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438463346 – via Google Books. ^ Mahoney, Bill (September 19, 2021). "Obscure 1894 math crucial to New York politics is endangered". Politico PRO. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday". Vogue. September 10, 2018. ^ Lee, Trymaine (February 27, 2008). "Upset Sends Democrat to Albany". The New York Times. ^ Confessore, Nicholas; Hakim, Danny (November 5, 2008). "Democrats Are Poised to Control Albany". The New York Times. External links 2008 New York State Senate election results 2008 New York State Assembly election results	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The 2008 New York State Legislature primary election took place on September 9, 2008,[1] and the general election was held on November 4, 2008.[2][3] All 150 members of the New York State Assembly[4] and all 62 seats of the New York State Senate[5] were up for election. Members of the Assembly and the State Senate serve two-year terms.[6]The State Senate was heavily contested, as the Republicans held a 32-30 majority going into the election.[7] The election saw the Democrats take control of the State Senate for the first time since 1966 with a 32-30 majority.[8] They gained one seat in the State Assembly. Therefore, Democrats held a trifecta in the state for the first time since 1935.","title":"2008 New York State legislative elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New York State Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New York State Senate"}]	[]	[{"title":"2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_New_York_State_Senate_leadership_crisis"},{"title":"New York state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_elections"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_New_York_(state)_footer"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_New_York_(state)_footer"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_New_York_(state)_footer"},{"title":"Elections in New York 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ElectionsNY.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/Elections/2008/Primary/2008PrimaryReturns.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 New York State Primary Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 New York State Senate General Election Results\" (PDF). ElectionsNY.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSSenate08.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 New York State Senate General Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 New York State Assembly General Election Results\" (PDF). ElectionsNY.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSAssembly08.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 New York State Assembly General Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"Galie, Peter J.; Bopst, Christopher; Benjamin, Gerald (November 15, 2016). New York's Broken Constitution: The Governance Crisis and the Path to Renewed Greatness. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438463346 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjF_DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22new+york%22+150+assembly+seats&pg=PA42","url_text":"New York's Broken Constitution: The Governance Crisis and the Path to Renewed Greatness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438463346","url_text":"9781438463346"}]},{"reference":"Mahoney, Bill (September 19, 2021). \"Obscure 1894 math crucial to New York politics is endangered\". Politico PRO.","urls":[{"url":"https://politi.co/2XHeaht","url_text":"\"Obscure 1894 math crucial to New York politics is endangered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday\". Vogue. September 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-primary-elections-2018-where-when-to-vote-guide","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Trymaine (February 27, 2008). \"Upset Sends Democrat to Albany\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/nyregion/27senate.html","url_text":"\"Upset Sends Democrat to Albany\""}]},{"reference":"Confessore, Nicholas; Hakim, Danny (November 5, 2008). \"Democrats Are Poised to Control Albany\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/nyregion/05york.html","url_text":"\"Democrats Are Poised to Control Albany\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/Elections/2008/Primary/2008PrimaryReturns.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 New York State Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSSenate08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 New York State Senate General Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSAssembly08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 New York State Assembly General Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjF_DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22new+york%22+150+assembly+seats&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"New York's Broken Constitution: The Governance Crisis and the Path to Renewed Greatness"},{"Link":"https://politi.co/2XHeaht","external_links_name":"\"Obscure 1894 math crucial to New York politics is endangered\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-primary-elections-2018-where-when-to-vote-guide","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/nyregion/27senate.html","external_links_name":"\"Upset Sends Democrat to Albany\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/nyregion/05york.html","external_links_name":"\"Democrats Are Poised to Control Albany\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSSenate08.pdf","external_links_name":"2008 New York State Senate election results"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2008/General/NYSAssembly08.pdf","external_links_name":"2008 New York State Assembly election results"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs	Yugoslavs	["1 History","1.1 Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia","1.2 Self-identification in Yugoslavia","2 Successor states","2.1 Self-identification following dissolution","2.2 Organizations","3 Notable people","4 Symbols","5 Historiography","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	United South Slavic people and the citizens of the former Yugoslavia For other uses, see Yugoslavs (disambiguation). Ethnic group YugoslavsCensus figures of self-declared Yugoslavs: 100,000+ 10,000+ 1,000+ 50+Regions with significant populations United States210,395 (2021)(Yugoslav Americans) Canada38,480 (2016)(Yugoslav Canadians) Serbia27,143 (2022)(Yugoslavs in Serbia) Australia26,883 (2011) Bosnia and Herzegovina2,570 (2013) Montenegro1,154 (2011) Croatia942 (2021) Slovenia527 (2002) North Macedonia344 (2021) Russia60 (2021)LanguagesSouth Slavic languages, EnglishReligionEastern OrthodoxyRoman CatholicismSunni IslamAtheismRelated ethnic groupsSouth Slavs, other Slavic peoples Part of a series onYugoslavs By region Canada Serbia United States Culture Yugoslav studies Architecture Art Cinema Films Coffee culture Music Philosophy Sport Football Yugo-nostalgia Yugosphere History Yugoslavism Yugoslav irredentism Pan-Slavism Creation of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Kingdom Socialist Federal Republic Federal Republic Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars Languages Bulgarian Macedonian Serbo-Croatian Serbian Croatian Bosnian Montenegrin Slovene People Alexander I Josip Broz Tito Ljudevit Gaj Veljko Kadijević Vuk Karadžić Anton Korošec Ivan Lorković Muhamed Mehmedbašić Ivan Meštrović Draža Mihailović Slobodan Milošević Peter I Peter II Svetozar Pribićević Gavrilo Princip Franjo Rački Aleksandar Ranković Aleksandar Stamboliyski Milan Stojadinović Josip Juraj Strossmayer Ivan Šubašić Frano Supilo Ante Trumbić Ethnicities South Slavs Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Macedonians Montenegrins Serbs Slovenes vte Yugoslavs or Yugoslavians (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslaveni/Jugosloveni, Југославени/Југословени; Slovene: Jugoslovani; Macedonian: Југословени, romanized: Jugosloveni) is an identity that was originally designed to refer to a united South Slavic people. It has been used in two connotations: the first in a sense of common shared ethnic descent, i.e. panethnic or supraethnic connotation for ethnic South Slavs, and the second as a term for all citizens of former Yugoslavia regardless of ethnicity. Cultural and political advocates of Yugoslav identity have historically ascribed the identity to be applicable to all people of South Slav heritage, including those of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. Although Bulgarians are a South Slavic group, attempts at uniting Bulgaria into Yugoslavia were unsuccessful, and therefore Bulgarians were not included in the panethnic identification. Since the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the establishment of South Slavic nation states, the term ethnic Yugoslavs has been used to refer to those who exclusively view themselves as Yugoslavs with no other ethnic self-identification, many of these being of mixed ancestry. In the former Yugoslavia, the official designation for those who declared themselves simply as Yugoslav was with quotation marks, "Yugoslavs" (introduced in census 1971). The quotation marks were originally meant to distinguish Yugoslav ethnicity from Yugoslav citizenship, which was written without quotation marks. The majority of those who had once identified as ethnic "Yugoslavs" reverted to or adopted traditional ethnic and national identities, sometimes due to social pressure, intimidation, disadvantageous consequences, or prevention to continue identifying as Yugoslav by new political authorities. Some also decided to turn to sub-national regional identifications, especially in multi-ethnic historical regions like Istria, Vojvodina, or Bosnia (hence Bosnians). The Yugoslav designation, however, continues to be used by many, especially in the United States, Canada, and Australia by the descendants of Yugoslav migrants who emigrated while the country still existed. History Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia Main article: Yugoslavism Since the late 18th century, when traditional European ethnic affiliations started to mature into modern ethnic identities, there have been numerous attempts to define a common South Slavic ethnic identity. The word Yugoslav, meaning "South Slavic", was first used by Josip Juraj Strossmayer in 1849. The first modern iteration of Yugoslavism was the Illyrian movement in Habsburg Croatia. It identified South Slavs with ancient Illyrians and sought to construct a common language based on the Shtokavian dialect. The movement was led by Ljudevit Gaj, whose script became one of two official scripts used for the Serbo-Croatian language. Among notable supporters of Yugoslavism and a Yugoslav identity active at the beginning of the 20th century were famous sculptor Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), who called Serbian folk hero Prince Marko "our Yugoslav people with its gigantic and noble heart" and wrote poetry speaking of a "Yugoslav race"; Jovan Cvijić, in his article The Bases of Yugoslav Civilization, developed the idea of a unified Yugoslav culture and stated that "New qualities that until now have been expressed but weakly will appear. An amalgamation of the most fertile qualities of our three tribes will come forth every more strongly, and thus will be constructed the type of single Yugoslav civilization-the final and most important goal of our country." In late 19th and early 20th century, influential public intellectuals Jovan Cvijić and Vladimir Dvorniković advocated that Yugoslavs, as a supra-ethnic nation, had "many tribal ethnicities, such as Croats, Serbs, and others within it." On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, in Sarajevo. Princip was a member of Young Bosnia, a group whose aims included the unification of the Yugoslavs and independence from Austria-Hungary. The assassination in Sarajevo set into motion a series of fast-moving events that eventually escalated into full-scale war. After his capture, during his trial, he stated "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria." In June–July 1917, the Yugoslav Committee met with the Serbian Government in Corfu and on 20 July the Corfu Declaration that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were "the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undivided, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life." The state was created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a constitutional monarchy under the Karađorđević dynasty. The term "Yugoslavs" was used to refer to all of its inhabitants, but particularly to those of South Slavic ethnicity. Some Croatian nationalists viewed the Serb plurality and Serbian royal family as hegemonic. Eventually, a conflict of interest sparked among the Yugoslav peoples. In 1929, King Alexander sought to resolve a deep political crisis brought on by ethnic tensions by assuming dictatorial powers in the 6 January Dictatorship, renaming the country "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and officially pronouncing that there is one single Yugoslav nation with three tribes. The Yugoslav ethnic designation was thus imposed for a period of time on all South Slavs in Yugoslavia. Changes in Yugoslav politics after King Alexander's death in 1934 brought an end to this policy, but the designation continued to be used by some people. Philosopher Vladimir Dvorniković advocated the establishment of a Yugoslav ethnicity in his 1939 book entitled "The Characterology of the Yugoslavs". His views included eugenics and cultural blending to create one, strong Yugoslav nation. There had on three occasions been efforts to make Bulgaria a part of Yugoslavia or part of an even larger federation: through Aleksandar Stamboliyski during and after World War I; through Zveno during the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, and through Georgi Dimitrov during and after World War II, but for various reasons, each attempt turned out to be unsuccessful. Self-identification in Yugoslavia See also: Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia Percentage identifying as Yugoslav Region 1961 1971 1981 Croatia 0.4 1.9 8.2 Central Serbia 0.2 1.4 4.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.4 1.2 7.9 Kosovo 0.5 0.1 0.1 Macedonia 0.1 0.2 0.7 Montenegro 0.3 2.1 5.3 Slovenia 0.2 0.4 1.4 Vojvodina 0.2 2.4 8.2 Yugoslavia 1.7 1.3 5.4 Unitary policies implemented by the authorities of the early 20th century Kingdom of Yugoslavia aimed at creating a single Yugoslav ethnic identity that speaks one South Slavic language were met with heavy resistance by majorities of the country's citizens. Those policies and attempts at concentration of power within the ruling Serbian royal dynasty, the Karađorđevićs, were interpreted by opponents of Yugoslav unitarism and Serbian nationalism as gradual Serbianization of Yugoslavia's non-Serb population. After the country was liberated from Axis occupiers in the World War II in Yugoslavia by the Yugoslav Partisans, the newly established socialist Yugoslavia was instead organized as a federation. The ruling League of Communists of Yugoslavia was ideologically opposed to ethnic unitarism that was promoted under former royal hegemony, instead recognizing and promoting ethnic diversity and social Yugoslavism within the notion of "brotherhood and unity" between nations and national minorities of Yugoslavia. Traditional ethnic identities again became the primary ethnic designations used by most inhabitants of Yugoslavia which remained the case until the country's dissolution in the early 1990s. Josip Broz Tito expressed his desire for an undivided Yugoslav ethnicity to develop naturally when he stated, "I would like to live to see the day when Yugoslavia would become amalgamated into a firm community, when she would no longer be a formal community but a community of a single Yugoslav nation." Yugoslav censuses reflected Tito's ideal, with "Yugoslav" being an available identification for both ethnicity and nationality. In general, the Yugoslav identity was more common in the multiethnic regions of the country, i.e. the more multiethnic the constituent republic, the higher the percentage; therefore the highest were in Croatia, Montenegro, Central Serbia, Vojvodina, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the lowest were in Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo. The 1971 census recorded 273,077 Yugoslavs, or 1.33% of the total population. The 1981 census, a year after the death of Tito, recorded a record number of 1,216,463 or 5.4% Yugoslavs. In the 1991 census, 5.54% (242,682) of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves to be Yugoslav. The Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 ratified a Presidency of seven members. One of the seven was to be elected amongst/by the republic's Yugoslavs, thereby introducing the Yugoslavs next to ethnic Muslims, Serbs and Croats into the Constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina although on an inferior level. However, because of the Bosnian War that erupted in 1992, this Constitution was short-lived and unrealized. Approximately 5% of the population of Montenegro also declared themselves Yugoslav in the same census. The 1981 census showed that Yugoslavs made up around 8.2% of the population in Croatia, this being the highest ever percentage of Yugoslavs within a constituent republic's borders. The percentage was the highest in multiethnic regions and cities with large non-Croatian population and among those of mixed ancestry. The 1991 census data indicated that the number of Yugoslavs had dropped to 2% of the population in Croatia. The 2001 census in Croatia (the first since independence) registered 176 Yugoslavs, less than 0.01% of the population at the time. The next census in 2011 registered 331 Yugoslavs in Croatia (likewise less than 0.01% of the population). The autonomous region of Vojvodina, marked by its traditionally multiethnic make-up, recorded a similar percentage as Croatia at the 1981 census, with ~8% of its 2 million inhabitants declaring themselves Yugoslav. Just before and after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, most Yugoslavs reverted to their ethnic and regional identities. Successor states See also: Yugo-nostalgia and Yugoslavs in Serbia Self-identification following dissolution Self-identified Yugoslavs Country Number(census year) Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,570 (2013) Croatia 942 (2021) North Macedonia 344 (2021) Montenegro 1,154 (2011) Kosovo Unknown Serbia 27,143 (2022) Slovenia 527 (2002) The number of people identifying as Yugoslav fell drastically in all successor states since the beginning of the 21st century and the conclusion of all Yugoslav Wars and separation of Serbia and Montenegro (until 2003 called FR Yugoslavia). The country with the highest number of people and percentage of population identifying as Yugoslav is Serbia, while North Macedonia is the lowest on both. No official figures or reliable estimates are available for Kosovo. As part of the research project "Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe", a study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 on the entire former Yugoslav territory with the exception of Slovenia. Within the study, a poll was conducted on the topic of shared identity. Interviewees were asked whether they ever "felt Yugoslav", with three given options being tantamount to "yes, still do", "no, never did" and "not anymore". In all six examined states, majority of the interviewees expressed that they either never or no longer felt so, ranging from ~70–98%, with Serbia being on the lowest end and Kosovo on the highest. Croatia and Kosovo yielded the most clear-cut results with 95% stating either of aforementioned options and less than 3% stating that they still felt Yugoslav. In Kosovo in particular, over 92% stated that they never felt Yugoslav. In contrast, Montenegro and Serbia were the most split states, with ~28% and ~32% respectively stating that they still felt Yugoslav; the two were the only states where more interviewees stated feeling Yugoslav as opposed to never feeling so. Bosnia and Herzegovina had the highest percentage of interviewees stating that they no longer feel Yugoslav at ~48%, followed closely by Montenegro and Serbia. The following table provides more details: Do you ever feel like a Yugoslav? Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo North Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Yes, I still feel that way 19.2% 2.8% 2.0% 14.9% 28.1% 31.8% I used to feel, but not anymore 48.1% 29.1% 5.8% 38.2% 46.4% 42.9% No, I never felt like a Yugoslav 32.5% 66.3% 92.1% 47.0% 23.7% 24.4% Organizations Logo of the Alliance of Yugoslavs The Yugoslavs of Croatia have several organizations. The "Alliance of Yugoslavs" (Savez Jugoslavena), established in 2010 in Zagreb, is an association aiming to unite the Yugoslavs of Croatia, regardless of religion, sex, political or other views. Its main goal is the official recognition of the Yugoslav nation in every Yugoslav successor state: Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. Another pro-Yugoslav organization advocating the recognition of the Yugoslav nation is the "Our Yugoslavia" association (Udruženje "Naša Jugoslavija"), which is an officially registered organization in Croatia. The seat of Our Yugoslavia is in the Istrian town of Pula, where it was founded on 30 July 2009. The association has most members in the towns of Rijeka, Zagreb and Pula. Its main aim is the stabilisation of relations among the Yugoslav successor states. It is also active in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, its official registration as an association was denied by the Bosnian state authorities. The probably best-known pro-Yugoslav organization in Montenegro is the "Consulate-general of the SFRY" with its headquarters in the coastal town of Tivat. Prior to the population census of 2011, Marko Perković, the president of this organization called on the Yugoslavs of Montenegro to freely declare their Yugoslav identity on the upcoming census. Notable people The best known example of self-declared Yugoslavs is Marshal Josip Broz Tito who organized resistance against Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia, ended the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia with the help of the Red Army, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement, and defied Joseph Stalin's Soviet pressure on Yugoslavia. Other people that declared as "Yugoslavs" include intellectuals, entertainers, singers, and athletes, such as: Ivo Andrić Goran Bregović Lepa Brena Joška Broz, the grandson of Josip Broz Tito Oliver Dulić Srđan Dragojević Đorđe Đogani Branko Đurić Ivan Ergić Andrej Grubačić Ekrem Jevrić Edvin Kanka Ćudić Božo Koprivica Magnifico Igor Mandić Branko Milićević "Kockica" Milan Milišić Ašok Murti Ivica Osim Srđa Popović Dževad Prekazi Miljenko Smoje Branimir Štulić Bogdan Tanjević Dubravka Ugrešić Jovan Vavic Duško Vujošević Milić Vukašinović Đorđe Balašević Symbols The probably most frequently used symbol of the Yugoslavs to express their identity and to which they are most often associated with is the blue-white-red tricolor flag with a yellow-bordered red star in the flag's center, which also served as the national flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1991. Prior to World War II, the symbol of Yugoslavism was a plain tricolor flag of blue, white, and red, which was also the national flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav state in the interwar period. Historiography Main article: Yugoslav studies See also: List of Slavic studies journals See also Czechoslovaks Demographics of Yugoslavia Ethnogenesis Meta-ethnicity Multiculturalism Pan-Slavism Pan-nationalism The Erased Titoism Yugo-nostalgia Yugoslavism Yugosphere Notes ^ Many other countries with a Yugoslav diaspora do not record ethnicity in censuses. ^ Jugoslaveni is preferred in Croatian, Jugosloveni is preferred in Serbian and Montenegrin, while both are commonly used in Bosnian variety of the language. ^ Serbo-Croatian term Jugoslaveni or Jugosloveni was a popular neutral supraethnic compound of jug ("south") and Slaveni/Sloveni (Slavs), literally meaning South Slavs, coined in late 19th century and officially adopted in 1929 by the authorities of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. "Yugoslavia" was adopted by English and other non-Slavic languages as a unique proper noun in favour of literal translations such as "South Slavia". Nowadays in Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages, Jugoslaven/Jugosloven refers exclusively to Yugoslavs, the people of Yugoslavia, and not South Slavs, the cultural and linguistic group; the latter is rendered in Serbo-Croatian as "južni Slaveni/Sloveni". ^ During SFR Yugoslavia, ethnic identity in quotation marks, "Yugoslav", was added to birth certificates of Yugoslav citizens whose ethnic identity was otherwise unspecified or unknown. This was common practice for people of mixed ancestry. References ^ "2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American Community Survey 2021. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. 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"Yugoslavs in the twenty-first century: 'erased' people". openDemocracy. Retrieved 15 July 2023. ^ Perica, Vjekoslav (2002). "11. The Twilight of Balkan Idols". Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. p. 207. doi:10.1093/0195148568.001.0001. ISBN 0-19-517429-1. Although the name was appropriated by the Milošević regime, during the 1990s, vestiges of the former Yugoslavia began to disappear. A million-strong group known not long ago as "Yugoslavs by nationality" has vanished. As early as 1992, American reporters from Balkan battlefields noticed the revival of the primordial ethnic identities at the expense of the Yugoslav identity. 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Aleksandra Timkovska; 5 September 2006 ^ "Ich bin ein alter Jugoslawe" (in German). Ballesterer. Fabian Kern; 13 May 2008 ^ "Pas do pasa, beton do betona" (in Serbian). Vreme. 29 July 2010. ^ U fudbalu nema nacionalizma (in Montenegrin). Monitor Online. Nastasja Radović; 16 July 2010 ^ Intervju: Magnifico Il Grande. Po domače, Car Archived 19 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovenian). Mladina. Max Modic; 2007/52 ^ А1 репортажа – Словенија денес (in Macedonian). A1 Television. Aneta Dodevska; 1 January 2009 ^ D. Milićević (12 April 2010). "Uz mališane 33 godine" (in Serbian). Blic. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ Život za slobodu (in Serbian). E-Novine. Dragoljub Todorović; 4 October 2010 ^ Ostao sam ovde iz inata (in Serbian). Blic. Žiža Antonijević; 23 March 2008 ^ Nikad nisam skrivao da sam Jugosloven Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Bosnian). E-Novine. Mario Garber; 19 May 2009 ^ Kako preživeti slavu Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian). Standard. No. 28; 29 November 2006 ^ "ISPOVEST Dževad Prekazi za Blicsport: Još sam zaljubljen u Jugoslaviju, sahranite me sa dresom Partizana". ^ Тивка војна меѓу Србија и Хрватска за Џони Штулиќ!? Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Macedonian). Večer . 05-11-2009 ^ Tifa: Navijam za mog Miću (in Serbian). Blic. M. Radojković; 4 March 2008 ^ Sve za razvrat i blud Archived 25 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian). Glas Javnosti. P. Dragosavac; 17 September 1999 ^ Balašević: Nisam Srbin nego Jugosloven (in Serbian). Blic. 11 September 2012 ^ U Crnoj Gori oko 1.000 Jugoslovena, 100 Turaka, 130 Njemaca... Archived 13 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Montenegrin). Vijesti. Vijesti online; 12 July 2011 Sources Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0. Jović, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-495-8. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34656-8. Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5. Further reading S. Mrdjen (2002). "Narodnost u popisima. Promjenljiva i nestalna kategorija" (PDF). Stanovnistvo. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Yugoslavia. Yugoslav club in Serbia Yugoslav Alliance in Croatia vteSlavic ethnic groupsEast Slavs Alaskan Creoles Belarusians Belarusian Latvians Belarusian Lithuanians Belarusian Poles Belarusian Russians Karyms Gurans Molokans Podlashuks Poleshuks Russians Albazinians Cossacks Albazinians Baikal Cossacks Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Nekrasov Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Terek Cossacks Greben Cossacks Doukhobors Goryuns Harbin Russians Kamchadals Kamenschiks Lipovans Polekhs Pomors Semeiskie Siberians Starozhily Rus’ people Rusyns Lemkos Boykos Hutsuls Pannonian Rusyns Rusyn Romanians Ukrainians Zaporozhian Cossacks → Kuban Cossacks Hutsuls Boykos Podolyans Volga Bulgarians Litvins West Slavs Chodové Czechs Gorals Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochans Krubans Slovincians Lechites Masurians Moravians Poles Bambers Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Greater Poland people Kaliszans Taśtaks Kociewians Kurpies Lasovians Łęczycans Lesser Poland people Masovians Łowiczans Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Polish Uplanders Russian Poles Sącz Lachs Sieradzans Warmians Obotrites Ruhrpolen Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Slovaks Sorbs Lower Sorbs Wends Texas Wends Upper Sorbs South Slavs Bosniaks Bosniak Albanians Bosniak Croatians Bosniak Kosovars Bosniak Montenegrins Bosniak Serbians Bulgarians Anatolian Bulgarians Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarians Bulgarian Albanians Bulgarian Croatians Bulgarian Hungarians Bulgarian Italians Macedonian Bulgarians Pomaks Thracian Bulgarians Croats Bunjevci Burgenland Croats Croat Muslims Janjevci Krashovani Molise Croats Šokci Gorani Macedonians Albanian Macedonians Bulgarian Macedonians Mijaks Torbeši Montenegrins Ethnic Muslims Resians Serbs Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs Kosovo Serbs Macedonian Serbs Montenegrin Serbs Croatian Serbs Vojvodina Serbs Serb Muslims Shopi Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Croatian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Italian Slovenes Prekmurje Slovenes Venetian Slavs Yugoslavs Authority control databases National Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavs (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"South Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"panethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panethnicity"},{"link_name":"supraethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraethnic"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"dissolution of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"nation states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"self-identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-identification"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendem-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Bosnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnians"}],"text":"For other uses, see Yugoslavs (disambiguation).Ethnic groupYugoslavs or Yugoslavians (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslaveni/Jugosloveni, Југославени/Југословени;[b] Slovene: Jugoslovani; Macedonian: Југословени, romanized: Jugosloveni) is an identity that was originally designed to refer to a united South Slavic people. It has been used in two connotations: the first in a sense of common shared ethnic descent, i.e. panethnic or supraethnic connotation for ethnic South Slavs,[c] and the second as a term for all citizens of former Yugoslavia regardless of ethnicity.[d] Cultural and political advocates of Yugoslav identity have historically ascribed the identity to be applicable to all people of South Slav heritage, including those of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. Although Bulgarians are a South Slavic group, attempts at uniting Bulgaria into Yugoslavia were unsuccessful, and therefore Bulgarians were not included in the panethnic identification. Since the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the establishment of South Slavic nation states, the term ethnic Yugoslavs has been used to refer to those who exclusively view themselves as Yugoslavs with no other ethnic self-identification, many of these being of mixed ancestry.[11]In the former Yugoslavia, the official designation for those who declared themselves simply as Yugoslav was with quotation marks, \"Yugoslavs\" (introduced in census 1971). The quotation marks were originally meant to distinguish Yugoslav ethnicity from Yugoslav citizenship, which was written without quotation marks. The majority of those who had once identified as ethnic \"Yugoslavs\" reverted to or adopted traditional ethnic and national identities, sometimes due to social pressure, intimidation, disadvantageous consequences, or prevention to continue identifying as Yugoslav by new political authorities.[12][13] Some also decided to turn to sub-national regional identifications, especially in multi-ethnic historical regions like Istria, Vojvodina, or Bosnia (hence Bosnians). The Yugoslav designation, however, continues to be used by many, especially in the United States, Canada, and Australia by the descendants of Yugoslav migrants who emigrated while the country still existed.","title":"Yugoslavs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Josip Juraj Strossmayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Juraj_Strossmayer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Illyrian movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_movement"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Shtokavian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singleton-19"},{"link_name":"Ljudevit Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj"},{"link_name":"script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singleton-19"},{"link_name":"Ivan Meštrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prince Marko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Marko"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivo_Bana%C4%8D_1984._Pp._204-205-20"},{"link_name":"Jovan Cvijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wachte-21"},{"link_name":"Jovan Cvijić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Dvorniković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dvornikovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wachte-21"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Young Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banac-22"},{"link_name":"assassination in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"fast-moving events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis"},{"link_name":"full-scale war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malcolm-24"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Corfu Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Karađorđević dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"King Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"6 January Dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Dvorniković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dvornikovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Characterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wachte-21"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Zveno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zveno"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1934"},{"link_name":"Georgi Dimitrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia","text":"Since the late 18th century, when traditional European ethnic affiliations started to mature into modern ethnic identities, there have been numerous attempts to define a common South Slavic ethnic identity. The word Yugoslav, meaning \"South Slavic\", was first used by Josip Juraj Strossmayer in 1849.[14] The first modern iteration of Yugoslavism was the Illyrian movement in Habsburg Croatia. It identified South Slavs with ancient Illyrians and sought to construct a common language based on the Shtokavian dialect.[15] The movement was led by Ljudevit Gaj, whose script became one of two official scripts used for the Serbo-Croatian language.[15]Among notable supporters of Yugoslavism and a Yugoslav identity active at the beginning of the 20th century were famous sculptor Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), who called Serbian folk hero Prince Marko \"our Yugoslav people with its gigantic and noble heart\" and wrote poetry speaking of a \"Yugoslav race\";[16] Jovan Cvijić, in his article The Bases of Yugoslav Civilization, developed the idea of a unified Yugoslav culture and stated that \"New qualities that until now have been expressed but weakly will appear. An amalgamation of the most fertile qualities of our three tribes [Serbs, Croats, Slovenes] will come forth every more strongly, and thus will be constructed the type of single Yugoslav civilization-the final and most important goal of our country.\"[17] In late 19th and early 20th century, influential public intellectuals Jovan Cvijić and Vladimir Dvorniković advocated that Yugoslavs, as a supra-ethnic nation, had \"many tribal ethnicities, such as Croats, Serbs, and others within it.\"[17]On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, in Sarajevo. Princip was a member of Young Bosnia, a group whose aims included the unification of the Yugoslavs and independence from Austria-Hungary.[18] The assassination in Sarajevo set into motion a series of fast-moving events that eventually escalated into full-scale war.[19] After his capture, during his trial, he stated \"I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria.\"[20]In June–July 1917, the Yugoslav Committee met with the Serbian Government in Corfu and on 20 July the Corfu Declaration that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were \"the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undivided, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life.\" The state was created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a constitutional monarchy under the Karađorđević dynasty. The term \"Yugoslavs\" was used to refer to all of its inhabitants, but particularly to those of South Slavic ethnicity. Some Croatian nationalists viewed the Serb plurality and Serbian royal family as hegemonic. Eventually, a conflict of interest sparked among the Yugoslav peoples. In 1929, King Alexander sought to resolve a deep political crisis brought on by ethnic tensions by assuming dictatorial powers in the 6 January Dictatorship, renaming the country \"Kingdom of Yugoslavia\", and officially pronouncing that there is one single Yugoslav nation with three tribes. The Yugoslav ethnic designation was thus imposed for a period of time on all South Slavs in Yugoslavia. Changes in Yugoslav politics after King Alexander's death in 1934 brought an end to this policy, but the designation continued to be used by some people.[citation needed]Philosopher Vladimir Dvorniković advocated the establishment of a Yugoslav ethnicity in his 1939 book entitled \"The Characterology of the Yugoslavs\". His views included eugenics and cultural blending to create one, strong Yugoslav nation.[17]There had on three occasions been efforts to make Bulgaria a part of Yugoslavia or part of an even larger federation: through Aleksandar Stamboliyski during and after World War I; through Zveno during the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, and through Georgi Dimitrov during and after World War II, but for various reasons, each attempt turned out to be unsuccessful.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"South Slavic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_language"},{"link_name":"Karađorđevićs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Serbian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Serbianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbianization"},{"link_name":"Axis occupiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"socialist Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFRY"},{"link_name":"League of Communists of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavism"},{"link_name":"brotherhood and unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity"},{"link_name":"1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhoWere-26"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"},{"link_name":"ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croatia_census_data-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhoWere-26"},{"link_name":"dissolution of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"}],"sub_title":"Self-identification in Yugoslavia","text":"See also: Ethnic groups in YugoslaviaUnitary policies implemented by the authorities of the early 20th century Kingdom of Yugoslavia aimed at creating a single Yugoslav ethnic identity that speaks one South Slavic language were met with heavy resistance by majorities of the country's citizens. Those policies and attempts at concentration of power within the ruling Serbian royal dynasty, the Karađorđevićs, were interpreted by opponents of Yugoslav unitarism and Serbian nationalism as gradual Serbianization of Yugoslavia's non-Serb population.After the country was liberated from Axis occupiers in the World War II in Yugoslavia by the Yugoslav Partisans, the newly established socialist Yugoslavia was instead organized as a federation. The ruling League of Communists of Yugoslavia was ideologically opposed to ethnic unitarism that was promoted under former royal hegemony, instead recognizing and promoting ethnic diversity and social Yugoslavism within the notion of \"brotherhood and unity\" between nations and national minorities of Yugoslavia. Traditional ethnic identities again became the primary ethnic designations used by most inhabitants of Yugoslavia which remained the case until the country's dissolution in the early 1990s.Josip Broz Tito expressed his desire for an undivided Yugoslav ethnicity to develop naturally when he stated, \"I would like to live to see the day when Yugoslavia would become amalgamated into a firm community, when she would no longer be a formal community but a community of a single Yugoslav nation.\"[23]Yugoslav censuses reflected Tito's ideal, with \"Yugoslav\" being an available identification for both ethnicity and nationality. In general, the Yugoslav identity was more common in the multiethnic regions of the country, i.e. the more multiethnic the constituent republic, the higher the percentage; therefore the highest were in Croatia, Montenegro, Central Serbia, Vojvodina, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the lowest were in Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo. The 1971 census recorded 273,077 Yugoslavs, or 1.33% of the total population. The 1981 census, a year after the death of Tito, recorded a record number of 1,216,463 or 5.4% Yugoslavs.[22]In the 1991 census, 5.54% (242,682) of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves to be Yugoslav.[24] The Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 ratified a Presidency of seven members. One of the seven was to be elected amongst/by the republic's Yugoslavs, thereby introducing the Yugoslavs next to ethnic Muslims, Serbs and Croats into the Constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina although on an inferior level. However, because of the Bosnian War that erupted in 1992, this Constitution was short-lived and unrealized.\nApproximately 5% of the population of Montenegro also declared themselves Yugoslav in the same census.\nThe 1981 census showed that Yugoslavs made up around 8.2% of the population in Croatia, this being the highest ever percentage of Yugoslavs within a constituent republic's borders. The percentage was the highest in multiethnic regions and cities with large non-Croatian population and among those of mixed ancestry. The 1991 census data indicated that the number of Yugoslavs had dropped to 2% of the population in Croatia. The 2001 census in Croatia (the first since independence) registered 176 Yugoslavs, less than 0.01% of the population at the time.[25] The next census in 2011 registered 331 Yugoslavs in Croatia (likewise less than 0.01% of the population).[26]\nThe autonomous region of Vojvodina, marked by its traditionally multiethnic make-up, recorded a similar percentage as Croatia at the 1981 census, with ~8% of its 2 million inhabitants declaring themselves Yugoslav.[22]Just before and after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, most Yugoslavs reverted to their ethnic and regional identities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugo-nostalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia"}],"text":"See also: Yugo-nostalgia and Yugoslavs in Serbia","title":"Successor states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"FR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pavlakovic-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Self-identification following dissolution","text":"The number of people identifying as Yugoslav fell drastically in all successor states since the beginning of the 21st century and the conclusion of all Yugoslav Wars and separation of Serbia and Montenegro (until 2003 called FR Yugoslavia). The country with the highest number of people and percentage of population identifying as Yugoslav is Serbia, while North Macedonia is the lowest on both. No official figures or reliable estimates are available for Kosovo.As part of the research project \"Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe\", a study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 on the entire former Yugoslav territory with the exception of Slovenia. Within the study, a poll was conducted on the topic of shared identity. Interviewees were asked whether they ever \"felt Yugoslav\", with three given options being tantamount to \"yes, still do\", \"no, never did\" and \"not anymore\". In all six examined states, majority of the interviewees expressed that they either never or no longer felt so, ranging from ~70–98%, with Serbia being on the lowest end and Kosovo on the highest. Croatia and Kosovo yielded the most clear-cut results with 95% stating either of aforementioned options and less than 3% stating that they still felt Yugoslav. In Kosovo in particular, over 92% stated that they never felt Yugoslav. In contrast, Montenegro and Serbia were the most split states, with ~28% and ~32% respectively stating that they still felt Yugoslav; the two were the only states where more interviewees stated feeling Yugoslav as opposed to never feeling so. Bosnia and Herzegovina had the highest percentage of interviewees stating that they no longer feel Yugoslav at ~48%, followed closely by Montenegro and Serbia. The following table provides more details:[27][28]","title":"Successor states"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savez_Jugoslavena_logo.png"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_views"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jutarnji-33"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-index-34"},{"link_name":"pro-Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendem-16"},{"link_name":"Istrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Pula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dv-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtv-36"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vesti-37"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendem-16"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-konzulsfrj-38"}],"sub_title":"Organizations","text":"Logo of the Alliance of YugoslavsThe Yugoslavs of Croatia have several organizations. The \"Alliance of Yugoslavs\" (Savez Jugoslavena), established in 2010 in Zagreb, is an association aiming to unite the Yugoslavs of Croatia, regardless of religion, sex, political or other views.[29] Its main goal is the official recognition of the Yugoslav nation in every Yugoslav successor state: Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.[30]Another pro-Yugoslav organization advocating the recognition of the Yugoslav nation is the \"Our Yugoslavia\" association (Udruženje \"Naša Jugoslavija\"), which is an officially registered organization in Croatia.[12] The seat of Our Yugoslavia is in the Istrian town of Pula,[31] where it was founded on 30 July 2009.[32] The association has most members in the towns of Rijeka, Zagreb and Pula.[33] Its main aim is the stabilisation of relations among the Yugoslav successor states. It is also active in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, its official registration as an association was denied by the Bosnian state authorities.[12]The probably best-known pro-Yugoslav organization in Montenegro is the \"Consulate-general of the SFRY\" with its headquarters in the coastal town of Tivat. Prior to the population census of 2011, Marko Perković, the president of this organization called on the Yugoslavs of Montenegro to freely declare their Yugoslav identity on the upcoming census.[34]","title":"Successor states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww2-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lib-40"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Bregović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lepa Brena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_Brena"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnhr-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Joška Broz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1ka_Broz"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhdani-43"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Oliver Dulić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Duli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrdnevnik-45"},{"link_name":"Srđan Dragojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Dragojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Đogani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_%C4%90ogani"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vecer-46"},{"link_name":"Branko Đurić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_%C4%90uri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ivan Ergić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ergi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ballest-47"},{"link_name":"Andrej Grubačić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Gruba%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ekrem Jevrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekrem_Jevri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vreme-48"},{"link_name":"Edvin Kanka Ćudić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvin_Kanka_Cudic"},{"link_name":"Božo Koprivica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_Koprivica"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-49"},{"link_name":"Magnifico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifico_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlad-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-51"},{"link_name":"Igor Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branko Milićević \"Kockica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Kockica"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blic_vesti-52"},{"link_name":"Milan Milišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Mili%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enov-mil-53"},{"link_name":"Ašok Murti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1ok_Murti"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blic_intervju-54"},{"link_name":"Ivica Osim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Osim"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enovine-55"},{"link_name":"Srđa Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Dževad Prekazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEevad_Prekazi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Miljenko Smoje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljenko_Smoje"},{"link_name":"Branimir Štulić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stulic-58"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Tanjević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Tanjevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubravka Ugrešić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubravka_Ugre%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovan Vavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Vavic"},{"link_name":"Duško Vujošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Vujo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milić Vukašinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili%C4%87_Vuka%C5%A1inovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blic_zabava-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glasja-60"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Balašević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bala%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blic_zabava1-61"}],"text":"The best known example of self-declared Yugoslavs is Marshal Josip Broz Tito who organized resistance against Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia,[35][36] ended the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia with the help of the Red Army, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement, and defied Joseph Stalin's Soviet pressure on Yugoslavia. Other people that declared as \"Yugoslavs\" include intellectuals, entertainers, singers, and athletes, such as:Ivo Andrić\nGoran Bregović\nLepa Brena[37][38]\nJoška Broz,[39] the grandson of Josip Broz Tito\nOliver Dulić[40][41]\nSrđan Dragojević\nĐorđe Đogani[42]\nBranko Đurić [citation needed]\nIvan Ergić[43]\nAndrej Grubačić\nEkrem Jevrić[44]\nEdvin Kanka Ćudić\nBožo Koprivica[45]\nMagnifico[46][47]\nIgor Mandić\nBranko Milićević \"Kockica\"[48]\nMilan Milišić[49]\nAšok Murti[50]\nIvica Osim[51]\nSrđa Popović\nDževad Prekazi[52][53]\nMiljenko Smoje\nBranimir Štulić[54]\nBogdan Tanjević\nDubravka Ugrešić\nJovan Vavic\nDuško Vujošević\nMilić Vukašinović[55][56]\nĐorđe Balašević[57]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vijesti-62"},{"link_name":"flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"blue, white, and red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors"},{"link_name":"flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1946-1992).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1918%E2%80%931941).svg"}],"text":"The probably most frequently used symbol of the Yugoslavs to express their identity and to which they are most often associated with is the blue-white-red tricolor flag with a yellow-bordered red star in the flag's center,[58] which also served as the national flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1991.[citation needed]Prior to World War II, the symbol of Yugoslavism was a plain tricolor flag of blue, white, and red, which was also the national flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav state in the interwar period.[citation needed]","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Slavic studies journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals"}],"text":"See also: List of Slavic studies journals","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_language"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"jug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jug#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Slaveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Slaven#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Sloveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sloven#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"proper noun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun"},{"link_name":"južni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ju%C5%BEni#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Slaveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Slaveni#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Sloveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sloveni#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"^ Many other countries with a Yugoslav diaspora do not record ethnicity in censuses.\n\n^ Jugoslaveni is preferred in Croatian, Jugosloveni is preferred in Serbian and Montenegrin, while both are commonly used in Bosnian variety of the language.\n\n^ Serbo-Croatian term Jugoslaveni or Jugosloveni was a popular neutral supraethnic compound of jug (\"south\") and Slaveni/Sloveni (Slavs), literally meaning South Slavs, coined in late 19th century and officially adopted in 1929 by the authorities of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. \"Yugoslavia\" was adopted by English and other non-Slavic languages as a unique proper noun in favour of literal translations such as \"South Slavia\". Nowadays in Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages, Jugoslaven/Jugosloven refers exclusively to Yugoslavs, the people of Yugoslavia, and not South Slavs, the cultural and linguistic group; the latter is rendered in Serbo-Croatian as \"južni Slaveni/Sloveni\".\n\n^ During SFR Yugoslavia, ethnic identity in quotation marks, \"Yugoslav\", was added to birth certificates of Yugoslav citizens whose ethnic identity was otherwise unspecified or unknown. This was common practice for people of mixed ancestry.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85065-663-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55753-495-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8"},{"link_name":"The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-34656-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34656-8"},{"link_name":"A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ojur7dVoxIcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-533343-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533343-5"}],"text":"Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.\nJović, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-495-8.\nRamet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34656-8.\nTrbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Narodnost u popisima. Promjenljiva i nestalna kategorija\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0038-982x/2002/0038-982X0201077M.pdf"}],"text":"S. Mrdjen (2002). \"Narodnost u popisima. Promjenljiva i nestalna kategorija\" (PDF). Stanovnistvo.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo of the Alliance of Yugoslavs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Savez_Jugoslavena_logo.png/240px-Savez_Jugoslavena_logo.png"}]	[{"title":"Czechoslovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovaks"},{"title":"Demographics of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia"},{"title":"Ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"title":"Meta-ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-ethnicity"},{"title":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"title":"Pan-Slavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism"},{"title":"Pan-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-nationalism"},{"title":"The Erased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Erased"},{"title":"Titoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism"},{"title":"Yugo-nostalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia"},{"title":"Yugoslavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavism"},{"title":"Yugosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugosphere"}]	[{"reference":"\"2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates\". American Community Survey 2021. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113537/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006","url_text":"\"2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey","url_text":"American Community Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables\". statcan.gc.ca. 25 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D","url_text":"\"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022\". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/","url_text":"\"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact sheets : Ancestry – Serbian\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsancserb?opendocument&navpos=450","url_text":"\"Fact sheets : Ancestry – Serbian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik\" [Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_B_E.pdf#page=14","url_text":"\"Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik\""}]},{"reference":"Anđelković, Nataša (10 October 2022). \"Balkan, Srbija i popis 2022: Ko su danas Jugosloveni i ima li ih uopšte\" [The Balkans, Serbia and the 2022 census: Who are the Yugoslavs today and are there any?]. BBC News na srpskom (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 19 November 2022. Ipak, najdrastičniji „nestanak\" Jugoslovena vidi se na primeru Hrvatske. Dok se 1991. njih 106.041 osećalo tako, na popisu 2001. bili su u nivou statističke greške - ukupno 176. Naredne decenije, broj se blago popeo na 331, da bi na poslednjem popisu, 2021. godine 942 ljudi navelo tu opciju, kažu iz hrvatskog Državnog zavoda za statistiku. [However, the most drastic \"disappearance\" of Yugoslavs can be seen in the example of Croatia. While 106,041 of them felt that way in 1991, in the 2001 census they were at the level of a statistical error - a total of 176. In the following decade, the number rose slightly to 331, and in the last census, in 2021, 942 people indicated this option, according to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics.]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-63179247","url_text":"\"Balkan, Srbija i popis 2022: Ko su danas Jugosloveni i ima li ih uopšte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002\". stat.si (in Slovenian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7","url_text":"\"Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"2. Состав группы населения \"Указавшие другие ответы о национальной принадлежности\"\" [2. Composition of the population group \"Those who indicated other answers about nationality\"]. Federal State Statistics Service. 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab2_VPN-2020.xlsx","url_text":"\"2. Состав группы населения \"Указавшие другие ответы о национальной принадлежности\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"S. Szayna, Thomas; Zanini, Michele (January 2001). \"Chapter Three\". The Yugoslav Retrospective Case (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233453/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1188/MR1188.ch3.pdf","url_text":"The Yugoslav Retrospective Case"},{"url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1188/MR1188.ch3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Makul, Anes; McRobie, Heather (17 February 2011). \"Yugoslavs in the twenty-first century: 'erased' people\". openDemocracy. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/yugoslavs-in-twenty-first-century-erased-people/","url_text":"\"Yugoslavs in the twenty-first century: 'erased' people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDemocracy","url_text":"openDemocracy"}]},{"reference":"Perica, Vjekoslav (2002). \"11. The Twilight of Balkan Idols\". Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. p. 207. doi:10.1093/0195148568.001.0001. ISBN 0-19-517429-1. Although the name was appropriated by the Milošević regime, during the 1990s, vestiges of the former Yugoslavia began to disappear. A million-strong group known not long ago as \"Yugoslavs by nationality\" has vanished. As early as 1992, American reporters from Balkan battlefields noticed the revival of the primordial ethnic identities at the expense of the Yugoslav identity. 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CROSBI 1013208 – via Ipsos 2011, Hrvatska.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789537963552","url_text":"9789537963552"},{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=1013208","url_text":"CROSBI 1013208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos","url_text":"Ipsos"}]},{"reference":"Zebić, Enis (6 March 2017). \"O jugonostalgiji i lojalnosti svojoj državi\" [About yugo-nostalgia and loyalty to one's own country]. Radio Slobodna Evropa (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/drzave-bivsa-jugoslavija/28353936.html","url_text":"\"O jugonostalgiji i lojalnosti svojoj državi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Slobodna_Evropa","url_text":"Radio Slobodna Evropa"}]},{"reference":"\"Lepa Brena: Nisam ni Hrvatica ni Srpkinja, ja sam Jugoslavenka!\" [Lepa Brena: I am neither Croatian or Serbian, I am Yugoslav!]. Index.hr. 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.index.hr/magazin/clanak/lepa-brena-nisam-ni-hrvatica-ni-srpkinja-ja-sam-jugoslavenka/412754.aspx","url_text":"\"Lepa Brena: Nisam ni Hrvatica ni Srpkinja, ja sam Jugoslavenka!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index.hr","url_text":"Index.hr"}]},{"reference":"\"Dulić: 'Nisam Hrvat nego Jugoslaven'\" (in Croatian). Dnevnik.hr. 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/svijet/intervju-s-oliverom-dulicem.html","url_text":"\"Dulić: 'Nisam Hrvat nego Jugoslaven'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pas do pasa, beton do betona\" (in Serbian). Vreme. 29 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=942888","url_text":"\"Pas do pasa, beton do betona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme","url_text":"Vreme"}]},{"reference":"D. Milićević (12 April 2010). \"Uz mališane 33 godine\" (in Serbian). Blic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_halepensis	Pinus halepensis	["1 Description","1.1 Related species","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Uses","3.1 Forestry","3.2 Landscape","4 In culture","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of conifer Pinus halepensis Pinus halepensis in Sounion Natural Park, Greece Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus Section: P. sect. Pinus Subsection: Pinus subsect. Pinaster Species: P. halepensis Binomial name Pinus halepensisMill. Distribution map Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, also known as the Jerusalem pine, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region. It was officially named by the botanist Philip Miller in his 1768 book The Gardener's Dictionary; he probably never went to Aleppo but mentions seeing large specimens at Goodwood in the garden of the Duke of Richmond, which were transplanted (perhaps sent by Alexander Russell from Syria) in 1739. Description Pinus halepensis is a small to medium-sized tree, 15–25 metres (49–82 feet) tall, with a trunk diameter up to 60 centimetres (24 inches), exceptionally up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves ('needles') are very slender, 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long, distinctly yellowish green, and produced in pairs (rarely a few in threes). The cones are narrow conic, 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) long and 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, a process quickened if they are exposed to heat such as in forest fires. The cones open 5–8 cm (2–3+1⁄4 in) wide to allow the seeds to disperse. The seeds are 5–6 millimetres (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, with a 20 mm (13⁄16 in) wing, and are wind-dispersed. Cones Foliage Bark and trunk Plate from Lambert's Description of the Genus Pinus Cone of pinus halepensis in Hebron Pinus halepensis forest at the island of Mljet A dead Aleppo pine in front of the Étang de Thau A grove of Aleppo pines in Pinet Related species The Aleppo pine is closely related to the Turkish pine, Canary Island pine, and maritime pine, which all share many of its characteristics. Some authors include the Turkish pine as a subspecies of the Aleppo pine, as Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe, but it is usually regarded as a distinct species. It is a relatively nonvariable species, in that its morphological characteristics stay constant over the entire range. Distribution and habitat The native range of Pinus halepensis extends from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Spain north to southern France, Malta, Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, and Albania, and east to Greece. It has been introduced into many parts of the world, including Portugal. There is an outlying population (from which it was first described) in Syria, Lebanon, southern Turkey, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. The species is generally found at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to 200 m (660 ft), but can grow above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in southern and eastern Spain, well over 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on Crete, and up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in the south, in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The tree is able to quickly colonize open and disturbed areas. It is classed as an invasive species in South Africa. It can grow on all substrates and almost in all bioclimates in the Mediterranean. Pinus halepensis is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis. Uses The resin of the Aleppo pine is used to flavor the Greek wine retsina. From the pine nuts of the Aleppo pine is made a pudding called asidet zgougou in the Tunisian dialect; it is served in bowls, covered with cream, and topped with almonds and small candies. The Maltese dessert prinjolata is also prepared using these pine nuts, both in its filling as well as a topping. Aleppo pine are used for bonsai. Forestry In its native area, P. halepensis is widely planted for its fine timber, making it one of the most important forestry trees in Algeria and Morocco. In Israel, natural patches of Aleppo pine forests can be found in the Carmel and Galilee regions. The Aleppo pine, along with Pinus brutia, has been planted extensively by the Jewish National Fund. It proved very successful in Yatir Forest in the northern Negev (on the edge of the desert), where foresters had not expected it to survive. Many Aleppo pine forests exist today in Israel and are used for recreational purposes. Although it is a local species, some argue that the historical replacement of natural oak maquis shrubland and garrigue with tall stands of pine has created "ecological deserts" and has significantly changed the species assemblage of these regions. The species produces timber which is valued for its hardness, density and unproblematic seasoning. Seasoned timber is inclined to tear out with planing, but this can be avoided by using sharp blades or adjusting the sharpening angle of tools. The Aleppo pine is considered an invasive species though useful in South Africa; in South Australia, a control program is in place on Eyre Peninsula. Landscape Pinus halepensis is a popular ornamental tree, extensively planted in gardens, parks, and private and agency landscapes in hot dry areas such as Southern California and the Karoo in South Africa, where the Aleppo pine's considerable heat and drought tolerance, fast growth, and aesthetic qualities are highly valued. In culture Paul Cézanne had an Aleppo pine in his garden at Aix-en-Provence; this tree was the inspiration and model for his painting The Big Trees. As of 2005, the tree is still growing in Cézanne's garden. References ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus halepensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42366A2975569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Aisner, R.; Terkel, J. (1992-08-01). "Ontogeny of pine cone opening behaviour in the black rat, Rattus rattus". Animal Behaviour. 44: 327–336. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(92)90038-B. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53148456. ^ Miller, Philip (1768). "The Gardener's Dictionary". biodiversitylibrary.org. ^ a b c d Farjon, A. (2005). Pines. Drawings and Descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8. ^ a b c Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. ^ a b c Nahal, I. (1962). Le Pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Miller). Étude taxonomique, phytogéographique, écologique et sylvicole. Annales de l'École National des Eaux et Forêts (Nancy) 19: 1–207. ^ Christensen, K. I. (1997). Gymnospermae. Pp. 1–17 in Strid, A., & Tan, K., eds., Flora Hellenica 1. Königstein. ^ Richardson, D. M., ed. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-55176-5. ^ "Aleppo pine – Invasive Species South Africa". invasives.org.za. Retrieved 2024-05-19. ^ Facy, B.; Semerci, H. & Vendramin, G.G. (2003). "Aleppo and Brutia pines - Pinus halepensis/Pinus brutia" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2016-10-24. ^ Bonari, Gianmaria; Fernández‐González, Federico; Çoban, Süleyman; Monteiro‐Henriques, Tiago; Bergmeier, Erwin; Didukh, Yakiv P.; Xystrakis, Fotios; Angiolini, Claudia; Chytrý, Kryštof; Acosta, Alicia T.R.; Agrillo, Emiliano (January 2021). Ewald, Jörg (ed.). "Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation". Applied Vegetation Science. 24 (1). doi:10.1111/avsc.12544. hdl:10400.5/21923. ISSN 1402-2001. S2CID 228839165. ^ "Development Site: Forestry - Aleppo pine". Newman Information Center for Desert Research and Development, desert.bgu.ac.il. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2024 – via web.archive.org. ^ F.T. Maestre, J. Cortina . "Are Pinus halepensis plantations useful as a restoration tool in semiarid Mediterranean areas?" Forest Ecology and Management, 2004 (Elsevier). ^ Reducing Tear Out when Wood Planing www.evenfallstudios.com ^ Cézanne, P. "Visions". In Architectural Digest, December 2005: 117. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus halepensis. Wikispecies has information related to Pinus halepensis. Gymnosperm Database: Pinus halepensis Pinus halepensis—distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) Taxon identifiersPinus halepensis Wikidata: Q211457 Wikispecies: Pinus halepensis APDB: 131111 APNI: 116214 BioLib: 125546 Calflora: 8668 CoL: 4J27Y Ecocrop: 8634 eFloraSA: Pinus_halepensis EoL: 1033600 EPPO: PIUHA EUNIS: 150580 FloraBase: 17671 FNA: 242414082 FoAO2: Pinus halepensis FoIO: pinhal GBIF: 5285604 GRIN: 28455 iNaturalist: 82722 IPNI: 262982-1 IRMNG: 10213606 ISC: 41617 ITIS: 506601 IUCN: 42366 NCBI: 71633 NSWFlora: Pinus~halepensis NZOR: b41fa0fb-581d-4460-b5de-61ef1f5ab3fc NZPCN: 3076 Observation.org: 127506 Open Tree of Life: 212456 PFI: 9322 PPE: pinus-halepensis Plant List: kew-2561998 PLANTS: PIHA7 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262982-1 RHS: 13085 Tropicos: 24900028 VicFlora: 74d1747a-47b9-486a-a368-0ad7996773eb WoI: 285 WFO: wfo-0000481363 Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_region"},{"link_name":"Philip Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller"},{"link_name":"Duke of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Alexander Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Russell_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, also known as the Jerusalem pine,[2] is a pine native to the Mediterranean region. It was officially named by the botanist Philip Miller in his 1768 book The Gardener's Dictionary; he probably never went to Aleppo but mentions seeing large specimens at Goodwood in the garden of the Duke of Richmond, which were transplanted (perhaps sent by Alexander Russell from Syria) in 1739.[3]","title":"Pinus halepensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"dispersed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nahal-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halep.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_halepensis_foliage.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_halepensis_Trunk_11a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_halepensis1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cone_of_pinus_halepensis_in_hebron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mljet_5.4.2016.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mljet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mljet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Aleppo_Pine_and_the_%C3%89tang_de_Thau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Étang de Thau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Thau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleppo_Pines_grove,_Pinet,_H%C3%A9rault_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinet,_H%C3%A9rault"}],"text":"Pinus halepensis is a small to medium-sized tree, 15–25 metres (49–82 feet) tall, with a trunk diameter up to 60 centimetres (24 inches), exceptionally up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves ('needles') are very slender, 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long, distinctly yellowish green, and produced in pairs (rarely a few in threes). The cones are narrow conic, 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) long and 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, a process quickened if they are exposed to heat such as in forest fires. The cones open 5–8 cm (2–3+1⁄4 in) wide to allow the seeds to disperse. The seeds are 5–6 millimetres (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, with a 20 mm (13⁄16 in) wing, and are wind-dispersed.[4][5][6]Cones\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoliage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBark and trunk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlate from Lambert's Description of the Genus Pinus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCone of pinus halepensis in Hebron\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPinus halepensis forest at the island of Mljet\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA dead Aleppo pine in front of the Étang de Thau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA grove of Aleppo pines in Pinet","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_pine"},{"link_name":"Canary Island pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Island_pine"},{"link_name":"maritime pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kic-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nahal-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dmr-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"}],"sub_title":"Related species","text":"The Aleppo pine is closely related to the Turkish pine, Canary Island pine, and maritime pine, which all share many of its characteristics. Some authors include the Turkish pine as a subspecies of the Aleppo pine, as Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe,[7] but it is usually regarded as a distinct species.[4][5][6][8] It is a relatively nonvariable species, in that its morphological characteristics stay constant over the entire range.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The native range of Pinus halepensis extends from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Spain north to southern France, Malta, Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, and Albania, and east to Greece. It has been introduced into many parts of the world, including Portugal. There is an outlying population (from which it was first described) in Syria, Lebanon, southern Turkey, Jordan, Israel and Palestine.The species is generally found at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to 200 m (660 ft), but can grow above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in southern and eastern Spain, well over 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on Crete, and up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in the south, in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.[4][5]\nThe tree is able to quickly colonize open and disturbed areas. It is classed as an invasive species in South Africa.[9] It can grow on all substrates and almost in all bioclimates in the Mediterranean.[10]Pinus halepensis is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[11]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retsina"},{"link_name":"asidet zgougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assidat_Zgougou"},{"link_name":"prinjolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinjolata"},{"link_name":"bonsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai"}],"text":"The resin of the Aleppo pine is used to flavor the Greek wine retsina.From the pine nuts of the Aleppo pine is made a pudding called asidet zgougou in the Tunisian dialect; it is served in bowls, covered with cream, and topped with almonds and small candies.The Maltese dessert prinjolata is also prepared using these pine nuts, both in its filling as well as a topping.Aleppo pine are used for bonsai.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nahal-6"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indeterminate-12"},{"link_name":"Pinus brutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_brutia"},{"link_name":"Jewish National Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNF"},{"link_name":"Yatir Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatir_Forest"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"Many Aleppo pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"maquis shrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_shrubland"},{"link_name":"garrigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrigue"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"}],"sub_title":"Forestry","text":"In its native area, P. halepensis is widely planted for its fine timber, making it one of the most important forestry trees in Algeria and Morocco.[6]In Israel, natural patches of Aleppo pine forests can be found in the Carmel and Galilee regions.[12] The Aleppo pine, along with Pinus brutia, has been planted extensively by the Jewish National Fund. It proved very successful in Yatir Forest in the northern Negev (on the edge of the desert), where foresters had not expected it to survive. Many Aleppo pine forests exist today in Israel and are used for recreational purposes. Although it is a local species, some argue that the historical replacement of natural oak maquis shrubland and garrigue with tall stands of pine has created \"ecological deserts\" and has significantly changed the species assemblage of these regions.[13] The species produces timber which is valued for its hardness, density and unproblematic seasoning. Seasoned timber is inclined to tear out with planing, but this can be avoided by using sharp blades or adjusting the sharpening angle of tools.[14]The Aleppo pine is considered an invasive species though useful in South Africa; in South Australia, a control program is in place on Eyre Peninsula.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"drought tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscape"}],"sub_title":"Landscape","text":"Pinus halepensis is a popular ornamental tree, extensively planted in gardens, parks, and private and agency landscapes in hot dry areas such as Southern California and the Karoo in South Africa, where the Aleppo pine's considerable heat and drought tolerance, fast growth, and aesthetic qualities are highly valued.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c%C3%A9zanne-15"}],"text":"Paul Cézanne had an Aleppo pine in his garden at Aix-en-Provence; this tree was the inspiration and model for his painting The Big Trees. As of 2005, the tree is still growing in Cézanne's garden.[15]","title":"In culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Farjon, A. (2013). \"Pinus halepensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42366A2975569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42366/2975569","url_text":"\"Pinus halepensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en"}]},{"reference":"Aisner, R.; Terkel, J. (1992-08-01). \"Ontogeny of pine cone opening behaviour in the black rat, Rattus rattus\". Animal Behaviour. 44: 327–336. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(92)90038-B. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53148456.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472%2892%2990038-B","url_text":"\"Ontogeny of pine cone opening behaviour in the black rat, Rattus rattus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2892%2990038-B","url_text":"10.1016/0003-3472(92)90038-B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472","url_text":"0003-3472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53148456","url_text":"53148456"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Philip (1768). \"The Gardener's Dictionary\". biodiversitylibrary.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51511270#page/28/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Gardener's Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aleppo pine – Invasive Species South Africa\". invasives.org.za. Retrieved 2024-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/aleppo-pine/","url_text":"\"Aleppo pine – Invasive Species South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Facy, B.; Semerci, H. & Vendramin, G.G. (2003). \"Aleppo and Brutia pines - Pinus halepensis/Pinus brutia\" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2016-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930004647/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf","url_text":"\"Aleppo and Brutia pines - Pinus halepensis/Pinus brutia\""},{"url":"http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonari, Gianmaria; Fernández‐González, Federico; Çoban, Süleyman; Monteiro‐Henriques, Tiago; Bergmeier, Erwin; Didukh, Yakiv P.; Xystrakis, Fotios; Angiolini, Claudia; Chytrý, Kryštof; Acosta, Alicia T.R.; Agrillo, Emiliano (January 2021). Ewald, Jörg (ed.). \"Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation\". Applied Vegetation Science. 24 (1). doi:10.1111/avsc.12544. hdl:10400.5/21923. ISSN 1402-2001. S2CID 228839165.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12544","url_text":"\"Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Favsc.12544","url_text":"10.1111/avsc.12544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10400.5%2F21923","url_text":"10400.5/21923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1402-2001","url_text":"1402-2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228839165","url_text":"228839165"}]},{"reference":"\"Development Site: Forestry - Aleppo pine\". Newman Information Center for Desert Research and Development, desert.bgu.ac.il. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2024 – via web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002005920/http://desert.bgu.ac.il/desert/EngSite.aspx?SiteId=3327&ItemId=4990","url_text":"\"Development Site: Forestry - Aleppo pine\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42366/2975569","external_links_name":"\"Pinus halepensis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42366A2975569.en"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472%2892%2990038-B","external_links_name":"\"Ontogeny of pine cone opening behaviour in the black rat, Rattus rattus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2892%2990038-B","external_links_name":"10.1016/0003-3472(92)90038-B"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472","external_links_name":"0003-3472"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53148456","external_links_name":"53148456"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51511270#page/28/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The Gardener's Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/aleppo-pine/","external_links_name":"\"Aleppo pine – Invasive Species South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930004647/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/858_Techinical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_of_Aleppo_pine__Pinus_halepensis__and_Brutia_pine__Pinus_brutia_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aleppo and Brutia pines - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakaran	Dinakaran	["1 See also","2 References"]	Indian Daily Tamil Newspaper from Tamil Nadu For other uses, see Dinakaran (disambiguation). DinakaranTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Sun GroupFounder(s)K. P. KandasamyFounded1977 (1977)LanguageTamilHeadquartersChennai, Tamil Nadu , IndiaCirculation1,167,189 Daily (as of Jul - Dec 2015)WebsiteDinakaran website Dinakaran is a Tamil daily newspaper distributed in Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded by K. P. Kandasamy in 1977 and is currently owned by media conglomerate Sun Group's Sun Network. Dinakaran is the second largest circulated Tamil daily in India after Dina Thanthi as of 2015. It is printed in 12 cities across India. Dinakaran was founded in 1977 by K. P. Kandasamy after he split from Dina Thanthi owned by his father-in-law S. P. Adithanar during the split of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In 2005, the newspaper was acquired from K. P. K. Kumaran by Kalanithi Maran's Sun Group. Dinakaran is published from 12 cities in India namely Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Nagercoil, Puducherry, Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore. As of 2014, the newspaper has a circulation of 1,215,583. See also Dinakaran attack case References ^ "Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ a b "Sun acquires Dinakaran newspaper". rediff.com. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ a b "Details of most circulated publications for the audit period Jul-Dec 2014" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 25 July 2015. ^ Judy Franko (13 March 2010). "Tamil daily Dinakaran takes over the lead". exchange4media.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ "India's 15 most-read newspapers". rediff.com. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Jeffrey, Robin (24 March 2000). India's newspaper revolution. C. Hurst & Co. p. 79,80,114,135. ISBN 978-1-85065-383-7. vteTamil-language mediaNewspapers, magazines and other periodicalsNewspapersIndia Dina Thanthi Dinaboomi Dinakaran Dinamalar Dinamani Dinasudar Hindu Tamil Thisai Maalai Malar Makkal Kural Malai Murasu Namadhu Amma Nellai Maalai Murasu Tamil Murasu Theekkathir Viduthalai Defunct newspapers Dinavartamani Kannagi Swadesamitran Malaysia Makkal Osai Malaysia Nanban Tamil Nesan Singapore Tamil Murasu Vannathirai Sri Lanka Sudar Oli Thinakaran Thinakkural Uthayan Virakesari MagazinesIndia Ananda Vikatan Kalki Kumudam Kungumam Nakkheeran Netaji Puthiya Thalaimurai Tharasu RadioStationsIndia All India Radio Rainbow FM Gold FM BIG FM 92.7 Gyan Vani Hello FM Radio City Radio Mirchi Radio One Suryan FM Malaysia Minnal FM Raaga Singapore Oli 96.8FM Sri Lanka FM99 Shakthi FM SLBC Tamil Commercial Service SLBC Tamil National Service Sooriyan FM Tamil FM Theydal FM Vasantham FM Vettri FM TelevisionStationsIndia Adithya TV Captain TV Chutti TV Colors Tamil DD Chennai (DD1) DD Coimbatore DD Madurai DD Pudhucherry Jaya TV K TV Kalaignar Seithigal Kalaignar TV Makkal TV Mega TV News7 Tamil News18 Tamil Nadu News J Podhigai TV (DD5) Polimer TV Polimer News PuthiyaThalaimurai TV Puthuyugam TV Raj TV Raj Digital Plus Raj Musix Raj News 24X7 SS Music Star Vijay Vijay Super Sun Life Sun Music Sun News Sun TV Thanthi TV Vasanth TV Vendhar TV Zee Tamil Zee Thirai Malaysia Astro Vaanavil Astro Vellithirai Astro Vinmeen HD Astro Box Office Movies Thangathirai Singapore MediaCorp Vasantham Sri Lanka Athavan TV Nanban TV Dan Tamil Oli TV Nethra TV Shakthi TV Varnam TV Vasantham TV Australia, Europe and Middle East Deepam TV IBC Tamil Global Tamil Vision (GTV) Canada and United States ATN Jaya TV Tamil One Tamil Entertainment Television (TET) Tamil Vision International (TVI) Defunct stations Tamil Television Network (TTN) Tharisanam TV Websites Dinakaran-India Dina Thanthi-India Tamil Mirror-Sri Lanka vteSun GroupPeople Kalanithi Maran Companies Sun Direct TelevisionTamil Sun TV – Sun HD K TV – KTV HD Sun Music – Sun Music HD Sun News Adithya TV Chutti TV Sun TV RI (Rest of India) Kannada Udaya TV – Udaya TV HD Udaya Movies – Udaya Movies HD Udaya Music – Udaya Music HD Udaya News Udaya Comedy Chintu TV Telugu Gemini TV – Gemini HD Gemini Movies – Gemini Movies HD Gemini Music – Gemini Music HD Gemini News Gemini Comedy Kushi TV Gemini Life Malayalam Surya TV – Surya HD Surya Movies – Surya Movies HD Surya Music – Surya Music HD Surya Comedy Kochu TV Bangla Sun Bangla Marathi Sun Marathi FM Radio Red FM 93.5 Suryan FM 93.5 Publications Dinakaran Tamil Murasu Kungumam Movies Sun Pictures Sports Sunrisers Hyderabad Sunrisers Eastern Cape OTT Sun NXT vteNewspapers of IndiaAngami Capi Kewhira Dielie (defunct) Assamese Amar Asom Aaji Asomiya Khabar Asomiya Pratidin Dainik Agradoot Dainik Asam Dainik Gana Adhikar Dainik Janambhumi Janasadharan Niyomiya Barta Bengali Aajkaal Anandabazar Patrika Bartaman Daily Desher Katha Dainik Prantajyoti Dainik Sambad Dainik Statesman Dainik Jugasankha Ebela Ei Samay Sangbadpatra Ekdin Ganadabi Ganashakti Jago Bangla Kalantar Puber Kalom Manush Patrika Sangbad Lahari Sangbad Pratidin Syandan Patrika Tripura Bani Uttarbanga Sambad English The Asian Age The Assam Tribune Balaknama Bangalore Mirror Business Standard Central Chronicle Daily Excelsior Deccan Chronicle Deccan Herald Eastern Mirror The Economic Times Financial Chronicle The Financial Express The Free Press Journal Free Press Kashmir Frontline Greater Kashmir The Hans India The Hindu The Hindu Business Line Hindustan Times Imphal Free Press The Indian Express Kashmir Reader Kashmir Times Mail Today Metro India Mid-Day The Milli Gazette Mint The Mizoram Post The Morung Express Mumbai Mirror National Herald Nagaland Page Nagaland Post The North East Times The New Indian Express Organiser Orissa Post The Pioneer ThePrint The Sentinel The Siasat Daily Star of Mysore The Sunday Guardian The Statesman Swarajya Telangana Today The Telegraph The Times of India The Tribune Ura Mail (defunct) Young India (defunct) India Mid-Day Gujarati Mumbai Samachar Divya Bhaskar Gujarat Samachar Gujarat Mitra Gujarat Today Janmabhoomi Jai Hind Jagat Darpan Kutchmitra Mid-Day NavGujarat Samay Nobat Phulchhab Sambhaav Sandesh Hindi Aj Amar Ujala Balaknama Business Standard Hindi Dainik Bhaskar Dainik Jagran Dainik Navajyoti Dainik Tribune Deshbandhu Divya Himachal Economic Times Hindi Hari Bhoomi Herald Young Leader Hindustan Jansatta Nava Bharat Navbharat Times Prabhat Khabar Punjab Kesari Rajasthan Patrika Sudarshan News Tehelka Hindi Kannada Hosa Digantha Hai Bangalore Kannada Prabha Karavali Ale Lankesh Patrike Mangaluru Samachara Mysooru Mithra Prajavani Samyukta Karnataka Sanjevani Suddi Sangaati Udayavani Usha Kirana Varthabharathi Vijaya Karnataka Vijayavani Vishwavani News Kokborok Hachukni Kok Konkani Sunaparant Malayalam Chandrika Deepika Deshabhimani General Janayugom Janmabhumi Kerala Kaumudi Madhyamam Malayala Manorama Mangalam Mathrubhumi Siraj Daily Suprabhaatham Thejas Marathi Deshdoot Kesari Lokmat Loksatta Maharashtra Times Nava Kaal Navshakti Prahaar Pudhari Sakal Saamana Sanchar Tarun Bharat Meitei Hueiyen Lanpao Marup Naharolgi Thoudang Poknapham Sanaleibak The Sangai Express Mizo Vanglaini Zalen Odia The Samaya The Samaja Sambad Dharitri Pragativadi Prameya Sakala Punjabi Ajit Punjabi Tribune Jag Bani Rozana Spokesman Sanskrit Sudharma Tamil Daily Thanthi Dinaboomi Dinakaran Dinamalar Dinamani Dinasudar Hindu Tamil Thisai Kannagi (defunct) Maalai Malar Maalai Murasu Madras Musings Makkal Kural Namadhu Amma Nakkheeran Nellai Maalai Murasu Swadesamitran (defunct) Theekkathir Thuglak Theekkathir Telugu Andhra Bhoomi Andhra Jyothi Andhra Prabha Eenadu Janam Sakshi Mana Telangana Namasthe Telangana Nava Telangana Prajasakti Sakshi Suryaa Vaartha Visalaandhra Zamin Ryot Urdu Avadhnama Etemaad Daily Hind Samachar Taasir The Munsif Daily The Siasat Daily Full list Newspapers by circulation Newspapers by readership Registrar Media of India	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinakaran (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakaran_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"daily newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"K. 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Adithanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Adithanar"},{"link_name":"All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robin_Jeffrey-6"},{"link_name":"K. P. K. 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It was founded by K. P. Kandasamy in 1977 and is currently owned by media conglomerate Sun Group's Sun Network.[2] Dinakaran is the second largest circulated Tamil daily in India after Dina Thanthi as of 2015[update].[3][4][5] It is printed in 12 cities across India. Dinakaran was founded in 1977 by K. P. Kandasamy after he split from Dina Thanthi owned by his father-in-law S. P. Adithanar during the split of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[6] In 2005, the newspaper was acquired from K. P. K. Kumaran by Kalanithi Maran's Sun Group.[2]Dinakaran is published from 12 cities in India namely Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Nagercoil, Puducherry, Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore. As of 2014, the newspaper has a circulation of 1,215,583.[3]","title":"Dinakaran"}]	[]	[{"title":"Dinakaran attack case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakaran_attack_case"}]	[{"reference":"\"Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015\" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf","url_text":"\"Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(India)","url_text":"Audit Bureau of Circulations"}]},{"reference":"\"Sun acquires Dinakaran newspaper\". rediff.com. 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Retrieved 7 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123010447/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/fullstory.asp?news_id=37493&pict=3&section_id=5&tag=2878","url_text":"\"Tamil daily Dinakaran takes over the lead\""},{"url":"http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/fullstory.asp?news_id=37493&pict=3&section_id=5&tag=2878","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India's 15 most-read newspapers\". rediff.com. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/05/slide-show-1-indias-most-read-newspapers.htm","url_text":"\"India's 15 most-read newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey, Robin (24 March 2000). India's newspaper revolution. C. Hurst & Co. p. 79,80,114,135. ISBN 978-1-85065-383-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Jeffrey","url_text":"Jeffrey, Robin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-383-7","url_text":"978-1-85065-383-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dinakaran.com/","external_links_name":"Dinakaran website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinakaran&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/17sun.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sun acquires Dinakaran newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Details%20of%20most%20circulated%20publications%20for%20the%20audit%20period%20July%20Dec%202014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Details of most circulated publications for the audit period Jul-Dec 2014\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130123010447/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/fullstory.asp?news_id=37493&pict=3&section_id=5&tag=2878","external_links_name":"\"Tamil daily Dinakaran takes over the lead\""},{"Link":"http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/fullstory.asp?news_id=37493&pict=3&section_id=5&tag=2878","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/05/slide-show-1-indias-most-read-newspapers.htm","external_links_name":"\"India's 15 most-read newspapers\""},{"Link":"http://www.dantv.tv/","external_links_name":"Dan Tamil Oli TV"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_(disambiguation)	AOL (disambiguation)	["1 Technology","2 Entertainment","3 Sports","4 Transport","5 Other"]	Look up AOL in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. AOL is an American company that invests in brands and web sites. AOL may also refer to: Technology AOL, abbreviation of aspect-oriented language AOL Explorer, a web browser made by AOL AOL Broadband, a trading name of TalkTalk Telecom PLC, an Internet service provider in the UK Alert on LAN, a PC remote management technology from IBM and Intel Entertainment Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, the second video game in The Legend of Zelda series Archers of Loaf, an American indie rock band The Angels of Light, a US-based experimental folk-rock group The Angels of Light (UK band), an occasional UK-based electronic rock group Sports Academy of Light, Sunderland AFC's training ground Amateur Oberliga (football), the fifth tier of German football Transport Paso de los Libres Airport, Corrientes, Argentina, an airport with IATA airport code AOL Angkor Airlines, a defunct Cambodian airline with the ICAO airline code AOL A US Navy hull classification symbol: Light replenishment oiler (AOL) Other Archives de l'Orient Latin, the early part of the Revue de l'Orient Latin, a collection of medieval documents Arrow of Light, the highest award in American Cub Scouting Art of Living Foundation, a non-profit, volunteer based organization founded by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and based in Bangalore, India Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title AOL.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gumball_Rally	The Gumball Rally	["1 Plot","2 Cast & vehicles","3 Race results","4 Production","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	1976 American comedy film by Charles Bail "Gumball Rally" redirects here. For other uses, see Gumball Rally (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Gumball Rally" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Gumball RallyTheatrical release posterDirected byCharles BailScreenplay byLeon CapetanosStory byLeon CapetanosCharles BailProduced byCharles BailStarringMichael SarrazinNorman BurtonRaúl JuliáGary BuseyCinematographyRichard C. GlounerEdited byStuart H. PappeGordon ScottMaury WinetrobeMusic byDominic FrontiereProductioncompanyFirst ArtistsDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date August 20, 1976 (1976-08-20) Running time105 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$4.5 million The Gumball Rally is a 1976 American action comedy film, directed and co-written by Charles Bail, a former stunt coordinator also known as Chuck Bail, about an illicit coast-to-coast road race. It was inspired by the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash run by Brock Yates, which inspired several other films, including Cannonball (1976), Cannonball Run (1981), and Speed Zone (1989), as well as an actual event, the American Gumball Rally and Gumball 3000 international race. Plot Michael Bannon, a wealthy but bored businessman and candymaker, issues the code word "Gumball" to his fellow automobile enthusiasts, who gather in a garage in New York City to embark on a coast-to-coast race "with no catalytic converter and no 55-mile-per-hour speed limit" in the shortest amount of time. There is only one rule: "There are no rules". Their longtime nemesis, Los Angeles Police Department Lieutenant Roscoe, who has been trying for years to arrest Bannon and his group, has flown in specially to attempt to shut down the race. He is unsuccessful, and the race begins early the next morning in spite of his momentary interference. Most of the film is devoted to the adventures of the various driving teams and Roscoe's ineffectual attempts to apprehend them. A number of running gags ensue – the Jaguar that will not start (and never even makes it off the starting line); the silent (and somewhat-psychotic) motorcyclist Lapchik's numerous mishaps; Italian race driver Franco Bertollini's frequent detours to seduce beautiful women – as well as some stunts and driving sequences, including the first moving car into moving tractor-trailer stunt later to become a trademark of Knight Rider, the typical sequence of workers carrying a large glass window only to have it shattered by a speeding vehicle, and a race in the Los Angeles River at the same location where Greased Lightning would defeat the Scorpions' Mercury in Grease. The race ends at the Queen Mary in Long Beach, California where the finishers celebrate their arrival and the defeated Roscoe sulks off to one side – until a fleet of police cars and tow trucks, summoned by Roscoe, arrive to impound the Gumball vehicles. Roscoe had contrived a plan to see to it that all of them were guaranteed to be illegally parked once the post-race party in the parking lot ran past 11 p.m. Bannon congratulates Roscoe on his final victory (final because Roscoe, who has been after Bannon and Smith since they were in high school, has reached mandatory retirement age). Contemplating how they will all return home without cars, he again utters the word "Gumball" to the assembled group to indicate a race back to New York. Lapchik, the last contestant to finish the race, roars through the parking lot with a stuck throttle and is launched out into the water. Cast & vehicles Michael Sarrazin as Michael Bannon - AC Cobra Nicholas Pryor as Professor Samuel Graves - AC Cobra Tim McIntire as Steve Smith - Ferrari Daytona Raúl Juliá as Franco Bertollini - Ferrari Daytona Norman Burton as Lieutenant Roscoe, LAPD John Durren as Ace "Mr. Guts" Preston - Camaro Z-28 Gary Busey as Gibson, Preston's Co-Driver and Mechanic - Chevrolet Camaro Z-28 Joanne Nail as Jane Johnson - Porsche 911 Susan Flannery as Alice Johnson - Porsche 911 J. Pat O'Malley as Barney Donahue - Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Vaughn Taylor as Andy McAllister - Mercedes-Benz 300SL Lazaro Perez as Jose - Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow Tricia O'Neil as Angie - Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow Harvey Jason as Lapchik "The Mad Hungarian" - Kawasaki KH400 Motorcycle Steven Keats as Kandinsky - 1971 Dodge Polara Police Car Wally Taylor as Avila - Dodge Polara Police Car Eddy Donno as Mel Donno - Chevy Van Dick Karie as Joe Karie - Chevrolet Van Alfred Shelly as Harry Shelly - Chevrolet Van Whitey Hughes as Hughes - Chevrolet Corvette Larry Silvestri as Silvestri - Chevrolet Corvette Wes Dawn as Mullin - Jaguar E-Type John Morton as "Tulip" - Jaguar E-Type Stephen Blood as "Rabbit" - Hot Rod Linda Vaughn as Emergency Plan Alpha Walter R. Smith as Police Officer John Lawlor as Alice Johnson's Husband Race results AC Cobra: First place. Ferrari Daytona: Second place. Porsche 911: Completed race. Third place by parking of cars. Dodge Polara: Completed race. Mercedes 300 SL Roadster: Completed race. Kawasaki Motorcycle: Completed race. Last competitor to finish. Camaro: Did not finish. Wrecked on LA Freeway. Chevrolet Van: Did not finish. Caught fire and wrecked in fireworks factory. Corvette: Did not finish. Wrecked in New York City. Jaguar XKE: Did not finish. Failed to start and never crossed the starting line. Rolls-Royce: Not an official entry. Did not finish. Delivered to owner in Beverly Hills; brakes failed in driveway and Rolls crashed into pickup truck. Production Most of the filming took place in Arizona. Opening scenes of the race were filmed in downtown New York City early on a Sunday morning on closed roads (including Broadway and Park Avenue). The George Washington Bridge and Lincoln Tunnel was used for the exit from New York into New Jersey. The final duel between the Cobra and Ferrari was filmed at (and in) the Los Angeles River and the closing scene was shot at the Queen Mary in Long Beach. Additional filming was done in the City of Orange, California, specifically around the downtown Plaza area (approximately 1:07 - 1:10). Reception The film holds a rating of 29% on Rotten Tomatoes from 14 reviews. References ^ "AFI\|Catalog". ^ "The Gumball Rally Film Locations". onthesetofnewyork.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ "The Gumball Rally \| Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. External links The Gumball Rally at IMDb The Gumball Rally at the TCM Movie Database The Gumball Rally at AllMovie The Gumball Rally at Rotten Tomatoes The Gumball Rally at the Internet Movie Cars Database (IMCDb)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gumball Rally (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumball_Rally_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_Baker_Sea-to-Shining-Sea_Memorial_Trophy_Dash"},{"link_name":"Brock Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Yates"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cannonball Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannonball_Run_(film)"},{"link_name":"Speed Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gumball 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumball_3000"}],"text":"\"Gumball Rally\" redirects here. For other uses, see Gumball Rally (disambiguation).The Gumball Rally is a 1976 American action comedy film, directed and co-written by Charles Bail, a former stunt coordinator also known as Chuck Bail, about an illicit coast-to-coast road race. It was inspired by the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash run by Brock Yates, which inspired several other films, including Cannonball (1976), Cannonball Run (1981), and Speed Zone (1989), as well as an actual event, the American Gumball Rally and Gumball 3000 international race.","title":"The Gumball Rally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalytic converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter"},{"link_name":"Knight Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(film)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Michael Bannon, a wealthy but bored businessman and candymaker, issues the code word \"Gumball\" to his fellow automobile enthusiasts, who gather in a garage in New York City to embark on a coast-to-coast race \"with no catalytic converter and no 55-mile-per-hour speed limit\" in the shortest amount of time. There is only one rule: \"There are no rules\".Their longtime nemesis, Los Angeles Police Department Lieutenant Roscoe, who has been trying for years to arrest Bannon and his group, has flown in specially to attempt to shut down the race. He is unsuccessful, and the race begins early the next morning in spite of his momentary interference. Most of the film is devoted to the adventures of the various driving teams and Roscoe's ineffectual attempts to apprehend them.A number of running gags ensue – the Jaguar that will not start (and never even makes it off the starting line); the silent (and somewhat-psychotic) motorcyclist Lapchik's numerous mishaps; Italian race driver Franco Bertollini's frequent detours to seduce beautiful women – as well as some stunts and driving sequences, including the first moving car into moving tractor-trailer stunt later to become a trademark of Knight Rider, the typical sequence of workers carrying a large glass window only to have it shattered by a speeding vehicle, and a race in the Los Angeles River at the same location where Greased Lightning would defeat the Scorpions' Mercury in Grease. The race ends at the Queen Mary in Long Beach, California where the finishers celebrate their arrival and the defeated Roscoe sulks off to one side – until a fleet of police cars and tow trucks, summoned by Roscoe, arrive to impound the Gumball vehicles. Roscoe had contrived a plan to see to it that all of them were guaranteed to be illegally parked once the post-race party in the parking lot ran past 11 p.m.Bannon congratulates Roscoe on his final victory (final because Roscoe, who has been after Bannon and Smith since they were in high school, has reached mandatory retirement age). Contemplating how they will all return home without cars, he again utters the word \"Gumball\" to the assembled group to indicate a race back to New York. Lapchik, the last contestant to finish the race, roars through the parking lot with a stuck throttle and is launched out into the water.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Sarrazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sarrazin"},{"link_name":"AC Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Pryor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pryor"},{"link_name":"Tim McIntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McIntire"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Daytona"},{"link_name":"Raúl Juliá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Juli%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Norman Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Burton"},{"link_name":"Camaro Z-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro"},{"link_name":"Gary Busey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Busey"},{"link_name":"Porsche 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911"},{"link_name":"Susan Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Flannery"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 300 SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL"},{"link_name":"Vaughn Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn_Taylor_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Tricia O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Harvey Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Jason"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_triple"},{"link_name":"Steven Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Keats"},{"link_name":"Dodge Polara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Polara"},{"link_name":"Chevy Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Van"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette"},{"link_name":"Jaguar E-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type"},{"link_name":"John Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hot Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bucket"},{"link_name":"Linda Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"John Lawlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawlor_(actor)"}],"text":"Michael Sarrazin as Michael Bannon - AC Cobra\nNicholas Pryor as Professor Samuel Graves - AC Cobra\nTim McIntire as Steve Smith - Ferrari Daytona\nRaúl Juliá as Franco Bertollini - Ferrari Daytona\nNorman Burton as Lieutenant Roscoe, LAPD\nJohn Durren as Ace \"Mr. Guts\" Preston - Camaro Z-28\nGary Busey as Gibson, Preston's Co-Driver and Mechanic - Chevrolet Camaro Z-28\nJoanne Nail as Jane Johnson - Porsche 911\nSusan Flannery as Alice Johnson - Porsche 911\nJ. Pat O'Malley as Barney Donahue - Mercedes-Benz 300 SL\nVaughn Taylor as Andy McAllister - Mercedes-Benz 300SL\nLazaro Perez as Jose - Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow\nTricia O'Neil as Angie - Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow\nHarvey Jason as Lapchik \"The Mad Hungarian\" - Kawasaki KH400 Motorcycle\nSteven Keats as Kandinsky - 1971 Dodge Polara Police Car\nWally Taylor as Avila - Dodge Polara Police Car\nEddy Donno as Mel Donno - Chevy Van\nDick Karie as Joe Karie - Chevrolet Van\nAlfred Shelly as Harry Shelly - Chevrolet Van\nWhitey Hughes as Hughes - Chevrolet Corvette\nLarry Silvestri as Silvestri - Chevrolet Corvette\nWes Dawn as Mullin - Jaguar E-Type\nJohn Morton as \"Tulip\" - Jaguar E-Type\nStephen Blood as \"Rabbit\" - Hot Rod\nLinda Vaughn as Emergency Plan Alpha\nWalter R. Smith as Police Officer\nJohn Lawlor as Alice Johnson's Husband","title":"Cast & vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AC Cobra: First place.\nFerrari Daytona: Second place.\nPorsche 911: Completed race. Third place by parking of cars.\nDodge Polara: Completed race.\nMercedes 300 SL Roadster: Completed race.\nKawasaki Motorcycle: Completed race. Last competitor to finish.\nCamaro: Did not finish. Wrecked on LA Freeway.\nChevrolet Van: Did not finish. Caught fire and wrecked in fireworks factory.\nCorvette: Did not finish. Wrecked in New York City.\nJaguar XKE: Did not finish. Failed to start and never crossed the starting line.\nRolls-Royce: Not an official entry. Did not finish. Delivered to owner in Beverly Hills; brakes failed in driveway and Rolls crashed into pickup truck.","title":"Race results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel"}],"text":"Most of the filming took place in Arizona. Opening scenes of the race were filmed in downtown New York City early on a Sunday morning on closed roads (including Broadway and Park Avenue).[2] The George Washington Bridge and Lincoln Tunnel was used for the exit from New York into New Jersey. The final duel between the Cobra and Ferrari was filmed at (and in) the Los Angeles River and the closing scene was shot at the Queen Mary in Long Beach. Additional filming was done in the City of Orange, California, specifically around the downtown Plaza area (approximately 1:07 - 1:10).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film holds a rating of 29% on Rotten Tomatoes from 14 reviews.[3]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"AFI\|Catalog\".","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/56017-THE-GUMBALLRALLY","url_text":"\"AFI\|Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gumball Rally Film Locations\". onthesetofnewyork.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://onthesetofnewyork.com/thegumballrally.html","url_text":"\"The Gumball Rally Film Locations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215060322/http://onthesetofnewyork.com/thegumballrally.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gumball Rally \| Rotten Tomatoes\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)	Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)	["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Directing animators","4 Production","4.1 Early development","4.2 Return to production","4.3 Writing","5 Music","5.1 Soundtrack and Camarata version","5.2 Songs","6 Release","6.1 Marketing","6.2 Home media","7 Reception","7.1 Box office","7.2 Critical reaction","7.3 Accolades","8 Legacy","8.1 Stage version","8.2 References in other media","8.3 Spin-off","8.4 Theme parks","8.5 Video games","8.6 Cover versions","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]	Animated film by Walt Disney Alice in WonderlandTheatrical release posterDirected by Ben Sharpsteen Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Story by Winston Hibler Ted Sears Bill Peet Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Milt Banta Bill Cottrell Dick Kelsey Joe Grant Dick Huemer Del Connell Tom Oreb John Walbridge Based onAlice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glassby Lewis CarrollProduced byWalt DisneyStarring Kathryn Beaumont Ed Wynn Richard Haydn Sterling Holloway Jerry Colonna Verna Felton J. Pat O'Malley Bill Thompson Heather Angel Edited byLloyd RichardsonMusic byOliver WallaceProductioncompanyWalt Disney ProductionsDistributed byRKO Radio PicturesRelease dates July 26, 1951 (1951-07-26) (London) July 28, 1951 (1951-07-28) (New York City) September 14, 1951 (1951-09-14) (United States) Running time75 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3 millionBox office $2.4 million (1951, domestic) $3.5 million (1974, domestic) Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen, and was directed by Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and Hamilton Luske. With the voices of Kathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn, Richard Haydn, Sterling Holloway, Jerry Colonna, Verna Felton, J. Pat O'Malley, Bill Thompson, and Heather Angel, the film follows a young girl Alice who falls down a rabbit hole to enter a nonsensical world Wonderland that is ruled by the Queen of Hearts, while encountering strange creatures, including the Mad Hatter and the Cheshire Cat. Walt Disney first tried to adapt Alice into a feature-length animated feature film in the 1930s starring Mary Pickford as Alice, but were scrapped in favor of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). However, the idea was eventually revived in the 1940s, following the success of Snow White. The film was originally intended to be a live-action/animated film, but Disney decided it would be the fully animated feature film. During its production, many sequences adapted from Carroll's books were later omitted, such as Jabberwocky, the White Knight, the Duchess, Mock Turtle and the Gryphon. Alice in Wonderland premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on July 26, 1951, and was released in New York City on July 28. The film was also shown on television as one of the first episodes of Disneyland. It was initially considered a box-office bomb, grossing $2.4 million domestically and received generally negative reviews from critics. However, its 1974 re-release in theaters proved to be much more successful, leading to subsequent re-releases, merchandising and home video releases; it has been more positively reviewed over the years, being regarded as one of Disney's best animated films today. Plot In a park in England, a young girl named Alice with her cat, Dinah, listens distractedly to her sister's history lesson, and begins daydreaming of a nonsensical world. She spots a passing White Rabbit in a waistcoat, who panics of being late. Alice follows him into a burrow and plummets down a deep rabbit hole. Upon landing in a place called Wonderland, she finds herself facing a tiny door, whose handle advises drinking from a bottle on a nearby table. She shrinks to an appropriate height, but has forgotten the key on the table. She then eats a cookie that causes her to grow excessively. Exasperated by these changes of state, she begins to cry and floods the room with her tears. She takes another sip from the bottle to shrink again, and rides the empty bottle through the keyhole. As Alice continues to follow the Rabbit after encountering a "Caucus Race", she encounters numerous characters, including Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who recount the tale of "The Walrus and the Carpenter". Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house; he mistakes her for his housemaid, "Mary Ann", and sends her inside to retrieve his gloves. While searching for the gloves, Alice finds and eats another cookie and grows giant, getting stuck in the house. Thinking her a monster, the Rabbit asks the Dodo to help expel her. When the Dodo decides to burn the house down, Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbit's garden, which causes her to shrink to 3 inches tall. Continuing to follow the Rabbit, Alice meets a garden of talking flowers who initially welcome her with a song, but then banish her, believing that humans are a type of weed. Alice then encounters a Caterpillar smoking, who becomes enraged at Alice after she laments her small size (which is the same as the Caterpillar's), after which the Caterpillar turns into a butterfly and flies away. Before leaving, the Caterpillar advises Alice to eat a piece from different sides of a mushroom to alter her size. Following a period of trial and error, she returns to her original height and keeps the remaining pieces in her pocket. In the woods, Alice gets stuck between multiple paths and encounters the mischievous Cheshire Cat, who suggests questioning the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to learn the Rabbit's location, but is unhelpful in giving directions. Taking her own path, Alice encounters both, along with the Dormouse, in the midst of an "unbirthday" tea party celebration. The Hatter and the Hare ask Alice to explain her predicament, to which Alice tries, but becomes frustrated by their interruptions and absurd logic. As she prepares to leave, the Rabbit appears and the Hatter attempts to repair his pocket watch, which results in its destruction. Alice attempts to follow the Rabbit after he is ejected from the premises, but decides to go home instead. Unfortunately, her surroundings completely change, leaving her lost in the forest and she begins to cry along with many forest creatures, which vanish. The Cheshire Cat reappears to the despondent Alice and offers a path to the hot-headed Queen of Hearts, the only one in Wonderland who can take her home. In the Queen's labyrinthine garden, Alice witnesses the Queen – whom the Rabbit serves as a chamberlain – sentencing a trio of playing cards to beheading for painting mistakenly-planted white rosebushes red. The Queen invites a reluctant Alice to play against her in a croquet match, in which live flamingos, card guards, and hedgehogs are used as equipment. The equipment rig the game in favor of the Queen. The Cat appears again and plays a trick on the Queen, setting up Alice to be framed. Before the Queen can sentence her to execution, the King suggests a formal trial. At Alice's trial, the Cat invokes more chaos by having Alice point him out, causing one of the witnesses – the Dormouse – to panic. As the Queen sentences Alice to execution, Alice eats the mushroom pieces to grow large, momentarily intimidating the court. However, the mushroom's effect is short-lived, forcing Alice to flee through the deteriorating realm with a large crowd in pursuit. When Alice reaches the small door she encountered, she sees herself sleeping through the keyhole. Alice emerges from her dream and returns home for tea with her sister. Voice cast Alice as shown in the film's trailer. Kathryn Beaumont as Alice, a curious and imaginative girl who gets tired of the ordinary world and dreams of living in her own nonsensical world. Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter Richard Haydn as Caterpillar Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat Jerry Colonna as March Hare Verna Felton as Queen of Hearts J. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee O'Malley also voiced Walrus and Carpenter. Bill Thompson as White Rabbit Thompson also voiced Dodo. Heather Angel as Alice's Sister Joseph Kearns as Doorknob Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard Queenie Leonard as Bird in the Tree/Snooty Iris Dink Trout as King of Hearts (final film role before his death in 1950) Doris Lloyd as The Rose Jimmy MacDonald as Dormouse/Flamingo The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith and Bob Hamlin) as The Card Painters Don Barclay as The Card Soldiers Lucille Bliss as The Lazy Daisies/The Tulips Pinto Colvig as The Flamingos Jimmy and Tommy Luske as The Young Pansies Marni Nixon as The Singing Flowers Norma Zimmer as White Rose Erdman Penner as The Eagle Ken Beaumont as Card Painter Directing animators Directing animators are: Marc Davis (Alice and the eyeglasses creature) Milt Kahl (The Dodo, Alice, Flamingo, Hedgehog, White Rabbit) Eric Larson (Alice, Dinah, Caterpillar, Cheshire Cat, Queen of Hearts, Flamingo) Frank Thomas (Doorknob, Queen of Hearts, Wonderland Creatures) Ollie Johnston (Alice, King of Hearts) Ward Kimball (Tweedledee and Tweedledum, The Walrus and The Carpenter, Oysters, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Dormouse) John Lounsbery (Flowers, Caterpillar, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Wonderland creatures) Wolfgang Reitherman (White Rabbit, The Carpenter, The Dodo, Mad Hatter, March Hare) Les Clark (Alice, Wonderland creatures) Norm Ferguson (The Walrus and The Carpenter) Production Early development Walt Disney was familiar with Lewis Carroll's Alice books, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871), having read them as a schoolboy. In 1923, while working at the Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, he produced a short film titled Alice's Wonderland, which was loosely inspired by the Alice books and featured a live-action girl (Virginia Davis) interacting with an animated world. Faced with business problems, the Laugh-O-Gram Studio went bankrupt in July of that year, and the film was never released to the general public. However, when Disney left for Hollywood, he used Alice's Wonderland to show to potential distributors. By October 1923, Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute the Alice Comedies series, and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy to form the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, which was later re-branded Walt Disney Productions; he also re-hired his Kansas City co-workers, including Ub Iwerks, Rudolph Ising, Friz Freleng, Walker and Hugh Harman, to work on the series. Alice Comedies began in 1924 before being retired in 1927. By June 1932, Roy Disney was first interested in acquiring the film rights to the Alice books, which, as he learned, were in the public domain. In March 1933, Mary Pickford approached Walt with a proposal for a feature-length adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, which would combine Pickford's live-action performance of the title role with an animated Wonderland supplied by the Disney studio. Disney was hesitant about the idea, and the project was quickly scrapped, after Paramount Pictures secured the film rights for their own live-action version. In 1936, Disney produced the Mickey Mouse short film Thru the Mirror, which was based on Carroll's second Alice novel, Through the Looking-Glass, featuring Mickey Mouse going through a mirror into a world where all the items in his house become alive. David Hall created over four hundred paintings and story sketches for the 1939 version of the film. After the enormous success of his first full-length animated feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Disney acquired the film rights to the Alice books with John Tenniel's illustrations from the Macmillan Company by May 1938 and officially registered the title with the Motion Picture Association of America. He then hired storyboard artist Al Perkins to develop the story; on September 6, 1938, Perkins compiled a detailed 161-page "analysis" of Carroll's book, which included preliminary ideas of the story treatment and summarized descriptions for each scene. On March 1, 1939, British illustrator David Hall joined the Disney studio and was immediately assigned to create the concept artwork for the film. A leica reel, featuring Hall's paintings, was completed on September 20, 1939, but Disney was not pleased; he felt that Hall's drawings resembled Tenniel's illustrations too closely, making them too difficult to animate, and that the overall tone of Perkins' script was too grotesque and dark. Disney also expressed a bit of disinterest in the project, stating that "there would be any harm in letting this thing sit for a while. Everyone is stale now. You'll look at it again and maybe have another idea on it. That's the way it works for me. I still feel that we can stick close to Alice in Wonderland and make it look like it and feel like it, you know". By February 1940, the project was still in the development, albeit slowly, with an additional story meeting held on April 2 of that year. After finishing his work on Fantasia, concept artist Gordon Legg created new inspirational sketches for the film, but eventually left the studio the following year. By the fall of 1940, the animation work on Alice in Wonderland was planned to be completed within the next two years, but Disney himself was rather unenthusiastic about the project. Disney brought up Alice in Wonderland again at a meeting on April 8, 1941, offering to produce it as an animated film starring a live-action actress, similar to his earlier Alice Comedies series; at the same meeting, Gloria Jean was suggested for the role of Alice. In October of that year, given the box-office underperformance of Pinocchio (1940) and Fantasia (1940), as well as the World War II cutting off the foreign cinema market, Joseph Rosenberg of the Bank of America issued an ultimatum, ordering Disney to restrict himself to producing animated shorts and to finish features already in production; no other feature film would begin work until they had been released and earned back their costs. In response, the production of Alice in Wonderland was heavily scaled back and eventually shelved. Return to production Disney first attempted to revive Alice in Wonderland in mid-1943; new storyboards were developed throughout much of that year, but the project did not move forward. Ginger Rogers was briefly considered to portray the role of Alice on a live-action/animated feature, but she only voiced the character for a record album of the story which was released by Decca Records on October 21, 1944. In the fall of 1945, Disney hired British author Aldous Huxley to work on a live-action/animated feature, titled Alice and the Mysterious Mr. Carroll, which would revolve around Lewis Carroll and Alice Liddell (who was the inspiration for Alice). Huxley delivered a fourteen-page treatment on November 23, 1945, followed by the first draft of the script, written on December 5 of that year. He devised a story in which Carroll and Liddell were misunderstood and persecuted following the publication of Alice in Wonderland, while stage actress Ellen Terry was sympathetic to both Carroll and Liddell, and Queen Victoria served as the deus ex machina, validating Carroll due to her appreciation for the book. Disney considered child actress Margaret O'Brien for the title role, but felt that Huxley's version was too literal an adaptation of Carroll's book. Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland. Blair's paintings moved away from Tenniel's detailed illustrations by taking a modernist stance, using bold and unreal colors. Walt liked Blair's designs, and the script was re-written to focus on comedy, music, and the whimsical side of Carroll's books. Lisa Davis (who later voiced Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and One Dalmatians) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice. However, Disney soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by making an all-animated feature and, in 1946, work began on Alice in Wonderland. With the film tentatively scheduled for release in 1950, animation crews on Alice in Wonderland and Cinderella effectively competed against each other to see which film would finish first. By early 1948, Cinderella had progressed further than Alice in Wonderland. A legal dispute with Dallas Bower's 1949 film version was also under way. Disney sued to prevent release of the British version in the U.S., and the case was extensively covered in Time magazine. The company that released the British version accused Disney of trying to exploit their film by releasing its version at virtually the same time. Writing The first story meetings on Alice in Wonderland were held as early as in December 1938. Through various drafts of the script, many sequences that were present in Carroll's book drifted in and out of the story. However, Disney insisted that the scenes themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the writing. One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred outside the Duchess' manor, where the Fish Footman is giving a message to the Frog Footman to take to the Duchess, saying that she is invited to play croquet with the Queen of Hearts. Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen of the manor, where she finds the Duchess' Cook maniacally cooking and the Duchess nursing her baby. The cook is spraying pepper all over the room, causing the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the baby to cry. After a quick conversation between Alice and the Duchess, the hot-tempered Cook starts throwing pots and pans at the noisy baby. Alice rescues the baby, but as she leaves the house the baby turns into a pig and runs away. The scene was scrapped for pacing reasons. The Walrus and the Carpenter as seen in the film's trailer Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred in Tulgey Wood, where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister-looking Jabberwocky hiding in the dark, before revealing himself as a comical-looking dragon-like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head. A song, "Beware the Jabberwock", was also written, but the scene was scrapped in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem. Out of a desire to keep the Jabberwocky poem in the film, it was made to replace an original song for the Cheshire Cat, "I'm Odd". Another deleted scene in Tulgey Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight, who was meant to be somewhat a caricature of Walt Disney. Although Disney liked the scene, he felt it was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself, hence the song "Very Good Advice". The Trial scene at the end of the film was edited with Alice being accused of teasing the Queen during a game of croquet rather than the Knave of Hearts being accused for stealing tarts the Queen made. Other characters, such as Mock Turtle and the Gryphon were discarded for pacing reasons, though they would later appear alongside Alice in some commercials. Music In an effort to retain some of Carroll's imaginative poems, Disney commissioned top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film. Over 30 potential songs were written, and many of them were included in the film—some for only a few seconds—the greatest number of songs of any Disney film. In 1939, Frank Churchill was assigned to compose songs, and they were accompanied by a story reel featuring artwork from David S. Hall. Although none of his songs were used in the finished film, the melody for "Lobster Quadrille" was used for the song "Never Smile at a Crocodile" in Peter Pan which came out two years after film's release. When work on Alice resumed in 1946, Tin Pan Alley songwriters Mack David, Al Hoffman and Jerry Livingston began composing songs for it after working on Cinderella. However, the only song by the trio that made it into the film was "The Unbirthday Song". While he was composing songs in New York, Sammy Fain had heard that the Disney studios wanted him to compose songs for Alice in Wonderland. He also suggested lyricist Bob Hilliard as his collaborator. The two wrote two unused songs for the film, "Beyond the Laughing Sky" and "I'm Odd". The music for the former song was kept but the lyrics were changed, and it later became the title song for Peter Pan, "The Second Star to the Right". By April 1950, Fain and Hilliard had finished composing songs for the film. The title song, composed by Sammy Fain, has become a jazz standard, adapted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck in 1952 and included on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney. The song, "In a World of My Own", is included on the orange disc of Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic. Soundtrack and Camarata version There was no soundtrack album available when the film was released in 1951. RCA Victor released a story album and single records with Kathryn Beaumont and several cast members that re-created the story, but it was not the soundtrack. In 1944, Decca Records had released a Ginger Rogers dramatization of Lewis Carroll's book with Disney cover art (perhaps tying in with earlier discussions of her being cast as a live-action Disney "Alice"), Decca did indeed license the rights to release the 1951 Alice soundtrack from Disney, but later decided against it and never produced one. When Disney started its own record company, Disneyland Records, in Spring 1956, it was found to be economically unfeasible at the time to take on the fees and other costs to produce a soundtrack album. In 1957, Tutti Camarata arranged and conducted an elaborate original production of the Alice score with Darlene Gillespie, who had shown great promise among the Mickey Mouse Club cast as a singer. Camarata assembled a new orchestra and chorus (possibly with the cooperation of Norman Luboff, as Betty Mulliner (Luboff) and choir member Thurl Ravenscroft can be heard) in the Capitol studios in Hollywood. The resulting album became one of the most influential and acclaimed studio versions of a score, garnering praise from within the industry as well as the public. The original issue (WDL-4025), depicting Alice seated in a tree with characters beneath her, is highly collectible. The album was so popular it was reissued in 1959, 1963 and 1968 with different covers, including story albums with books and single records, all featuring music from this album, as well as translated versions of the Camarata Alice music for international recordings. Selections from this album are still heard in the queue for the Alice In Wonderland dark ride at Disneyland in California and during the Storybook Land Canal Boats ride. Tokyo Disneyland incorporated musical arrangements from the Camarata version for live shows and CD releases. To date, the only soundtrack material ever made available on vinyl records was released outside the United States. In the late nineties, over 45 years after the film's original release, a soundtrack album of Alice in Wonderland was finally released in the U.S. on Audio CD by Walt Disney Records. Songs Original songs performed in the film include: No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length1."Alice in Wonderland"Sammy Fain & Bob HilliardThe Jud Conlon Chorus 2."In a World of My Own"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont 3."I'm Late"Fain & HilliardBill Thompson 4."The Sailor's Hornpipe"TraditionalBill Thompson 5."The Caucus Race"Fain & HilliardBill Thompson & The Jud Conlon Chorus 6."How Do You Do and Shake Hands" J. Pat O'Malley 7."The Walrus and the Carpenter"Fain & HilliardJ. Pat O'Malley 8."Old Father William"Oliver Wallace & Ted SearsJ. Pat O'Malley 9."We'll Smoke the Blighter Out"Wallace & SearsBill Thompson 10."All in the Golden Afternoon"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont & Chorus 11."A-E-I-O-U (The Caterpillar Song)"Wallace & SearsRichard Haydn 12."'Twas Brillig"Don Raye & Gene de PaulSterling Holloway 13."The Unbirthday Song"Mack David, All Hoffman, & Jerry LivingstonKathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn & Jerry Colonna 14."Very Good Advice"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont 15."Painting the Roses Red"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont & The Mellomen 16."Who's Been Painting My Roses Red"Fain & HilliardVerna Felton Songs written for the film but deleted during production include: "Beyond the Laughing Sky" – Alice (replaced by "In a World of My Own"; this melody was later used for "The Second Star to the Right" in Peter Pan) "Dream Caravan" – Caterpillar (replaced by "A-E-I-O-U") "Everything Has a Useness" – Caterpillar "I'm Odd" – Cheshire Cat (replaced by "'Twas Brillig") "So They Say" – Alice "When the Wind is in the East" - Mad Hatter "Gavotte of the Cards" - Alice "Entrance of the Executioner" - King of Hearts and Queen of Hearts "Beware the Jabberwock" – Stan Freberg, Daws Butler and the Rhythmaires (referring to the deleted character) "If You'll Believe in Me" – The Lion and The Unicorn (deleted characters) "Beautiful Soup" – The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon (deleted characters) set to the tune of The Blue Danube "The Lobster Quadrille (Will You Join the Dance?)" - The Mock Turtle (deleted character) "Speak Roughly to Your Little Boy" – The Duchess (deleted character) "Humpty Dumpty" – Humpty Dumpty (deleted character) Release Alice in Wonderland premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on July 26, 1951. During the film's initial theatrical run, the film was released as a double feature with the True-Life Adventures documentary short, Nature's Half Acre. Following the film's initial lukewarm reception, it was never re-released theatrically in Disney's lifetime, instead being shown occasionally on television. Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of the Walt Disney's Disneyland television series on ABC on November 3, 1954, in a severely edited version cut down to less than an hour. Beginning in 1971, the film was screened in several sold-out venues at college campuses, becoming the most rented film in some cities. Then, in 1974, Disney gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release. The company even promoted it as a film in tune with the "psychedelic times", using radio commercials featuring the song "White Rabbit" performed by Jefferson Airplane. This release was so successful that it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981. It was re-released in the UK on December 22, 1969 and on July 26, 1979. Marketing Disney sought to use the new medium of television to help advertise Alice in Wonderland. In March 1950, he spoke to his brother Roy about launching a television program featuring the studio's animated shorts. Roy agreed, and later that summer they spoke to the Coca-Cola Company about sponsoring an hour-long Christmas broadcast featuring Disney hosting several cartoons and a scene from the upcoming film. The program became One Hour in Wonderland, which was aired on NBC on Christmas Day 1950. At the same time, a ten-minute featurette about the making of the film, Operation: Wonderland, was produced and screened in theaters and on television stations. Additionally, Disney, Kathryn Beaumont, and Sterling Holloway appeared on The Fred Waring Show on March 18, 1951, to promote the film. Home media Alice in Wonderland was one of the first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail sale on RCA's short-lived CED Videodisc format. The film was released on October 15, 1981, on VHS, CED Videodisc, and Betamax for its 30th anniversary. Five years later, it was re-issued in the "Wonderland Sale" promotion on May 28, 1986 on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc for its 35th anniversary, and then it was re-promoted on July 12, 1991 for its 40th anniversary, surrounding the video re-issue of Robin Hood. In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Gold Classic Collection, and then Alice in Wonderland was re-issued on VHS and DVD in the line on July 4, 2000. The DVD contained the Operation: Wonderland featurette, several sing-a-long videos, a storybook, a trivia game, and its theatrical trailer. A fully restored two-disc "Masterpiece Edition" was released on January 27, 2004, including the full hour-long episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont, Edgar Bergen, Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd, Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted the film, computer games, deleted scenes, songs and related materials, and went into moratorium in January 2009. A year and two months later, Disney released a 2-disc special "Un-Anniversary" edition DVD on March 30, 2010 to promote the recent Tim Burton version. The film was released in a Blu-ray and DVD set on February 1, 2011, to celebrate its 60th anniversary, featuring a new HD restoration of the film and many bonus features. Disney re-released the film on Blu-ray and DVD on April 26, 2016, to celebrate the film's 65th anniversary. The film was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019. Reception Box office During its initial theatrical run, the film grossed $2.4 million in domestic rentals. Because of the film's production budget of $3 million, the studio wrote off a million-dollar loss. During its theatrical re-release in 1974, the film grossed $3.5 million in domestic rentals. Critical reaction Despite being regarded as one of Disney's best animated films today, the initial reviews for Alice in Wonderland were negative. Bosley Crowther, reviewing for The New York Times, complimented that "...if you are not too particular about the images of Carroll and Tenniel, if you are high on Disney whimsey and if you'll take a somewhat slow, uneven pace, you should find this picture entertaining. Especially should it be for the kids, who are not so demanding of fidelity as are their moms and dads. A few of the episodes are dandy, such as the mad tea party and the caucus race; the music is tuneful and sugary and the color is excellent." Variety wrote that the film "has an earnest charm and a chimerical beauty that best shows off the Carroll fantasy. However, it has not been able to add any real heart or warmth, ingredients missing from the two tomes and which have always been an integral part of the previous Disney feature cartoons." Mae Tinee of the Chicago Tribune wrote that "While the Disney figures do resemble John Tenniel's famous sketches, they abound in energy but are utterly lacking in enchantment, and seem more closely related to Pluto, the clumsy pup, than the products of Carroll's imagination. Youngsters probably will find it a likable cartoon, full of lively characters, with Alice's dream bedecked with just a touch of nightmare—those who cherish the old story as I have probably will be distinctly disappointed." Time stated that "Judged simply as the latest in the long, popular line of Disney cartoons, Alice lacks a developed story line, which the studio's continuity experts, for all their freedom with scissors and paste, have been unable to put together out of the episodic books. Much of it is familiar stuff; Carroll's garden of live flowers prompts Disney to revive the style of his Silly Symphonies. Yet there is plenty to delight youngsters, and there are flashes of cartooning ingenuity that should appeal to grownups." Writing for /Film, Miyako Pleines says "Unlike the other Disney princesses before her, Alice seemed to have no real purpose (even if that purpose is simply to be a damsel in distress). People saw her as lacking ambition and drive, a lazy girl who daydreamed during her studies and wandered into a magical world." Alice in Wonderland was met with great criticism from Carroll fans, as well as from British film and literary critics, who accused Disney of "Americanizing" a great work of English literature. Walt Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland as his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences, not literary critics. Additionally, the film was met with a lukewarm response at the box office. Additionally, he remarked that the film failed because it lacked heart. In The Disney Films, Leonard Maltin says that animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because "it suffered from too many cooks—directors. Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show. This had a self-canceling effect on the final product." On the film aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Alice in Wonderland received an approval rating of 84% from 32 critical reviews with an average rating of 6.80/10. The consensus states, "A good introduction to Lewis Carroll's classic, Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon's most surreal and twisted images." Another film review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 68 based on 10 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Accolades Award Category Nominee(s) Result Academy Awards Best Scoring of a Musical Picture Oliver Wallace Nominated Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson and Hamilton Luske Nominated Legacy Stage version Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one-act stage version entitled, Alice in Wonderland, Jr. The stage version is solely meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the film's songs and others including Song of the South's "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", two new reprises of "I'm Late!", and three new numbers entitled "Ocean of Tears", "Simon Says", and "Who Are You?" respectively. This 60–80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre International in the Broadway, Jr. Collection along with other Disney Theatrical shows such as Disney's Aladdin, Jr., Disney's Mulan, Jr., Beauty and the Beast, Disney's High School Musical: On Stage!, Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida, and many more. Since 2018, it is no longer available to license. References in other media In Donald in Mathmagic Land, Donald Duck wears Alice's dress and has her hairstyle, except it's brown and not blond. A larger pencil bird is in the film as well. Bill the Lizard appears as one of Professor Ratigan's henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective. Alice and several other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse, and the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey's House of Villains. The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. The Mad Hatter and the March Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers. Bill the Lizard, Tweedledum, Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. In the opening of Aladdin, the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used. In Aladdin and the King of Thieves, the Genie turns into the White Rabbit. Weebo shows clips of the film on her screen in Flubber. An episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, entitled "Mickey's Adventures in Wonderland", is based on the film. During the song "When You Wish Upon a Star" in Disney's Pinocchio, the Alice in Wonderland book can be seen on the bookshelf where Jiminy Cricket is singing from. This reference can be considered indirect as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland. Alice and Cheshire Cat made cameo appearances in episodes of The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse. Like other Walt Disney Animation Studios characters, the characters from Alice in Wonderland have cameo appearances in the short film Once Upon a Studio (2023). Spin-off An undetermined animated project focused on the Cheshire Cat was in development for Disney's subscription video on-demand streaming service Disney+ since 2019. In 2022, a CGI-animated TV series called Alice's Wonderland Bakery was released on Disney Junior. The series centers on Alice, the great-granddaughter of the original heroine. Theme parks Alice at Disneyland, 2012. Costumed versions of Alice, The Mad Hatter, The White Rabbit, The Queen of Hearts, Tweedledum, and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts, and other characters from the film (including the Walrus and the March Hare) have featured in the theme parks, although quite rarely. Disneyland features a ride-through visit to Wonderland on board a Caterpillar-shaped ride vehicle; this adventure is unique to Disneyland and has not been reproduced at Disney's other parks. More famously, five of the six Disneyland-style theme parks feature Mad Tea Party, a teacups ride based on Disney's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland. Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks, including The Main Street Electrical Parade, SpectroMagic, Fantasmic!, Dreamlights, The Move It! Shake It! Celebrate It! Street Party and Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams. Tokyo Disneyland presented several live productions, including Alice's Wonderland Party and Alice's Wonderland Tales. Disneyland Park features the world's only dark ride based on the film in addition to the Mad Tea Party teacup ride, and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice's Curious Labyrinth, which takes its inspiration from the film. The now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue, shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland, contained characters and scenes from the film. On 25 May 2024, a limited-run stage show Alice and the Queen of Hearts: Back to Wonderland opened in the Theater of the Stars in Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Paris. It will be presented until 29 September 2024. Video games This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Disney's Villains' Revenge, the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice's head. Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film. The Japanese version, in fact, is based very heavily on the film, with almost every reference in the game coming from the film. A video game version of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October 4, 2000, in North America. The Kingdom Hearts video game series includes Wonderland as a playable world in the titles Kingdom Hearts, Chain of Memories, 358/2 Days, Coded, and Kingdom Hearts χ. In the games, Alice is one of seven "Princesses of Heart", a group of maidens who are a major part of the plot in the series. Other characters from the film that appear in the games include the Queen of Hearts and the Card Soldiers (also enemies in the games), Cheshire Cat, White Rabbit, Doorknob, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum, and the Caterpillar (this last in the non-official Kingdom Hearts V Cast game only). In Toy Story 3: The Video Game, the Mad Hatter's hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear. In Kinect Disneyland Adventures, Alice, the Mad Hatter, the White Rabbit, and the Queen of Hearts make appearances, while the Caterpillar, the Cheshire Cat and the March Hare only appear in specific sections of the Alice in Wonderland attraction located in Fantasyland. The player can also acquire either Alice's blue dress and white pinafore apron or the Mad Hatter's olive green hat and mustard tailcoat with a blue bow tie as costumes to wear (depending on the avatar's gender) in several different stores located around the park. In Disney Infinity, there are Power Discs based on Alice in Wonderland. Several characters of the movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey-games. For example, the cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey, Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice, the Mad Hatter, and the Cheshire Cat appear as unlockable characters in Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion. Alice, the White Rabbit, the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, the Cheshire Cat, the Queen of Hearts and the Caterpillar appear as playable characters in Disney Magic Kingdoms, along with some attractions based on locations of the film or real attractions from Disney Parks, as content to unlock for a limited time. In Disney Mirrorverse Alice is playable. Cover versions The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard by the likes of Roberta Gambarini, Bill Evans and Dave Brubeck. See also Film portalUnited States portalFantasy portalComedy portal1950s portal Alice in Wonderland (2010), a live-action film adaptation of Carroll's works and a re-imagining of the story directed by Tim Burton. A sequel to the film, Alice Through the Looking Glass, directed by James Bobin, was released in 2016. Notes ^ David Koenig, on the other hand, indicates that Disney purchased the rights to Tenniel's illustrations as early as in 1931. ^ Steven Watts, however, indicates that Alice in Wonderland was put on hold as early as in June 1941. References ^ a b "Alice in Wonderland: Detail View". American Film Institute. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ a b Barrier 2007, p. 230. ^ "Kathryn Beaumont". D23. Walt Disney Archives. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023. ^ Smith, Dave. "Alice in Wonderland Character History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2023. ^ Fahr, Tyler; Seastrom, Lucas O. 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January 2, 1952. p. 70. Retrieved June 25, 2018. ^ "Big Rental Films of 1974". Variety. January 8, 1975. p. 24. ^ a b Pleines, Miyako (February 22, 2022). "Why Disney's Alice In Wonderland Didn't Find Success Until The '70s". /Film. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ "'Alice in Wonderland' Enchanting Walt Disney interpretation of Lewis Carroll classic; bright b.o." Variety. July 4, 1951. p. 8. Retrieved January 6, 2019 – via Internet Archive. ^ Tinee, Mae (August 6, 1951). "Finds 'Alice' More Disney Than Caroll". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Cinema: Battle of Wonderland III". Time. Vol. 58, no. 6. August 6, 1951. p. 69. Retrieved May 24, 2020. ^ Thomas, Bob (1976). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8. ^ "Alice in Wonderland: The Aftermath". Disney.go.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2018. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 487. ^ Maltin, Leonard (1973). The Disney Films. New York: Crown. p. 103. ISBN 0-7868-8527-0. ^ "Alice in Wonderland". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 5, 2021. ^ "Alice in Wonderland Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved September 14, 2023. ^ "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences). October 5, 2014. ^ "Romanization". Retrieved July 13, 2010. ^ "Music Theatre International: Licensing Musical Theater Theatrical Performance Rights and Materials to Schools, Community and Professional Theatres since 1952". Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013. ^ Reif, Alex (October 17, 2023). "Disney's "Once Upon a Studio" – List of Characters in Order of Appearance". LaughingPlace.com. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ Palmer, Roger (October 25, 2019). "New Fantasia, Jiminy Cricket, Cheshire Cat & Seven Dwarfs Animated Projects Rumored For Disney+". iO9. Retrieved October 25, 2019. ^ "Disney Junior Whips Up 'Alice's Wonderland Bakery' for 2022 Debut \| Animation Magazine". May 11, 2021. ^ "Disneyland's Mad Tea Party Page". Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010. ^ "Disneyland Paris' Alice's Curious Labyrinth Page". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2010. ^ https://www.disneylandparis.com/en-ie/entertainment/walt-disney-studios-park/alice-back-to-wonderland-show/ ^ "Kingdom Hearts Official Page". Retrieved July 13, 2010. ^ "Update 15: Alice in Wonderland \| Livestream". YouTube. October 20, 2017. ^ Jazz Legend Dave Brubeck (1920-2012)\|Cartoon Brew ^ Disney Jazz, Vol.1: Everybody Wants to Be a Cat\|AllMusic ^ Dryden, Ken. Bill Evans: The Complete Village Vanguard Recordings, 1961 – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved April 26, 2020. Bibliography Allan, Robin (1999). Walt Disney and Europe: European Influence on the Animated Feature Films of Walt Disney. John Libbey & Co. ISBN 978-1-8646-2041-2. Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802079-0. Barrier, Michael (2007). The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-5619-4. Bloom, Harold (2003). Aldous Huxley. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-7040-6. Gabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-6797-5747-4. Ghez, Didier (2016). They Drew As they Pleased: The Hidden Art of Disney's Musical Years (The 1940s - Part One). Chronicle Books LLC. ISBN 978-1-4521-3744-5. Koenig, David (1997). Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks. Bonaventure Press. ISBN 978-0-9640-6051-7. Watts, Steven (2001). The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1379-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland (1951 film). Wikiquote has quotations related to Alice in Wonderland (1951 film). Official website Alice in Wonderland at IMDb Alice in Wonderland at the TCM Movie Database Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes Alice in Wonderland at Box Office Mojo Alice in Wonderland on Lux Radio Theater: December 24, 1951 vteDisney's Alice in Wonderland Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films Alice in Wonderland (1951) Alice in Wonderland (2010) accolades Alice Through the Looking Glass Television Adventures in Wonderland Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Alice's Wonderland Bakery Amusement parks Mad Tea Party Alice in Wonderland Alice's Curious Labyrinth Mad T Party Music "Alice in Wonderland" Alice in Wonderland's (2010) score Almost Alice "Alice" "Follow Me Down" "Tea Party" "Just Like Fire" Video games Alice no Paint Adventure Alice in Wonderland (2000) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Related Mickey Mousecapade Disney's Villains' Revenge Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories Coded 358/2 Days χ Disney Universe Kinect: Disneyland Adventures Disney Infinity 3.0 Disney Magic Kingdoms Disney Mirrorverse Related Tarrant Hightopp Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale One Hour in Wonderland "Disney's Greatest Villains" Descendants: The Rise of Red Alice Comedies Thru the Mirror vteLewis Carroll's Alice Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass UniverseCharactersAlice's Adventuresin Wonderland Alice portrayals Bill the Lizard Caterpillar Cheshire Cat Dodo Dormouse Duchess Gryphon Hatter Tarrant Hightopp King of Hearts Knave of Hearts March Hare Mock Turtle Mouse Pat Puppy Queen of Hearts White Rabbit Minor characters Through theLooking-Glass Bandersnatch Humpty Dumpty Jubjub bird Red King Red Queen The Sheep The Lion and the Unicorn Tweedledum and Tweedledee White King White Knight White Queen Minor characters Locationsand events Wonderland Looking-Glass world Unbirthday Poems "All in the golden afternoon..." "How Doth the Little Crocodile" "The Mouse's Tale" "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" "You Are Old, Father William" "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" "Jabberwocky" Vorpal sword "The Walrus and the Carpenter" "Haddocks' Eyes" "The Mock Turtle's Song" The Hunting of the Snark Related Alice Liddell Alice syndrome Alice's Shop Illustrators John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Translations Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass AdaptationsStage Alice in Wonderland (1886 musical) Alice in Wonderland (1979 opera) But Never Jam Today (1979 musical) Through the Looking Glass (2008 opera) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2011 ballet) Wonderland (2011 musical) Peter and Alice (2013 play) Wonder.land (2015 musical) Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2016 opera) Alice by Heart (2019 musical) Film 1903 1910 1915 Alice Comedies (1923–1927) 1931 1933 1949 1951 Alice of Wonderland in Paris (1966) 1972 1976 1976 (Spanish) Alice or the Last Escapade (1977) 1981 1982 The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987) 1988 (Czechoslovak) 1988 (Australian) Malice in Wonderland (2009) 2010 Alice in Murderland (2010) Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) Come Away (2020) Alice and the Land that Wonders (2020) Alice, Through the Looking (2021) Television Alice in Wonderland (1962) Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966) Alice in Wonderland (1966) Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) 1983 (TV film) Fushigi no Kuni no Alice (1983) 1985 (TV film) Adventures in Wonderland (1992) Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) Alice in Wonderland (1999) Alice (2009) Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013) Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022) Music "White Rabbit" (1967 song) "Don't Come Around Here No More" (1985 music video) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Almost Alice (2010) "Alice" "Follow Me Down" "Tea Party" Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) "Just Like Fire" "Alice" (2020 song) Video games Through the Looking Glass (1984) Alice in Wonderland (1985) Märchen Maze (1988) Wonderland (1990) Alice: An Interactive Museum (1991) Alice no Paint Adventure (1995) Alice in Wonderland (2000) American McGee's Alice (2000) Kingdom Hearts (2002) Alice in the Country of Hearts (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Kingdom Hearts χ (2013) Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland (1895) New Adventures of Alice (1917) Alice Through the Needle's Eye (1984) Automated Alice (1996) Retellings The Nursery "Alice" (1890) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable (1905) American McGee's Alice (2000) Alice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Parodies The Westminster Alice (1902) Clara in Blunderland (1902) Lost in Blunderland (1903) John Bull's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland (1904) Alice in Blunderland: An Iridescent Dream (1904) The Looking Glass Wars 2004 2007 2009 Imitations Mopsa the Fairy (1869) Davy and the Goblin (1884) The Admiral's Caravan (1891) Gladys in Grammarland (1896) Rollo in Emblemland (1902) Alice in Orchestralia (1925) Literary Alice in Borderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Alice in Murderland Alice in Sunderland Lost Girls Miyuki-chan in Wonderland Pandora Hearts Tweedledum and Tweedledee Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale Related Betty in Blunderland (1934 animated short) Thru the Mirror (1936 animated short) Jabberwocky (1971 film) Jabberwocky (1977 film) Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959 film) Malice in Wonderland (1982 animated short) Dungeonland (1983 module) The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror (1983 module) Dreamchild (1985 film) The Hunting of the Snark (1991 musical) How Doth the Little Crocodile (1998 artworks) Abby in Wonderland (2008 film) Disney franchise Category vteFilms directed by Clyde Geronimi The Ugly Duckling (1939) Beach Picnic (1939) Officer Duck (1939) The Pointer (1939) Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940) Billposters (1940) Lend a Paw (1941) Private Pluto (1943) Education for Death (1943) Chicken Little (1943) Victory Through Air Power (1943) The Three Caballeros (1944) Make Mine Music (1946) Melody Time (1948) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) Sleeping Beauty (1959) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) vteFilms directed by Hamilton LuskeFeatures Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Saludos Amigos (1942) Make Mine Music (1946) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) So Dear to My Heart (1948) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) Mary Poppins (1964) Shorts Mickey's Surprise Party (1939) Food Will Win the War (1942) Ben and Me (1953) Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) The Litterbug (1961) Scrooge McDuck and Money (1967) vteFilms directed by Wilfred Jackson Mickey's Follies (1929) Midnight in a Toy Shop (1930) The Castaway (1930) The China Plate (1931) The Cat's Out (1931) Egyptian Melodies (1931) The Clock Store (1931) The Spider and the Fly (1931) The Fox Hunt (1931) The Ugly Duckling (1931) The Bird Store (1932) The Grocery Boy (1932) Barnyard Olympics (1932) Mickey's Revue (1932) The Bears and the Bees (1932) Musical Farmer (1932) Mickey in Arabia (1932) The Whoopee Party (1932) Touchdown Mickey (1932) The Klondike Kid (1932) Santa's Workshop (1932) Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933) Father Noah's Ark (1933) Mickey's Mechanical Man (1933) Lullaby Land (1933) The Pied Piper (1933) Puppy Love (1933) The Pet Store (1933) The Night Before Christmas (1933) The China Shop (1934) The Grasshopper and the Ants (1934) Funny Little Bunnies (1934) The Wise Little Hen (1934) Peculiar Penguins (1934) The Goddess of Spring (1934) The Tortoise and the Hare (1935) The Band Concert (1935) Water Babies (1935) Mickey's Garden (1935) Music Land (1935) Mickey's Grand Opera (1936) Elmer Elephant (1936) Mickey's Rival (1936) Toby Tortoise Returns (1936) The Country Cousin (1936) More Kittens (1936) Woodland Café (1937) The Old Mill (1937) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Farmyard Symphony (1938) Mother Goose Goes Hollywood (1938) Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Golden Eggs (1941) The New Spirit (1942) Saludos Amigos (1942) Song of the South (1946) Melody Time (1948) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) The Little House (1952) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) vteDisney theatrical animated featuresWalt DisneyAnimation Studios Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Saludos Amigos (1942) The Three Caballeros (1944) Make Mine Music (1946) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) Sleeping Beauty (1959) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) The Sword in the Stone (1963) The Jungle Book (1967) The Aristocats (1970) Robin Hood (1973) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) The Rescuers (1977) The Fox and the Hound (1981) The Black Cauldron (1985) The Great Mouse Detective (1986) Oliver & Company (1988) The Little Mermaid (1989) The Rescuers Down Under (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) Aladdin (1992) The Lion King (1994) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) Hercules (1997) Mulan (1998) Tarzan (1999) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Dinosaur (2000) The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) Lilo & Stitch (2002) Treasure Planet (2002) Brother Bear (2003) Home on the Range (2004) Chicken Little (2005) Meet the Robinsons (2007) Bolt (2008) The Princess and the Frog (2009) Tangled (2010) Winnie the Pooh (2011) Wreck-It Ralph (2012) Frozen (2013) Big Hero 6 (2014) Zootopia (2016) Moana (2016) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Frozen II (2019) Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) Encanto (2021) Strange World (2022) Wish (2023) Upcoming Moana 2 (2024) Pixar Animation Studios Toy Story (1995) A Bug's Life (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Finding Nemo (2003) The Incredibles (2004) Cars (2006) Ratatouille (2007) WALL-E (2008) Up (2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (2012) Monsters University (2013) Inside Out (2015) The Good Dinosaur (2015) Finding Dory (2016) Cars 3 (2017) Coco (2017) Incredibles 2 (2018) Toy Story 4 (2019) Onward (2020) Soul (2020) IR Luca (2021) IR Turning Red (2022) IR Lightyear (2022) Elemental (2023) Inside Out 2 (2024) Upcoming Elio (2025) Disneytoon Studios DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990) A Goofy Movie (1995) Return to Never Land (2002) The Jungle Book 2 (2003) Piglet's Big Movie (2003) Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005) Bambi II (2006) IR Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010) IR Secret of the Wings (2012) LR Planes (2013) The Pirate Fairy (2014) LR Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015) LR Disney Television Animation Doug's 1st Movie (1999) The Tigger Movie (2000) Recess: School's Out (2001) Teacher's Pet (2004) Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011) IR Other Disney units The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Wild (2006) A Christmas Carol (2009) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Mars Needs Moms (2011) Frankenweenie (2012) Strange Magic (2015) The Lion King (2019) Spies in Disguise (2019) Ron's Gone Wrong (2021) The Bob's Burgers Movie (2022) Upcoming Mufasa: The Lion King (2024) Live-action films withnon-CGI animation The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Victory Through Air Power (1943) Song of the South (1946) So Dear to My Heart (1948) Mary Poppins (1964) Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) Pete's Dragon (1977) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) James and the Giant Peach (1996) The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003) Enchanted (2007) Mary Poppins Returns (2018) Related lists Walt Disney Animation Studios short films Academy Award Review Pixar short films Based on fairy tales Unproduced films Live-action adaptations and remakes Based on Theme Parks 20th Century Animation LR Limited release IR International release vteWalt Disney Animation StudiosFeature filmsReleased Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Saludos Amigos (1942) The Three Caballeros (1944) Make Mine Music (1946) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) Sleeping Beauty (1959) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) The Sword in the Stone (1963) The Jungle Book (1967) The Aristocats (1970) Robin Hood (1973) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) The Rescuers (1977) The Fox and the Hound (1981) The Black Cauldron (1985) The Great Mouse Detective (1986) Oliver & Company (1988) The Little Mermaid (1989) The Rescuers Down Under (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) Aladdin (1992) The Lion King (1994) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) Hercules (1997) Mulan (1998) Tarzan (1999) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Dinosaur (2000) The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) Lilo & Stitch (2002) Treasure Planet (2002) Brother Bear (2003) Home on the Range (2004) Chicken Little (2005) Meet the Robinsons (2007) Bolt (2008) The Princess and the Frog (2009) Tangled (2010) Winnie the Pooh (2011) Wreck-It Ralph (2012) Frozen (2013) Big Hero 6 (2014) Zootopia (2016) Moana (2016) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Frozen II (2019) Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) Encanto (2021) Strange World (2022) Wish (2023) Upcoming Moana 2 (2024) Cancelled My Peoples Associatedproductions The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Victory Through Air Power (1943) Song of the South (1946) So Dear to My Heart (1948) Mary Poppins (1964) Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) Pete's Dragon (1977) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Television productionsTV specials Prep & Landing (2009) Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice (2011) TV series Baymax! (2022) Zootopia+ (2022) Iwájú (2024) PeopleExecutives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Jennifer Lee Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Clark Spencer Disney LegendsanimatorsDisney's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas James Algar Ken Anderson Xavier Atencio Art Babbitt Grace Bailey Carl Barks Mary Blair Joyce Carlson Marge Champion Claude Coats Don DaGradi Virginia Davis Andreas Deja Norm Ferguson Eyvind Earle Clyde Geronimi Manuel Gonzales Floyd Gottfredson Yale Gracey Joe Grant David Hand Jack Hannah John Hench Dick Huemer Ub Iwerks Wilfred Jackson Steve Jobs Bill Justice Glen Keane Hamilton Luske Burny Mattinson Fred Moore Floyd Norman Bill Peet Walter Peregoy Joe Ranft Retta Scott Ben Sharpsteen Mel Shaw Ruthie Tompson Roy Williams Tyrus WongRelated topicsHistory Disney animators' strike 1982 animators' strike Disney Renaissance Methods andtechnologies Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life Twelve basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Documentaries Frank and Ollie (1995) The Sweatbox (2002) Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005) Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009) Walt & El Grupo (2009) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh-O-Gram Studio List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse Silly Symphonies Donald Duck Pluto Goofy Academy Award Review Disneytoon Studios List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced live-action adaptations List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions"},{"link_name":"RKO Radio Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking-Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"Ben Sharpsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sharpsteen"},{"link_name":"Clyde Geronimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Luske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Luske"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Ed Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Richard Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Sterling Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Jerry Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Colonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Verna Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Felton"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrayals_of_Alice_in_Wonderland#Disney"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderland_(fictional_country)"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Cat"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"live-action/animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action/animated_film"},{"link_name":"Jabberwocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky"},{"link_name":"White Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Knight_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Duchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Mock Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Turtle"},{"link_name":"Gryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryphon_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"}],"text":"Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen, and was directed by Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and Hamilton Luske. With the voices of Kathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn, Richard Haydn, Sterling Holloway, Jerry Colonna, Verna Felton, J. Pat O'Malley, Bill Thompson, and Heather Angel, the film follows a young girl Alice who falls down a rabbit hole to enter a nonsensical world Wonderland that is ruled by the Queen of Hearts, while encountering strange creatures, including the Mad Hatter and the Cheshire Cat.Walt Disney first tried to adapt Alice into a feature-length animated feature film in the 1930s starring Mary Pickford as Alice, but were scrapped in favor of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). However, the idea was eventually revived in the 1940s, following the success of Snow White. The film was originally intended to be a live-action/animated film, but Disney decided it would be the fully animated feature film. During its production, many sequences adapted from Carroll's books were later omitted, such as Jabberwocky, the White Knight, the Duchess, Mock Turtle and the Gryphon.Alice in Wonderland premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on July 26, 1951, and was released in New York City on July 28. The film was also shown on television as one of the first episodes of Disneyland. It was initially considered a box-office bomb, grossing $2.4 million domestically and received generally negative reviews from critics. However, its 1974 re-release in theaters proved to be much more successful, leading to subsequent re-releases, merchandising and home video releases; it has been more positively reviewed over the years, being regarded as one of Disney's best animated films today.","title":"Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderland_(fictional_country)"},{"link_name":"shrinks to an appropriate height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resizing_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Tweedledum and Tweedledee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweedledum_and_Tweedledee"},{"link_name":"The Walrus and the Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Dodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"a song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Golden_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Cat"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hatter"},{"link_name":"March Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Hare"},{"link_name":"Dormouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dormouse"},{"link_name":"unbirthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbirthday"},{"link_name":"pocket watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watch"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"},{"link_name":"croquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"}],"text":"In a park in England, a young girl named Alice with her cat, Dinah, listens distractedly to her sister's history lesson, and begins daydreaming of a nonsensical world. She spots a passing White Rabbit in a waistcoat, who panics of being late. Alice follows him into a burrow and plummets down a deep rabbit hole. Upon landing in a place called Wonderland, she finds herself facing a tiny door, whose handle advises drinking from a bottle on a nearby table. She shrinks to an appropriate height, but has forgotten the key on the table. She then eats a cookie that causes her to grow excessively. Exasperated by these changes of state, she begins to cry and floods the room with her tears. She takes another sip from the bottle to shrink again, and rides the empty bottle through the keyhole. As Alice continues to follow the Rabbit after encountering a \"Caucus Race\", she encounters numerous characters, including Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who recount the tale of \"The Walrus and the Carpenter\". Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house; he mistakes her for his housemaid, \"Mary Ann\", and sends her inside to retrieve his gloves. While searching for the gloves, Alice finds and eats another cookie and grows giant, getting stuck in the house. Thinking her a monster, the Rabbit asks the Dodo to help expel her. When the Dodo decides to burn the house down, Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbit's garden, which causes her to shrink to 3 inches tall.Continuing to follow the Rabbit, Alice meets a garden of talking flowers who initially welcome her with a song, but then banish her, believing that humans are a type of weed. Alice then encounters a Caterpillar smoking, who becomes enraged at Alice after she laments her small size (which is the same as the Caterpillar's), after which the Caterpillar turns into a butterfly and flies away. Before leaving, the Caterpillar advises Alice to eat a piece from different sides of a mushroom to alter her size. Following a period of trial and error, she returns to her original height and keeps the remaining pieces in her pocket. In the woods, Alice gets stuck between multiple paths and encounters the mischievous Cheshire Cat, who suggests questioning the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to learn the Rabbit's location, but is unhelpful in giving directions. Taking her own path, Alice encounters both, along with the Dormouse, in the midst of an \"unbirthday\" tea party celebration. The Hatter and the Hare ask Alice to explain her predicament, to which Alice tries, but becomes frustrated by their interruptions and absurd logic. As she prepares to leave, the Rabbit appears and the Hatter attempts to repair his pocket watch, which results in its destruction. Alice attempts to follow the Rabbit after he is ejected from the premises, but decides to go home instead. Unfortunately, her surroundings completely change, leaving her lost in the forest and she begins to cry along with many forest creatures, which vanish.The Cheshire Cat reappears to the despondent Alice and offers a path to the hot-headed Queen of Hearts, the only one in Wonderland who can take her home. In the Queen's labyrinthine garden, Alice witnesses the Queen – whom the Rabbit serves as a chamberlain – sentencing a trio of playing cards to beheading for painting mistakenly-planted white rosebushes red. The Queen invites a reluctant Alice to play against her in a croquet match, in which live flamingos, card guards, and hedgehogs are used as equipment. The equipment rig the game in favor of the Queen. The Cat appears again and plays a trick on the Queen, setting up Alice to be framed. Before the Queen can sentence her to execution, the King suggests a formal trial. At Alice's trial, the Cat invokes more chaos by having Alice point him out, causing one of the witnesses – the Dormouse – to panic. As the Queen sentences Alice to execution, Alice eats the mushroom pieces to grow large, momentarily intimidating the court. However, the mushroom's effect is short-lived, forcing Alice to flee through the deteriorating realm with a large crowd in pursuit. When Alice reaches the small door she encountered, she sees herself sleeping through the keyhole. Alice emerges from her dream and returns home for tea with her sister.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_in_wonderland_1951.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KathrynBeaumontD23-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ed Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)#Disney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)#Disney_film"},{"link_name":"Sterling Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Cat#Cultural_uses"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceInWonderlandMovieHistory-6"},{"link_name":"Jerry Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Colonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"March Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Hare#Disney_Animated_Film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceInWonderlandMovieHistory-6"},{"link_name":"Verna Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Felton"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)#Disney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceInWonderlandMovieHistory-6"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Tweedledum and Tweedledee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweedledum_and_Tweedledee#Disney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMalleyDies-7"},{"link_name":"Walrus and Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMalleyDies-7"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit#Disney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceInWonderlandMovieHistory-6"},{"link_name":"Dodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)#Disney_animated_film_version"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Alice's Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Alice's_sister"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kearns"},{"link_name":"Larry Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Grey"},{"link_name":"Bill the Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_the_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Queenie Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenie_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Bird in the Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series"},{"link_name":"Snooty Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Talking_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Dink Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dink_Trout"},{"link_name":"King of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)#Disney_version"},{"link_name":"Doris Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"The Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Talking_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Jimmy MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_MacDonald_(sound_effects_artist)"},{"link_name":"Dormouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dormouse#Disney_version"},{"link_name":"The Mellomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mellomen"},{"link_name":"Thurl Ravenscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurl_Ravenscroft"},{"link_name":"Bill Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lee_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Max Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mellomen"},{"link_name":"Bob Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mellomen"},{"link_name":"The Card Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#The_Playing_Cards"},{"link_name":"Don Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Barclay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Card Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series"},{"link_name":"Lucille Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Bliss"},{"link_name":"The Lazy Daisies/The Tulips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Talking_Flowers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pinto Colvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinto_Colvig"},{"link_name":"Marni Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marni_Nixon"},{"link_name":"The Singing Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Talking_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Norma Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"White Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Talking_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Erdman Penner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdman_Penner"},{"link_name":"Card Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#The_Playing_Cards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CartoonVoices-9"}],"text":"Alice as shown in the film's trailer.Kathryn Beaumont as Alice,[3] a curious and imaginative girl who gets tired of the ordinary world and dreams of living in her own nonsensical world.[4]\nEd Wynn as Mad Hatter[5]\nRichard Haydn as Caterpillar\nSterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat[6]\nJerry Colonna as March Hare[6]\nVerna Felton as Queen of Hearts[6]\nJ. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee[7]\nO'Malley also voiced Walrus and Carpenter.[7]\nBill Thompson as White Rabbit[6]\nThompson also voiced Dodo.\nHeather Angel as Alice's Sister\nJoseph Kearns as Doorknob\nLarry Grey as Bill the Lizard\nQueenie Leonard as Bird in the Tree/Snooty Iris\nDink Trout as King of Hearts (final film role before his death in 1950)\nDoris Lloyd as The Rose\nJimmy MacDonald as Dormouse/Flamingo\nThe Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith and Bob Hamlin) as The Card Painters\nDon Barclay as The Card Soldiers\nLucille Bliss as The Lazy Daisies/The Tulips[8]\nPinto Colvig as The Flamingos\nJimmy and Tommy Luske as The Young Pansies\nMarni Nixon as The Singing Flowers\nNorma Zimmer as White Rose\nErdman Penner as The Eagle\nKen Beaumont as Card Painter[9]","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marc Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Davis_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Milt Kahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Kahl"},{"link_name":"Eric Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Larson"},{"link_name":"Frank Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thomas_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Ollie Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Ward Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Kimball"},{"link_name":"John Lounsbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lounsbery"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Reitherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Reitherman"},{"link_name":"Les Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Clark"},{"link_name":"Norm Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Ferguson_(animator)"}],"text":"Directing animators are:[10]Marc Davis (Alice and the eyeglasses creature)\nMilt Kahl (The Dodo, Alice, Flamingo, Hedgehog, White Rabbit)\nEric Larson (Alice, Dinah, Caterpillar, Cheshire Cat, Queen of Hearts, Flamingo)\nFrank Thomas (Doorknob, Queen of Hearts, Wonderland Creatures)\nOllie Johnston (Alice, King of Hearts)\nWard Kimball (Tweedledee and Tweedledum, The Walrus and The Carpenter, Oysters, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Dormouse)\nJohn Lounsbery (Flowers, Caterpillar, Cheshire Cat, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Wonderland creatures)\nWolfgang Reitherman (White Rabbit, The Carpenter, The Dodo, Mad Hatter, March Hare)\nLes Clark (Alice, Wonderland creatures)\nNorm Ferguson (The Walrus and The Carpenter)","title":"Directing animators"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking-Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Laugh-O-Gram Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh-O-Gram_Studio"},{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Alice's Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Virginia Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Davis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaltGoesWest-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier199939-16"},{"link_name":"Margaret J. Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_J._Winkler"},{"link_name":"Winkler Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Gems"},{"link_name":"Alice Comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Comedies"},{"link_name":"Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_O._Disney"},{"link_name":"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ub Iwerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub_Iwerks"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Ising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Ising"},{"link_name":"Friz Freleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friz_Freleng"},{"link_name":"Hugh Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Harman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodCartoonland-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006215-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"live-action version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006215-20"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Thru the Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thru_the_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hall_Alice_in_Wonderland_1939_Concept_Artwork.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Hall_(art_director)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1999212-25"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1999212-25"},{"link_name":"John Tenniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tenniel"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig199781-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007147-148-30"},{"link_name":"David Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Hall_(art_director)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhez2016170-31"},{"link_name":"leica reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_reel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007148-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1999214-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceNeverMade-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999269-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007179-36"},{"link_name":"Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1999171-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2003197-40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan1999214-33"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006432-41"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jean"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceNeverMade-34"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006376-43"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Early development","text":"Walt Disney was familiar with Lewis Carroll's Alice books, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871), having read them as a schoolboy.[11] In 1923, while working at the Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, he produced a short film titled Alice's Wonderland,[12] which was loosely inspired by the Alice books and featured a live-action girl (Virginia Davis) interacting with an animated world.[13] Faced with business problems, the Laugh-O-Gram Studio went bankrupt in July of that year,[14] and the film was never released to the general public.[15] However, when Disney left for Hollywood, he used Alice's Wonderland to show to potential distributors.[16] By October 1923, Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute the Alice Comedies series, and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy to form the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, which was later re-branded Walt Disney Productions;[17] he also re-hired his Kansas City co-workers, including Ub Iwerks, Rudolph Ising, Friz Freleng, Walker and Hugh Harman, to work on the series.[18] Alice Comedies began in 1924 before being retired in 1927.[19]By June 1932, Roy Disney was first interested in acquiring the film rights to the Alice books, which, as he learned, were in the public domain.[20] In March 1933,[21] Mary Pickford approached Walt with a proposal for a feature-length adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, which would combine Pickford's live-action performance of the title role with an animated Wonderland supplied by the Disney studio.[22] Disney was hesitant about the idea,[23] and the project was quickly scrapped, after Paramount Pictures secured the film rights for their own live-action version.[20] In 1936, Disney produced the Mickey Mouse short film Thru the Mirror, which was based on Carroll's second Alice novel, Through the Looking-Glass, featuring Mickey Mouse going through a mirror into a world where all the items in his house become alive.[24]David Hall created over four hundred paintings and story sketches for the 1939 version of the film.[25]After the enormous success of his first full-length animated feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937),[25] Disney acquired the film rights to the Alice books with John Tenniel's illustrations from the Macmillan Company by May 1938[26][a] and officially registered the title with the Motion Picture Association of America.[27] He then hired storyboard artist Al Perkins to develop the story;[28] on September 6, 1938, Perkins compiled a detailed 161-page \"analysis\" of Carroll's book, which included preliminary ideas of the story treatment and summarized descriptions for each scene.[29] On March 1, 1939, British illustrator David Hall joined the Disney studio and was immediately assigned to create the concept artwork for the film.[30] A leica reel, featuring Hall's paintings,[13] was completed on September 20, 1939,[31] but Disney was not pleased; he felt that Hall's drawings resembled Tenniel's illustrations too closely, making them too difficult to animate, and that the overall tone of Perkins' script was too grotesque and dark.[28] Disney also expressed a bit of disinterest in the project,[32] stating that \"there would be any harm in letting this thing sit for a while. Everyone is stale now. You'll look at it again and maybe have another idea on it. That's the way it works for me. I still feel that we can stick close to Alice in Wonderland and make it look like it and feel like it, you know\".[33] By February 1940, the project was still in the development, albeit slowly,[34] with an additional story meeting held on April 2 of that year.[35] After finishing his work on Fantasia, concept artist Gordon Legg created new inspirational sketches for the film, but eventually left the studio the following year.[36] By the fall of 1940, the animation work on Alice in Wonderland was planned to be completed within the next two years,[37] but Disney himself was rather unenthusiastic about the project.[38]Disney brought up Alice in Wonderland again at a meeting on April 8, 1941,[39] offering to produce it as an animated film starring a live-action actress,[32] similar to his earlier Alice Comedies series;[40] at the same meeting, Gloria Jean was suggested for the role of Alice.[33]\nIn October of that year, given the box-office underperformance of Pinocchio (1940) and Fantasia (1940), as well as the World War II cutting off the foreign cinema market,[41] Joseph Rosenberg of the Bank of America issued an ultimatum, ordering Disney to restrict himself to producing animated shorts and to finish features already in production; no other feature film would begin work until they had been released and earned back their costs.[42] In response, the production of Alice in Wonderland was heavily scaled back and eventually shelved.[13][b]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999372%E2%80%93373-46"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"live-action/animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action_animated_film"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999392-48"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"live-action/animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action_animated_film"},{"link_name":"Alice Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2003195-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuxleysVersion-50"},{"link_name":"Ellen Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"deus ex machina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_machina"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999392-48"},{"link_name":"Margaret O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006459-51"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"Background artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_artist"},{"link_name":"Mary Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Blair"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"Lisa Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Davis_(actress)"},{"link_name":"One Hundred and One Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"Luana Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luana_Patten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReflectionsOnAlice-13"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999394-53"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006459-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier1999398-54"},{"link_name":"Dallas Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Bower"},{"link_name":"1949 film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time.com-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time.com-57"}],"sub_title":"Return to production","text":"Disney first attempted to revive Alice in Wonderland in mid-1943; new storyboards were developed throughout much of that year, but the project did not move forward.[44] Ginger Rogers was briefly considered to portray the role of Alice on a live-action/animated feature, but she only voiced the character for a record album of the story which was released by Decca Records on October 21, 1944.[45] In the fall of 1945,[46] Disney hired British author Aldous Huxley to work on a live-action/animated feature, titled Alice and the Mysterious Mr. Carroll, which would revolve around Lewis Carroll and Alice Liddell (who was the inspiration for Alice).[47] Huxley delivered a fourteen-page treatment on November 23, 1945, followed by the first draft of the script, written on December 5 of that year.[48] He devised a story in which Carroll and Liddell were misunderstood and persecuted following the publication of Alice in Wonderland, while stage actress Ellen Terry was sympathetic to both Carroll and Liddell, and Queen Victoria served as the deus ex machina, validating Carroll due to her appreciation for the book.[46] Disney considered child actress Margaret O'Brien for the title role,[49] but felt that Huxley's version was too literal an adaptation of Carroll's book.[13] Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland. Blair's paintings moved away from Tenniel's detailed illustrations by taking a modernist stance, using bold and unreal colors. Walt liked Blair's designs, and the script was re-written to focus on comedy, music, and the whimsical side of Carroll's books.[13] Lisa Davis (who later voiced Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and One Dalmatians) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice.[13][50]However, Disney soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by making an all-animated feature and, in 1946, work began on Alice in Wonderland.[28] With the film tentatively scheduled for release in 1950,[51] animation crews on Alice in Wonderland and Cinderella effectively competed against each other to see which film would finish first.[49] By early 1948, Cinderella had progressed further than Alice in Wonderland.[52]A legal dispute with Dallas Bower's 1949 film version was also under way.[53][54] Disney sued to prevent release of the British version in the U.S., and the case was extensively covered in Time magazine.[55] The company that released the British version accused Disney of trying to exploit their film by releasing its version at virtually the same time.[55]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007148-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"omitted scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_scene"},{"link_name":"Duchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Fish Footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Fish_Footman"},{"link_name":"Frog Footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#Frog_Footman"},{"link_name":"the Duchess' Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_characters_in_the_Alice_series#The_Duchess's_Cook"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951)_-_The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter.png"},{"link_name":"Jabberwocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"The White Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Knight_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Knave of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knave_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThroughtheKeyhole-29"},{"link_name":"Mock Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Turtle"},{"link_name":"Gryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryphon_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"The first story meetings on Alice in Wonderland were held as early as in December 1938.[31] Through various drafts of the script, many sequences that were present in Carroll's book drifted in and out of the story. However, Disney insisted that the scenes themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the writing.[28]One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred outside the Duchess' manor, where the Fish Footman is giving a message to the Frog Footman to take to the Duchess, saying that she is invited to play croquet with the Queen of Hearts. Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen of the manor, where she finds the Duchess' Cook maniacally cooking and the Duchess nursing her baby. The cook is spraying pepper all over the room, causing the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the baby to cry. After a quick conversation between Alice and the Duchess, the hot-tempered Cook starts throwing pots and pans at the noisy baby. Alice rescues the baby, but as she leaves the house the baby turns into a pig and runs away.[56] The scene was scrapped for pacing reasons.The Walrus and the Carpenter as seen in the film's trailerAnother scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred in Tulgey Wood, where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister-looking Jabberwocky hiding in the dark, before revealing himself as a comical-looking dragon-like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head. A song, \"Beware the Jabberwock\", was also written, but the scene was scrapped in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem.[28] Out of a desire to keep the Jabberwocky poem in the film, it was made to replace an original song for the Cheshire Cat, \"I'm Odd\".Another deleted scene in Tulgey Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight, who was meant to be somewhat a caricature of Walt Disney. Although Disney liked the scene, he felt it was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself, hence the song \"Very Good Advice\". The Trial scene at the end of the film was edited with Alice being accused of teasing the Queen during a game of croquet rather than the Knave of Hearts being accused for stealing tarts the Queen made.[28]Other characters, such as Mock Turtle and the Gryphon were discarded for pacing reasons, though they would later appear alongside Alice in some commercials.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Never Smile at a Crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Smile_at_a_Crocodile"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"Mack David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_David"},{"link_name":"Al Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohn-59"},{"link_name":"Sammy Fain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Fain"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bohn-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"title song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(song)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"Dave Digs Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Digs_Disney"},{"link_name":"orange disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Disney:_60_Years_of_Musical_Magic#Disc_5_(orange)"},{"link_name":"Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Disney:_60_Years_of_Musical_Magic"}],"text":"In an effort to retain some of Carroll's imaginative poems, Disney commissioned top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film. Over 30 potential songs were written, and many of them were included in the film—some for only a few seconds—the greatest number of songs of any Disney film. In 1939, Frank Churchill was assigned to compose songs, and they were accompanied by a story reel featuring artwork from David S. Hall. Although none of his songs were used in the finished film, the melody for \"Lobster Quadrille\" was used for the song \"Never Smile at a Crocodile\" in Peter Pan which came out two years after film's release. When work on Alice resumed in 1946, Tin Pan Alley songwriters Mack David, Al Hoffman and Jerry Livingston began composing songs for it after working on Cinderella. However, the only song by the trio that made it into the film was \"The Unbirthday Song\".[57]While he was composing songs in New York, Sammy Fain had heard that the Disney studios wanted him to compose songs for Alice in Wonderland. He also suggested lyricist Bob Hilliard as his collaborator.[58] The two wrote two unused songs for the film, \"Beyond the Laughing Sky\" and \"I'm Odd\". The music for the former song was kept but the lyrics were changed, and it later became the title song for Peter Pan, \"The Second Star to the Right\".[57][59] By April 1950, Fain and Hilliard had finished composing songs for the film.[60]The title song, composed by Sammy Fain, has become a jazz standard,[61] adapted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck in 1952 and included on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney. The song, \"In a World of My Own\", is included on the orange disc of Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Disneyland Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Records"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Tutti Camarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Camarata"},{"link_name":"Darlene Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"Norman Luboff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Luboff"},{"link_name":"Thurl Ravenscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurl_Ravenscroft"},{"link_name":"Capitol studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Studios"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Alice In Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(Disneyland_attraction)"},{"link_name":"Storybook Land Canal Boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storybook_Land_Canal_Boats"},{"link_name":"Audio CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack and Camarata version","text":"There was no soundtrack album available when the film was released in 1951. RCA Victor released a story album and single records with Kathryn Beaumont and several cast members that re-created the story, but it was not the soundtrack. In 1944, Decca Records had released a Ginger Rogers dramatization of Lewis Carroll's book with Disney cover art (perhaps tying in with earlier discussions of her being cast as a live-action Disney \"Alice\"),[62] Decca did indeed license the rights to release the 1951 Alice soundtrack from Disney, but later decided against it and never produced one. When Disney started its own record company, Disneyland Records, in Spring 1956, it was found to be economically unfeasible at the time to take on the fees and other costs to produce a soundtrack album.[63]In 1957, Tutti Camarata arranged and conducted an elaborate original production of the Alice score with Darlene Gillespie, who had shown great promise among the Mickey Mouse Club cast as a singer. Camarata assembled a new orchestra and chorus (possibly with the cooperation of Norman Luboff, as Betty Mulliner (Luboff) and choir member Thurl Ravenscroft can be heard) in the Capitol studios in Hollywood. The resulting album became one of the most influential and acclaimed studio versions of a score, garnering praise from within the industry as well as the public.[64] The original issue (WDL-4025), depicting Alice seated in a tree with characters beneath her, is highly collectible. The album was so popular it was reissued in 1959, 1963 and 1968 with different covers, including story albums with books and single records, all featuring music from this album, as well as translated versions of the Camarata Alice music for international recordings.Selections from this album are still heard in the queue for the Alice In Wonderland dark ride at Disneyland in California and during the Storybook Land Canal Boats ride. Tokyo Disneyland incorporated musical arrangements from the Camarata version for live shows and CD releases.To date, the only soundtrack material ever made available on vinyl records was released outside the United States. In the late nineties, over 45 years after the film's original release, a soundtrack album of Alice in Wonderland was finally released in the U.S. on Audio CD by Walt Disney Records.[65]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Fain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Fain"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"The Jud Conlon Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Conlon"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"The Sailor's Hornpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sailor%27s_Hornpipe"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"The Jud Conlon Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Conlon"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"The Walrus and the Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Ted Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sears"},{"link_name":"J. Pat O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Richard Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Don Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Raye"},{"link_name":"Gene de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sterling Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Holloway"},{"link_name":"The Unbirthday Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbirthday"},{"link_name":"Mack David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_David"},{"link_name":"All Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Ed Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Jerry Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Colonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"The Mellomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mellomen"},{"link_name":"Verna Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Felton"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Beware the Jabberwock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky"},{"link_name":"Stan Freberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Freberg"},{"link_name":"Daws Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daws_Butler"},{"link_name":"Mock Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Turtle"},{"link_name":"The Blue Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Danube"},{"link_name":"Mock Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Turtle"},{"link_name":"Humpty Dumpty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"Original songs performed in the film include:No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length1.\"Alice in Wonderland\"Sammy Fain & Bob HilliardThe Jud Conlon Chorus 2.\"In a World of My Own\"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont 3.\"I'm Late\"Fain & HilliardBill Thompson 4.\"The Sailor's Hornpipe\"TraditionalBill Thompson 5.\"The Caucus Race\"Fain & HilliardBill Thompson & The Jud Conlon Chorus 6.\"How Do You Do and Shake Hands\" J. Pat O'Malley 7.\"The Walrus and the Carpenter\"Fain & HilliardJ. Pat O'Malley 8.\"Old Father William\"Oliver Wallace & Ted SearsJ. Pat O'Malley 9.\"We'll Smoke the Blighter Out\"Wallace & SearsBill Thompson 10.\"All in the Golden Afternoon\"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont & Chorus 11.\"A-E-I-O-U (The Caterpillar Song)\"Wallace & SearsRichard Haydn 12.\"'Twas Brillig\"Don Raye & Gene de PaulSterling Holloway 13.\"The Unbirthday Song\"Mack David, All Hoffman, & Jerry LivingstonKathryn Beaumont, Ed Wynn & Jerry Colonna 14.\"Very Good Advice\"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont 15.\"Painting the Roses Red\"Fain & HilliardKathryn Beaumont & The Mellomen 16.\"Who's Been Painting My Roses Red\"Fain & HilliardVerna FeltonSongs written for the film but deleted during production include:\"Beyond the Laughing Sky\" – Alice (replaced by \"In a World of My Own\"; this melody was later used for \"The Second Star to the Right\" in Peter Pan)\n\"Dream Caravan\" – Caterpillar (replaced by \"A-E-I-O-U\")\n\"Everything Has a Useness\" – Caterpillar\n\"I'm Odd\" – Cheshire Cat (replaced by \"'Twas Brillig\")\n\"So They Say\" – Alice\n\"When the Wind is in the East\" - Mad Hatter\n\"Gavotte of the Cards\" - Alice\n\"Entrance of the Executioner\" - King of Hearts and Queen of Hearts\n\"Beware the Jabberwock\" – Stan Freberg, Daws Butler and the Rhythmaires (referring to the deleted character)\n\"If You'll Believe in Me\" – The Lion and The Unicorn (deleted characters)\n\"Beautiful Soup\" – The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon (deleted characters) set to the tune of The Blue Danube\n\"The Lobster Quadrille (Will You Join the Dance?)\" - The Mock Turtle (deleted character)\n\"Speak Roughly to Your Little Boy\" – The Duchess (deleted character)\n\"Humpty Dumpty\" – Humpty Dumpty (deleted character)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"double feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_feature"},{"link_name":"True-Life Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True-Life_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Nature's Half Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%27s_Half_Acre"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-69"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney's Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series#Walt_Disney's_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Televisionland-70"},{"link_name":"psychedelic times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_era"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Alice in Wonderland premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on July 26, 1951.[66] During the film's initial theatrical run, the film was released as a double feature with the True-Life Adventures documentary short, Nature's Half Acre.[67] Following the film's initial lukewarm reception, it was never re-released theatrically in Disney's lifetime, instead being shown occasionally on television. Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of the Walt Disney's Disneyland television series on ABC on November 3, 1954,[68] in a severely edited version cut down to less than an hour.Beginning in 1971, the film was screened in several sold-out venues at college campuses, becoming the most rented film in some cities. Then, in 1974, Disney gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release. The company even promoted it as a film in tune with the \"psychedelic times\", using radio commercials featuring the song \"White Rabbit\" performed by Jefferson Airplane.[69] This release was so successful that it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981.[70] It was re-released in the UK on December 22, 1969 and on July 26, 1979.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_O._Disney"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"One Hour in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007228-73"},{"link_name":"The Fred Waring Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fred_Waring_Show"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Televisionland-70"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"Disney sought to use the new medium of television to help advertise Alice in Wonderland. In March 1950, he spoke to his brother Roy about launching a television program featuring the studio's animated shorts. Roy agreed, and later that summer they spoke to the Coca-Cola Company about sponsoring an hour-long Christmas broadcast featuring Disney hosting several cartoons and a scene from the upcoming film. The program became One Hour in Wonderland, which was aired on NBC on Christmas Day 1950.[71] At the same time, a ten-minute featurette about the making of the film, Operation: Wonderland, was produced and screened in theaters and on television stations. Additionally, Disney, Kathryn Beaumont, and Sterling Holloway appeared on The Fred Waring Show on March 18, 1951, to promote the film.[68]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rental market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rental_shop"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"CED Videodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Bobby Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Driscoll"},{"link_name":"the recent Tim Burton version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Alice in Wonderland was one of the first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail sale on RCA's short-lived CED Videodisc format. The film was released on October 15, 1981, on VHS, CED Videodisc, and Betamax for its 30th anniversary.[citation needed] Five years later, it was re-issued in the \"Wonderland Sale\" promotion on May 28, 1986 on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc for its 35th anniversary, and then it was re-promoted on July 12, 1991 for its 40th anniversary, surrounding the video re-issue of Robin Hood.[72][73]In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Gold Classic Collection, and then Alice in Wonderland was re-issued on VHS and DVD in the line on July 4, 2000.[74] The DVD contained the Operation: Wonderland featurette, several sing-a-long videos, a storybook, a trivia game, and its theatrical trailer.[75]A fully restored two-disc \"Masterpiece Edition\" was released on January 27, 2004, including the full hour-long episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont, Edgar Bergen, Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd, Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted the film, computer games, deleted scenes, songs and related materials, and went into moratorium in January 2009. A year and two months later, Disney released a 2-disc special \"Un-Anniversary\" edition DVD on March 30, 2010 to promote the recent Tim Burton version.[76] The film was released in a Blu-ray and DVD set on February 1, 2011, to celebrate its 60th anniversary,[77] featuring a new HD restoration of the film and many bonus features. Disney re-released the film on Blu-ray and DVD on April 26, 2016, to celebrate the film's 65th anniversary.The film was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019.[78]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"wrote off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-off"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier2007230-2"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"During its initial theatrical run, the film grossed $2.4 million in domestic rentals.[79] Because of the film's production budget of $3 million, the studio wrote off a million-dollar loss.[2] During its theatrical re-release in 1974, the film grossed $3.5 million in domestic rentals.[80]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceNotSuccess-83"},{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-69"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Silly Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphonies"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"/Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliceNotSuccess-83"},{"link_name":"British film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"literary critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism"},{"link_name":"Americanizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2006487-89"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"Ward Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Kimball"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Critical reaction","text":"Despite being regarded as one of Disney's best animated films today,[81] the initial reviews for Alice in Wonderland were negative. Bosley Crowther, reviewing for The New York Times, complimented that \"...if you are not too particular about the images of Carroll and Tenniel, if you are high on Disney whimsey and if you'll take a somewhat slow, uneven pace, you should find this picture entertaining. Especially should it be for the kids, who are not so demanding of fidelity as are their moms and dads. A few of the episodes are dandy, such as the mad tea party and the caucus race; the music is tuneful and sugary and the color is excellent.\"[67] Variety wrote that the film \"has an earnest charm and a chimerical beauty that best shows off the Carroll fantasy. However, it has not been able to add any real heart or warmth, ingredients missing from the two tomes and which have always been an integral part of the previous Disney feature cartoons.\"[82]Mae Tinee of the Chicago Tribune wrote that \"While the Disney figures do resemble John Tenniel's famous sketches, they abound in energy but are utterly lacking in enchantment, and seem more closely related to Pluto, the clumsy pup, than the products of Carroll's imagination. Youngsters probably will find it a likable cartoon, full of lively characters, with Alice's dream bedecked with just a touch of nightmare—those who cherish the old story as I have probably will be distinctly disappointed.\"[83] Time stated that \"Judged simply as the latest in the long, popular line of Disney cartoons, Alice lacks a developed story line, which the studio's continuity experts, for all their freedom with scissors and paste, have been unable to put together out of the episodic books. Much of it is familiar stuff; Carroll's garden of live flowers prompts Disney to revive the style of his Silly Symphonies. Yet there is plenty to delight youngsters, and there are flashes of cartooning ingenuity that should appeal to grownups.\"[84] Writing for /Film, Miyako Pleines says \"Unlike the other Disney princesses before her, Alice seemed to have no real purpose (even if that purpose is simply to be a damsel in distress). People saw her as lacking ambition and drive, a lazy girl who daydreamed during her studies and wandered into a magical world.\"[81]Alice in Wonderland was met with great criticism from Carroll fans, as well as from British film and literary critics, who accused Disney of \"Americanizing\" a great work of English literature.[85] Walt Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland as his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences, not literary critics. Additionally, the film was met with a lukewarm response at the box office.[86] Additionally, he remarked that the film failed because it lacked heart.[87] In The Disney Films, Leonard Maltin says that animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because \"it suffered from too many cooks—directors. Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show. This had a self-canceling effect on the final product.\"[88]On the film aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Alice in Wonderland received an approval rating of 84% from 32 critical reviews with an average rating of 6.80/10. The consensus states, \"A good introduction to Lewis Carroll's classic, Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon's most surreal and twisted images.\"[89] Another film review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 68 based on 10 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[90]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Music Theatre International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Theatre_International"},{"link_name":"Disney's Aladdin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Disney's Mulan, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_Jr."},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)"},{"link_name":"High School Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Musical"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Stage version","text":"Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one-act stage version entitled, Alice in Wonderland, Jr. The stage version is solely meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the film's songs and others including Song of the South's \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", two new reprises of \"I'm Late!\", and three new numbers entitled \"Ocean of Tears\", \"Simon Says\", and \"Who Are You?\" respectively. This 60–80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre International in the Broadway, Jr. Collection along with other Disney Theatrical shows such as Disney's Aladdin, Jr., Disney's Mulan, Jr., Beauty and the Beast, Disney's High School Musical: On Stage!, Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida, and many more. Since 2018, it is no longer available to license.[93]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald in Mathmagic Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_in_Mathmagic_Land"},{"link_name":"Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"The Great Mouse Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective"},{"link_name":"House of Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Mickey's House of Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_House_of_Villains"},{"link_name":"Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_Magical_Christmas:_Snowed_in_at_the_House_of_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Bonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonkers_(cartoon)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_and_the_King_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Flubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubber_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Clubhouse"},{"link_name":"When You Wish Upon a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Wish_upon_a_Star"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Animation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"References in other media","text":"In Donald in Mathmagic Land, Donald Duck wears Alice's dress and has her hairstyle, except it's brown and not blond. A larger pencil bird is in the film as well.\nBill the Lizard appears as one of Professor Ratigan's henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective.\nAlice and several other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse, and the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey's House of Villains. The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse.\nThe Mad Hatter and the March Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers.\nBill the Lizard, Tweedledum, Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.\nIn the opening of Aladdin, the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used.\nIn Aladdin and the King of Thieves, the Genie turns into the White Rabbit.\nWeebo shows clips of the film on her screen in Flubber.\nAn episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, entitled \"Mickey's Adventures in Wonderland\", is based on the film.\nDuring the song \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" in Disney's Pinocchio, the Alice in Wonderland book can be seen on the bookshelf where Jiminy Cricket is singing from. This reference can be considered indirect as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland.\nAlice and Cheshire Cat made cameo appearances in episodes of The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse.\nLike other Walt Disney Animation Studios characters, the characters from Alice in Wonderland have cameo appearances in the short film Once Upon a Studio (2023).[94]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheshire Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Cat"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Alice's Wonderland Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Wonderland_Bakery"},{"link_name":"Disney Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Junior"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Spin-off","text":"An undetermined animated project focused on the Cheshire Cat was in development for Disney's subscription video on-demand streaming service Disney+ since 2019.[95]In 2022, a CGI-animated TV series called Alice's Wonderland Bakery was released on Disney Junior. The series centers on Alice, the great-granddaughter of the original heroine.[96]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disneyland_Alice_2012-06-30.jpg"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"ride-through visit to Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(Disneyland_attraction)"},{"link_name":"Mad Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"teacups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacups"},{"link_name":"The Main Street Electrical Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Electrical_Parade"},{"link_name":"SpectroMagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpectroMagic"},{"link_name":"Fantasmic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasmic!"},{"link_name":"Dreamlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Electrical_Parade"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Parade_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"dark ride based on the film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(Disneyland_attraction)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Disneyland Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Paris"},{"link_name":"Alice's Curious Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Curious_Labyrinth"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Revue"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park"},{"link_name":"Disneyland Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Paris"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Theme parks","text":"Alice at Disneyland, 2012.Costumed versions of Alice, The Mad Hatter, The White Rabbit, The Queen of Hearts, Tweedledum, and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts, and other characters from the film (including the Walrus and the March Hare) have featured in the theme parks, although quite rarely. Disneyland features a ride-through visit to Wonderland on board a Caterpillar-shaped ride vehicle; this adventure is unique to Disneyland and has not been reproduced at Disney's other parks. More famously, five of the six Disneyland-style theme parks feature Mad Tea Party, a teacups ride based on Disney's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland.Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks, including The Main Street Electrical Parade, SpectroMagic, Fantasmic!, Dreamlights, The Move It! Shake It! Celebrate It! Street Party and Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams. Tokyo Disneyland presented several live productions, including Alice's Wonderland Party and Alice's Wonderland Tales. Disneyland Park features the world's only dark ride based on the film in addition to the Mad Tea Party teacup ride,[97] and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice's Curious Labyrinth, which takes its inspiration from the film.[98] The now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue, shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland, contained characters and scenes from the film.On 25 May 2024, a limited-run stage show Alice and the Queen of Hearts: Back to Wonderland opened in the Theater of the Stars in Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Paris. It will be presented until 29 September 2024.[99]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney's Villains' Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Villains%27_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mousecapade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mousecapade"},{"link_name":"video game version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2000_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"Nintendo of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Chain of Memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts:_Chain_of_Memories"},{"link_name":"358/2 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_358/2_Days"},{"link_name":"Coded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_Coded"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hearts χ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_%CF%87"},{"link_name":"enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Toy Story 3: The Video Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_3:_The_Video_Game"},{"link_name":"Kinect Disneyland Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect_Disneyland_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Fantasyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasyland"},{"link_name":"avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Disney Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Infinity_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Epic Mickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Mickey"},{"link_name":"Epic Mickey 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Mickey_2"},{"link_name":"Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Mickey:_Power_of_Illusion"},{"link_name":"Disney Magic Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Magic_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Disney Mirrorverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Mirrorverse"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"In Disney's Villains' Revenge, the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice's head.Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film. The Japanese version, in fact, is based very heavily on the film, with almost every reference in the game coming from the film.A video game version of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October 4, 2000, in North America.The Kingdom Hearts video game series includes Wonderland as a playable world in the titles Kingdom Hearts, Chain of Memories, 358/2 Days, Coded, and Kingdom Hearts χ. In the games, Alice is one of seven \"Princesses of Heart\", a group of maidens who are a major part of the plot in the series. Other characters from the film that appear in the games include the Queen of Hearts and the Card Soldiers (also enemies in the games), Cheshire Cat, White Rabbit, Doorknob, Mad Hatter, March Hare, Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum, and the Caterpillar (this last in the non-official Kingdom Hearts V Cast game only).[100]In Toy Story 3: The Video Game, the Mad Hatter's hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear.In Kinect Disneyland Adventures, Alice, the Mad Hatter, the White Rabbit, and the Queen of Hearts make appearances, while the Caterpillar, the Cheshire Cat and the March Hare only appear in specific sections of the Alice in Wonderland attraction located in Fantasyland. The player can also acquire either Alice's blue dress and white pinafore apron or the Mad Hatter's olive green hat and mustard tailcoat with a blue bow tie as costumes to wear (depending on the avatar's gender) in several different stores located around the park.In Disney Infinity, there are Power Discs based on Alice in Wonderland.Several characters of the movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey-games. For example, the cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey, Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice, the Mad Hatter, and the Cheshire Cat appear as unlockable characters in Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion.Alice, the White Rabbit, the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, the Cheshire Cat, the Queen of Hearts and the Caterpillar appear as playable characters in Disney Magic Kingdoms, along with some attractions based on locations of the film or real attractions from Disney Parks, as content to unlock for a limited time.[101]In Disney Mirrorverse Alice is playable.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theme song of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(song)"},{"link_name":"jazz standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_standard"},{"link_name":"Roberta Gambarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Gambarini"},{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-106"}],"sub_title":"Cover versions","text":"The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard by the likes of Roberta Gambarini, Bill Evans and Dave Brubeck.[102][103][104]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig199781-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts2001259-44"}],"text":"^ David Koenig, on the other hand, indicates that Disney purchased the rights to Tenniel's illustrations as early as in 1931.[27]\n\n^ Steven Watts, however, indicates that Alice in Wonderland was put on hold as early as in June 1941.[43]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney and Europe: European Influence on the Animated Feature Films of Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/waltdisneyeurope0000alla"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8646-2041-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8646-2041-2"},{"link_name":"Barrier, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barrier"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hollywoodcartoon00barr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-802079-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802079-0"},{"link_name":"The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/animatedmanlifeo00barr"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-5202-5619-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-5619-4"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/aldoushuxley0000unse_q3w4/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7910-7040-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-7040-6"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/waltdisneytriump0000gabl"},{"link_name":"Vintage Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-6797-5747-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-5747-4"},{"link_name":"Chronicle Books LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4521-3744-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3744-5"},{"link_name":"Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9640-6051-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9640-6051-7"},{"link_name":"The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/magickingdomwalt0000watt_l9r3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8262-1379-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1379-2"}],"text":"Allan, Robin (1999). Walt Disney and Europe: European Influence on the Animated Feature Films of Walt Disney. John Libbey & Co. ISBN 978-1-8646-2041-2.\nBarrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802079-0.\nBarrier, Michael (2007). The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-5619-4.\nBloom, Harold (2003). Aldous Huxley. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-7040-6.\nGabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-6797-5747-4.\nGhez, Didier (2016). They Drew As they Pleased: The Hidden Art of Disney's Musical Years (The 1940s - Part One). Chronicle Books LLC. ISBN 978-1-4521-3744-5.\nKoenig, David (1997). Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks. Bonaventure Press. ISBN 978-0-9640-6051-7.\nWatts, Steven (2001). The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1379-2.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Alice as shown in the film's trailer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alice_in_wonderland_1951.jpg/220px-Alice_in_wonderland_1951.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Hall created over four hundred paintings and story sketches for the 1939 version of the film.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/David_Hall_Alice_in_Wonderland_1939_Concept_Artwork.jpg/220px-David_Hall_Alice_in_Wonderland_1939_Concept_Artwork.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Walrus and the Carpenter as seen in the film's trailer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alice_in_Wonderland_%281951%29_-_The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter.png/200px-Alice_in_Wonderland_%281951%29_-_The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter.png"},{"image_text":"Alice at Disneyland, 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Disneyland_Alice_2012-06-30.jpg/250px-Disneyland_Alice_2012-06-30.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Fantasy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fantasy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMirC-laugh.svg"},{"title":"Comedy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Comedy"},{"title":"1950s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1950s"},{"title":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)"},{"title":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"title":"Alice Through the Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_(2016_film)"},{"title":"James Bobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bobin"}]	[{"reference":"\"Alice in Wonderland: Detail View\". American Film Institute. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=50010","url_text":"\"Alice in Wonderland: Detail View\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kathryn Beaumont\". D23. Walt Disney Archives. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/kathryn-beaumont/","url_text":"\"Kathryn Beaumont\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_(Disney)","url_text":"D23"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230730091044/https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/kathryn-beaumont/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Dave. \"Alice in Wonderland Character History\". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401004517/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/alicewonderland/alicewonderland.html","url_text":"\"Alice in Wonderland Character History\""},{"url":"http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/alicewonderland/alicewonderland.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fahr, Tyler; Seastrom, Lucas O. (January 19, 2017). \"Celebrating Ed Wynn: Walt Disney's Partner in Laughter\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/mickeys-follies-walts-distribution-deals-defeats-and-decisions","url_text":"\"Celebrating Ed Wynn: Walt Disney's Partner in Laughter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum","url_text":"Walt Disney Family Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230820170153/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/celebrating-ed-wynn-walt-disneys-partner-laughter","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Dave. \"Alice in Wonderland Movie History\". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401012347/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/alice/alice.html","url_text":"\"Alice in Wonderland Movie History\""},{"url":"http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/alice/alice.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran Film-TV Actor J. Pat O'Malley Dies\". Los Angeles Times. March 1, 1985. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-01-me-23686-story.html","url_text":"\"Veteran Film-TV Actor J. Pat O'Malley Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030221026/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-01-me-23686-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Voice Chasers\". Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524172632/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56","url_text":"\"Voice Chasers\""},{"url":"https://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. pp. 316–317.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A. Film L.A.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://afilmla.blogspot.com/search/label/Alice?updated-max=2007-11-28T02:00:00-08:00&max-results=20&start=17&by-date=false","url_text":"\"A. Film L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walt Disney in 23 Books Chapter One: A Blank Sheet of Paper\". D23. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/walt-disney-in-23-books-chapter-one-a-blank-sheet-of-paper/","url_text":"\"Walt Disney in 23 Books Chapter One: A Blank Sheet of Paper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_(Disney)","url_text":"D23"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231029100056/https://d23.com/walt-disney-in-23-books-chapter-one-a-blank-sheet-of-paper/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mullen, Chris (February 19, 2017). \"Mickey's Follies: Walt's Distribution Deals, Defeats, and Decisions\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/mickeys-follies-walts-distribution-deals-defeats-and-decisions","url_text":"\"Mickey's Follies: Walt's Distribution Deals, Defeats, and Decisions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum","url_text":"Walt Disney Family Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803095226/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/mickeys-follies-walts-distribution-deals-defeats-and-decisions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reflections on Alice (Documentary film). Alice in Wonderland Special Un-Anniversary Edition DVD: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. 2010 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZhzmYFc4dI","url_text":"Reflections on Alice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Seastrom, Lucas O. (August 15, 2023). \"100 Years Ago: Walt Goes West\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/100-years-ago-walt-goes-west","url_text":"\"100 Years Ago: Walt Goes West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum","url_text":"Walt Disney Family Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231023055557/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/100-years-ago-walt-goes-west","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buhlman, Jocelyn (March 1, 2019). \"Watch Alice's Wonderland to Celebrate 95 Years of Walt Disney's Alice Comedies\". D23. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/d23-video/watch-alices-wonderland-to-celebrate-95-years-of-walt-disneys-alice-comedies/","url_text":"\"Watch Alice's Wonderland to Celebrate 95 Years of Walt Disney's Alice Comedies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_(Disney)","url_text":"D23"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230519070916/https://d23.com/d23-video/watch-alices-wonderland-to-celebrate-95-years-of-walt-disneys-alice-comedies/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bertolaccini, Bri (March 23, 2023). \"Margaret Winkler: First Female Film Distributor\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/margaret-winkler-first-female-film-distributor","url_text":"\"Margaret Winkler: First Female Film Distributor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum","url_text":"Walt Disney Family Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231022000112/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/margaret-winkler-first-female-film-distributor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seastrom, Lucas O. (June 25, 2019). \"Hollywood Cartoonland: Walt Disney's Alice Comedies\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/hollywood-cartoonland-walt-disneys-alice-comedies","url_text":"\"Hollywood Cartoonland: Walt Disney's Alice Comedies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum","url_text":"Walt Disney Family Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230609174313/https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/hollywood-cartoonland-walt-disneys-alice-comedies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The \"Alice Comedies\"\". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heilbron	John L. Heilbron	["1 Biography","2 Author","3 Awards and honors","4 Main books","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	American historian (1934–2023) John Lewis Heilbron (March 17, 1934 – November 5, 2023) was an American historian of science best known for his work in the history of physics and the history of astronomy. He was Professor of History and Vice-Chancellor Emeritus (Vice-Chancellor 1990–1994) at the University of California, Berkeley, senior research fellow at Worcester College, Oxford, and visiting professor at Yale University and the California Institute of Technology. He edited the academic journal Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences for twenty-five years. Biography Born in San Francisco on March 17, 1934, Heilbron attended Lowell High School in San Francisco, California, and was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society. He received his A.B. (1955) and M.A. (1958) degrees in physics and his Ph.D. (1964) in history from the University of California, Berkeley. He was Thomas Kuhn's graduate student in the 1960s when Kuhn was writing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Heilbron was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died on November 5, 2023, at the age of 89. Author In additition to his university work, Heilbron authored over 20 books primarily dealing with the history of science; they included studies of phenomena such as geometry, electricity and quantum physics, as well as biographies of scientists such as Galileo and Max Planck. His approach saw him investigating the influence of politics, personalities and institutions on the emergence of new scientific ideas. His study of the relationship between the church and science, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories, was awarded the profession's highest prize, the Pfizer Prize from the History of Science Society. Awards and honors 1988: member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1988: Honorary degree, University of Bologna. 1990: member, American Philosophical Society 1993: awarded the George Sarton Medal by the History of Science Society. 2000: Honorary degree, University of Pavia. 2006: Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics, a joint award of the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics. 2006: Wilkins Prize Lecture of the Royal Society of London. Main books 2022: The Incomparable Monsignor: Francesco Bianchini's World of Science, History, and Court Intrigue. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192856654 2021: The Ghost of Galileo in a Forgotten Painting from the English Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198861300 2020: Niels Bohr: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198819264 2018: The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199684120 2013: Love, Literature, and the Quantum Atom, with Finn Aaserud, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199680283 2010: Galileo, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-958352-8. (See Galileo Galilei.) 2003: The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed.), Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6. 2003: Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms, Oxford Portraits in Science, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512378-6. 1999: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85433-0. 2001 paperback: ISBN 0-674-00536-8. 1999: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-40688-1. 1997: Geometry Civilized: History, Culture, Technique. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850078-5. 2000 paperback: ISBN 0-19-850690-2. 1989: Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, with Robert W. Seidel. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06426-7. 1986: The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05710-4 1979: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03478-3. 1974: H. G. J. Moseley: The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 1887-1915, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02375-7. Notes ^ a b c d "In Memoriam, John L. Heilbron, 1934-2023 \| Department of History". history.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2024. ^ a b c d Baggott, Jim (November 21, 2023). "John Heilbron obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 4, 2024. ^ "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: John L. Heilbron". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ Carson, Cathryn (January 23, 2024). "John L. Heilbron (1934–2023), historian of science". Nature. 626 (7997): 25. Bibcode:2024Natur.626...25C. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00195-5. PMID 38263309. ^ "John L. Heilbron". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ "Benjamin Franklin in Europe: electrician, academician, politician \| Royal Society". royalsociety.org. Retrieved February 4, 2024. ^ Gingerich, Owen (December 24, 2010). "Starry Messenger (joint review of Galileo by J. L. Heilbron and Galileo: Watcher of the Skies by David Wootton)". NY Times. (See David Wootton.) References Brief biography in AIP Center for History of Physics Newsletter, Volume XXXVIII, No. 1, Spring 2006. External links "What Time Is It in the Transept?" D. Graham Burnett book review of The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories, The New York Times, October 24, 1999. Quote from Burnett's review: "How ironic…the church's seemingly backward attitude toward heliocentrism actually nurtured a powerful and emergent scientific method." Video of a talk by Heilbron titled "Remarks on the Writing of Biography." Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii MathSciNet Scopus zbMATH Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historian of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian_of_science"},{"link_name":"history of physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics"},{"link_name":"history of astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Studies_in_the_Physical_and_Biological_Sciences"}],"text":"John Lewis Heilbron (March 17, 1934 – November 5, 2023) was an American historian of science best known for his work in the history of physics and the history of astronomy. He was Professor of History and Vice-Chancellor Emeritus (Vice-Chancellor 1990–1994) at the University of California, Berkeley, senior research fellow at Worcester College, Oxford, and visiting professor at Yale University and the California Institute of Technology. He edited the academic journal Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences for twenty-five years.","title":"John L. Heilbron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Lowell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Forensic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Forensic_Society"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Born in San Francisco on March 17, 1934,[1] Heilbron attended Lowell High School in San Francisco, California,[2] and was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society. He received his A.B. (1955) and M.A. (1958) degrees in physics and his Ph.D. (1964) in history from the University of California, Berkeley.[1] He was Thomas Kuhn's graduate student in the 1960s when Kuhn was writing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.[2]Heilbron was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[3] He died on November 5, 2023, at the age of 89.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei"},{"link_name":"Max Planck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"History of Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"In additition to his university work, Heilbron authored over 20 books primarily dealing with the history of science; they included studies of phenomena such as geometry, electricity and quantum physics, as well as biographies of scientists such as Galileo and Max Planck.[4] His approach saw him investigating the influence of politics, personalities and institutions on the emergence of new scientific ideas.[2] His study of the relationship between the church and science, The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories, was awarded the profession's highest prize, the Pfizer Prize from the History of Science Society.[1][2]","title":"Author"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical 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ISBN 0-19-958352-8.[8] (See Galileo Galilei.)\n2003: The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed.), Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.\n2003: Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms, Oxford Portraits in Science, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512378-6.\n1999: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85433-0. 2001 paperback: ISBN 0-674-00536-8.\n1999: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-40688-1.\n1997: Geometry Civilized: History, Culture, Technique. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850078-5. 2000 paperback: ISBN 0-19-850690-2.\n1989: Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, with Robert W. Seidel. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06426-7.\n1986: The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science, University of California Press. 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Heilbron\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amacad.org/person/john-l-heilbron"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"APS Member History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+L.+Heilbron&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Benjamin Franklin in Europe: electrician, academician, politician \| Royal Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2006/benjamin-franklin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Gingerich, Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gingerich"},{"link_name":"\"Starry Messenger (joint review of Galileo by J. L. Heilbron and Galileo: Watcher of the Skies by David Wootton)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/books/review/Gingerich-t.html"},{"link_name":"David Wootton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wootton_(historian)"}],"text":"^ a b c d \"In Memoriam, John L. Heilbron, 1934-2023 \| Department of History\". history.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2024.\n\n^ a b c d Baggott, Jim (November 21, 2023). \"John Heilbron obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 4, 2024.\n\n^ \"The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: John L. Heilbron\". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2011.\n\n^ Carson, Cathryn (January 23, 2024). \"John L. Heilbron (1934–2023), historian of science\". Nature. 626 (7997): 25. Bibcode:2024Natur.626...25C. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00195-5. PMID 38263309.\n\n^ \"John L. Heilbron\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved April 19, 2022.\n\n^ \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 19, 2022.\n\n^ \"Benjamin Franklin in Europe: electrician, academician, politician \| Royal Society\". royalsociety.org. Retrieved February 4, 2024.\n\n^ Gingerich, Owen (December 24, 2010). \"Starry Messenger (joint review of Galileo by J. L. Heilbron and Galileo: Watcher of the Skies by David Wootton)\". NY Times. (See David Wootton.)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"In Memoriam, John L. Heilbron, 1934-2023 \| Department of History\". history.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.berkeley.edu/news/memoriam-john-l-heilbron-1934-2023","url_text":"\"In Memoriam, John L. Heilbron, 1934-2023 \| Department of History\""}]},{"reference":"Baggott, Jim (November 21, 2023). \"John Heilbron obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation	Aggradation	["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]	Increase in land elevation due to the deposition of sediment Schematic of sediment accumulation (aggradation) in a river channel. The sediment is brown. The river is flowing on bedrock in the upper image, but because sediment was deposited over time the riverbed has risen. This has caused the house to be buried in the lower image. Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment. Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than the amount of material that the system is able to transport. The mass balance between sediment being transported and sediment in the bed is described by the Exner equation. Typical aggradational environments include lowland alluvial rivers, river deltas, and alluvial fans. Aggradational environments are often undergoing slow subsidence which balances the increase in land surface elevation due to aggradation. After millions of years, an aggradational environment will become a sedimentary basin, which contains the deposited sediment, including paleochannels and ancient floodplains. Aggradation can be caused by changes in climate, land use, and geologic activity, such as volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and faulting. For example, volcanic eruptions may lead to rivers carrying more sediment than the flow can transport: this leads to the burial of the old channel and its floodplain. In another example, the quantity of sediment entering a river channel may increase when climate becomes drier. The increase in sediment is caused by a decrease in soil binding that results from plant growth being suppressed. The drier conditions cause river flow to decrease at the same time as sediment is being supplied in greater quantities, resulting in the river becoming choked with sediment. In 2009, a report by researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder in the journal Nature Geoscience said that reduced aggradation was contributing to an increased risk of flooding in many river deltas. See also Avulsion (river) – Rapid abandonment of a river channel and formation of a new channel Progradation – Growth of a river delta into the sea over time Sedimentary basin – Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments External links Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine "The Physical Environment" Glossary definition David Mohrig, MIT OpenCourseWare - 12.110: Sedimentary Geology - Fall 2004 John B. Southard, MIT OpenCourseWare - 12.110: Sedimentary Geology - Spring 2007 References ^ Black, Richard (2009-09-21). "'Millions at risk' as deltas sink". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2009-09-23. vteRiver morphologyLarge-scale features Alluvial plain Drainage basin Drainage system (geomorphology) Estuary Strahler number (stream order) River valley River delta River sinuosity Alluvial rivers Anabranch Avulsion (river) Bar (river morphology) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip-off slope Stream pool Thalweg Bedrock river Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool Bedforms Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple Regional processes Aggradation Base level Degradation (geology) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation Mechanics Deposition (geology) Water erosion Exner equation Hack's law Helicoidal flow Playfair's law Sediment transport List of rivers that have reversed direction Category Portal vteRivers, streams and springsRivers(lists) Alluvial river Braided river Blackwater river Channel Channel pattern Channel types Confluence Distributary Drainage basin Subterranean river River bifurcation River ecosystem River source Tributary Streams Arroyo Bourne Burn Chalk stream Coulee Current Stream bed Stream channel Streamflow Stream gradient Stream pool Perennial stream Winterbourne Springs(list) Estavelle/Inversac Geyser Holy well Hot spring list list in the US Karst spring list Mineral spring Ponor Rhythmic spring Spring horizon Sedimentary processesand erosion Abrasion Anabranch Aggradation Armor Bed load Bed material load Granular flow Debris flow Deposition Dissolved load Downcutting Erosion Headward erosion Knickpoint Palaeochannel Progradation Retrogradation Saltation Secondary flow Sediment transport Suspended load Wash load Water gap Fluvial landforms Ait Alluvial fan Antecedent drainage stream Avulsion Bank Bar Bayou Billabong Canyon Chine Cut bank Estuary Floating island Fluvial terrace Gill Gulch Gully Glen Meander scar Mouth bar Oxbow lake Riffle-pool sequence Point bar Ravine Rill River island Rock-cut basin Sedimentary basin Sedimentary structures Strath Thalweg River valley Wadi Fluvial flow Helicoidal flow International scale of river difficulty Log jam Meander Plunge pool Rapids Riffle Shoal Stream capture Waterfall Whitewater Surface runoff Agricultural wastewater First flush Urban runoff Floods and stormwater 100-year flood Crevasse splay Flash flood Flood Urban flooding Non-water flood Flood barrier Flood control Flood forecasting Flood-meadow Floodplain Flood pulse concept Flooded grasslands and savannas Inundation Storm Water Management Model Return period Point source pollution Effluent Industrial wastewater Sewage River measurementand modelling Baer's law Baseflow Bradshaw model Discharge (hydrology) Drainage density Exner equation Groundwater model Hack's law Hjulström curve Hydrograph Hydrological model Hydrological transport model Infiltration (hydrology) Main stem Playfair's law Relief ratio River Continuum Concept Rouse number Runoff curve number Runoff model (reservoir) Stream gauge Universal Soil Loss Equation WAFLEX Wetted perimeter Volumetric flow rate River engineering Aqueduct Balancing lake Canal Check dam Dam Drop structure Daylighting Detention basin Erosion control Fish ladder Floodplain restoration Flume Infiltration basin Leat Levee River morphology Retention basin Revetment Riparian-zone restoration Stream restoration Weir River sports Canyoning Fly fishing Rafting River surfing Riverboarding Stone skipping Triathlon Whitewater canoeing Whitewater kayaking Whitewater slalom Related Aquifer Aquatic toxicology Body of water Hydraulic civilization Limnology Riparian zone River valley civilization River cruise Sacred waters Surface water Wild river Rivers by length Rivers by discharge rate Drainage basins Whitewater rivers Flash floods River name etymologies Countries without rivers This article about geological processes is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This sedimentology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggradation.png"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(geology)"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_transport"},{"link_name":"Exner equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exner_equation"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial"},{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"river deltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"alluvial fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"sedimentary basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin"},{"link_name":"paleochannels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleochannel"},{"link_name":"floodplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"volcanic eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"faulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado at Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"Nature Geoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Geoscience"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Schematic of sediment accumulation (aggradation) in a river channel. The sediment is brown. The river is flowing on bedrock in the upper image, but because sediment was deposited over time the riverbed has risen. This has caused the house to be buried in the lower image.Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment. Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than the amount of material that the system is able to transport. The mass balance between sediment being transported and sediment in the bed is described by the Exner equation.Typical aggradational environments include lowland alluvial rivers, river deltas, and alluvial fans. Aggradational environments are often undergoing slow subsidence which balances the increase in land surface elevation due to aggradation. After millions of years, an aggradational environment will become a sedimentary basin, which contains the deposited sediment, including paleochannels and ancient floodplains.Aggradation can be caused by changes in climate, land use, and geologic activity, such as volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and faulting. For example, volcanic eruptions may lead to rivers carrying more sediment than the flow can transport: this leads to the burial of the old channel and its floodplain. In another example, the quantity of sediment entering a river channel may increase when climate becomes drier. The increase in sediment is caused by a decrease in soil binding that results from plant growth being suppressed. The drier conditions cause river flow to decrease at the same time as sediment is being supplied in greater quantities, resulting in the river becoming choked with sediment.In 2009, a report by researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder in the journal Nature Geoscience said that reduced aggradation was contributing to an increased risk of flooding in many river deltas.[1]","title":"Aggradation"}]	[{"image_text":"Schematic of sediment accumulation (aggradation) in a river channel. The sediment is brown. The river is flowing on bedrock in the upper image, but because sediment was deposited over time the riverbed has risen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_factor	Array factor	["1 References","2 See also"]	This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An array is simply a group of objects, and the array factor is a measure of how much a specific characteristic changes because of the grouping. This phenomenon is observed when antennas are grouped together. The radiation (or reception) pattern of the antenna group is considerably different from that of a single antenna. This is due to the constructive and destructive interference properties of radio waves. A well designed antenna array, allows the broadcast power to be directed to where it is needed most. These antenna arrays are typically one dimensional, as seen on collinear dipole arrays, or two dimensional as on military phased arrays. In order to simplify the mathematics, a number of assumptions are typically made: 1. all radiators are equal in every respect 2. all radiators are uniformly spaced 3. the signal phase shift between radiators is constant. The array factor A F {\displaystyle AF} is the complex-valued far-field radiation pattern obtained for an array of N {\displaystyle N} isotropic radiators located at coordinates r → n {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{n}} , as determined by: A F ( r ^ ) = ∑ n = 1 N a n e j k r ^ ⋅ r → n , {\displaystyle AF({\hat {r}})=\sum _{n=1}^{N}a_{n}e^{jk{\hat {r}}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{n}},} where a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} are the complex-valued excitation coefficients, and r ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {r}}} is the direction unit vector. The array factor is defined in the transmitting mode, with the time convention e j ω t {\displaystyle e^{j\omega t}} . A corresponding expression can be derived for the receiving mode, where a negative sign appears in the exponential factors, as derived in reference. References ^ Balanis, C. A. Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design (3 ed.). p. 291. ^ "IEEE Standard for definitions of terms for antennas". IEEE STD. 2014. ^ Frid, Henrik (2020). Analysis and Optimization of Installed Antenna Performance. Stockholm, Sweden: KTH (PhD thesis). pp. 36–39. ISBN 978-91-7873-447-4. See also Array antenna	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"far-field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-field"},{"link_name":"radiation pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pattern"},{"link_name":"coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"unit vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An array is simply a group of objects, and the array factor is a measure of how much a specific characteristic changes because of the grouping. This phenomenon is observed when antennas are grouped together. The radiation (or reception) pattern of the antenna group is considerably different from that of a single antenna. This is due to the constructive and destructive interference properties of radio waves. A well designed antenna array, allows the broadcast power to be directed to where it is needed most.These antenna arrays are typically one dimensional, as seen on collinear dipole arrays, or two dimensional as on military phased arrays.In order to simplify the mathematics, a number of assumptions are typically made:1. all radiators are equal in every respect\n 2. all radiators are uniformly spaced\n 3. the signal phase shift between radiators is constant.The array factor \n \n \n \n A\n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AF}\n \n is the complex-valued far-field radiation pattern obtained for an array of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n isotropic radiators located at coordinates \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n →\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {r}}_{n}}\n \n, as determined by:[1]A\n F\n (\n \n \n \n r\n ^\n \n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n j\n k\n \n \n \n r\n ^\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n r\n →\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AF({\\hat {r}})=\\sum _{n=1}^{N}a_{n}e^{jk{\\hat {r}}\\cdot {\\vec {r}}_{n}},}where \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{n}}\n \n are the complex-valued excitation coefficients, and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {r}}}\n \n is the direction unit vector. The array factor is defined in the transmitting mode,[2] with the time convention \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n j\n ω\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{j\\omega t}}\n \n. A corresponding expression can be derived for the receiving mode, where a negative sign appears in the exponential factors, as derived in reference.[3]","title":"Array factor"}]	[]	[{"title":"Array antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_antenna"}]	[{"reference":"Balanis, C. A. Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design (3 ed.). p. 291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"IEEE Standard for definitions of terms for antennas\". IEEE STD. 2014.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frid, Henrik (2020). Analysis and Optimization of Installed Antenna Performance. Stockholm, Sweden: KTH (PhD thesis). pp. 36–39. ISBN 978-91-7873-447-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1392934&dswid=5174","url_text":"Analysis and Optimization of Installed Antenna Performance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7873-447-4","url_text":"978-91-7873-447-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Array_factor&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1392934&dswid=5174","external_links_name":"Analysis and Optimization of Installed Antenna Performance"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_(chemistry)	Primary (chemistry)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Term in organic chemistry used to describe degree of substitution of an atom in a molecule This article is about general bonding patterns. For the sequence and cross-linking of proteins and nucleic acids, see primary structure. Primary is a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e.g. alcohols, alkyl halides, amines) or reactive intermediates (e.g. alkyl radicals, carbocations). Red highlighted central atoms in various groups of chemical compounds. Primary central atoms compared with secondary, tertiary and quaternary central atoms. primary secondary tertiary quaternary Carbon atom in an alkane Alcohol does not exist Amine Amide does not exist Phosphine See also Secondary (chemistry) Tertiary (chemistry) Quaternary (chemistry) References	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structure"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols"},{"link_name":"reactive intermediates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_intermediates"},{"link_name":"carbocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation"}],"text":"This article is about general bonding patterns. For the sequence and cross-linking of proteins and nucleic acids, see primary structure.Primary is a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e.g. alcohols, alkyl halides, amines) or reactive intermediates (e.g. alkyl radicals, carbocations).","title":"Primary (chemistry)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Secondary (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_(chemistry)"},{"title":"Tertiary (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_(chemistry)"},{"title":"Quaternary (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_(chemistry)"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul	List of rulers of Mosul	["1 Umayyad governors","2 Abbasid governors","3 Hamdanid emirs","4 Uqaylid emirs","5 Seljuk Atabegs","6 Zengid emirs","7 Lu'lu'id emirs","8 Mongol Governors","9 Jalayirid","10 Ottoman governors","11 References","12 Sources"]	This is a list of the rulers of the Iraqi city of Mosul. Umayyad governors See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Umayyad Caliphate Muhammad ibn Marwan (ca. 685–705) Yusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam (ca. 685–705) Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik (ca. 685–705) Yahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani (719–720) Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (720–724) Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf (727–731/32) Yahya ibn al-Hurr (732/33) Al-Walid ibn Talid (733–739) Abu Quhafa ibn al-Walid (739–743) Al Qatiran ibn Akmad ibn al-Shaybani (744–745) Hisham ibn Amr-al Zubayr (745–750) Abbasid governors See also: Abbasid Caliphate Muhammad ibn Sawl (750–751) Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali (c. 751) Ismail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah (751–759) Malik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai (759–762) Ja'far ibn Abu Jafar (762–764) Khalid ibn Barmak (764–766) Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Yazid (768–770) Yazid ibn Usayd ibn Zafir al-Sulami (770) Musa ibn Ka'b (771–772) Khalid ibn Barmak and Musa ibn Mus'ab (772–775) Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (776) Hassan al Sarawi (776–777) Abd al-Samad ibn Ali (778) Muhammed ibn al-Fadl (779–780) Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali (781–782) Musa ibn Mus'ab (782–783) Hashim ibn Sa'id (785) Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (785–787) Ishaq ibn Muhammed (787–778) Saíd ibn al-Salm (778–789) Abd Allah ibn Malik (789–791) al-Hakam ibn Sulayman (791) Muhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi (791–796) Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi (796–797) Harthama ibn A'yan (798–802), with various deputies Nadal ibn Rifa's (804–805) Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Hatim (806) Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar (c. 806) Muhammed ibn al-Fadl (806–809) Ibrahim ibn al-Abbas (809) Khalid ibn Yazid (810) al-Muttalib ibn Abd Allah (811) al-Hasan ibn Umar (812) Tahir ibn Husayn (813) Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Sailh (814–817) al-Sayyid ibn Anas (817–826) Muhammed ibn Humayd al-Tusi (826–827) Harun ibn Abu Khalid (827) Muhammed ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (827–828) Malik ibn Tawk (829–831) Mansur ibn Bassam (c.834) Abd Allah ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (c. 838) Akaba ibn Muhammad (before 868) Hasan ibn Ayyub (before 868) Abd Allah ibn Sulayman (c. 868) Musawir: Kharijite rebel (868) Azugitin (873–874), with deputies Khidr bin Ahmad (c. 874) Autonomous: Ishaq ibn Kundaj (879–891) Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj (891–892) Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (892–893) Hamdan ibn Hamdun, rebel Hamdanid (892–895) Direct Abbasid control Hasan ibn Ali (c. 895) Abu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid (c. 899–902) Hamdanid emirs See also: Anarchy at Samarra, Al-Muqtadir, and Hamdanid Dynasty Abdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan, 905–913, 914–916 926–929, as Abbasid governor Nasir al-Dawla, 929–930 and 935–967 Sa'id ibn Hamdan, 931–934 Abu Taghlib, 967–978 Directly administered as part of the Buyid emirate of Iraq, 978–989 Abu Tahir Ibrahim and Abu Abdallah Husayn, 989–990 Uqaylid emirs Main article: Uqaylid Dynasty Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab ca. 990–991/2 Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj (Buyid governor) 991/2–996 Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab 996–1001 Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad 1001–1050 Baraka ibn al-Muqallad 1050–1052 Quraysh ibn Baraka 1052–1061 Under Seljuk suzerainty 1055–1096 Muslim ibn Quraysh 1061–1085 Ibrahim ibn Quraysh 1085–1089/90 Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir (vizier of Malik-Shah I) 1089/90–1092 Ali ibn Muslim 1092 Ibrahim ibn Quraysh 1092–1093 Ali ibn Muslim 1093–1096 Seljuk Atabegs See also: Seljuk Sultanate Kerbogha, 1096–1102 Sunqurjah, officer of Kerbogha, 1102. Musa al-Turkomani, Kerbogha's deputy at Hisn Kaifa, 1102. Jikirmish 1102–1106 Jawali Saqawa, 1106–1109 Mawdud, 1109–1113 Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1113–1114 Juyûsh-Beg, 1114–1124 Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, second rule, 1124–1126 Mas’ûd ibn Bursuqî, son of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1126–1127. Zengid emirs Main article: Zengid dynasty Imad al-Din Zengi 1127–1146 Saif ad-Din Ghazi I 1146–1149 Qutb ad-Din Mawdud 1149–1169 Ghazi II Saif ud-Din 1169–1180 Mas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din 1180–1193 and: Sanjar Shah (at Jazira) 1176–1208 and: Arslan I Shah Nur ud-Din 1193–1211 and: Mahmud Muizz ad-Din (at Jazira) 1208–1241 and: Mas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din 1211–1218 and afterwards: Arslan II Shah Nur ud-Din 1218–1219 and afterwards: Nasir ad-Din Mahmud 1219–1234. Lu'lu'id emirs Badr al-Din Lu'lu', former atabeg to Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, 1234–1259 As-Salih Isma'il, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Mosul and Sinjar, 1259–1262 Al-Muzaffar 'Ala' al-Din 'Ali, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Sinjar, 1259 Sayf al-Din Ishāq, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, 1259-1262. Mongol Governors See also: Ilkhanate and Jalayirid Sultanate Mulay Noyan c. 1296–1312 Amīr Sūtāy 1312–1331/1332, Sutayid Alī Pādshāh, Oirat 1332–1336 Ḥājī Ṭaghāy ibn Sūtāy 1336–c. 1342, Sutayid Ibrahim Shah 1342–1347, Sutayid, nephew of Ḥājī Ṭaghāy To the house of Jalayirid of Baghdad 1340s–1383 Jalayirid Main article: Jalairid Sultanate Bayazid 1382–1383 To the Horde of the Black Sheep 1383–1401 To the Timurid Empire 1401–1405 To the Horde of the Black Sheep 1405–1468 To the Horde of the White Sheep 1468–1508 To Persia 1508–1534 To the Ottoman Empire 1534–1623 To Persia 1623–1638 To the Ottoman Empire 1638–1917 Ottoman governors See also: Ottoman Empire Ezidi Mirza (1649-1650) Hatibzade Yahya Pasha (1748) Hüseyin Pasha 1758–? Murad Pasha ? Sa'dullah Pasha ? Hasan Pasha of Mosul ? Mehmed Pasha of Mosul ? Süleyman Pasha ? Mehmed Amin Pasha ? Mahmud Pasha ? Abdurrahman Pasha ? Ahmed Pasha ? Osman Pasha ? Naman Pasha ?–1831 Omari Pasha 1831–1833 Yahya Pasha 1833–1834 Injal Pasha 1835–1840 ? 1840–1844 Sherif Pasha 1844–1845 Tayyar Pasha 1846 Esad Pasha 1847 Vechihi Pasha 1848 Kâmil Pasha 1848–1855 Within the eyalet of Van 1855–1865 Within the vilayet of Iraq 1865–1875 ? 1875–1889 Kürd Reshid Pasha 1889 ? 1889–1894 Aziz Pasha 1894–1895 Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 1896 Zihdi Bey 1897 Abdülwahib Pasha 1898 Hüseyin Hazim Pasha 1898–1900 Hadji Reshid Pasha 1901 Nuri Pasha 1902–1904 Mustafa Bey 1905–1908 Fazil Pasha 1909 Tahir Pasha 1910–1912 Süleyman Nasif Bey 1913–1916 Haydar Bey 1916–1918 References ^ Forand, Paul G. (Jan–Mar 1969). "The Governors of Mosul According to Al-Azdī's Ta'rīkh Almawṣil". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 88–105. doi:10.2307/598281. JSTOR 598281. ^ a b c d Grousset 1934, pp. 438–9. ^ a b Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130. ISBN 9004097902. ^ a b Richards, D. S., Editor, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 1, 1097–1146., Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK, 2010, pp. 58-59. ^ Maalouf 1983, pp. 92–4. ^ Grousset 1934, pp. 697–9. ^ Bosworth, Clifford E., The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, p. 193. ^ Patrick Wing (2007). "The Decline of the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate's Eastern Frontier" (PDF). University of Chicago. p. 78. Sources Grousset, René (1934). History of the Crusades and the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem. Paris: Perrin. Maalouf, Amin (1983). The Crusades seen by the Arabs. ISBN 978-2-290-11916-7. vteLists of Ottoman governorsEyalets Algeria Eyalet Bosnia Eyalet Crete Eyalet Egypt Eyalet Damascus Eyalet Tripolitania Eyalet Mosul Eyalet vteIslamic dynasties in Mashriq region Rashiduns (632–661) Umayyads (661–750) Abbasids (750–1258) Tulunids (868–905) Hamdanids (890–1004) Hadhabani (10th–11th century) Fatimids (909–1171) Ikhsidids (935–969) Jarrahids (970–11th/12th century) Numayrids (990–1081) Marwanids (990–1085) Uqaylids (990–1096) Mirdasids (1024–1080) Artuqids (11th–12th century) Burids (1104–1154) Zengids (1127–1250) Ayyubids (1171–1341) Lu'lu'ids (1234–1262) Bahri (1250–1382) Bahdinan (1376–1843) Burji (1382–1517) Harfush (15th–19th century) Soran (16th–19th century) Ridwan (1560s–1690) Baban (1649–1850) Shihabs (1697–1842) Mamluks (1704–1831) Jalilis (1726–1834) Alawiyya (1805–1952) Hashemites of Iraq (1921–1958) Hashemites of Jordan (1921–present)	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of rulers of Mosul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_ibn_Yahya_ibn_al-Hakam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Yahya_al-Ghassani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_II"},{"link_name":"Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hurr_ibn_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn al-Hurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_al-Hurr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid ibn Talid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Walid_ibn_Talid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu Quhafa ibn al-Walid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Quhafa_ibn_al-Walid&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Umayyad CaliphateMuhammad ibn Marwan (ca. 685–705)\nYusuf ibn Yahya ibn al-Hakam (ca. 685–705)\nSa'id ibn Abd al-Malik (ca. 685–705)\nYahya ibn Yahya al-Ghassani (719–720)[1]\nMarwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (720–724)\nAl-Hurr ibn Yusuf (727–731/32)\nYahya ibn al-Hurr (732/33)\nAl-Walid ibn Talid (733–739)\nAbu Quhafa ibn al-Walid (739–743)\nAl Qatiran ibn Akmad ibn al-Shaybani (744–745)\nHisham ibn Amr-al Zubayr (745–750)","title":"Umayyad governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Sawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Sawl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ismail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abdullah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malik_ibn_al-Haytham_al-Khuzai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ja'far ibn Abu Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abdallah_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn Barmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn Barmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Mus'ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Mus%27ab_al-Khath%27ami"},{"link_name":"Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Sulayman_al-Hashimi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Ismail_ibn_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Mus'ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Mus%27ab_al-Khath%27ami"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Malik ibn Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Salih"},{"link_name":"Muhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammed_ibn_al-Abbas_al-Hashimi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Harashi"},{"link_name":"Harthama ibn A'yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthama_ibn_A%27yan"},{"link_name":"Tahir ibn Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Tawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Tawk"},{"link_name":"Ishaq ibn Kundaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Kundaj"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ishaq_ibn_Kundaj"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_al-Shaybani"},{"link_name":"Hamdan ibn Hamdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_ibn_Hamdun"},{"link_name":"Abu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi"}],"text":"See also: Abbasid CaliphateMuhammad ibn Sawl (750–751)\nYahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ali (c. 751)\nIsmail ibn Ali ibn Abdullah (751–759)\nMalik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuzai (759–762)\nJa'far ibn Abu Jafar (762–764)\nKhalid ibn Barmak (764–766)\nIsmail ibn Abd Allah ibn Yazid (768–770)\nYazid ibn Usayd ibn Zafir al-Sulami (770)\nMusa ibn Ka'b (771–772)\nKhalid ibn Barmak and Musa ibn Mus'ab (772–775)\nIshaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (776)\nHassan al Sarawi (776–777)\nAbd al-Samad ibn Ali (778)\nMuhammed ibn al-Fadl (779–780)\nAhmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali (781–782)\nMusa ibn Mus'ab (782–783)\nHashim ibn Sa'id (785)\nAbd al-Malik ibn Salih (785–787)\nIshaq ibn Muhammed (787–778)\nSaíd ibn al-Salm (778–789)\nAbd Allah ibn Malik (789–791)\nal-Hakam ibn Sulayman (791)\nMuhammed ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi (791–796)\nYahya ibn Sa'id al-Harazi (796–797)\nHarthama ibn A'yan (798–802), with various deputies\nNadal ibn Rifa's (804–805)\nKhalid ibn Yazid ibn Hatim (806)\nAli ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar (c. 806)\nMuhammed ibn al-Fadl (806–809)\nIbrahim ibn al-Abbas (809)\nKhalid ibn Yazid (810)\nal-Muttalib ibn Abd Allah (811)\nal-Hasan ibn Umar (812)\nTahir ibn Husayn (813)\nAli ibn al-Hasan ibn Sailh (814–817)\nal-Sayyid ibn Anas (817–826)\nMuhammed ibn Humayd al-Tusi (826–827)\nHarun ibn Abu Khalid (827)\nMuhammed ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (827–828)\nMalik ibn Tawk (829–831)\nMansur ibn Bassam (c.834)\nAbd Allah ibn al-Sayyid ibn Anas (c. 838)\nAkaba ibn Muhammad (before 868)\nHasan ibn Ayyub (before 868)\nAbd Allah ibn Sulayman (c. 868)\nMusawir: Kharijite rebel (868)\nAzugitin (873–874), with deputies\nKhidr bin Ahmad (c. 874)\nAutonomous:\nIshaq ibn Kundaj (879–891)\nMuhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundaj (891–892)\nAhmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (892–893)\nHamdan ibn Hamdun, rebel Hamdanid (892–895)\nDirect Abbasid control\nHasan ibn Ali (c. 895)\nAbu Muhammad Ali ibn al-Mu'tadid (c. 899–902)","title":"Abbasid governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anarchy at Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqtadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla"},{"link_name":"Sa'id ibn Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Abu Taghlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Taghlib"},{"link_name":"Buyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid"},{"link_name":"Abu Tahir Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tahir_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu Abdallah Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_Husayn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Anarchy at Samarra, Al-Muqtadir, and Hamdanid DynastyAbdallah Abu'l-Hayja ibn Hamdan, 905–913, 914–916 926–929, as Abbasid governor\nNasir al-Dawla, 929–930 and 935–967\nSa'id ibn Hamdan, 931–934\nAbu Taghlib, 967–978\nDirectly administered as part of the Buyid emirate of Iraq, 978–989\nAbu Tahir Ibrahim and Abu Abdallah Husayn, 989–990","title":"Hamdanid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Musayyab"},{"link_name":"Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Hajjaj"},{"link_name":"Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqallad_ibn_al-Musayyab"},{"link_name":"Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirwash_ibn_al-Muqallad"},{"link_name":"Baraka ibn al-Muqallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baraka_ibn_al-Muqallad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quraysh ibn Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quraysh_ibn_Baraka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muslim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Quraysh"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_ibn_Quraysh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla_ibn_Jahir"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Malik-Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik-Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim ibn Quraysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_ibn_Quraysh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab ca. 990–991/2\nAbu Ja'far al-Hajjaj (Buyid governor) 991/2–996\nAl-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab 996–1001\nQirwash ibn al-Muqallad 1001–1050\nBaraka ibn al-Muqallad 1050–1052\nQuraysh ibn Baraka 1052–1061\nUnder Seljuk suzerainty 1055–1096\nMuslim ibn Quraysh 1061–1085\nIbrahim ibn Quraysh 1085–1089/90\nFakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir (vizier of Malik-Shah I) 1089/90–1092\nAli ibn Muslim 1092\nIbrahim ibn Quraysh 1092–1093\nAli ibn Muslim 1093–1096","title":"Uqaylid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seljuk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kerbogha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbogha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Jikirmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikirmish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul-2"},{"link_name":"Jawali Saqawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawali_Saqawa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossoul2-5"},{"link_name":"Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi"},{"link_name":"Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Seljuk SultanateKerbogha, 1096–1102 [2][3]\nSunqurjah, officer of Kerbogha, 1102.[2][3][4]\nMusa al-Turkomani, Kerbogha's deputy at Hisn Kaifa, 1102.[2][4]\nJikirmish 1102–1106 [2]\nJawali Saqawa, 1106–1109 [5]\nMawdud, 1109–1113\nAqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1113–1114\nJuyûsh-Beg, 1114–1124\nAqsunqur al-Bursuqi, second rule, 1124–1126\nMas’ûd ibn Bursuqî, son of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, 1126–1127.[6]","title":"Seljuk Atabegs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seljuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqs"},{"link_name":"Imad al-Din Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"Saif ad-Din Ghazi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_ad-Din_Ghazi_I"},{"link_name":"Qutb ad-Din Mawdud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Mawdud"},{"link_name":"Ghazi II Saif ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_II_Saif_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_%27Izz_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Sanjar Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjar_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arslan I Shah Nur ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Arslan_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Muizz ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Muizz_ad-Din"},{"link_name":"Mas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%27ud_II_%27Izz_ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Arslan II Shah Nur ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arslan_II_Shah_Nur_ud-Din&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Mahmud"}],"text":"[Under Seljuk sovereignty]\nImad al-Din Zengi 1127–1146\nSaif ad-Din Ghazi I 1146–1149\nQutb ad-Din Mawdud 1149–1169\nGhazi II Saif ud-Din 1169–1180\nMas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din 1180–1193 and:\nSanjar Shah (at Jazira) 1176–1208 and:\nArslan I Shah Nur ud-Din 1193–1211 and:\nMahmud Muizz ad-Din (at Jazira) 1208–1241 and:\nMas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din 1211–1218 and afterwards:\nArslan II Shah Nur ud-Din 1218–1219 and afterwards:\nNasir ad-Din Mahmud 1219–1234.","title":"Zengid emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Lu'lu'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_Lu%27lu%27"},{"link_name":"Nasir ad-Din Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"As-Salih Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As-Salih_Isma%27il&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar"},{"link_name":"Jazirat ibn 'Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"}],"text":"Badr al-Din Lu'lu', former atabeg to Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, 1234–1259[7]\n[Under Mongols suzerainty beginning in 1254]\nAs-Salih Isma'il, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Mosul and Sinjar, 1259–1262\nAl-Muzaffar 'Ala' al-Din 'Ali, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Sinjar, 1259\nSayf al-Din Ishāq, son of Badr al-Din Lu'lu', in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, 1259-1262.","title":"Lu'lu'id emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Jalayirid Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mulay Noyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amīr Sūtāy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutay"}],"text":"See also: Ilkhanate and Jalayirid SultanateMulay Noyan c. 1296–1312[8]\nAmīr Sūtāy 1312–1331/1332, Sutayid\nAlī Pādshāh, Oirat 1332–1336\nḤājī Ṭaghāy ibn Sūtāy 1336–c. 1342, Sutayid\nIbrahim Shah 1342–1347, Sutayid, nephew of Ḥājī Ṭaghāy\nTo the house of Jalayirid of Baghdad 1340s–1383","title":"Mongol Governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_(Jalayirids)"}],"text":"Bayazid 1382–1383\nTo the Horde of the Black Sheep 1383–1401\nTo the Timurid Empire 1401–1405\nTo the Horde of the Black Sheep 1405–1468\nTo the Horde of the White Sheep 1468–1508\nTo Persia 1508–1534\nTo the Ottoman Empire 1534–1623\nTo Persia 1623–1638\nTo the Ottoman Empire 1638–1917","title":"Jalayirid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ezidi Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezidi_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Hatibzade Yahya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatibzade_Yahya_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murad_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sa'dullah Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%27dullah_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hasan Pasha of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Pasha of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Amin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Amin_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdurrahman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osman_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naman_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omari Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omari_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahya Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Injal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Injal_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sherif Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherif_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tayyar Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tayyar_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esad_Pasha_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vechihi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vechihi_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kâmil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha"},{"link_name":"eyalet of Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van"},{"link_name":"vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Kürd Reshid Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCrd_Reshid_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aziz Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kölemen Abdullah Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Zihdi Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zihdi_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdülwahib Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd%C3%BClwahib_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Hazim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Hazim_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadji Reshid Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Reshid_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuri Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Killigil"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Bey_of_Mosul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fazil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazil_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tahir Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_Pasha_(Mosul)"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Nasif Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Nasif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haydar Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydar_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Ottoman EmpireEzidi Mirza (1649-1650)\nHatibzade Yahya Pasha (1748)\nHüseyin Pasha 1758–?\nMurad Pasha ?\nSa'dullah Pasha ?\nHasan Pasha of Mosul ?\nMehmed Pasha of Mosul ?\nSüleyman Pasha ?\nMehmed Amin Pasha ?\nMahmud Pasha ?\nAbdurrahman Pasha ?\nAhmed Pasha ?\nOsman Pasha ?\nNaman Pasha ?–1831\nOmari Pasha 1831–1833\nYahya Pasha 1833–1834\nInjal Pasha 1835–1840\n? 1840–1844\nSherif Pasha 1844–1845\nTayyar Pasha 1846\nEsad Pasha 1847\nVechihi Pasha 1848\nKâmil Pasha 1848–1855\nWithin the eyalet of Van 1855–1865\nWithin the vilayet of Iraq 1865–1875\n? 1875–1889\nKürd Reshid Pasha 1889\n? 1889–1894\nAziz Pasha 1894–1895\nKölemen Abdullah Pasha 1896\nZihdi Bey 1897\nAbdülwahib Pasha 1898\nHüseyin Hazim Pasha 1898–1900\nHadji Reshid Pasha 1901\nNuri Pasha 1902–1904\nMustafa Bey 1905–1908\nFazil Pasha 1909\nTahir Pasha 1910–1912\nSüleyman Nasif Bey 1913–1916\nHaydar Bey 1916–1918","title":"Ottoman governors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grousset, René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset"},{"link_name":"Maalouf, 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Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Egypt Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Damascus Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"Mosul Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Mashriq_region"},{"link_name":"Islamic 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(Jan–Mar 1969). \"The Governors of Mosul According to Al-Azdī's Ta'rīkh Almawṣil\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 88–105. doi:10.2307/598281. JSTOR 598281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598281","url_text":"10.2307/598281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/598281","url_text":"598281"}]},{"reference":"Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, pp. 1129-1130. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Nakhimov	Pavel Nakhimov	["1 Early life","2 Early military career","3 Crimean War and death","3.1 Battle of Sinope","3.2 Siege of Sevastopol and death","4 Legacy","4.1 Glorification","4.2 Monuments and tributes","4.3 Ships named after Nakhimov","4.4 Honours and awards","5 In popular culture","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Russian fleet commander (1802–1855) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Stepanovich and the family name is Nakhimov. Pavel NakhimovBorn(1802-07-05)5 July 1802Vyazemsky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, Russian EmpireDied12 July 1855(1855-07-12) (aged 53)Sevastopol, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire (Crimea)BuriedSt. Vladimir's Cathedral, SevastopolAllegiance Russian EmpireService/branch Imperial Russian NavyYears of service1818–1855RankAdmiralCommands heldCorvette NavarineFrigate PalladaShip of the line SilistriaShip Brigade of the Black Sea FleetChief of Fleet DivisionSquadron of the Black Sea FleetCommander of Fleet and PortBattles/wars Greek War of Independence Battle of Navarino Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) Crimean War Battle of Sinop Siege of Sevastopol † Awardssee awards Nakhimov on a 1952 Soviet stamp Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (Russian: Павел Степанович Нахимов, pronounced ; July 5 1802 – July 12 1855) was a Russian Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy known for his victory in the Battle of Sinop and his leadership in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) during the Crimean War. He joined the imperial Russian Navy and moved up the ranks serving in the Greek War of Independence and the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29). At the beginning of the Crimean War, he delivered a significant victory at the Battle of Sinop against the Ottoman Empire. Afterward, he was a leader in the defense of Sevastopol against British, French, and Ottoman forces, during which a sniper wounded him, and he died a few days later. After his death, he became a hero in Russia, with medals and ships named after him, especially during Soviet times, starting with Stalin. Also, a Soviet Film called Admiral Nakhimov was made in 1947 about his life. Early life Nakhimov was born in the village of Gorodok in the Vyazma district of the Smolensk Governorate into a noble Russian family. He was the seventh of eleven children of a landlord and second major Stepan Mikhailovich Nakhimov and his wife Feodosia Ivanovna Nakhimova (née Kozlovskaya). Six of his siblings died as infants. He and all four of his brothers would become professional seamen, including vice admiral Sergei Stepanovich Nakhimov (1805—1872). Early military career In 1817, he entered the Naval Academy for the Nobility (Morskoy Dvoryanskiy Korpus) in Saint Petersburg. That year, he made his first sea voyage aboard the frigate Feniks ("Phoenix") to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. He was promoted to a non-commissioned officer soon after. In February 1818, he passed examinations to become a midshipman and was immediately assigned to the second Fleet Crew (Flotskiy Ekipazh) of the Russian Imperial Navy's Baltic Fleet. At the beginning of his naval career, Nakhimov's experience was limited to voyages in the Baltic Sea as well as a more extensive trip from the White Sea port of Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt naval base near Saint Petersburg. His lucky break came in March 1822, when he was assigned to the frigate Kreiser ("Cruiser"); the vessel took part in a round-the-globe expedition commanded by the well-known Russian explorer Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851), who had already undertaken several such voyages. During the three-year voyage, Nakhimov was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. On conclusion of this adventure, he received his first award, the Order of Saint Vladimir IV degree. He returned to his native Smolensk and was assigned to the 74-gun warship Azov, which made its maiden voyage from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt in the autumn of 1826. In the summer of 1827, Azov sailed to the Mediterranean as flagship of the Russian squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Lodewijk van Heiden for a joint expedition with the French and British navies against the Ottomans. Just before its departure, Emperor Nicholas I visited the Azov and ordered that in the case of hostilities, the crew should deal with the enemy "as the Russians do". Azov, under then-Captain First Rank M.P. Lazarev, distinguished itself most prominently in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827), during which the allied British-French-Russian fleet "totally" destroyed the Ottoman squadron. For his outstanding gunnery performance during the battle, the 27-year-old Nakhimov was promoted to the captaincy of a trophy ship and was decorated by the allied governments. Early in his career, Nakhimov was criticized for “brutality towards sailors,” despite this allegation it wouldn't impact him in the public perspective of being a popular commander. Crimean War and death Memorial of where Nakhimov got his lethal wound Battle of Sinope During the Crimean War of 1853-1856 Nakhimov distinguished himself by winning against the Ottoman fleet at Sinope in 1853. Before the battle, the Russian fleet in the Black Sea was divided into two groups, one led by Nakhimov and the other V. A. Kornilov. Nakhimov was tasked with the eastern part of the sea. Meanwhile, the Ottomans knew Russian forces had been in the open sea since November 23. Still, for various reasons, including fear of facing Russia in the open sea, they decided to stay in port. Nakhimov asked for reinforcements which he got on November 27, 1853, when a squadron led by Admiral Fyodor Mihailovich Novosilskiy joined the Nakhimov's squadron. By the time of the battle, Nakhimov helped organize six battleships, two frigates, and three streamers, along with the Russians outgunning the Ottomans with weapons such as Paixhans guns. On November 30, 1853, the Nakhimov's squadron entered the bay where the Ottoman fleet led by admiral Osman Pasha was. At first, the Russian squadron demanded the surrender of the Ottoman fleet. After the Ottomans refused to surrender, a firefight broke out. At first, the Ottoman ships were doing well against Nakhimov's forces. However, the battle quickly turned against the Ottomans as the Russian guns proved too much, and in just a few hours, the Ottoman fleet was on fire. One ship, the Ottoman frigate Taif, started to head to Istanbul. Despite the attempts of the Russians, they were unable to capture the ship, even with the efforts of the Russian Admiral V. A. Kornilov, who arrived with reinforcements but was unable to capture the ship. The Taif would arrive in Istanbul, delivering the news of Naknimov's victory on December 2. During the fight, all the Ottomans ships in the fleet, except for the Taif, were "devastated." Alongside the damage to the ships, many Ottoman sailors died, although there is no agreement on exactly how many. Only an estimated 33-36 Russians Sailors and one officer died during the battle. Admiral Osman was wounded in the foot and captured along with four other officers. Admiral Osman and the four officers remained a prisoners of war until he was released in 1855. Nakhimov kept firing during the battle despite most of the Ottoman ships ablaze. It resulted in the burning of parts of the city, and its leaders and the Muslim population fleeing. Thus he's been criticized for attacking civilians during the battle. However, he later tried to explain his actions by sending an envoy to the city, arguing that he was seeking to "destroy the Ottoman fleet." Siege of Sevastopol and death His finest hour came during the Siege of Sevastopol, where he and Admiral V. A. Kornilov organized from scratch the land defense of the city and its port, the home base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. As the commander of the port and the military governor of the city, Nakhimov became in fact the head of the Sevastopol naval and land defense forces. On July 10 1855, while inspecting the forward-defense positions on Malakhov Kurgan, he was fatally wounded by a sniper and died two days later. Legacy Glorification In the aftermath of his death, Naknimov faced a movement of glorification, which included misrepresenting facts. Becoming a part of the "Sevastopol myth," in which Russian figures presented glorification of the defense of the city. This populist movement glorification of the battle was conducted alongside writers such as Leo Tolstoy. In publications, Naknimov was represented as a "friend of the common people" and "the soul of the defense of Sevastopol." Despite his popularity with populist factions, the Imperial government didn't recognize Nakhimov, as evident of the government's efforts to force artists of the panoramic painting "Defense of Sevastopol, 1854-5" to remove his figure and replace it with Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov. Despite him not being included in official government accounts, he was later honored in the Soviet Union by propagandists. During World War 2, Naknimov was turned into a national hero by the Soviet Union and Stalin alongside other figures like Prince Pyotr Bagration, Mikhail Kutuzov, Aleksandr Nevsky, and Aleksandr Suvorov. Monuments and tributes There are many monuments and medals created in his memory. In the 1890s a statue of Nakhimov along with Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov was put in Sevastopol. A bust portraying Russian admirals and sailors from the Crimean War, including Nakhimov, was erected at Sevastopol Park after renovations in 2008. Nakhimov was buried inside St Vladimir's Cathedral in Sevastopol along with Mikhail Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov and Vladimir Istomin. There is a monument erected in his memory. The Soviet government instituted posthumous honors as well, introducing Nakhimov Naval Schools for teenagers in 1943, and establishing in 1944 both the Order of Nakhimov (with two degrees) and the Nakhimov Medal for Navy personnel. The Order of Nakhimov, one of the highest military decorations in the Soviet Union, continues to exist in the Russian Federation. Ships named after Nakhimov Admiral Nakhimov, a Russian armoured cruiser. Original name of Chervona Ukraina, a Svetlana-class cruiser. Admiral Nakhimov, a Sverdlov-class cruiser. Admiral Nakhimov, a Soviet passenger liner. Admiral Nakhimov, a Kresta II-class cruiser. Admiral Nakhimov (formerly Kalinin), a Kirov-class battlecruiser Honours and awards Russian 1 rouble coin commemorating the 190th anniversary of Nakhimov's birth. Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (1825; the voyage on the frigate Cruiser) Order of Saint George, 4th class (1827; for service in the Battle of Navarino Order of St. Anna, 2nd class (1830) Order of St. Anna, 2nd class with the Imperial Crown (1837; for diligent and zealous excellent service) Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class (1842; for diligent and zealous excellent service) Badge of distinction "For impeccable service" XXV years. (1846) Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class (1847) Order of St. Anna, 1st class (1849) Order of St. Anna, 1st class with the Imperial Crown (1851) Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1853; For the successful transfer of 13th Division) Order of Saint George, 2nd class (1853; For the victory at Sinope) Order of the White Eagle (Russia), (1855; For actions in the defence of Sevastopol) Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) Order of the Redeemer (Greece) In popular culture The 1947 Soviet movie Admiral Nakhimov, directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin, is about the life of Nakhimov. Soviet actor Aleksei Dikiy played Nakhimov. The movie covers Nakhimov's victory in the Battle of Sinop and his defense of Sevastopol. The film had to be remade by Pudovkin as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union viewed the original film as having too much "dancing" and misrepresenting historical facts. Pudovkin removed the love story and "toned down" the dance scenes. Gallery Portrait of Pavel Nahimov by Georg Wilhelm Timm Painting of Pavel Nahimov by Georg Wilhelm Timm Pavel Nahimov’s lethal injury by Ivan Dyagovchenko Pavel Nahimov's grave in St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol See also Admiral Nakhimov (film) Osman Pasha (naval officer) Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov Battle of Sinop References ^ a b Rieber, Alfred J. (2022). Stalin as warlord. New Haven. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-300-26900-0. OCLC 1341476896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (5 January 1947). "SOVIET FILM REVISED FOR PARTY APPROVAL". New York Times. p. 55. ^ Spiridonova L.I., Fyodorova G. N. (2003). P. S. Nakhimov. The Collection of Documents and Materials Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. — Saint Petersburg: Petersburg Institute of Printing Arts, pp. 355—387 ISBN 5-8122-0302-4 ^ Cochrane, George (1837). Wanderings in Greece. Vol. 1. Henry Colburn, Publisher. p. 115. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2019. the battle of Navarino, which ended in the total destruction of the Turko-Egyptian squadron. ^ "Admiral P. S. Nakhimov". Russian Navy. RusNavy.com. 1998–2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ "210TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF ADMIRAL PAVEL NAKHIMOV". Russkiy Mir Foundation. ^ a b c d Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 1346817267. ^ a b Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 118. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 120. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 121. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e f Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 122. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 128. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 123. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 607750654. ^ a b Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 607750654. ^ "У Севастопольському парку Дніпра прибрали погруддя російських адміралів часів Кримської війни (+фото)". Крым.Реалии (in Ukrainian). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2024. ^ "Таємниця церкви Святого Лазаря". www.ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2024. Naval commanders in the history of the Russian maritime (in Russian) External links Media related to Pavel Nakhimov at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Naximov._Pocht_marka_SSSR_1952.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈpavʲɪl sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ nɐˈxʲiməf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sinop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nakhimov_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Stepanovich and the family name is Nakhimov.Nakhimov on a 1952 Soviet stampPavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (Russian: Павел Степанович Нахимов, pronounced [ˈpavʲɪl sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ nɐˈxʲiməf]; July 5 [O.S. June 23] 1802 – July 12 [O.S. June 30] 1855) was a Russian Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy known for his victory in the Battle of Sinop and his leadership in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) during the Crimean War.He joined the imperial Russian Navy and moved up the ranks serving in the Greek War of Independence and the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29). At the beginning of the Crimean War, he delivered a significant victory at the Battle of Sinop against the Ottoman Empire. Afterward, he was a leader in the defense of Sevastopol against British, French, and Ottoman forces, during which a sniper wounded him, and he died a few days later.After his death, he became a hero in Russia, with medals and ships named after him, especially during Soviet times, starting with Stalin.[1] Also, a Soviet Film called Admiral Nakhimov was made in 1947 about his life.[2]","title":"Pavel Nakhimov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vyazma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyazma"},{"link_name":"Smolensk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"noble Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility"},{"link_name":"second major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral"},{"link_name":"Sergei Stepanovich Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nakhimov was born in the village of Gorodok in the Vyazma district of the Smolensk Governorate into a noble Russian family. He was the seventh of eleven children of a landlord and second major Stepan Mikhailovich Nakhimov and his wife Feodosia Ivanovna Nakhimova (née Kozlovskaya). Six of his siblings died as infants. He and all four of his brothers would become professional seamen, including vice admiral Sergei Stepanovich Nakhimov (1805—1872).[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morskoy Dvoryanskiy Korpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Cadet_Corps_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"Russian Imperial Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Navy"},{"link_name":"Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"White Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Petrovich_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ship_Azov_(1826)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Lodewijk van Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Login_Geiden"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Captain First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_1st_rank"},{"link_name":"M.P. Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Petrovich_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Battle of Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"trophy ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_war"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-7"}],"text":"In 1817, he entered the Naval Academy for the Nobility (Morskoy Dvoryanskiy Korpus) in Saint Petersburg. That year, he made his first sea voyage aboard the frigate Feniks (\"Phoenix\") to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. He was promoted to a non-commissioned officer soon after. In February 1818, he passed examinations to become a midshipman and was immediately assigned to the second Fleet Crew (Flotskiy Ekipazh) of the Russian Imperial Navy's Baltic Fleet.At the beginning of his naval career, Nakhimov's experience was limited to voyages in the Baltic Sea as well as a more extensive trip from the White Sea port of Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt naval base near Saint Petersburg. His lucky break came in March 1822, when he was assigned to the frigate Kreiser (\"Cruiser\"); the vessel took part in a round-the-globe expedition commanded by the well-known Russian explorer Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851), who had already undertaken several such voyages.During the three-year voyage, Nakhimov was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. On conclusion of this adventure, he received his first award, the Order of Saint Vladimir IV degree. He returned to his native Smolensk and was assigned to the 74-gun warship Azov, which made its maiden voyage from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt in the autumn of 1826.In the summer of 1827, Azov sailed to the Mediterranean as flagship of the Russian squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Lodewijk van Heiden for a joint expedition with the French and British navies against the Ottomans. Just before its departure, Emperor Nicholas I visited the Azov and ordered that in the case of hostilities, the crew should deal with the enemy \"as the Russians do\".Azov, under then-Captain First Rank M.P. Lazarev, distinguished itself most prominently in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827), during which the allied British-French-Russian fleet \"totally\" destroyed the Ottoman squadron.[4]\nFor his outstanding gunnery performance during the battle, the 27-year-old Nakhimov was promoted to the captaincy of a trophy ship and was decorated by the allied governments.[5][6]Early in his career, Nakhimov was criticized for “brutality towards sailors,” despite this allegation it wouldn't impact him in the public perspective of being a popular commander.[7]","title":"Early military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_8944.jpg"}],"text":"Memorial of where Nakhimov got his lethal wound","title":"Crimean War and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_fleet"},{"link_name":"at Sinope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop"},{"link_name":"V. A. Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"Paixhans guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixhans_guns"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"Osman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Pasha_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Ottoman frigate Taif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_frigate_Taif"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"V. A. Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Sinope","text":"During the Crimean War of 1853-1856 Nakhimov distinguished himself by winning against the Ottoman fleet at Sinope in 1853.Before the battle, the Russian fleet in the Black Sea was divided into two groups, one led by Nakhimov and the other V. A. Kornilov.[8] Nakhimov was tasked with the eastern part of the sea.[8] Meanwhile, the Ottomans knew Russian forces had been in the open sea since November 23. Still, for various reasons, including fear of facing Russia in the open sea, they decided to stay in port.[9] Nakhimov asked for reinforcements which he got on November 27, 1853, when a squadron led by Admiral Fyodor Mihailovich Novosilskiy joined the Nakhimov's squadron.[9][10] By the time of the battle, Nakhimov helped organize six battleships, two frigates, and three streamers, along with the Russians outgunning the Ottomans with weapons such as Paixhans guns.[10]On November 30, 1853, the Nakhimov's squadron entered the bay where the Ottoman fleet led by admiral Osman Pasha was.[11] At first, the Russian squadron demanded the surrender of the Ottoman fleet.[11] After the Ottomans refused to surrender, a firefight broke out.[11] At first, the Ottoman ships were doing well against Nakhimov's forces. However, the battle quickly turned against the Ottomans as the Russian guns proved too much, and in just a few hours, the Ottoman fleet was on fire.[12] One ship, the Ottoman frigate Taif, started to head to Istanbul.[11] Despite the attempts of the Russians, they were unable to capture the ship, even with the efforts of the Russian Admiral V. A. Kornilov, who arrived with reinforcements but was unable to capture the ship.[11][12] The Taif would arrive in Istanbul, delivering the news of Naknimov's victory on December 2.[13] During the fight, all the Ottomans ships in the fleet, except for the Taif, were \"devastated.\"[12] Alongside the damage to the ships, many Ottoman sailors died, although there is no agreement on exactly how many.[12][14] Only an estimated 33-36 Russians Sailors and one officer died during the battle.[14] Admiral Osman was wounded in the foot and captured along with four other officers.[12][14] Admiral Osman and the four officers remained a prisoners of war until he was released in 1855.[14]Nakhimov kept firing during the battle despite most of the Ottoman ships ablaze. It resulted in the burning of parts of the city, and its leaders and the Muslim population fleeing. Thus he's been criticized for attacking civilians during the battle. However, he later tried to explain his actions by sending an envoy to the city, arguing that he was seeking to \"destroy the Ottoman fleet.\"[12]","title":"Crimean War and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)"},{"link_name":"V. A. Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Malakhov Kurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakhov_Kurgan"},{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"}],"sub_title":"Siege of Sevastopol and death","text":"His finest hour came during the Siege of Sevastopol, where he and Admiral V. A. Kornilov organized from scratch the land defense of the city and its port, the home base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. As the commander of the port and the military governor of the city, Nakhimov became in fact the head of the Sevastopol naval and land defense forces. On July 10 [O.S. June 28] 1855, while inspecting the forward-defense positions on Malakhov Kurgan, he was fatally wounded by a sniper and died two days later.","title":"Crimean War and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-7"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:63-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-7"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Dmitrievich_Gorchakov"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:63-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-16"},{"link_name":"World War 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Suvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-16"}],"sub_title":"Glorification","text":"In the aftermath of his death, Naknimov faced a movement of glorification, which included misrepresenting facts.[7] Becoming a part of the \"Sevastopol myth,\" in which Russian figures presented glorification of the defense of the city. This populist movement glorification of the battle was conducted alongside writers such as Leo Tolstoy.[7][15] In publications, Naknimov was represented as a \"friend of the common people\" and \"the soul of the defense of Sevastopol.\"[7] Despite his popularity with populist factions, the Imperial government didn't recognize Nakhimov, as evident of the government's efforts to force artists of the panoramic painting \"Defense of Sevastopol, 1854-5\" to remove his figure and replace it with Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov.[15]Despite him not being included in official government accounts, he was later honored in the Soviet Union by propagandists.[16] During World War 2, Naknimov was turned into a national hero by the Soviet Union and Stalin alongside other figures like Prince Pyotr Bagration, Mikhail Kutuzov, Aleksandr Nevsky, and Aleksandr Suvorov.[1][16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:63-15"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"St Vladimir's Cathedral in Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vladimir%27s_Cathedral_in_Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Istomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Istomin"},{"link_name":"Soviet government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_government"},{"link_name":"Nakhimov Naval Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhimov_Naval_School"},{"link_name":"Order of Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Nakhimov"},{"link_name":"Nakhimov Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhimov_Medal"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Monuments and tributes","text":"There are many monuments and medals created in his memory. In the 1890s a statue of Nakhimov along with Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov was put in Sevastopol.[15] A bust portraying Russian admirals and sailors from the Crimean War, including Nakhimov, was erected at Sevastopol Park after renovations in 2008.[17][18]Nakhimov was buried inside St Vladimir's Cathedral in Sevastopol along with Mikhail Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov and Vladimir Istomin. There is a monument erected in his memory. The Soviet government instituted posthumous honors as well, introducing Nakhimov Naval Schools for teenagers in 1943, and establishing in 1944 both the Order of Nakhimov (with two degrees) and the Nakhimov Medal for Navy personnel. The Order of Nakhimov, one of the highest military decorations in the Soviet Union, continues to exist in the Russian Federation.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Admiral_Nakhimov_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Chervona Ukraina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chervona_Ukraina"},{"link_name":"Svetlana-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Sverdlov-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlov-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Admiral_Nakhimov"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Admiral_Nakhimov_(1969)"},{"link_name":"Kresta II-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresta_II-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Admiral_Nakhimov"},{"link_name":"Kirov-class battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov-class_battlecruiser"}],"sub_title":"Ships named after Nakhimov","text":"Admiral Nakhimov, a Russian armoured cruiser.\nOriginal name of Chervona Ukraina, a Svetlana-class cruiser.\nAdmiral Nakhimov, a Sverdlov-class cruiser.\nAdmiral Nakhimov, a Soviet passenger liner.\nAdmiral Nakhimov, a Kresta II-class cruiser.\nAdmiral Nakhimov (formerly Kalinin), a Kirov-class battlecruiser","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RR5009-0002R_BU_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F.%D0%A1._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%BA_190-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.png"},{"link_name":"1 rouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ruble"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Battle of Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislaus"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Sinope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"defence of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Order of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"}],"sub_title":"Honours and awards","text":"Russian 1 rouble coin commemorating the 190th anniversary of Nakhimov's birth.Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (1825; the voyage on the frigate Cruiser)\nOrder of Saint George, 4th class (1827; for service in the Battle of Navarino\nOrder of St. Anna, 2nd class (1830)\nOrder of St. Anna, 2nd class with the Imperial Crown (1837; for diligent and zealous excellent service)\nOrder of St. Vladimir, 3rd class (1842; for diligent and zealous excellent service)\nBadge of distinction \"For impeccable service\" XXV years. (1846)\nOrder of St. Stanislaus, 1st class (1847)\nOrder of St. Anna, 1st class (1849)\nOrder of St. Anna, 1st class with the Imperial Crown (1851)\nOrder of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1853; For the successful transfer of 13th Division)\nOrder of Saint George, 2nd class (1853; For the victory at Sinope)\nOrder of the White Eagle (Russia), (1855; For actions in the defence of Sevastopol)\nOrder of the Bath (United Kingdom)\nOrder of the Redeemer (Greece)","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nakhimov_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Pudovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Dikiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Dikiy"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The 1947 Soviet movie Admiral Nakhimov, directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin, is about the life of Nakhimov. Soviet actor Aleksei Dikiy played Nakhimov. The movie covers Nakhimov's victory in the Battle of Sinop and his defense of Sevastopol. The film had to be remade by Pudovkin as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union viewed the original film as having too much \"dancing\" and misrepresenting historical facts. Pudovkin removed the love story and \"toned down\" the dance scenes.[2]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavel_Nakhimov.PNG"},{"link_name":"Georg Wilhelm Timm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Timm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Nahimov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Wilhelm Timm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Timm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mort_de_Nakhimoff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Vladimir%27s_Cathedral,_Sevastopol_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vladimir%27s_Cathedral,_Sevastopol"}],"text":"Portrait of Pavel Nahimov by Georg Wilhelm Timm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPainting of Pavel Nahimov by Georg Wilhelm Timm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavel Nahimov’s lethal injury by Ivan Dyagovchenko\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavel Nahimov's grave in St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Nakhimov on a 1952 Soviet stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Admiral_Naximov._Pocht_marka_SSSR_1952.jpg/220px-Admiral_Naximov._Pocht_marka_SSSR_1952.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial of where Nakhimov got his lethal wound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_8944.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_8944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian 1 rouble coin commemorating the 190th anniversary of Nakhimov's birth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RR5009-0002R_BU_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F.%D0%A1._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%BA_190-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/240px-RR5009-0002R_BU_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F.%D0%A1._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%BA_190-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.png"}]	[{"title":"Admiral Nakhimov (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nakhimov_(film)"},{"title":"Osman Pasha (naval officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Pasha_(naval_officer)"},{"title":"Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov"},{"title":"Battle of Sinop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop"}]	[{"reference":"Rieber, Alfred J. (2022). Stalin as warlord. New Haven. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-300-26900-0. OCLC 1341476896.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1341476896","url_text":"Stalin as warlord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26900-0","url_text":"978-0-300-26900-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1341476896","url_text":"1341476896"}]},{"reference":"Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (5 January 1947). \"SOVIET FILM REVISED FOR PARTY APPROVAL\". New York Times. p. 55.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1947/01/05/archives/soviet-film-revised-for-party-approval.html","url_text":"\"SOVIET FILM REVISED FOR PARTY APPROVAL\""}]},{"reference":"Cochrane, George (1837). Wanderings in Greece. Vol. 1. Henry Colburn, Publisher. p. 115. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2019. [...] the battle of Navarino, which ended in the total destruction of the Turko-Egyptian squadron.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gGdoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Wanderings in Greece"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507194431/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGdoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Admiral P. S. Nakhimov\". Russian Navy. RusNavy.com. 1998–2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154954/http://rusnavy.com/history/b-nakhimov.htm?print=Y","url_text":"\"Admiral P. S. Nakhimov\""},{"url":"http://www.rusnavy.com/history/b-nakhimov.htm?print=Y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"210TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF ADMIRAL PAVEL NAKHIMOV\". Russkiy Mir Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/129336/","url_text":"\"210TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF ADMIRAL PAVEL NAKHIMOV\""}]},{"reference":"Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 1346817267.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346817267","url_text":"Ukraine and Russia representations of the past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8953-4","url_text":"978-1-4426-8953-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346817267","url_text":"1346817267"}]},{"reference":"Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 118. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. OCLC 668221743.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/668221743","url_text":"The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19096-2","url_text":"978-90-04-19096-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/668221743","url_text":"668221743"}]},{"reference":"Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856. Boston. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-19096-2. 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OCLC 607750654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607750654","url_text":"Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8953-4","url_text":"978-1-4426-8953-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607750654","url_text":"607750654"}]},{"reference":"Plokhy, Serhii (2008). Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4426-8953-4. OCLC 607750654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607750654","url_text":"Ukraine and Russia : representations of the past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8953-4","url_text":"978-1-4426-8953-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607750654","url_text":"607750654"}]},{"reference":"\"У Севастопольському парку Дніпра прибрали погруддя російських адміралів часів Кримської війни (+фото)\". Крым.Реалии (in Ukrainian). 22 December 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_32	Indiana State Road 32	["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"]	Highway in Indiana This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Indiana State Road 32" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State Road 32SR 32 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by INDOTLength156.814 mi (252.368 km)ExistedOctober 1, 1926–presentMajor junctionsWest end CR 4 at the Illinois state lineMajor intersections SR 63 near Perrysville US 41 south of Veedersburg US 231 in Crawfordsville I-74 in Crawfordsville I-65 / US 52 in Lebanon US 421 near Rosston US 31 in Westfield I-69 in Chesterfield and Daleville US 35 / SR 3 / SR 67 in Muncie US 27 in Winchester East end SR 47 in Union City LocationCountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountiesVermillion, Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, Randolph Highway system Indiana State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← US 31→ US 33 State Road 32 (SR 32) in the U.S. state of Indiana is an east–west state highway in central Indiana that crosses the entire state, covering a distance of about 157 miles (253 km). The western terminus of SR 32 is at the Illinois state line, southeast of Danville, Illinois, where the state highway becomes a county road. The eastern terminus is at Union City, Indiana, and Union City, Ohio, at the Ohio state border where the highway becomes Ohio State Route 47. Route description This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SR 32 in Jolietville, Indiana Between the Illinois state line and Crawfordsville, the highway runs somewhat parallel to Interstate 74. East of Crawfordsville, the highway is a popular alternate route for traffic from parts north and northeast of Indianapolis heading for westbound I-74. Between I-65 and Fishersburg, Indiana, SR 32 travels through Boone, Hamilton, and Madison counties. Continuing east from Fishersburg, SR 32 serves the towns of Lapel, Anderson, Muncie, Winchester, and Union City. The vast majority of SR 32 is rural and undivided. Portions of SR 32 between Muncie and Selma are divided. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes VermillionHighland Township0.0000.000Vermilion CR 4Western terminus of SR 32 at the Illinois state line Perrysville4.4547.168 SR 63 – Terre Haute FountainMillcreek Township17.75728.577 US 41 – Terre Haute, Hammond Jackson Township22.33835.950 SR 341 north – HillsboroNorthern end of SR 341 concurrency 22.43936.112 SR 341 south – WallaceSouthern end of SR 341 concurrency MontgomeryRipley Township27.78444.714 SR 25 north – Waynetown, LafayetteSouthern terminus of SR 25 Crawfordsville35.84657.689 SR 47 south – WavelandWestern end of SR 47 concurrency 36.02157.970 US 231 south – GreencastleSouthern end of US 231 concurrency 37.25859.961 US 231 north / US 136 west – Lafayette, CovingtonWestern end of US 136 and northern end of US 231 concurrencies 37.91861.023 US 136 east – SpeedwayEastern end of US 136 concurrency 38.64562.193 SR 47 northEastern end of SR 47 concurrency Union Township41.890–42.12067.415–67.786 I-74 – Indianapolis, Danville, IL.Exit 39 on I-74 BooneJefferson Township52.42984.376 SR 75 – Jamestown, Thorntown Lebanon59.425–59.58495.635–95.891 I-65 / US 52 – Indianapolis, GaryExit 140 on I-65 60.58797.505 SR 39 – Danville, Frankfort 70.577113.583 US 421 – Indianapolis, Frankfort HamiltonWestfield78.407–78.541126.184–126.399 US 31 – Indianapolis, Kokomo, South Bend Noblesville84.487135.969 SR 38 west – Frankfort, LafayetteWestern end of SR 38 concurrency 84.801136.474 SR 19 north – PeruSouthern terminus of SR 19 86.124138.603 SR 37 – Indianapolis, Elwood, Marion 87.209140.349 SR 38 east – PendletonEastern end of SR 38 concurrency MadisonLapel93.651150.717 SR 13 – Fortville, Elwood, Wabash Anderson105.569169.897 SR 9 south / SR 232 east – PendletonSouthern end of SR 9 concurrency; western terminus of SR 232 107.021172.234 SR 9 north – MarionNorthern end of SR 9 concurrency DelawareChesterfield111.345–111.741179.192–179.830 I-69 – Indianapolis, Fort WayneExit 234 on I-69 Muncie126.096–126.308202.932–203.273 US 35 / SR 3 / SR 67 – Indianapolis, Hartford City RandolphFarmland137.248220.879 SR 1 north – BlufftonNorthern end of SR 1 concurrency 138.551222.976 SR 1 south – Cambridge CitySouthern end of SR 1 concurrency Winchester147.029236.620 US 27 – Richmond, Fort Wayne Wayne Township154.746249.040 SR 227 southNorth end of SR 227 Union City156.589252.006 SR 28 east To SR 571 east – Union City, GreenvilleSouthern end of SR 28 concurrency 156.698252.181 SR 28 west – AlbanyNorthern end of SR 28 concurrency 156.814252.368 SR 47 east – Union City, AnsoniaEastern terminus of SR 32 Ohio state line 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus References ^ a b Indiana Department of Transportation (July 2015). Reference Post Book (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ a b Indiana Department of Transportation (July 2016). Reference Post Book (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ "Road Numbers to Be Changed". The Hancock-Democrat. The Indianapolis News. September 30, 1926. Retrieved June 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. External links Media related to Indiana State Road 32 at Wikimedia Commons KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Indiana State Road 32KML is not from Wikidata	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Danville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Union City, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Union City, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Route 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_47"}],"text":"State Road 32 (SR 32) in the U.S. state of Indiana is an east–west state highway in central Indiana that crosses the entire state, covering a distance of about 157 miles (253 km). The western terminus of SR 32 is at the Illinois state line, southeast of Danville, Illinois, where the state highway becomes a county road. The eastern terminus is at Union City, Indiana, and Union City, Ohio, at the Ohio state border where the highway becomes Ohio State Route 47.","title":"Indiana State Road 32"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jolietville,_Indiana.png"},{"link_name":"Jolietville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolietville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Interstate 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_74"},{"link_name":"Fishersburg, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishersburg,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Lapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Muncie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Union City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Muncie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_Indiana"}],"text":"SR 32 in Jolietville, IndianaBetween the Illinois state line and Crawfordsville, the highway runs somewhat parallel to Interstate 74. East of Crawfordsville, the highway is a popular alternate route for traffic from parts north and northeast of Indianapolis heading for westbound I-74.Between I-65 and Fishersburg, Indiana, SR 32 travels through Boone, Hamilton, and Madison counties. Continuing east from Fishersburg, SR 32 serves the towns of Lapel, Anderson, Muncie, Winchester, and Union City.The vast majority of SR 32 is rural and undivided. Portions of SR 32 between Muncie and Selma are divided.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"SR 32 in Jolietville, Indiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jolietville%2C_Indiana.png/220px-Jolietville%2C_Indiana.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Indiana Department of Transportation (July 2015). Reference Post Book (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/indot/files/INDOT_Reference_Post_Book_2015.pdf","url_text":"Reference Post Book"}]},{"reference":"Indiana Department of Transportation (July 2016). Reference Post Book (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/indot/files/INDOT%20Reference%20Post%20Book%202016.pdf","url_text":"Reference Post Book"}]},{"reference":"\"Road Numbers to Be Changed\". The Hancock-Democrat. The Indianapolis News. September 30, 1926. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB:_The_Show	MLB: The Show	["1 Gameplay","2 Predecessors from 989 Sports","3 Games","3.1 Special Edition Covers","3.2 International Covers","4 Commentators","5 Reception and sales","6 References"]	Baseball video game series Video game seriesMLB: The ShowMLB: The Show current logoGenre(s)SportsDeveloper(s)San Diego StudioPublisher(s)Sony Interactive EntertainmentMLB Advanced MediaPlatform(s)PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo SwitchFirst release(989 Sports version MLB '98) (San Diego Studio version MLB 06: The Show)June 30, 1997, February 28, 2006Latest releaseMLB The Show 24March 19, 2024 MLB: The Show is a Major League Baseball video game series created and produced by San Diego Studio, a development team that is part of PlayStation Studios. The series has received critical and commercial acclaim, and since 2014 has been the sole MLB baseball simulation video game on the market for consoles. The series debuted in 2006 with MLB 06: The Show for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, following the MLB series from 989 Sports. There has been a new release in the series every year since 2006. The series was released on PlayStation 2 from 2006's MLB 06: The Show through 2011's MLB 11: The Show and was available on the PlayStation 3 from MLB 07: The Show through MLB The Show 16. Portable versions of the series for either the PlayStation Portable or PlayStation Vita accompanied every entry from MLB 06: The Show through MLB 15: The Show. The series started releasing on the PlayStation 4 with MLB 14: The Show. After over two decades of exclusivity with PlayStation consoles, MLB: The Show ceased to be an exclusive PlayStation franchise, and was released on other console platforms, though the edition of the game at the time—MLB The Show 20—was a PlayStation 4 exclusive. MLB The Show 21 is the first title in the series to feature on the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S, with those editions being co-published by MLB Advanced Media digitally. MLB The Show 22 is the first game of the series to be on a Nintendo console, released on the Nintendo Switch. Gameplay Gameplay simulates a game of professional baseball, with the player controlling an entire team, a team's manager, or a select player. The player may take control of one of 30 Major League Baseball teams in any game mode and also is able to chose from 6 special team including NL and AL all star teams. (excluding Road to the Show) and use that team in gameplay. The Series has variable game modes in which a player takes control of a team for a single game, one season, or a franchise (multiple seasons). Predecessors from 989 Sports Main article: 989 Sports Major League Baseball series Game Release date Cover Athlete Platforms Star Team MLB '98 July 1, 1997 Bernie Williams New York Yankees PlayStation MLB '99 March 31, 1998 Cal Ripken Jr. Baltimore Orioles MLB 2000 February 28, 1999 Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels MLB 2001 February 29, 2000 Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves MLB 2002 May 7, 2001 Andruw Jones MLB 2003 June 17, 2002 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants MLB 2004 April 30, 2003 Shawn Green Los Angeles Dodgers PlayStation, PlayStation 2 MLB 2005 March 4, 2004 Eric Chavez Oakland Athletics MLB 2006 March 8, 2005 Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable Games Game Release date Cover Athlete Platforms Star Team MLB 06: The Show February 28, 2006 David Ortiz Boston Red Sox PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable MLB 07: The Show February 27, 2007 (PS2/PSP) David Wright New York Mets PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable May 15, 2007 (PS3) MLB 08: The Show March 4, 2008 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies MLB 09: The Show March 3, 2009 Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox MLB 10: The Show March 2, 2010 Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins MLB 11: The Show March 8, 2011 MLB 12: The Show March 6, 2012 Adrián González Boston Red Sox PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita MLB 13: The Show March 5, 2013 Andrew McCutchen Pittsburgh Pirates MLB 14: The Show April 1, 2014 (PS3/Vita) Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita May 6, 2014 (PS4) MLB 15: The Show March 31, 2015 Yasiel Puig Los Angeles Dodgers MLB The Show 16 March 29, 2016 Josh Donaldson Toronto Blue Jays PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 MLB The Show 17 March 28, 2017 Ken Griffey Jr. Seattle Mariners PlayStation 4 MLB The Show 18 March 27, 2018 Aaron Judge New York Yankees MLB The Show 19 March 26, 2019 Bryce Harper Philadelphia Phillies MLB The Show 20 March 17, 2020 Javier Báez Chicago Cubs MLB The Show 21 April 20, 2021 Fernando Tatís Jr. San Diego Padres PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S MLB The Show 22 April 5, 2022 Shohei Ohtani Los Angeles Angels PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch MLB The Show 23 March 28, 2023 Jazz Chisholm Jr. Miami Marlins MLB The Show 24 March 19, 2024 Vladimir Guerrero Jr. Toronto Blue Jays Special Edition Covers Game Star Team MLB The Show 21 Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers MLB The Show 22 Shohei Ohtani Los Angeles Angels MLB The Show 23 Derek Jeter New York Yankees International Covers Canada Game Star Team MLB 12: The Show José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays MLB 13: The Show MLB 14: The Show Brett Lawrie MLB 15: The Show Russell Martin MLB The Show 16 Josh Donaldson MLB The Show 17 Aaron Sanchez MLB The Show 18 Marcus Stroman Korea Game Star Team MLB 06: The Show Chan Ho Park San Diego Padres MLB 14: The Show Shin-Soo Choo Texas Rangers MLB 15: The Show MLB The Show 16 Jung-ho Kang Pittsburgh Pirates MLB The Show 17 Hyun-soo Kim Baltimore Orioles Taiwan Game Star Team MLB 13: The Show Wei-Yin Chen Baltimore Orioles MLB 14: The Show MLB 15: The Show MLB The Show 16 Miami Marlins MLB The Show 17 Commentators This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Is missing the MLB The Show 23 Commentators. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2023) Commentator 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Total appearances Matt Vasgersian Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N 16 Dave Campbell Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N N N 7 Rex Hudler Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N N N N 6 Eric Karros N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N 6 Steve Lyons N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N 4 Harold Reynolds N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N 1 Dan Plesac N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y N N 5 Mark DeRosa N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y N N 4 Heidi Watney N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y N N 3 Jon Sciambi N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y 2 Chris Singleton N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y 2 Total 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 Reception and sales This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Game Sales 1997 MLB '98 1998 MLB '99 2.52 million 1999 MLB 2000 2000 MLB 2001 2001 MLB 2002 2002 MLB 2003 2003 MLB 2004 660,000 2004 MLB 2005 900,000 2005 MLB 2006 400,000 2006 MLB 06: The Show 940,000 (PS2), 350,000 (PSP) 2007 MLB 07: The Show 930,000 (PS2), 280,000 (PS3), 280,000 (PSP) 2008 MLB 08: The Show 420,000 (PS2), 700,000 (PS3), 330,000 (PSP) 2009 MLB 09: The Show 330,000 (PS2), 720,000 (PS3), 270,000 (PSP) 2010 MLB 10: The Show 410,000 (PS2), 730,000 (PS3), 210,000 (PSP) 2011 MLB 11: The Show 130,000 (PS2), 590,000 (PS3), 180,000 (PSP) 2012 MLB 12: The Show 930,000 (PS3), 200,000 (PSV) 2013 MLB 13: The Show 840,000 (PS3), 150,000 (PSV) 2014 MLB 14: The Show 430,000 (PS3), 730,000 (PS4), 120,000 (PSV) 2015 MLB 15: The Show 400,000 (PS3), 1.01 million (PS4), 40,000 (PSV) 2016 MLB The Show 16 380,000 (PS3), 960,000 (PS4) 2017 MLB The Show 17 1.16 million 2018 MLB The Show 18 1.06 million 2019 MLB The Show 19 2020 MLB The Show 20 2021 MLB The Show 21 2 million 2022 MLB The Show 22 2023 MLB The Show 23 2024 MLB The Show 24 References ^ "MLB 11: The Show". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ "MLB 12: The Show". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ "MLB 09: The Show". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ Square, Push (2020-01-17). "MLB The Show 19 Is the Best-Selling Baseball Game of All Time". Push Square. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ a b "MLB The Show is Set to Begin Arriving on New Platforms as Soon as 2021". DualShockers. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-03-03. ^ Good, Owen S. (2022-01-31). "MLB The Show plays ball on Nintendo Switch this April". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-06-01. ^ Kato, Matthew. "The Sports Desk – 48 MLB The Show 17 Details: Gameplay, Graphics, Diamond Dynasty & Road To The Show". gameinformer.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ "PlayStation 5 Surpasses 10 Million Units Sold, Remains the Fastest Selling Console in Sony Interactive Entertainment History". www.businesswire.com. 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-28. vteSan Diego StudioMLB: The Show '98 '99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 NBA NBA NBA 06 NBA 07 NBA 08 NBA 09: The Inside NBA 10: The Inside Other The Mark of Kri High Velocity Bowling Pain ModNation Racers ModNation Racers: Road Trip Warrior's Lair (canceled) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"San Diego Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Studio"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"simulation video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_video_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"MLB 06: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_06:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"MLB series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/989_Sports_Major_League_Baseball_series"},{"link_name":"989 Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/989_Studios"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"MLB 11: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_11:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"MLB 07: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_07:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"MLB The Show 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_The_Show_16"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"MLB 15: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_15:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"MLB 14: The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_14:_The_Show"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"MLB The Show 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_The_Show_20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"MLB The Show 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_The_Show_21"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S"},{"link_name":"MLB Advanced Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Advanced_Media"},{"link_name":"MLB The Show 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_The_Show_22"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Video game seriesMLB: The Show is a Major League Baseball video game series created and produced by San Diego Studio, a development team that is part of PlayStation Studios. The series has received critical and commercial acclaim,[1][2][3][4] and since 2014 has been the sole MLB baseball simulation video game on the market for consoles.[5]The series debuted in 2006 with MLB 06: The Show for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, following the MLB series from 989 Sports. There has been a new release in the series every year since 2006.The series was released on PlayStation 2 from 2006's MLB 06: The Show through 2011's MLB 11: The Show and was available on the PlayStation 3 from MLB 07: The Show through MLB The Show 16. Portable versions of the series for either the PlayStation Portable or PlayStation Vita accompanied every entry from MLB 06: The Show through MLB 15: The Show. The series started releasing on the PlayStation 4 with MLB 14: The Show.After over two decades of exclusivity with PlayStation consoles, MLB: The Show ceased to be an exclusive PlayStation franchise, and was released on other console platforms, though the edition of the game at the time—MLB The Show 20—was a PlayStation 4 exclusive.[5] MLB The Show 21 is the first title in the series to feature on the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S, with those editions being co-published by MLB Advanced Media digitally. MLB The Show 22 is the first game of the series to be on a Nintendo console, released on the Nintendo Switch.[6]","title":"MLB: The Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gameplay simulates a game of professional baseball, with the player controlling an entire team, a team's manager, or a select player. The player may take control of one of 30 Major League Baseball teams in any game mode and also is able to chose from 6 special team including NL and AL all star teams. (excluding Road to the Show) and use that team in gameplay. The Series has variable game modes in which a player takes control of a team for a single game, one season, or a franchise (multiple seasons). [7]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Predecessors from 989 Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special Edition Covers","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Covers","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commentators"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception and sales"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"MLB 11: The Show\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-11-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","url_text":"\"MLB 11: The Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLB 12: The Show\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-12-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","url_text":"\"MLB 12: The Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLB 09: The Show\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-09-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","url_text":"\"MLB 09: The Show\""}]},{"reference":"Square, Push (2020-01-17). \"MLB The Show 19 Is the Best-Selling Baseball Game of All Time\". Push Square. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2020/01/mlb_the_show_19_is_the_best-selling_baseball_game_of_all_time","url_text":"\"MLB The Show 19 Is the Best-Selling Baseball Game of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLB The Show is Set to Begin Arriving on New Platforms as Soon as 2021\". DualShockers. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dualshockers.com/mlb-the-show-new-platforms-2021/","url_text":"\"MLB The Show is Set to Begin Arriving on New Platforms as Soon as 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Good, Owen S. (2022-01-31). \"MLB The Show plays ball on Nintendo Switch this April\". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/22910967/mlb-the-show-21-lockout-delay-release-dates-nintendo-switch-shohei-ohtani-cover","url_text":"\"MLB The Show plays ball on Nintendo Switch this April\""}]},{"reference":"Kato, Matthew. \"The Sports Desk – 48 MLB The Show 17 Details: Gameplay, Graphics, Diamond Dynasty & Road To The Show\". gameinformer.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/02/13/the-sports-desk-48-mlb-the-show-17-details-gameplay-graphics-diamond-dynasty-and-more.aspx","url_text":"\"The Sports Desk – 48 MLB The Show 17 Details: Gameplay, Graphics, Diamond Dynasty & Road To The Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"PlayStation 5 Surpasses 10 Million Units Sold, Remains the Fastest Selling Console in Sony Interactive Entertainment History\". www.businesswire.com. 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210728005586/en/PlayStation-5-Surpasses-10-Million-Units-Sold-Remains-the-Fastest-Selling-Console-in-Sony-Interactive-Entertainment-History","url_text":"\"PlayStation 5 Surpasses 10 Million Units Sold, Remains the Fastest Selling Console in Sony Interactive Entertainment History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-11-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","external_links_name":"\"MLB 11: The Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-12-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","external_links_name":"\"MLB 12: The Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mlb-09-the-show/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","external_links_name":"\"MLB 09: The Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2020/01/mlb_the_show_19_is_the_best-selling_baseball_game_of_all_time","external_links_name":"\"MLB The Show 19 Is the Best-Selling Baseball Game of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.dualshockers.com/mlb-the-show-new-platforms-2021/","external_links_name":"\"MLB The Show is Set to Begin Arriving on New Platforms as Soon as 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/22910967/mlb-the-show-21-lockout-delay-release-dates-nintendo-switch-shohei-ohtani-cover","external_links_name":"\"MLB The Show plays ball on Nintendo Switch this April\""},{"Link":"http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/02/13/the-sports-desk-48-mlb-the-show-17-details-gameplay-graphics-diamond-dynasty-and-more.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Sports Desk – 48 MLB The Show 17 Details: Gameplay, Graphics, Diamond Dynasty & Road To The Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210728005586/en/PlayStation-5-Surpasses-10-Million-Units-Sold-Remains-the-Fastest-Selling-Console-in-Sony-Interactive-Entertainment-History","external_links_name":"\"PlayStation 5 Surpasses 10 Million Units Sold, Remains the Fastest Selling Console in Sony Interactive Entertainment History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brookings_Institution	Brookings Institution	["1 History","1.1 1916–1979","1.2 1980–2022","2 Publications","3 Policy influence","4 Political stance","5 Presidents","6 Research programs","6.1 Center for Middle East Policy","6.2 Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy","6.3 21st Century Defense Initiative","6.4 WashU at Brookings","7 Notable centers","8 Funders","8.1 Funding details","8.2 Funding controversies","9 Buildings","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°54′33″N 77°02′27″W / 38.90917°N 77.04083°W / 38.90917; -77.04083American think tank This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Brookings Institution" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Brookings InstitutionThe Brookings Institution building near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.AbbreviationBrookingsFormation1916; 108 years ago (1916)FounderRobert S. BrookingsTypePublic policy think tankTax ID no. 53-0196577Headquarters1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.LocationWashington, D.C., U.S.Coordinates38°54′33″N 77°02′27″W / 38.90917°N 77.04083°W / 38.90917; -77.04083PresidentCecilia RouseRevenue (2020) $86.28 millionExpenses (2020)$93.372 millionEndowment$355.2 million (2020)Websitebrookings.eduFormerly calledInstitute for Government Research The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development. Brookings has five research programs: Economic Studies, Foreign Policy, Governance Studies, Global Economy and Development, and Brookings Metro. It also operated three international centers: in Doha, Qatar (Brookings Doha Center); Beijing, China (Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy); and New Delhi, India (Brookings India). In 2020 and 2021, the Institution announced it was separating entirely from its centers in Doha and New Delhi, and transitioning its center in Beijing to an informal partnership with Tsinghua University, known as Brookings-Tsinghua China. The University of Pennsylvania's Global Go To Think Tank Index Report has named Brookings "Think Tank of the Year" and "Top Think Tank in the World" every year since 2008. The Economist described Brookings as "perhaps America's most prestigious think-tank." Brookings states that its staff "represent diverse points of view" and describes itself as nonpartisan. Media outlets have variously described Brookings as centrist, conservative, liberal, center-right, and center-left. An academic analysis of congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was cited by conservative politicians almost as often as by liberal politicians, earning a score of 53 on a 1–100 scale, with 100 representing the most liberal score. The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by U.S. media and politicians. History 1916–1979 Founder Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932) Brookings was founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), with the mission of becoming "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level." The organization was founded on 13 March 1916 and began operations on 1 October 1916. Its stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security, and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system." The Institution's founder, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932), originally created three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics (with funds from the Carnegie Corporation), and the Robert Brookings Graduate School affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution on December 8, 1927. During the Great Depression, economists at Brookings embarked on a large-scale study commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand its underlying causes. Brookings's first president, Harold G. Moulton, and other Brookings scholars later led an effort to oppose Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration because they thought it impeded economic recovery. With the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization. In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for administering the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the Marshall Plan was run carefully and on a businesslike basis. In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as Brookings' president. He secured grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation and reorganized Brookings around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Programs. In 1957, Brookings moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C. Kermit Gordon assumed Brookings' presidency in 1967. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 titled "Setting National Priorities". He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research about national security and defense. After Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968, the relationship between Brookings and the White House deteriorated; at one point Nixon's aide Charles Colson proposed a firebombing of the institution. G. Gordon Liddy and the White House Plumbers actually made a plan to firebomb the headquarters and steal classified files, but it was canceled because the Nixon administration refused to pay for a fire engine as a getaway vehicle. Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle. After Gordon died in 1976, Gilbert Y. Steiner, director of the governmental studies program, was appointed the fourth president of the Brookings Institution by the board of trustees. As director of the governmental studies program, Steiner brought in numerous scholars whose research ranges from administrative reform to urban policy, not only enhancing the program's visibility and influence in Washington and nationally, but also producing works that have arguably survived as classics in the field of political science. 1980–2022 Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Brookings on 14 April 2010 while on a visit to the United States for the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit José María Figueres, former President of Costa Rica, speaking at Brookings Institution By the 1980s, Brookings faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment. The need to reduce the federal budget deficit became a major research theme, as did problems with national security and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury, Brookings's fifth president, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs. In 1995, Michael Armacost became the sixth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus its mission heading into the 21st century. Under his direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers, such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (now the Metropolitan Policy Program, led by Bruce J. Katz), which brought attention to the strengths of cities and metropolitan areas; and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems. Strobe Talbott became president of Brookings in 2002. Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the John L. Thornton China Center. In 2006, Brookings announced the establishment of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing. In July 2007, Brookings announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow Mark McClellan, and in October 2007 the creation of the Brookings Doha Center directed by fellow Hady Amr in Qatar. During this period the funding of Brookings by foreign governments and corporations came under public scrutiny (see Funding controversies below). In 2011, Talbott inaugurated the Brookings India Office. In October 2017, former general John R. Allen became the eighth president of Brookings. Allen resigned on June 12, 2022, amid an FBI foreign lobbying investigation. As of June 30, 2019, Brookings had an endowment of $377.2 million. Publications Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report. The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization. The books and journals it publishes include Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Brookings Review (1982–2003, ISSN 0745-1253), America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, India: Emerging Power, Through Their Eyes, Taking the High Road, Masses in Flight, US Public Policy Regarding Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment in the United States and Stalemate. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts. Brookings also cooperates with The Lawfare Institute in publishing the online multimedia publication Lawfare. Policy influence Brookings traces its history to 1916 and has contributed to the creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and the Congressional Budget Office, as well as to the development of influential policies for deregulation, broad-based tax reform, welfare reform, and foreign aid. The annual think tank index published by Foreign Policy ranks it the number one think tank in the U.S. and the Global Go To Think Tank Index believes it is the number one such tank in the world. Moreover, in spite of an overall decline in the number of times information or opinions developed by think tanks are cited by U.S. media, of the 200 most prominent think tanks in the U.S., the Brookings Institution's research remains the most frequently cited. In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks considered. Yet "Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation" and rather tend "to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials". Along with the Council on Foreign Relations and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Brookings is generally considered one of the most influential policy institutes in the U.S. Political stance As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and nonpartisan. A 2005 UCLA study concluded it was "centrist" because it was referenced as an authority almost equally by both conservative and liberal politicians in congressional records from 1993 to 2002. The New York Times has called Brookings liberal, liberal-centrist, and centrist. The Washington Post has called Brookings centrist, liberal, and center-left. The Los Angeles Times called Brookings liberal-leaning and centrist before opining that it did not believe such labels mattered. In 1977, Time magazine called Brookings the "nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank". Newsweek has called it centrist and Politico has used the term "center-left". The media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, which describes itself as "progressive", has called Brookings "centrist", "conservative", and "center-right". Journalists at The Atlantic and Salon have argued that Brookings foreign policy scholars were overly supportive of Bush administration policies abroad. Brookings scholars have served in Republican and Democratic administrations, including Mark McClellan, Ron Haskins and Martin Indyk. Brookings's board of trustees is composed of 53 trustees and more than three dozen honorary trustees, including Kenneth Duberstein, a former chief of staff to Ronald Reagan. Aside from political figures, the board of trustees includes leaders in business and industry, including Haim Saban, Robert Bass, Hanzade Doğan Boyner, Paul L. Cejas, W. Edmund Clark, Abby Joseph Cohen, Betsy Cohen, Susan Crown, Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr., Jason Cummins, Paul Desmarais Jr., Kenneth M. Duberstein, Glenn Hutchins, and Philip H. Knight (chairman emeritus of Nike, Inc). Presidents Since its incorporation as the Brookings Institution in 1927, it has been led by accomplished academics and public servants. Brookings has had eleven presidents, including three in acting capacity. The current president is Cecilia Rouse, who replaced acting President Amy Liu, who began serving in January, 2024. Harold G. Moulton, 1927–1952 Robert D. Calkins, 1952–1967 Kermit Gordon, 1967–1976 Gilbert Y. Steiner (acting), 1976–1977 Bruce K. MacLaury, 1977–1995 Michael Armacost, 1995–2002 Strobe Talbott, 2002–2017 John R. Allen, 2017–2022 Ted Gayer (acting), 2022–2022 Amy Liu (acting), 2022–2023 Cecilia Rouse, 2023–present Research programs Center for Middle East Policy In 2002, the Brookings Institution established the Center for Middle East Policy "to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision-makers in the Middle East". Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy Brookings InstitutionTraditional Chinese清華-布魯金斯公共政策研究中心Simplified Chinese清华-布鲁金斯公共政策研究中心TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinQīnghuá-bù Lǔjīnsī Gōnggòng Zhèngcè Yánjiū Zhōngxīn In 2006, the Brookings Institution established the Brookings-Tsinghua Center (BTC) for Public Policy as a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC and Tsinghua University's School of Public Policy and Management in Beijing, China. The Center seeks to produce research in areas of fundamental importance for China's development and for US-China relations. The BTC was directed by Qi Ye until 2019. 21st Century Defense Initiative Adm. Michael Mullen speaks at the Brookings Institution The 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) is aimed at producing research, analysis, and outreach that address three core issues: the future of war, the future of U.S. defense needs and priorities, and the future of the US defense system. The Initiative draws on the knowledge from regional centers, including the Center on the United States and Europe, the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, the Thornton China Center, and the Center for Middle East Policy, allowing the integration of regional knowledge. P. W. Singer, author of Wired for War, serves as Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, and Michael O'Hanlon serves as Director of Research. Senior Fellow Stephen P. Cohen and Vanda Felbab-Brown are also affiliated with 21CDI. WashU at Brookings Under MacLaury's leadership in the 1980s, the Center for Public Policy Education (CPPE) was formed to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs. In 2005, the center was renamed the Brookings Center for Executive Education (BCEE), which was shortened to Brookings Executive Education (BEE) with the launch of a partnership with the Olin Business School at Washington University in St. Louis. The academic partnership is now known as "WashU at Brookings". Notable centers Center for Middle East Policy Center for Universal Education Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center Funders Funding details As of 2017 the Brookings Institution had assets of $524.2 million. Its largest contributors include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Hutchins Family Foundation, JPMorgan Chase, the LEGO Foundation, David Rubenstein, State of Qatar, and John L. Thornton. Funding details as of 2017: Revenue and support as of 2017: $117,336,000 Investment return designated for operations (13.1%) Grants, contracts, and contributions (82.5%) Program services (0.3%) Brookings Press (1.5%) Facility and other revenue (2.6%) Expenses as of 2017: $97,986,000 Economic Studies (16.3%) Foreign Policy (15.6%) Global Economy and Development (12.3%) Governance Studies (7.5%) Metropolitan Policy Program (8.3%) Institutional Initiatives (9.8%) Brookings Press (2.6%) Communications (2.2%) Management and general (21.7%) Fundraising (3.7%) Funding controversies A 2014 investigation by The New York Times found Brookings to be among more than a dozen Washington research groups and think tanks to have received payments from foreign governments while encouraging American government officials to support policies aligned with those foreign governments' agendas. The Times published documents showing that Brookings accepted grants from Norway with specific policy requests and helped it gain access to U.S. government officials, as well as other "deliverables". In June 2014, Norway agreed to make an additional $4 million donation to Brookings. Several legal specialists who examined the documents told the paper that the language of the transactions "appeared to necessitate Brookings filing as a foreign agent" under the Foreign Agent Registration Act. The Qatari government, named by The New York Times as "the single biggest foreign donor to Brookings", reportedly made a $14.8 million, four-year contribution in 2013. A former visiting fellow at a Brookings affiliate in Qatar reportedly said that "he had been told during his job interview that he could not take positions critical of the Qatar government in papers". Brookings officials denied any connection between the views of their funders and their scholars' work, citing reports that questioned the Qatari government's education reform efforts and criticized its support of militants in Syria. But Brookings officials reportedly acknowledged that they meet with Qatari government officials regularly. In 2018, The Washington Post reported that Brookings accepted funding from Huawei from 2012 to 2018. A report by the Center for International Policy's Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative of the top 50 think tanks on the University of Pennsylvania's Global Go-To Think Tanks rating index found that between 2014 and 2018, Brookings received the third-highest amount of funding from outside the United States compared to other think tanks, with a total of more than $27 million. In 2022, Brookings president John R. Allen resigned amid an FBI probe into lobbying on behalf of Qatar. Buildings The main building of the Institution was erected in 1959 on 1775 Massachusetts Avenue. In 2009, Brookings acquired a building across the street, a former mansion built by the Ingalls family in 1922 on a design by Jules Henri de Sibour. This extension now houses the office of the President of the Brookings Institution. See also United States portal List of think tanks in the United States References Citations ^ a b c d "Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved June 1, 2018. ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "Brookings". Brookings. Retrieved May 6, 2022. ^ "Brookings Institution". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ a b "Robert Somers Brookings". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "Economic Studies". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Foreign Policy". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Governance Studies". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Global Economy and Development". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Brookings Metro". Brookings Institution. Retrieved July 27, 2023. ^ "Brookings Doha Center". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy". Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Brookings India". Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "The Brookings Institution transitions from foreign centers to focus on digital and global engagement" (Press release). The Brookings Institution. September 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2022. ^ "TTCSP GLOBAL GO TO THINK TANK INDEX REPORTS". University of Pennsylvania. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2017. ^ "The New America Foundation falls into a familiar trap". The Economist. September 7, 2017. ^ "Brookings Research". Brookings Institution. June 25, 2003. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ a b DeParle, Jason (June 14, 2005). "Next Generation of Conservatives (By the Dormful)". The New York Times. ^ a b Husseini, Sam (November–December 1998). "Brookings: The Establishment's Think Tank". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (March 3, 2011). "Think Tank Employees Tend to Support Democrats". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ a b Soley, Lawrence (1991). "Brookings: Stand-In for the Left". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). ^ a b Stein, Jeff (June 24, 2019). "Sanders proposes canceling entire $1.6 trillion in U.S. student loan debt, escalating Democratic policy battle". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2022. ^ a b c Groseclose, Tim; Milyo, Jeffrey (November 2005). "A Measure of Media Bias". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 120 (4): 1191–1237. doi:10.1162/003355305775097542. S2CID 54066953. ^ "Brookings Institution History". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. November 30, 2001. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ Willoughby, W. F. (1918). "The Institute for Government Research". American Political Science Review. 12 (1): 49–62. doi:10.2307/1946341. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1946341. S2CID 147043158. ^ "About Brookings". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ Critchlow, Donald T. (1985). The Brookings Institution, 1916–1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780875801032. ^ "Brookings History: The Depression". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Brookings History: War and Readjustment". Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. ^ "Brookings History: Academic Prestige". Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. ^ "Leonard Silk". The New York Times. September 16, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2023. ^ Woodward, Bob; Bernstein, Carl (June 1974). All the President's Men. Simon & Schuster. p. 324. ^ Dobbs, Michael (2021). King Richard : Nixon and Watergate : an American tragedy. New York. ISBN 978-0-385-35009-9. OCLC 1176325912.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Brookings History: National Doubts and Confusion". Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. ^ a b Derthick, Martha; Nivola, Pietro S. (July 2006). "Gilbert Yale Steiner". PS: Political Science & Politics. 39 (3): 551–554. doi:10.1017/S1049096506210813. ISSN 1537-5935. ^ Dews, Fred (November 6, 2017). "Profiles of Brookings's leaders since 1927". Brookings Institution. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ "Gilbert Steiner". The Washington Post. March 11, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Easterbrook, Gregg (January 1, 1986). "Ideas Move Nations". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 30, 2017. ^ "Bruce K. MacLaury". federalreservehistory.org. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ^ "Brookings History: Setting New Agendas". Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. ^ "Former U.S. Ambassador and Veteran Diplomat to Deliver Convocation". Carleton. November 1, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ "Centennial Scholar Initiative". Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 30, 2017. ^ "Bates Gill". The Conversation. September 14, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "Strobe Talbott to be first distinguished visitor at Buffett Institute". Northwestern University. October 13, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ "FDA reserves course on a 4.2 Million no-bid grant to a former commissioner". The Washington Post. May 16, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018. ^ "A Second Discussion with Hady Amr, Director, Brookings Institute Doha Center, Qatar". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. October 15, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ Datta, Kanika (April 26, 2013). "Tea with BS: Strobe Talbott". Business Standard India. Retrieved November 15, 2017. ^ "Brookings India". Brookings India. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017. ^ "John R. Allen named next Brookings Institution president". Brookings Institution. October 4, 2017. ^ "Brookings president resigns amid FBI foreign lobbying probe". MSN. June 12, 2022. ^ "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2018 to FY 2019". National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. Retrieved February 28, 2020. ^ "Brookings Annual Report". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2021. ^ "Brookings Institution Press". Brookings.edu. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "About BPEA". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. August 15, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "The Brookings review Journal". Retrieved March 13, 2017. ^ "The Brookings Review on JSTOR". JSTOR. Retrieved March 13, 2017. ^ West, Darrell M.; Kimball, Rick; Nathoo, Raffiq; Zwirn, Daniel; Ramat, Vijaya; Goldstein, Gordon M.; Moser, Joel H. (December 1, 2014). "Rebuilding America: The Role of Foreign Capital and Global Public Investors" (PDF). RichardAKimballJr.com. Governance Studies, Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "Brookings Press Blog". Brookingspress.typepad.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "Brookings Institution Press: Books". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "Lawfare: Hard National Security Choices". Retrieved July 5, 2020. ^ "Brookings Institution History". Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. ^ "Foreign Policy: The Think Tank Index". Archived from the original on May 20, 2009. ^ "Global Go To Think Tank Index, 2011" (PDF). January 23, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2012. ^ a b Dolny, Michael (May–June 2006). "Study Finds First Drop in Think Tank Cites". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). ^ Groseclose, Tim; Milyo, Jeff (December 2004). "A Measure of Media Bias". Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. ^ a b Rich, Andrew (Spring 2006). "War of Ideas: Why Mainstream and Liberal Foundations and the Think Tanks they Support are Losing in the War of Ideas in American Politics" (PDF). Stanford Social Innovation Review. Stanford University. ^ Dolny, Michael (April 2008). "The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank". gotothinktank.com. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. ^ Glaberson, William (November 16, 2008). "Closing Guantánamo may not be easy". The New York Times. ^ Redburn, Tom (September 24, 2000). "ECONOMIC VIEW; Friedman And Keynes, Trading Pedestals". The New York Times. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (January 13, 2006). "Marshall A. Robinson, 83, Former Foundation Chief, Dies". The New York Times. ^ Becker, Elizabeth (September 8, 1999). "Air Force's Newest Jet Fighter Is in Fierce Fight, in Capitol". The New York Times. ^ "The Way to Save". The New York Times. February 20, 2006. ^ "Mr. Obama's Jobs Plan". The Washington Post. December 9, 2009. ^ Montgomery, Lori (June 21, 2007). "Stumping for Attention To Deficit Disorder". The Washington Post. ^ Froomkin, Dan (November 13, 2006). "The Unbelievable Karl Rove". The Washington Post. ^ Kessler, Glenn (April 15, 2002). "2003 Budget Completes Big Jump in Spending". The Washington Post. ^ "Left-leaning' or 'Nonpartisan'?". Los Angeles Times. May 13, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ Reynolds, Maura; Simon, Richard (January 17, 2008). "Parties Suggest They'd Yield for Stimulus Pact". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ Meyer, Josh (February 2, 2008). "U.S. Won't Say Who Killed Militant". Los Angeles Times. ^ Goldberg, Jonah (July 24, 2007). "A green light to genocide". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "The Other Think Tank". Time. September 19, 1977. ^ "Economists Agree: Unemployment Will Stay High Through November". Newsweek. May 25, 2010. ^ Epstein, Reid J. (November 14, 2011). "Jon Huntsman veers campaign to Brookings". Politico. ^ "What's FAIR?". Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ^ Dolny, Michael (March–April 2002). "Think Tanks in a Time of Crisis". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). ^ Yglesias, Matthew (August 24, 2007). "Very Serious Indeed". The Atlantic. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (August 12, 2007). "The Truth Behind the Pollack-O'Hanlon Trip to Iraq". Salon. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "Mark B. McClellan". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "Ron Haskins". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "Martin S. Indyk". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "The Brookings Institution Experts". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "Board Of Trustees". Brookings.edu. July 22, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2017. ^ Dews, Fred (November 6, 2017). "Profiles of Brookings's leaders since 1927". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ "Brookings Institution Announces Dr. Cecilia Rouse as President". Brookings. Retrieved April 6, 2024. ^ Mazzetti, Mark (June 8, 2022). "Brookings Institution Puts President on Leave Amid Lobbying Inquiry". The New York Times. ^ Risotto, Andrea (June 12, 2022). "News Release Brookings Leadership Update". www.brookings.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "Amy Liu appointed interim president of Brookings". Brookings. July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022. ^ "Dr. Cecilia Rouse talks about being appointed Brookings's ninth President". Brookings. Retrieved July 5, 2023. ^ Pollack, Kenneth M. (February 1, 2007). A Switch in Time: A New Strategy for America in Iraq. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8157-7150-0. ^ "About the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ "Brookings-Tsinghua Center". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ "21st Century Defense Initiative". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ a b "About the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 1, 2011. ^ "Vanda Felbab-Brown". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "21st Century Defense Initiative: Experts". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 1, 2011. ^ "About WashU at Brookings". Brookings. May 13, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2019. ^ a b c d Lipton, Eric (September 6, 2014). "Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2014. ^ "Longstanding Partners: Norway and Brookings". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014. ^ a b "The High North, Climate Change and Norway". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014. ^ Stone Fish, Isaac (December 7, 2018). "Huawei's surprising ties to the Brookings Institution". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 4, 2019. ^ Freeman, Ben (January 2020). Foreign Funding of Think Tanks in America (PDF) (Report). Center for International Policy. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020. ^ Suderman, Alan; Mustian, Jim (June 13, 2022). "Brookings president resigns amid FBI foreign lobbying probe". AP. ^ "Trusting in Preservation". The Washington Post. November 24, 1979. Retrieved July 9, 2018. Sources Abelson, Donald E. Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes (2009). Weidenbaum, Murray L. The Competition of Ideas: The World of the Washington Think Tanks (2011). Boyd, Paxton F.Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes (2009). Shpilsky, Benjamin E. "Do Think Tanks Matter: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes (2009). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brookings Institution. Library resources about Brookings Institution Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Official website Brookings Institution at Curlie Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic 2 Australia Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"tax policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_policy"},{"link_name":"governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"global 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think tankThe Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings,[3] is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.[4][5]Brookings has five research programs: Economic Studies,[6] Foreign Policy,[7] Governance Studies,[8] Global Economy and Development,[9] and Brookings Metro.[10] It also operated three international centers: in Doha, Qatar (Brookings Doha Center);[11] Beijing, China (Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy);[12] and New Delhi, India (Brookings India).[13] In 2020 and 2021, the Institution announced it was separating entirely from its centers in Doha and New Delhi, and transitioning its center in Beijing to an informal partnership with Tsinghua University, known as Brookings-Tsinghua China.[14]The University of Pennsylvania's Global Go To Think Tank Index Report has named Brookings \"Think Tank of the Year\" and \"Top Think Tank in the World\" every year since 2008.[15] The Economist described Brookings as \"perhaps America's most prestigious think-tank.\"[16]Brookings states that its staff \"represent diverse points of view\" and describes itself as nonpartisan.[17] Media outlets have variously described Brookings as centrist,[18] conservative,[19] liberal,[20] center-right,[21] and center-left.[22] An academic analysis of congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was cited by conservative politicians almost as often as by liberal politicians, earning a score of 53 on a 1–100 scale, with 100 representing the most liberal score.[23] The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by U.S. media and politicians.[23]","title":"Brookings Institution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_S._Brookings.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Brookings"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-26"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Brookings"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSB-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critchlow-27"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Harold G. Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_G._Moulton"},{"link_name":"National Recovery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Dupont Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kermit Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Charles Colson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colson"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"G. Gordon Liddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy"},{"link_name":"White House Plumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Plumbers"},{"link_name":"fire engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Y. Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Y._Steiner"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"1916–1979","text":"Founder Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932)Brookings was founded in 1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), with the mission of becoming \"the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level.\"[24] The organization was founded on 13 March 1916 and began operations on 1 October 1916.[25]Its stated mission is to \"provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security, and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system.\"[26]The Institution's founder, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932), originally created three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics (with funds from the Carnegie Corporation), and the Robert Brookings Graduate School affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution on December 8, 1927.[5][27]During the Great Depression, economists at Brookings embarked on a large-scale study commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand its underlying causes. Brookings's first president, Harold G. Moulton, and other Brookings scholars later led an effort to oppose Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration because they thought it impeded economic recovery.[28]With the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization. In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for administering the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the Marshall Plan was run carefully and on a businesslike basis.[29]In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as Brookings' president. He secured grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation and reorganized Brookings around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Programs. In 1957, Brookings moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.[30]Kermit Gordon assumed Brookings' presidency in 1967. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 titled \"Setting National Priorities\".[31] He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research about national security and defense. After Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968, the relationship between Brookings and the White House deteriorated; at one point Nixon's aide Charles Colson proposed a firebombing of the institution.[32] G. Gordon Liddy and the White House Plumbers actually made a plan to firebomb the headquarters and steal classified files, but it was canceled because the Nixon administration refused to pay for a fire engine as a getaway vehicle.[33] Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle.[34]After Gordon died in 1976, Gilbert Y. Steiner, director of the governmental studies program, was appointed the fourth president of the Brookings Institution by the board of trustees.[35][36] As director of the governmental studies program, Steiner brought in numerous scholars whose research ranges from administrative reform to urban policy, not only enhancing the program's visibility and influence in Washington and nationally, but also producing works that have arguably survived as classics in the field of political science.[35][37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"2010 Nuclear Security Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nuclear_Security_Summit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg"},{"link_name":"José María Figueres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"federal budget deficit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Michael Armacost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Armacost"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bruce J. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_J._Katz"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Strobe Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_Talbott"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Saban Center for Middle East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"Mark McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McClellan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Hady Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hady_Amr"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Funding controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Funding_controversies"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"John R. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Allen"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"1980–2022","text":"Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Brookings on 14 April 2010 while on a visit to the United States for the 2010 Nuclear Security SummitJosé María Figueres, former President of Costa Rica, speaking at Brookings InstitutionBy the 1980s, Brookings faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment.[38] The need to reduce the federal budget deficit became a major research theme, as did problems with national security and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury,[39] Brookings's fifth president, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.[40]In 1995, Michael Armacost became the sixth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus its mission heading into the 21st century.[41] Under his direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers, such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (now the Metropolitan Policy Program, led by Bruce J. Katz),[42] which brought attention to the strengths of cities and metropolitan areas; and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems.[43]Strobe Talbott became president of Brookings in 2002.[44] Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the John L. Thornton China Center. In 2006, Brookings announced the establishment of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing. In July 2007, Brookings announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow Mark McClellan,[45] and in October 2007 the creation of the Brookings Doha Center directed by fellow Hady Amr in Qatar.[46] During this period the funding of Brookings by foreign governments and corporations came under public scrutiny (see Funding controversies below).In 2011, Talbott inaugurated the Brookings India Office.[47][48]In October 2017, former general John R. Allen became the eighth president of Brookings.[49] Allen resigned on June 12, 2022, amid an FBI foreign lobbying investigation.[50]As of June 30, 2019, Brookings had an endowment of $377.2 million.[51]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualreport-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Papers_on_Economic_Activity"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0745-1253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0745-1253"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebuilding-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Lawfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawfare_(website)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report.[52] The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization.[53] The books and journals it publishes include Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,[54] Brookings Review (1982–2003, ISSN 0745-1253),[55][56] America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, India: Emerging Power, Through Their Eyes, Taking the High Road, Masses in Flight, US Public Policy Regarding Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment in the United States[57] and Stalemate. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts.[58][59] Brookings also cooperates with The Lawfare Institute in publishing the online multimedia publication Lawfare.[60]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"Congressional Budget Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office"},{"link_name":"deregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation"},{"link_name":"tax reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_reform"},{"link_name":"welfare reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform"},{"link_name":"foreign aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_History-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foreign_Policy:_The_Think_Tank_Index-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairreport-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediabias-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standford-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standford-66"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Endowment for International Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAIR2-67"}],"text":"Brookings traces its history to 1916 and has contributed to the creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, and the Congressional Budget Office, as well as to the development of influential policies for deregulation, broad-based tax reform, welfare reform, and foreign aid.[61] The annual think tank index published by Foreign Policy ranks it the number one think tank in the U.S.[62] and the Global Go To Think Tank Index believes it is the number one such tank in the world.[63] Moreover, in spite of an overall decline in the number of times information or opinions developed by think tanks are cited by U.S. media, of the 200 most prominent think tanks in the U.S., the Brookings Institution's research remains the most frequently cited.[64][65]In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks considered.[66] Yet \"Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation\" and rather tend \"to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials\".[66] Along with the Council on Foreign Relations and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Brookings is generally considered one of the most influential policy institutes in the U.S.[67]","title":"Policy influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sscnet-23"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT3-68"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT4-18"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-center-left-22"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairreport-64"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAIR02-85"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAIR-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAIR91-21"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)"},{"link_name":"Bush administration policies abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yglesias-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greenwald070812-87"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mark McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McClellan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Martin Indyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Indyk"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Duberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Duberstein"},{"link_name":"Haim Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Saban"},{"link_name":"Robert Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bass"},{"link_name":"Hanzade Doğan Boyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzade_Do%C4%9Fan_Boyner"},{"link_name":"Paul L. Cejas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Cejas"},{"link_name":"W. Edmund Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edmund_Clark"},{"link_name":"Abby Joseph Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Joseph_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Betsy Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Susan Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Crown"},{"link_name":"Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Culvahouse_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jason Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Cummins"},{"link_name":"Paul Desmarais Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Desmarais_Jr."},{"link_name":"Kenneth M. Duberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Duberstein"},{"link_name":"Glenn Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Philip H. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Knight"},{"link_name":"Nike, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and nonpartisan. A 2005 UCLA study concluded it was \"centrist\" because it was referenced as an authority almost equally by both conservative and liberal politicians in congressional records from 1993 to 2002.[23] The New York Times has called Brookings liberal, liberal-centrist, and centrist.[68][18][69][70][71][72] The Washington Post has called Brookings centrist, liberal, and center-left.[73][74][75][76][22] The Los Angeles Times called Brookings liberal-leaning and centrist before opining that it did not believe such labels mattered.[77][78][79][80]In 1977, Time magazine called Brookings the \"nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank\".[81] Newsweek has called it centrist[82] and Politico has used the term \"center-left\".[83]The media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, which describes itself as \"progressive\",[84] has called Brookings \"centrist\",[64][85] \"conservative\",[19] and \"center-right\".[21]Journalists at The Atlantic and Salon have argued that Brookings foreign policy scholars were overly supportive of Bush administration policies abroad.[86][87]Brookings scholars have served in Republican and Democratic administrations, including Mark McClellan,[88] Ron Haskins[89] and Martin Indyk.[90][91]Brookings's board of trustees is composed of 53 trustees and more than three dozen honorary trustees, including Kenneth Duberstein, a former chief of staff to Ronald Reagan. Aside from political figures, the board of trustees includes leaders in business and industry, including Haim Saban, Robert Bass, Hanzade Doğan Boyner, Paul L. Cejas, W. Edmund Clark, Abby Joseph Cohen, Betsy Cohen, Susan Crown, Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr., Jason Cummins, Paul Desmarais Jr., Kenneth M. Duberstein, Glenn Hutchins, and Philip H. Knight (chairman emeritus of Nike, Inc).[92]","title":"Political stance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Harold G. Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_G._Moulton"},{"link_name":"Kermit Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Y. Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Y._Steiner"},{"link_name":"Michael Armacost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Armacost"},{"link_name":"Strobe Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_Talbott"},{"link_name":"John R. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Allen"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Ted Gayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Gayer"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Since its incorporation as the Brookings Institution in 1927, it has been led by accomplished academics and public servants. Brookings has had eleven presidents, including three in acting capacity.[93] The current president is Cecilia Rouse, who replaced acting President Amy Liu, who began serving in January, 2024.[94]Harold G. Moulton, 1927–1952\nRobert D. Calkins, 1952–1967\nKermit Gordon, 1967–1976\nGilbert Y. Steiner (acting), 1976–1977\nBruce K. MacLaury, 1977–1995\nMichael Armacost, 1995–2002\nStrobe Talbott, 2002–2017\nJohn R. Allen, 2017–2022[95]\nTed Gayer (acting), 2022–2022[96]\nAmy Liu (acting), 2022–2023[97]\nCecilia Rouse, 2023–present[98]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Middle East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Center for Middle East Policy","text":"In 2002, the Brookings Institution established the Center for Middle East Policy \"to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision-makers in the Middle East\".[99]","title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsinghua University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University"},{"link_name":"School of Public Policy and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Public_Policy_and_Management"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy","text":"In 2006, the Brookings Institution established the Brookings-Tsinghua Center (BTC) for Public Policy as a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC and Tsinghua University's School of Public Policy and Management in Beijing, China. The Center seeks to produce research in areas of fundamental importance for China's development and for US-China relations.[100] The BTC was directed by Qi Ye until 2019.[101]","title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_(CNO)_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mullen"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Center for Middle East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21st_Century-103"},{"link_name":"P. W. Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._W._Singer"},{"link_name":"Wired for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_for_War"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Hanlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._O%27Hanlon"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21st_Century-103"},{"link_name":"Stephen P. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Vanda Felbab-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanda_Felbab-Brown"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"21st Century Defense Initiative","text":"Adm. Michael Mullen speaks at the Brookings InstitutionThe 21st Century Defense Initiative (21CDI) is aimed at producing research, analysis, and outreach that address three core issues: the future of war, the future of U.S. defense needs and priorities, and the future of the US defense system.[102]The Initiative draws on the knowledge from regional centers, including the Center on the United States and Europe, the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, the Thornton China Center, and the Center for Middle East Policy, allowing the integration of regional knowledge.[103]P. W. Singer, author of Wired for War, serves as Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, and Michael O'Hanlon serves as Director of Research.[103] Senior Fellow Stephen P. Cohen and Vanda Felbab-Brown[104] are also affiliated with 21CDI.[105]","title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olin Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"WashU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"WashU at Brookings","text":"Under MacLaury's leadership in the 1980s, the Center for Public Policy Education (CPPE) was formed to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs. In 2005, the center was renamed the Brookings Center for Executive Education (BCEE), which was shortened to Brookings Executive Education (BEE) with the launch of a partnership with the Olin Business School at Washington University in St. Louis. The academic partnership is now known as \"WashU at Brookings\".[106]","title":"Research programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Middle East Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy"},{"link_name":"Center for Universal Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Universal_Education"},{"link_name":"Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center"}],"text":"Center for Middle East Policy\nCenter for Universal Education\nUrban-Brookings Tax Policy Center","title":"Notable centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Funders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"},{"link_name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation"},{"link_name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"David Rubenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rubenstein"},{"link_name":"State of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"John L. Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Thornton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annual_Report_2014-1"}],"sub_title":"Funding details","text":"As of 2017 the Brookings Institution had assets of $524.2 million.[1] Its largest contributors include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Hutchins Family Foundation, JPMorgan Chase, the LEGO Foundation, David Rubenstein, State of Qatar, and John L. Thornton.Funding details as of 2017:[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRevenue and support as of 2017: $117,336,000\n\n Investment return designated for operations (13.1%) Grants, contracts, and contributions (82.5%) Program services (0.3%) Brookings Press (1.5%) Facility and other revenue (2.6%)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExpenses as of 2017: $97,986,000\n\n Economic Studies (16.3%) Foreign Policy (15.6%) Global Economy and Development (12.3%) Governance Studies (7.5%) Metropolitan Policy Program (8.3%) Institutional Initiatives (9.8%) Brookings Press (2.6%) Communications (2.2%) Management and general (21.7%) Fundraising (3.7%)","title":"Funders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-107"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-109"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-107"},{"link_name":"Foreign Agent Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agent_Registration_Act"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-109"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-107"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Center for International Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy"},{"link_name":"Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Policy#Foreign_Influence_Transparency_Initiative"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Global Go-To Think Tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program#Global_Go_To_Think_Tank_Index"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"John R. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Allen"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Funding controversies","text":"A 2014 investigation by The New York Times found Brookings to be among more than a dozen Washington research groups and think tanks to have received payments from foreign governments while encouraging American government officials to support policies aligned with those foreign governments' agendas.[107] The Times published documents showing that Brookings accepted grants from Norway with specific policy requests and helped it gain access to U.S. government officials, as well as other \"deliverables\".[108][109] In June 2014, Norway agreed to make an additional $4 million donation to Brookings.[107] Several legal specialists who examined the documents told the paper that the language of the transactions \"appeared to necessitate Brookings filing as a foreign agent\" under the Foreign Agent Registration Act.[109]The Qatari government, named by The New York Times as \"the single biggest foreign donor to Brookings\", reportedly made a $14.8 million, four-year contribution in 2013. A former visiting fellow at a Brookings affiliate in Qatar reportedly said that \"he had been told during his job interview that he could not take positions critical of the Qatar government in papers\".[107] Brookings officials denied any connection between the views of their funders and their scholars' work, citing reports that questioned the Qatari government's education reform efforts and criticized its support of militants in Syria. But Brookings officials reportedly acknowledged that they meet with Qatari government officials regularly.[107]In 2018, The Washington Post reported that Brookings accepted funding from Huawei from 2012 to 2018.[110] A report by the Center for International Policy's Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative of the top 50 think tanks on the University of Pennsylvania's Global Go-To Think Tanks rating index found that between 2014 and 2018, Brookings received the third-highest amount of funding from outside the United States compared to other think tanks, with a total of more than $27 million.[111]In 2022, Brookings president John R. Allen resigned amid an FBI probe into lobbying on behalf of Qatar.[112]","title":"Funders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Henri de Sibour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Henri_de_Sibour"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The main building of the Institution was erected in 1959 on 1775 Massachusetts Avenue. In 2009, Brookings acquired a building across the street, a former mansion built by the Ingalls family in 1922 on a design by Jules Henri de Sibour.[113] This extension now houses the office of the President of the Brookings Institution.[citation needed]","title":"Buildings"}]	[{"image_text":"Founder Robert S. Brookings (1850–1932)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Robert_S._Brookings.jpg/220px-Robert_S._Brookings.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Brookings on 14 April 2010 while on a visit to the United States for the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_the_United_States_14_April_2010-10.jpeg"},{"image_text":"José María Figueres, former President of Costa Rica, speaking at Brookings Institution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Figueres_speaking_at_Brookings_Institution.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adm. Michael Mullen speaks at the Brookings Institution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Navy_070403-N-0696M-015_Chief_of_Naval_Operations_%28CNO%29_Adm._Mike_Mullen_speaks_at_the_Brookings_Institution_on_the_Navy%27s_effort_to_formulate_a_new_maritime_strategy.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of think tanks in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_think_tanks_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2017\" (PDF). Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved June 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017-annual-report.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2017\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","url_text":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA","url_text":"TIAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings\". Brookings. Retrieved May 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/","url_text":"\"Brookings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings Institution\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brookings-Institution","url_text":"\"Brookings Institution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Somers Brookings\". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121212145724/http://www.brookings.edu/about/RobertSBrookings_bio.aspx","url_text":"\"Robert Somers Brookings\""},{"url":"http://www.brookings.edu/about/RobertSBrookings_bio.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Studies\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/economics","url_text":"\"Economic Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Policy\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/foreign-policy","url_text":"\"Foreign Policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governance Studies\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/governance","url_text":"\"Governance Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Economy and Development\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/global","url_text":"\"Global Economy and Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings Metro\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved July 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/programs/brookings-metro/","url_text":"\"Brookings Metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings Doha Center\". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/doha","url_text":"\"Brookings Doha Center\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021135949/http://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/doha","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/brookings-tsinghua","url_text":"\"Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings India\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/india","url_text":"\"Brookings India\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brookings Institution transitions from foreign centers to focus on digital and global engagement\" (Press release). The Brookings Institution. September 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/news-releases/brookings-institution-transitions-from-foreign-centers-to-focus-on-digital-and-global-engagement/","url_text":"\"The Brookings Institution transitions from foreign centers to focus on digital and global engagement\""}]},{"reference":"\"TTCSP GLOBAL GO TO THINK TANK INDEX REPORTS\". University of Pennsylvania. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/","url_text":"\"TTCSP GLOBAL GO TO THINK TANK INDEX REPORTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524154528/http://repository.upenn.edu:80/think_tanks/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The New America Foundation falls into a familiar trap\". The Economist. September 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21728669-americas-think-tanks-produce-lots-fine-work-their-business-model-suspect-new","url_text":"\"The New America Foundation falls into a familiar trap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings Research\". Brookings Institution. June 25, 2003. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/Research.aspx","url_text":"\"Brookings Research\""}]},{"reference":"DeParle, Jason (June 14, 2005). \"Next Generation of Conservatives (By the Dormful)\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/14/politics/14heritage.html","url_text":"\"Next Generation of Conservatives (By the Dormful)\""}]},{"reference":"Husseini, Sam (November–December 1998). \"Brookings: The Establishment's Think Tank\". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fair.org/extra/brookings-the-establishments-think-tank/","url_text":"\"Brookings: The Establishment's Think Tank\""}]},{"reference":"Kurtzleben, Danielle (March 3, 2011). \"Think Tank Employees Tend to Support Democrats\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/03/think-tank-employees-tend-to-support-democrats","url_text":"\"Think Tank Employees Tend to Support Democrats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"Soley, Lawrence (1991). \"Brookings: Stand-In for the Left\". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR).","urls":[{"url":"http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/Brookings:-Stand-In-for-the-Left","url_text":"\"Brookings: Stand-In for the Left\""}]},{"reference":"Stein, Jeff (June 24, 2019). \"Sanders proposes canceling entire $1.6 trillion in U.S. student loan debt, escalating Democratic policy battle\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/sanders-to-propose-canceling-entire-16-trillion-in-us-student-loan-debt-escalating-democratic-policy-battle/2019/06/23/1eed053a-9561-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html","url_text":"\"Sanders proposes canceling entire $1.6 trillion in U.S. student loan debt, escalating Democratic policy battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Groseclose, Tim; Milyo, Jeffrey (November 2005). \"A Measure of Media Bias\". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 120 (4): 1191–1237. doi:10.1162/003355305775097542. S2CID 54066953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics","url_text":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355305775097542","url_text":"10.1162/003355305775097542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54066953","url_text":"54066953"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings Institution History\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. November 30, 2001. Retrieved February 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about/history","url_text":"\"Brookings Institution History\""}]},{"reference":"Willoughby, W. F. (1918). \"The Institute for Government Research\". American Political Science Review. 12 (1): 49–62. doi:10.2307/1946341. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1946341. S2CID 147043158.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400013605/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"The Institute for Government Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1946341","url_text":"10.2307/1946341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","url_text":"0003-0554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1946341","url_text":"1946341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147043158","url_text":"147043158"}]},{"reference":"\"About Brookings\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100430053631/http://www.brookings.edu/about.aspx","url_text":"\"About Brookings\""},{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/about.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Critchlow, Donald T. (1985). The Brookings Institution, 1916–1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780875801032.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/brookingsinstitu00crit","url_text":"The Brookings Institution, 1916–1952: Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875801032","url_text":"9780875801032"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookings History: The Depression\". Brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. 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Archived from the original on July 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712105446/http://www.brookings.edu/lib/agendas.htm","url_text":"\"Brookings History: Setting New Agendas\""},{"url":"http://www.brookings.edu/lib/agendas.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former U.S. Ambassador and Veteran Diplomat to Deliver Convocation\". Carleton. November 1, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.carleton.edu/media_relations/press_releases/?story_id=684273","url_text":"\"Former U.S. Ambassador and Veteran Diplomat to Deliver Convocation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centennial Scholar Initiative\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/center/centennial-scholar-initiative/","url_text":"\"Centennial Scholar Initiative\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bates Gill\". The Conversation. September 14, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy	["1 Conceptual introduction","2 History","3 Michelson interferometer","4 Measuring and processing the interferogram","5 Advantages","5.1 Resolution","6 Motivation","7 Components","7.1 IR sources","7.2 Detectors","7.3 Beam splitter","7.4 Attenuated total reflectance","7.5 Fourier transform","8 Spectral range","8.1 Far-infrared","8.2 Mid-infrared","8.3 Near-infrared","9 Applications","9.1 Nano and biological materials","9.2 Microscopy and imaging","9.3 Nanoscale and spectroscopy below the diffraction limit","9.4 FTIR as detector in chromatography","9.5 TG-IR (thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry)","9.6 Water content determination in plastics and composites","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter "FTIR" redirects here. The term may also refer to Frustrated total internal reflection. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer, which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time. The term Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy originates from the fact that a Fourier transform (a mathematical process) is required to convert the raw data into the actual spectrum. An example of an FTIR spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment Conceptual introduction This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)An FTIR interferogram. The central peak is at the ZPD position ("zero path difference" or zero retardation), where the maximal amount of light passes through the interferometer to the detector. The goal of absorption spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, ultraviolet-visible ("UV-vis") spectroscopy, etc.) is to measure how much light a sample absorbs at each wavelength. The most straightforward way to do this, the "dispersive spectroscopy" technique, is to shine a monochromatic light beam at a sample, measure how much of the light is absorbed, and repeat for each different wavelength. (This is how some UV–vis spectrometers work, for example.) Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a less intuitive way to obtain the same information. Rather than shining a monochromatic beam of light (a beam composed of only a single wavelength) at the sample, this technique shines a beam containing many frequencies of light at once and measures how much of that beam is absorbed by the sample. Next, the beam is modified to contain a different combination of frequencies, giving a second data point. This process is rapidly repeated many times over a short time span. Afterwards, a computer takes all this data and works backward to infer what the absorption is at each wavelength. The beam described above is generated by starting with a broadband light source—one containing the full spectrum of wavelengths to be measured. The light shines into a Michelson interferometer—a certain configuration of mirrors, one of which is moved by a motor. As this mirror moves, each wavelength of light in the beam is periodically blocked, transmitted, blocked, transmitted, by the interferometer, due to wave interference. Different wavelengths are modulated at different rates, so that at each moment or mirror position the beam coming out of the interferometer has a different spectrum. As mentioned, computer processing is required to turn the raw data (light absorption for each mirror position) into the desired result (light absorption for each wavelength). The processing required turns out to be a common algorithm called the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts one domain (in this case displacement of the mirror in cm) into its inverse domain (wavenumbers in cm−1). The raw data is called an "interferogram". History The first low-cost spectrophotometer capable of recording an infrared spectrum was the Perkin-Elmer Infracord produced in 1957. This instrument covered the wavelength range from 2.5 μm to 15 μm (wavenumber range 4,000 cm−1 to 660 cm−1). The lower wavelength limit was chosen to encompass the highest known vibration frequency due to a fundamental molecular vibration. The upper limit was imposed by the fact that the dispersing element was a prism made from a single crystal of rock-salt (sodium chloride), which becomes opaque at wavelengths longer than about 15 μm; this spectral region became known as the rock-salt region. Later instruments used potassium bromide prisms to extend the range to 25 μm (400 cm−1) and caesium iodide 50 μm (200 cm−1). The region beyond 50 μm (200 cm−1) became known as the far-infrared region; at very long wavelengths it merges into the microwave region. Measurements in the far infrared needed the development of accurately ruled diffraction gratings to replace the prisms as dispersing elements, since salt crystals are opaque in this region. More sensitive detectors than the bolometer were required because of the low energy of the radiation. One such was the Golay detector. An additional issue is the need to exclude atmospheric water vapour because water vapour has an intense pure rotational spectrum in this region. Far-infrared spectrophotometers were cumbersome, slow and expensive. The advantages of the Michelson interferometer were well-known, but considerable technical difficulties had to be overcome before a commercial instrument could be built. Also an electronic computer was needed to perform the required Fourier transform, and this only became practicable with the advent of minicomputers, such as the PDP-8, which became available in 1965. Digilab pioneered the world's first commercial FTIR spectrometer (Model FTS-14) in 1969. Digilab FTIRs are now a part of Agilent technologies's molecular product line after Agilent acquired spectroscopy business from Varian. Michelson interferometer This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Main article: Michelson interferometer Schematic diagram of a Michelson interferometer, configured for FTIR In a Michelson interferometer adapted for FTIR, light from the polychromatic infrared source, approximately a black-body radiator, is collimated and directed to a beam splitter. Ideally 50% of the light is refracted towards the fixed mirror and 50% is transmitted towards the moving mirror. Light is reflected from the two mirrors back to the beam splitter and some fraction of the original light passes into the sample compartment. There, the light is focused on the sample. On leaving the sample compartment the light is refocused on to the detector. The difference in optical path length between the two arms to the interferometer is known as the retardation or optical path difference (OPD). An interferogram is obtained by varying the retardation and recording the signal from the detector for various values of the retardation. The form of the interferogram when no sample is present depends on factors such as the variation of source intensity and splitter efficiency with wavelength. This results in a maximum at zero retardation, when there is constructive interference at all wavelengths, followed by series of "wiggles". The position of zero retardation is determined accurately by finding the point of maximum intensity in the interferogram. When a sample is present the background interferogram is modulated by the presence of absorption bands in the sample. Commercial spectrometers use Michelson interferometers with a variety of scanning mechanisms to generate the path difference. Common to all these arrangements is the need to ensure that the two beams recombine exactly as the system scans. The simplest systems have a plane mirror that moves linearly to vary the path of one beam. In this arrangement the moving mirror must not tilt or wobble as this would affect how the beams overlap as they recombine. Some systems incorporate a compensating mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of one mirror to maintain the alignment. Arrangements that avoid this problem include using cube corner reflectors instead of plane mirrors as these have the property of returning any incident beam in a parallel direction regardless of orientation. Interferometer schematics where the path difference is generated by a rotary motion. Systems where the path difference is generated by a rotary movement have proved very successful. One common system incorporates a pair of parallel mirrors in one beam that can be rotated to vary the path without displacing the returning beam. Another is the double pendulum design where the path in one arm of the interferometer increases as the path in the other decreases. A quite different approach involves moving a wedge of an IR-transparent material such as KBr into one of the beams. Increasing the thickness of KBr in the beam increases the optical path because the refractive index is higher than that of air. One limitation of this approach is that the variation of refractive index over the wavelength range limits the accuracy of the wavelength calibration. Measuring and processing the interferogram The interferogram has to be measured from zero path difference to a maximum length that depends on the resolution required. In practice the scan can be on either side of zero resulting in a double-sided interferogram. Mechanical design limitations may mean that for the highest resolution the scan runs to the maximum OPD on one side of zero only. The interferogram is converted to a spectrum by Fourier transformation. This requires it to be stored in digital form as a series of values at equal intervals of the path difference between the two beams. To measure the path difference a laser beam is sent through the interferometer, generating a sinusoidal signal where the separation between successive maxima is equal to the wavelength of the laser (typically a 633 nm HeNe laser is used). This can trigger an analog-to-digital converter to measure the IR signal each time the laser signal passes through zero. Alternatively, the laser and IR signals can be measured synchronously at smaller intervals with the IR signal at points corresponding to the laser signal zero crossing being determined by interpolation. This approach allows the use of analog-to-digital converters that are more accurate and precise than converters that can be triggered, resulting in lower noise. Values of the interferogram at times corresponding to zero crossings of the laser signal are found by interpolation. The result of Fourier transformation is a spectrum of the signal at a series of discrete wavelengths. The range of wavelengths that can be used in the calculation is limited by the separation of the data points in the interferogram. The shortest wavelength that can be recognized is twice the separation between these data points. For example, with one point per wavelength of a HeNe reference laser at 0.633 μm (15800 cm−1) the shortest wavelength would be 1.266 μm (7900 cm−1). Because of aliasing, any energy at shorter wavelengths would be interpreted as coming from longer wavelengths and so has to be minimized optically or electronically. The spectral resolution, i.e. the separation between wavelengths that can be distinguished, is determined by the maximum OPD. The wavelengths used in calculating the Fourier transform are such that an exact number of wavelengths fit into the length of the interferogram from zero to the maximum OPD as this makes their contributions orthogonal. This results in a spectrum with points separated by equal frequency intervals. For a maximum path difference d adjacent wavelengths λ1 and λ2 will have n and (n+1) cycles, respectively, in the interferogram. The corresponding frequencies are ν1 and ν2: d = nλ1 and d = (n+1)λ2 λ1 = d/n and λ2 =d/(n+1) ν1 = 1/λ1 and ν2 = 1/λ2 ν1 = n/d and ν2 = (n+1)/d ν2 − ν1 = 1/d The separation is the inverse of the maximum OPD. For example, a maximum OPD of 2 cm results in a separation of 0.5 cm−1. This is the spectral resolution in the sense that the value at one point is independent of the values at adjacent points. Most instruments can be operated at different resolutions by choosing different OPD's. Instruments for routine analyses typically have a best resolution of around 0.5 cm−1, while spectrometers have been built with resolutions as high as 0.001 cm−1, corresponding to a maximum OPD of 10 m. The point in the interferogram corresponding to zero path difference has to be identified, commonly by assuming it is where the maximum signal occurs. This so-called centerburst is not always symmetrical in real world spectrometers so a phase correction may have to be calculated. The interferogram signal decays as the path difference increases, the rate of decay being inversely related to the width of features in the spectrum. If the OPD is not large enough to allow the interferogram signal to decay to a negligible level there will be unwanted oscillations or sidelobes associated with the features in the resulting spectrum. To reduce these sidelobes the interferogram is usually multiplied by a function that approaches zero at the maximum OPD. This so-called apodization reduces the amplitude of any sidelobes and also the noise level at the expense some reduction in resolution. For rapid calculation the number of points in the interferogram has to equal a power of two. A string of zeroes may be added to the measured interferogram to achieve this. More zeroes may be added in a process called zero filling to improve the appearance of the final spectrum although there is no improvement in resolution. Alternatively, interpolation after the Fourier transform gives a similar result. Advantages There are three principal advantages for an FT spectrometer compared to a scanning (dispersive) spectrometer. The multiplex or Fellgett's advantage. This arises from the fact that information from all wavelengths is collected simultaneously. It results in a higher signal-to-noise ratio for a given scan-time for observations limited by a fixed detector noise contribution (typically in the thermal infrared spectral region where a photodetector is limited by generation-recombination noise). For a spectrum with m resolution elements, this increase is equal to the square root of m. Alternatively, it allows a shorter scan-time for a given resolution. In practice multiple scans are often averaged, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by the square root of the number of scans. The throughput or Jacquinot's advantage. This results from the fact that in a dispersive instrument, the monochromator has entrance and exit slits which restrict the amount of light that passes through it. The interferometer throughput is determined only by the diameter of the collimated beam coming from the source. Although no slits are needed, FTIR spectrometers do require an aperture to restrict the convergence of the collimated beam in the interferometer. This is because convergent rays are modulated at different frequencies as the path difference is varied. Such an aperture is called a Jacquinot stop. For a given resolution and wavelength this circular aperture allows more light through than a slit, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The wavelength accuracy or Connes' advantage. The wavelength scale is calibrated by a laser beam of known wavelength that passes through the interferometer. This is much more stable and accurate than in dispersive instruments where the scale depends on the mechanical movement of diffraction gratings. In practice, the accuracy is limited by the divergence of the beam in the interferometer which depends on the resolution. Another minor advantage is less sensitivity to stray light, that is radiation of one wavelength appearing at another wavelength in the spectrum. In dispersive instruments, this is the result of imperfections in the diffraction gratings and accidental reflections. In FT instruments there is no direct equivalent as the apparent wavelength is determined by the modulation frequency in the interferometer. Resolution The interferogram belongs in the length dimension. Fourier transform (FT) inverts the dimension, so the FT of the interferogram belongs in the reciprocal length dimension(), that is the dimension of wavenumber. The spectral resolution in cm−1 is equal to the reciprocal of the maximal retardation in cm. Thus a 4 cm−1 resolution will be obtained if the maximal retardation is 0.25 cm; this is typical of the cheaper FTIR instruments. Much higher resolution can be obtained by increasing the maximal retardation. This is not easy, as the moving mirror must travel in a near-perfect straight line. The use of corner-cube mirrors in place of the flat mirrors is helpful, as an outgoing ray from a corner-cube mirror is parallel to the incoming ray, regardless of the orientation of the mirror about axes perpendicular to the axis of the light beam. In 1966 Janine Connes measured the temperature of the atmosphere of Venus by recording the vibration-rotation spectrum of Venusian CO2 at 0.1 cm−1 resolution. Michelson himself attempted to resolve the hydrogen Hα emission band in the spectrum of a hydrogen atom into its two components by using his interferometer. p25 A spectrometer with 0.001 cm−1 resolution is now available commercially. The throughput advantage is important for high-resolution FTIR, as the monochromator in a dispersive instrument with the same resolution would have very narrow entrance and exit slits. Motivation FTIR is a method of measuring infrared absorption and emission spectra. For a discussion of why people measure infrared absorption and emission spectra, i.e. why and how substances absorb and emit infrared light, see the article: Infrared spectroscopy. Components FTIR setup. The sample is placed right before the detector. IR sources FTIR spectrometers are mostly used for measurements in the mid and near IR regions. For the mid-IR region, 2−25 μm (5,000–400 cm−1), the most common source is a silicon carbide (SiC) element heated to about 1,200 K (930 °C; 1,700 °F) (Globar). The output is similar to a blackbody. Shorter wavelengths of the near-IR, 1−2.5 μm (10,000–4,000 cm−1), require a higher temperature source, typically a tungsten-halogen lamp. The long wavelength output of these is limited to about 5 μm (2,000 cm−1) by the absorption of the quartz envelope. For the far-IR, especially at wavelengths beyond 50 μm (200 cm−1) a mercury discharge lamp gives higher output than a thermal source. Detectors Far-IR spectrometers commonly use pyroelectric detectors that respond to changes in temperature as the intensity of IR radiation falling on them varies. The sensitive elements in these detectors are either deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) or lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). These detectors operate at ambient temperatures and provide adequate sensitivity for most routine applications. To achieve the best sensitivity the time for a scan is typically a few seconds. Cooled photoelectric detectors are employed for situations requiring higher sensitivity or faster response. Liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors are the most widely used in the mid-IR. With these detectors an interferogram can be measured in as little as 10 milliseconds. Uncooled indium gallium arsenide photodiodes or DTGS are the usual choices in near-IR systems. Very sensitive liquid-helium-cooled silicon or germanium bolometers are used in the far-IR where both sources and beamsplitters are inefficient. Beam splitter Simple interferometer with a beam-splitter and compensator plate An ideal beam-splitter transmits and reflects 50% of the incident radiation. However, as any material has a limited range of optical transmittance, several beam-splitters may be used interchangeably to cover a wide spectral range. For the mid-IR region the beamsplitter is usually made of KBr with a germanium-based coating that makes it semi-reflective. KBr absorbs strongly at wavelengths beyond 25 μm (400 cm−1) so CsI or KRS-5 are sometimes used to extend the range to about 50 μm (200 cm−1). ZnSe is an alternative where moisture vapor can be a problem but is limited to about 20μm (500 cm−1). CaF2 is the usual material for the near-IR, being both harder and less sensitive to moisture than KBr but cannot be used beyond about 8 μm (1,200 cm−1). In a simple Michelson interferometer one beam passes twice through the beamsplitter but the other passes through only once. To correct for this an additional compensator plate of equal thickness is incorporated. Far-IR beamsplitters are mostly based on polymer films and cover a limited wavelength range. Attenuated total reflectance Main article: Attenuated total reflectance Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) is one accessory of FTIR spectrophotometer to measure surface properties of solid or thin film samples rather than their bulk properties. Generally, ATR has a penetration depth of around 1 or 2 micrometers depending on sample conditions. Fourier transform The interferogram in practice consists of a set of intensities measured for discrete values of retardation. The difference between successive retardation values is constant. Thus, a discrete Fourier transform is needed. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used. Spectral range Far-infrared The first FTIR spectrometers were developed for far-infrared range. The reason for this has to do with the mechanical tolerance needed for good optical performance, which is related to the wavelength of the light being used. For the relatively long wavelengths of the far infrared, ~10 μm tolerances are adequate, whereas for the rock-salt region tolerances have to be better than 1 μm. A typical instrument was the cube interferometer developed at the NPL and marketed by Grubb Parsons. It used a stepper motor to drive the moving mirror, recording the detector response after each step was completed. Mid-infrared With the advent of cheap microcomputers it became possible to have a computer dedicated to controlling the spectrometer, collecting the data, doing the Fourier transform and presenting the spectrum. This provided the impetus for the development of FTIR spectrometers for the rock-salt region. The problems of manufacturing ultra-high precision optical and mechanical components had to be solved. A wide range of instruments are now available commercially. Although instrument design has become more sophisticated, the basic principles remain the same. Nowadays, the moving mirror of the interferometer moves at a constant velocity, and sampling of the interferogram is triggered by finding zero-crossings in the fringes of a secondary interferometer lit by a helium–neon laser. In modern FTIR systems the constant mirror velocity is not strictly required, as long as the laser fringes and the original interferogram are recorded simultaneously with higher sampling rate and then re-interpolated on a constant grid, as pioneered by James W. Brault. This confers very high wavenumber accuracy on the resulting infrared spectrum and avoids wavenumber calibration errors. Near-infrared Main article: Near-infrared spectroscopy The near-infrared region spans the wavelength range between the rock-salt region and the start of the visible region at about 750 nm. Overtones of fundamental vibrations can be observed in this region. It is used mainly in industrial applications such as process control and chemical imaging. Applications FTIR can be used in all applications where a dispersive spectrometer was used in the past (see external links). In addition, the improved sensitivity and speed have opened up new areas of application. Spectra can be measured in situations where very little energy reaches the detector aaurier transform infrared spectroscopy is used in geology, chemistry, materials, botany and biology research fields. Nano and biological materials FTIR is also used to investigate various nanomaterials and proteins in hydrophobic membrane environments. Studies show the ability of FTIR to directly determine the polarity at a given site along the backbone of a transmembrane protein. The bond features involved with various organic and inorganic nanomaterials and their quantitative analysis can be done with the help of FTIR. Microscopy and imaging An infrared microscope allows samples to be observed and spectra measured from regions as small as 5 microns across. Images can be generated by combining a microscope with linear or 2-D array detectors. The spatial resolution can approach 5 microns with tens of thousands of pixels. The images contain a spectrum for each pixel and can be viewed as maps showing the intensity at any wavelength or combination of wavelengths. This allows the distribution of different chemical species within the sample to be seen. This technique has been applied in various biological applications including the analysis of tissue sections as an alternative to conventional histopathology, examining the homogeneity of pharmaceutical tablets, and for differentiating morphologically-similar pollen grains. Nanoscale and spectroscopy below the diffraction limit The spatial resolution of FTIR can be further improved below the micrometer scale by integrating it into scanning near-field optical microscopy platform. The corresponding technique is called nano-FTIR and allows for performing broadband spectroscopy on materials in ultra-small quantities (single viruses and protein complexes) and with 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution. FTIR as detector in chromatography The speed of FTIR allows spectra to be obtained from compounds as they are separated by a gas chromatograph. However this technique is little used compared to GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) which is more sensitive. The GC-IR method is particularly useful for identifying isomers, which by their nature have identical masses. Liquid chromatography fractions are more difficult because of the solvent present. One notable exception is to measure chain branching as a function of molecular size in polyethylene using gel permeation chromatography, which is possible using chlorinated solvents that have no absorption in the area in question. TG-IR (thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry) Measuring the gas evolved as a material is heated allows qualitative identification of the species to complement the purely quantitative information provided by measuring the weight loss. Water content determination in plastics and composites FTIR analysis is used to determine water content in fairly thin plastic and composite parts, more commonly in the laboratory setting. Such FTIR methods have long been used for plastics, and became extended for composite materials in 2018, when the method was introduced by Krauklis, Gagani and Echtermeyer. FTIR method uses the maxima of the absorbance band at about 5,200 cm−1 which correlates with the true water content in the material. See also Discrete Fourier transform – Type of Fourier transform in discrete mathematics − for computing periodicity in evenly spaced data Fourier transform – Mathematical transform that expresses a function of time as a function of frequency Fourier-transform spectroscopy – Spectroscopy based on time- or space-domain data Least-squares spectral analysis – Periodicity computation method − for computing periodicity in unevenly spaced data References ^ a b c d e Griffiths, P.; de Hasseth, J. A. (18 May 2007). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-471-19404-0. ^ a b c d e Krishnan, Kannan M. (2021). Principles of materials characterization and metrology (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 173–178. ISBN 978-0-19-883025-2. ^ "The Infracord double-beam spectrophotometer". Clinical Science. 16 (2). 1957. ^ "Agilent Technologies to acquire Varian, Inc. for $1.5 Billion". Agilent. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013. ^ "Agilent Technologies completes acquisition of Varian, Inc., marking historic milestone for two Silicon Valley pioneers". Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2023-11-04. ^ Brault, James W. (1996). "New Approach to high-precision Fourier-transform spectrometer design". Applied Optics. 35 (16): 2891–2896. Bibcode:1996ApOpt..35.2891B. doi:10.1364/AO.35.002891. PMID 21085438. ^ Connes, J.; Connes, P. (1966). "Near-Infrared Planetary Spectra by Fourier Spectroscopy. I. Instruments and Results". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 56 (7): 896–910. doi:10.1364/JOSA.56.000896. ^ Smith, D.R.; Morgan, R.L.; Loewenstein, E.V. (1968). "Comparison of the Radiance of Far-Infrared Sources". J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58 (3): 433–434. doi:10.1364/JOSA.58.000433. ^ Griffiths, P.R.; Holmes, C (2002). Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol 1. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. ^ Chamberain, J.; Gibbs, J.E.; Gebbie, H.E. (1969). "The determination of refractive index spectra by fourier spectrometry". Infrared Physics. 9 (4): 189–209. Bibcode:1969InfPh...9..185C. doi:10.1016/0020-0891(69)90023-2. ^ Singh, Iqbal (2008-09-01). "Renal geology (quantitative renal stone analysis) by 'Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy'". International Urology and Nephrology. 40 (3): 595–602. doi:10.1007/s11255-007-9327-2. ISSN 1573-2584. PMID 18228157. S2CID 2249696. ^ Tsagkaris, A. S.; Bechynska, K.; Ntakoulas, D. D.; Pasias, I. N.; Weller, P.; Proestos, C.; Hajslova, J. (2023-06-01). "Investigating the impact of spectral data pre-processing to assess honey botanical origin through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 119: 105276. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105276. ISSN 0889-1575. S2CID 257530876. ^ Baker, Matthew J.; Trevisan, Júlio; Bassan, Paul; Bhargava, Rohit; Butler, Holly J.; Dorling, Konrad M.; Fielden, Peter R.; Fogarty, Simon W.; Fullwood, Nigel J.; Heys, Kelly A.; Hughes, Caryn; Lasch, Peter; Martin-Hirsch, Pierre L.; Obinaju, Blessing; Sockalingum, Ganesh D. (2014). "Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials". Nature Protocols. 9 (8): 1771–1791. doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.110. ISSN 1750-2799. PMC 4480339. PMID 24992094. ^ Manor, Joshua; Feldblum, Esther S.; Arkin, Isaiah T. (2012). "Environment Polarity in Proteins Mapped Noninvasively by FTIR Spectroscopy". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 3 (7): 939–944. doi:10.1021/jz300150v. PMC 3341589. PMID 22563521. ^ Brielle, Esther S.; Arkin, Isaiah T. (2018). "Site-Specific Hydrogen Exchange in a Membrane Environment Analyzed by Infrared Spectroscopy". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 9 (14): 4059–4065. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01675. PMID 29957958. S2CID 49621115. ^ "Structural, functional and magnetic ordering modifications in graphene oxide and graphite by 100 MeV gold ion irradiation". Vacuum. 182: 109700. 2020-12-01. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109700 ^ Deepty, M., Ch Srinivas, E. Ranjith Kumar, N. Krisha Mohan, C. L. Prajapat, TV Chandrasekhar Rao, Sher Singh Meena, Amit Kumar Verma, and D. L. Sastry. "XRD, EDX, FTIR and ESR spectroscopic studies of co-precipitated Mn–substituted Zn–ferrite nanoparticles." Ceramics International 45, no. 6 (2019): 8037-8044.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.01.029 ^ Scoble, Laura; Ussher, Simon J.; Fitzsimons, Mark F.; Ansell, Lauren; Craven, Matthew; Fyfe, Ralph M. (2024-02-01). "Optimisation of classification methods to differentiate morphologically-similar pollen grains from FT-IR spectra". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 321: 105041. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.105041. ISSN 0034-6667. ^ Amenabar, Iban; Poly, Simon; Nuansing, Wiwat; Hubrich, Elmar H.; Govyadinov, Alexander A.; Huth, Florian; Krutokhvostov, Roman; Zhang, Lianbing; Knez, Mato (2013-12-04). "Structural analysis and mapping of individual protein complexes by infrared nanospectroscopy". Nature Communications. 4: 2890. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2890A. doi:10.1038/ncomms3890. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3863900. PMID 24301518. ^ Krauklis, A. E.; Gagani, A. I.; Echtermeyer, A. T. (2018). "Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Monitoring Water Content in Epoxy Resins and Fiber-Reinforced Composites". Materials. 11 (4): 586–599. Bibcode:2018Mate...11..586.. doi:10.3390/ma11040586. PMC 5951470. PMID 29641451. External links Infracord spectrometer photograph The Grubb-Parsons-NPL cube interferometer Spectroscopy, part 2 by Dudley Williams, page 81 Infrared materials Properties of many salt crystals and useful links. University FTIR lab example from the University of Bristol vteSpectroscopyVibrational (IR) FT-IR Raman Resonance Raman Rotational Rotational–vibrational Vibrational Vibrational circular dichroism Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules Thermal infrared spectroscopy UV–Vis–NIR "Optical" Ultraviolet–visible Fluorescence Cold vapour atomic Vibronic Near-infrared Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) Raman Coherent anti-Stokes Raman optical activity Laser-induced breakdown Atomic emission Glow-discharge optical absorption Cavity ring-down spectroscopy Saturated absorption spectroscopy X-ray and Gamma ray X-ray Energy-dispersive Emission Extended X-ray absorption fine structure Gamma Mössbauer Conversion electron Electron Photoelectron/photoemission X-ray UV Angle-resolved Two-photon Auger phenomenological paramagnetic Beta spectroscopy Nucleon Alpha Inelastic neutron scattering Neutron spin echo Radiowave NMR 2D Terahertz ESR/EPR Ferromagnetic resonance OthersData collection, processing Fourier-transform spectroscopy Hyperspectral imaging Spectrophotometry Time-stretch Time-resolved spectroscopy Video spectroscopy Measured phenomena Acoustic resonance spectroscopy Circular dichroism spectroscopy Deep-level transient spectroscopy Dual-polarization interferometry Hadron spectroscopy Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Photoacoustic spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Pump–probe spectroscopy Applications Astronomical spectroscopy Force spectroscopy (a misnomer) Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frustrated total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustrated_total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths-1"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)"},{"link_name":"emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)"},{"link_name":"dispersive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"spectrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FTIR_Spectrometer_%2B_ATR.jpg"},{"link_name":"attenuated total reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_total_reflectance"}],"text":"\"FTIR\" redirects here. The term may also refer to Frustrated total internal reflection.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)[1] is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer, which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time.The term Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy originates from the fact that a Fourier transform (a mathematical process) is required to convert the raw data into the actual spectrum.An example of an FTIR spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment","title":"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FTIR-interferogram.svg"},{"link_name":"interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_interferometer"},{"link_name":"absorption spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet-visible (\"UV-vis\") spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"monochromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic"},{"link_name":"UV–vis spectrometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"monochromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Michelson interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_interferometer"},{"link_name":"wave interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"}],"text":"An FTIR interferogram. The central peak is at the ZPD position (\"zero path difference\" or zero retardation), where the maximal amount of light passes through the interferometer to the detector.The goal of absorption spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, ultraviolet-visible (\"UV-vis\") spectroscopy, etc.) is to measure how much light a sample absorbs at each wavelength.[2] The most straightforward way to do this, the \"dispersive spectroscopy\" technique, is to shine a monochromatic light beam at a sample, measure how much of the light is absorbed, and repeat for each different wavelength. (This is how some UV–vis spectrometers work, for example.)Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a less intuitive way to obtain the same information. Rather than shining a monochromatic beam of light (a beam composed of only a single wavelength) at the sample, this technique shines a beam containing many frequencies of light at once and measures how much of that beam is absorbed by the sample. Next, the beam is modified to contain a different combination of frequencies, giving a second data point. This process is rapidly repeated many times over a short time span. Afterwards, a computer takes all this data and works backward to infer what the absorption is at each wavelength.[2]The beam described above is generated by starting with a broadband light source—one containing the full spectrum of wavelengths to be measured. The light shines into a Michelson interferometer—a certain configuration of mirrors, one of which is moved by a motor. As this mirror moves, each wavelength of light in the beam is periodically blocked, transmitted, blocked, transmitted, by the interferometer, due to wave interference. Different wavelengths are modulated at different rates, so that at each moment or mirror position the beam coming out of the interferometer has a different spectrum.[2]As mentioned, computer processing is required to turn the raw data (light absorption for each mirror position) into the desired result (light absorption for each wavelength).[2] The processing required turns out to be a common algorithm called the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts one domain (in this case displacement of the mirror in cm) into its inverse domain (wavenumbers in cm−1). The raw data is called an \"interferogram\".","title":"Conceptual introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectrophotometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometer"},{"link_name":"infrared spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Perkin-Elmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin-Elmer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"},{"link_name":"molecular vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_vibration"},{"link_name":"dispersing element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive_prism"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"potassium bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide"},{"link_name":"caesium iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_iodide"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"diffraction gratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating"},{"link_name":"bolometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer"},{"link_name":"Golay detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golay_detector"},{"link_name":"water vapour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapour"},{"link_name":"rotational spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Michelson interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_interferometer"},{"link_name":"minicomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"PDP-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths-1"},{"link_name":"Varian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agilent2010-5"}],"text":"The first low-cost spectrophotometer capable of recording an infrared spectrum was the Perkin-Elmer Infracord produced in 1957.[3] This instrument covered the wavelength range from 2.5 μm to 15 μm (wavenumber range 4,000 cm−1 to 660 cm−1). The lower wavelength limit was chosen to encompass the highest known vibration frequency due to a fundamental molecular vibration. The upper limit was imposed by the fact that the dispersing element was a prism made from a single crystal of rock-salt (sodium chloride), which becomes opaque at wavelengths longer than about 15 μm; this spectral region became known as the rock-salt region. Later instruments used potassium bromide prisms to extend the range to 25 μm (400 cm−1) and caesium iodide 50 μm (200 cm−1). The region beyond 50 μm (200 cm−1) became known as the far-infrared region; at very long wavelengths it merges into the microwave region. Measurements in the far infrared needed the development of accurately ruled diffraction gratings to replace the prisms as dispersing elements, since salt crystals are opaque in this region. More sensitive detectors than the bolometer were required because of the low energy of the radiation. One such was the Golay detector. An additional issue is the need to exclude atmospheric water vapour because water vapour has an intense pure rotational spectrum in this region. Far-infrared spectrophotometers were cumbersome, slow and expensive. The advantages of the Michelson interferometer were well-known, but considerable technical difficulties had to be overcome before a commercial instrument could be built. Also an electronic computer was needed to perform the required Fourier transform, and this only became practicable with the advent of minicomputers, such as the PDP-8, which became available in 1965. Digilab pioneered the world's first commercial FTIR spectrometer (Model FTS-14) in 1969.[1] Digilab FTIRs are now a part of Agilent technologies's molecular product line after Agilent acquired spectroscopy business from Varian.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FTIR_Interferometer.png"},{"link_name":"Michelson interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson_interferometer"},{"link_name":"black-body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body"},{"link_name":"collimated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated"},{"link_name":"beam splitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_splitter"},{"link_name":"retardation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retardation"},{"link_name":"constructive interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_interference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interferometer_schematics.jpg"},{"link_name":"KBr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide"}],"text":"Schematic diagram of a Michelson interferometer, configured for FTIRIn a Michelson interferometer adapted for FTIR, light from the polychromatic infrared source, approximately a black-body radiator, is collimated and directed to a beam splitter. Ideally 50% of the light is refracted towards the fixed mirror and 50% is transmitted towards the moving mirror. Light is reflected from the two mirrors back to the beam splitter and some fraction of the original light passes into the sample compartment. There, the light is focused on the sample. On leaving the sample compartment the light is refocused on to the detector. The difference in optical path length between the two arms to the interferometer is known as the retardation or optical path difference (OPD). An interferogram is obtained by varying the retardation and recording the signal from the detector for various values of the retardation. The form of the interferogram when no sample is present depends on factors such as the variation of source intensity and splitter efficiency with wavelength. This results in a maximum at zero retardation, when there is constructive interference at all wavelengths, followed by series of \"wiggles\". The position of zero retardation is determined accurately by finding the point of maximum intensity in the interferogram. When a sample is present the background interferogram is modulated by the presence of absorption bands in the sample.[2]Commercial spectrometers use Michelson interferometers with a variety of scanning mechanisms to generate the path difference. Common to all these arrangements is the need to ensure that the two beams recombine exactly as the system scans. The simplest systems have a plane mirror that moves linearly to vary the path of one beam. In this arrangement the moving mirror must not tilt or wobble as this would affect how the beams overlap as they recombine. Some systems incorporate a compensating mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of one mirror to maintain the alignment. Arrangements that avoid this problem include using cube corner reflectors instead of plane mirrors as these have the property of returning any incident beam in a parallel direction regardless of orientation.Interferometer schematics where the path difference is generated by a rotary motion.Systems where the path difference is generated by a rotary movement have proved very successful. One common system incorporates a pair of parallel mirrors in one beam that can be rotated to vary the path without displacing the returning beam. Another is the double pendulum design where the path in one arm of the interferometer increases as the path in the other decreases.A quite different approach involves moving a wedge of an IR-transparent material such as KBr into one of the beams. Increasing the thickness of KBr in the beam increases the optical path because the refractive index is higher than that of air. One limitation of this approach is that the variation of refractive index over the wavelength range limits the accuracy of the wavelength calibration.","title":"Michelson interferometer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HeNe laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digitisation_of_the_interferogram.png"},{"link_name":"aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing"},{"link_name":"apodization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodization"},{"link_name":"rapid calculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The interferogram has to be measured from zero path difference to a maximum length that depends on the resolution required. In practice the scan can be on either side of zero resulting in a double-sided interferogram. Mechanical design limitations may mean that for the highest resolution the scan runs to the maximum OPD on one side of zero only.The interferogram is converted to a spectrum by Fourier transformation. This requires it to be stored in digital form as a series of values at equal intervals of the path difference between the two beams. To measure the path difference a laser beam is sent through the interferometer, generating a sinusoidal signal where the separation between successive maxima is equal to the wavelength of the laser (typically a 633 nm HeNe laser is used). This can trigger an analog-to-digital converter to measure the IR signal each time the laser signal passes through zero. Alternatively, the laser and IR signals can be measured synchronously at smaller intervals with the IR signal at points corresponding to the laser signal zero crossing being determined by interpolation.[6] This approach allows the use of analog-to-digital converters that are more accurate and precise than converters that can be triggered, resulting in lower noise.Values of the interferogram at times corresponding to zero crossings of the laser signal are found by interpolation.The result of Fourier transformation is a spectrum of the signal at a series of discrete wavelengths. The range of wavelengths that can be used in the calculation is limited by the separation of the data points in the interferogram. The shortest wavelength that can be recognized is twice the separation between these data points. For example, with one point per wavelength of a HeNe reference laser at 0.633 μm (15800 cm−1) the shortest wavelength would be 1.266 μm (7900 cm−1). Because of aliasing, any energy at shorter wavelengths would be interpreted as coming from longer wavelengths and so has to be minimized optically or electronically. The spectral resolution, i.e. the separation between wavelengths that can be distinguished, is determined by the maximum OPD. The wavelengths used in calculating the Fourier transform are such that an exact number of wavelengths fit into the length of the interferogram from zero to the maximum OPD as this makes their contributions orthogonal. This results in a spectrum with points separated by equal frequency intervals.For a maximum path difference d adjacent wavelengths λ1 and λ2 will have n and (n+1) cycles, respectively, in the interferogram. The corresponding frequencies are ν1 and ν2:d = nλ1\nand d = (n+1)λ2\n\n\nλ1 = d/n\nand λ2 =d/(n+1)\n\n\nν1 = 1/λ1\nand ν2 = 1/λ2\n\n\nν1 = n/d\nand ν2 = (n+1)/d\n\n\nν2 − ν1 = 1/dThe separation is the inverse of the maximum OPD. For example, a maximum OPD of 2 cm results in a separation of 0.5 cm−1. This is the spectral resolution in the sense that the value at one point is independent of the values at adjacent points. Most instruments can be operated at different resolutions by choosing different OPD's. Instruments for routine analyses typically have a best resolution of around 0.5 cm−1, while spectrometers have been built with resolutions as high as 0.001 cm−1, corresponding to a maximum OPD of 10 m. The point in the interferogram corresponding to zero path difference has to be identified, commonly by assuming it is where the maximum signal occurs. This so-called centerburst is not always symmetrical in real world spectrometers so a phase correction may have to be calculated. The interferogram signal decays as the path difference increases, the rate of decay being inversely related to the width of features in the spectrum. If the OPD is not large enough to allow the interferogram signal to decay to a negligible level there will be unwanted oscillations or sidelobes associated with the features in the resulting spectrum. To reduce these sidelobes the interferogram is usually multiplied by a function that approaches zero at the maximum OPD. This so-called apodization reduces the amplitude of any sidelobes and also the noise level at the expense some reduction in resolution.For rapid calculation the number of points in the interferogram has to equal a power of two. A string of zeroes may be added to the measured interferogram to achieve this. More zeroes may be added in a process called zero filling to improve the appearance of the final spectrum although there is no improvement in resolution. Alternatively, interpolation after the Fourier transform gives a similar result.[citation needed]","title":"Measuring and processing the interferogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths-1"},{"link_name":"Fellgett's advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellgett%27s_advantage"},{"link_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"photodetector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodetector"},{"link_name":"generation-recombination noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation-recombination_noise"},{"link_name":"monochromator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths-1"}],"text":"There are three principal advantages for an FT spectrometer compared to a scanning (dispersive) spectrometer.[1]The multiplex or Fellgett's advantage. This arises from the fact that information from all wavelengths is collected simultaneously. It results in a higher signal-to-noise ratio for a given scan-time for observations limited by a fixed detector noise contribution (typically in the thermal infrared spectral region where a photodetector is limited by generation-recombination noise). For a spectrum with m resolution elements, this increase is equal to the square root of m. Alternatively, it allows a shorter scan-time for a given resolution. In practice multiple scans are often averaged, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by the square root of the number of scans.\nThe throughput or Jacquinot's advantage. This results from the fact that in a dispersive instrument, the monochromator has entrance and exit slits which restrict the amount of light that passes through it. The interferometer throughput is determined only by the diameter of the collimated beam coming from the source. Although no slits are needed, FTIR spectrometers do require an aperture to restrict the convergence of the collimated beam in the interferometer. This is because convergent rays are modulated at different frequencies as the path difference is varied. Such an aperture is called a Jacquinot stop.[1] For a given resolution and wavelength this circular aperture allows more light through than a slit, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio.\nThe wavelength accuracy or Connes' advantage. The wavelength scale is calibrated by a laser beam of known wavelength that passes through the interferometer. This is much more stable and accurate than in dispersive instruments where the scale depends on the mechanical movement of diffraction gratings. In practice, the accuracy is limited by the divergence of the beam in the interferometer which depends on the resolution.Another minor advantage is less sensitivity to stray light, that is radiation of one wavelength appearing at another wavelength in the spectrum. In dispersive instruments, this is the result of imperfections in the diffraction gratings and accidental reflections. In FT instruments there is no direct equivalent as the apparent wavelength is determined by the modulation frequency in the interferometer.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"},{"link_name":"spectral resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_resolution"},{"link_name":"corner-cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_reflector"},{"link_name":"Janine Connes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Connes"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"vibration-rotation spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovibrational_coupling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson"},{"link_name":"Hα emission band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-alpha"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths-1"},{"link_name":"entrance and exit slits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromator#Czerny-Turner_monochromator"}],"sub_title":"Resolution","text":"The interferogram belongs in the length dimension. Fourier transform (FT) inverts the dimension, so the FT of the interferogram belongs in the reciprocal length dimension([L−1]), that is the dimension of wavenumber. The spectral resolution in cm−1 is equal to the reciprocal of the maximal retardation in cm. Thus a 4 cm−1 resolution will be obtained if the maximal retardation is 0.25 cm; this is typical of the cheaper FTIR instruments. Much higher resolution can be obtained by increasing the maximal retardation. This is not easy, as the moving mirror must travel in a near-perfect straight line. The use of corner-cube mirrors in place of the flat mirrors is helpful, as an outgoing ray from a corner-cube mirror is parallel to the incoming ray, regardless of the orientation of the mirror about axes perpendicular to the axis of the light beam. In 1966 Janine Connes measured the temperature of the atmosphere of Venus by recording the vibration-rotation spectrum of Venusian CO2 at 0.1 cm−1 resolution.[7] Michelson himself attempted to resolve the hydrogen Hα emission band in the spectrum of a hydrogen atom into its two components by using his interferometer.[1] p25 A spectrometer with 0.001 cm−1 resolution is now available commercially. The throughput advantage is important for high-resolution FTIR, as the monochromator in a dispersive instrument with the same resolution would have very narrow entrance and exit slits.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"}],"text":"FTIR is a method of measuring infrared absorption and emission spectra. For a discussion of why people measure infrared absorption and emission spectra, i.e. why and how substances absorb and emit infrared light, see the article: Infrared spectroscopy.","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fourier_transform_spectrometer.png"}],"text":"FTIR setup. The sample is placed right before the detector.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silicon carbide (SiC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide"},{"link_name":"Globar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"IR sources","text":"FTIR spectrometers are mostly used for measurements in the mid and near IR regions. For the mid-IR region, 2−25 μm (5,000–400 cm−1), the most common source is a silicon carbide (SiC) element heated to about 1,200 K (930 °C; 1,700 °F) (Globar). The output is similar to a blackbody. Shorter wavelengths of the near-IR, 1−2.5 μm (10,000–4,000 cm−1), require a higher temperature source, typically a tungsten-halogen lamp. The long wavelength output of these is limited to about 5 μm (2,000 cm−1) by the absorption of the quartz envelope. For the far-IR, especially at wavelengths beyond 50 μm (200 cm−1) a mercury discharge lamp gives higher output than a thermal source.[8]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyroelectric detectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectric_detector"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Detectors","text":"Far-IR spectrometers commonly use pyroelectric detectors that respond to changes in temperature as the intensity of IR radiation falling on them varies. The sensitive elements in these detectors are either deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) or lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). These detectors operate at ambient temperatures and provide adequate sensitivity for most routine applications. To achieve the best sensitivity the time for a scan is typically a few seconds. Cooled photoelectric detectors are employed for situations requiring higher sensitivity or faster response. Liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors are the most widely used in the mid-IR. With these detectors an interferogram can be measured in as little as 10 milliseconds. Uncooled indium gallium arsenide photodiodes or DTGS are the usual choices in near-IR systems. Very sensitive liquid-helium-cooled silicon or germanium bolometers are used in the far-IR where both sources and beamsplitters are inefficient.[citation needed]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beam-splitter.png"},{"link_name":"CsI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_iodide"},{"link_name":"KRS-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium_halides"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffiths2-9"}],"sub_title":"Beam splitter","text":"Simple interferometer with a beam-splitter and compensator plateAn ideal beam-splitter transmits and reflects 50% of the incident radiation. However, as any material has a limited range of optical transmittance, several beam-splitters may be used interchangeably to cover a wide spectral range. For the mid-IR region the beamsplitter is usually made of KBr with a germanium-based coating that makes it semi-reflective. KBr absorbs strongly at wavelengths beyond 25 μm (400 cm−1) so CsI or KRS-5 are sometimes used to extend the range to about 50 μm (200 cm−1). ZnSe is an alternative where moisture vapor can be a problem but is limited to about 20μm (500 cm−1). CaF2 is the usual material for the near-IR, being both harder and less sensitive to moisture than KBr but cannot be used beyond about 8 μm (1,200 cm−1). In a simple Michelson interferometer one beam passes twice through the beamsplitter but the other passes through only once. To correct for this an additional compensator plate of equal thickness is incorporated. Far-IR beamsplitters are mostly based on polymer films and cover a limited wavelength range.[9]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attenuated total reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_total_reflectance"}],"sub_title":"Attenuated total reflectance","text":"Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) is one accessory of FTIR spectrophotometer to measure surface properties of solid or thin film samples rather than their bulk properties. Generally, ATR has a penetration depth of around 1 or 2 micrometers depending on sample conditions.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discrete Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"fast Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform"}],"sub_title":"Fourier transform","text":"The interferogram in practice consists of a set of intensities measured for discrete values of retardation. The difference between successive retardation values is constant. Thus, a discrete Fourier transform is needed. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spectral range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grubb Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grubb_Parsons"}],"sub_title":"Far-infrared","text":"The first FTIR spectrometers were developed for far-infrared range. The reason for this has to do with the mechanical tolerance needed for good optical performance, which is related to the wavelength of the light being used. For the relatively long wavelengths of the far infrared, ~10 μm tolerances are adequate, whereas for the rock-salt region tolerances have to be better than 1 μm. A typical instrument was the cube interferometer developed at the NPL[10] and marketed by Grubb Parsons. It used a stepper motor to drive the moving mirror, recording the detector response after each step was completed.","title":"Spectral range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microcomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer"},{"link_name":"helium–neon laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser"},{"link_name":"James W. Brault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Brault"},{"link_name":"calibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration"}],"sub_title":"Mid-infrared","text":"With the advent of cheap microcomputers it became possible to have a computer dedicated to controlling the spectrometer, collecting the data, doing the Fourier transform and presenting the spectrum. This provided the impetus for the development of FTIR spectrometers for the rock-salt region. The problems of manufacturing ultra-high precision optical and mechanical components had to be solved. A wide range of instruments are now available commercially. Although instrument design has become more sophisticated, the basic principles remain the same. Nowadays, the moving mirror of the interferometer moves at a constant velocity, and sampling of the interferogram is triggered by finding zero-crossings in the fringes of a secondary interferometer lit by a helium–neon laser. In modern FTIR systems the constant mirror velocity is not strictly required, as long as the laser fringes and the original interferogram are recorded simultaneously with higher sampling rate and then re-interpolated on a constant grid, as pioneered by James W. Brault. This confers very high wavenumber accuracy on the resulting infrared spectrum and avoids wavenumber calibration errors.","title":"Spectral range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Overtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtones"},{"link_name":"process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control"},{"link_name":"chemical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imaging"}],"sub_title":"Near-infrared","text":"The near-infrared region spans the wavelength range between the rock-salt region and the start of the visible region at about 750 nm. Overtones of fundamental vibrations can be observed in this region. It is used mainly in industrial applications such as process control and chemical imaging.","title":"Spectral range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_applications_of_Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"FTIR can be used in all applications where a dispersive spectrometer was used in the past (see external links). In addition, the improved sensitivity and speed have opened up new areas of application. Spectra can be measured in situations where very little energy reaches the detector aaurier transform infrared spectroscopy is used in geology,[11] chemistry, materials, botany[12] and biology research fields.[13]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nanomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Nano and biological materials","text":"FTIR is also used to investigate various nanomaterials and proteins in hydrophobic membrane environments. Studies show the ability of FTIR to directly determine the polarity at a given site along the backbone of a transmembrane protein.[14][15] The bond features involved with various organic and inorganic nanomaterials and their quantitative analysis can be done with the help of FTIR.[16][17]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_type)"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixels"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"histopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Microscopy and imaging","text":"An infrared microscope allows samples to be observed and spectra measured from regions as small as 5 microns across. Images can be generated by combining a microscope with linear or 2-D array detectors. The spatial resolution can approach 5 microns with tens of thousands of pixels. The images contain a spectrum for each pixel and can be viewed as maps showing the intensity at any wavelength or combination of wavelengths. This allows the distribution of different chemical species within the sample to be seen[citation needed]. This technique has been applied in various biological applications including the analysis of tissue sections as an alternative to conventional histopathology,[citation needed] examining the homogeneity of pharmaceutical tablets[citation needed], and for differentiating morphologically-similar pollen grains.[18]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scanning near-field optical microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope"},{"link_name":"nano-FTIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-FTIR"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Nanoscale and spectroscopy below the diffraction limit","text":"The spatial resolution of FTIR can be further improved below the micrometer scale by integrating it into scanning near-field optical microscopy platform. The corresponding technique is called nano-FTIR and allows for performing broadband spectroscopy on materials in ultra-small quantities (single viruses and protein complexes) and with 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution.[19]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gel permeation chromatography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatography"}],"sub_title":"FTIR as detector in chromatography","text":"The speed of FTIR allows spectra to be obtained from compounds as they are separated by a gas chromatograph. However this technique is little used compared to GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) which is more sensitive. The GC-IR method is particularly useful for identifying isomers, which by their nature have identical masses. Liquid chromatography fractions are more difficult because of the solvent present. One notable exception is to measure chain branching as a function of molecular size in polyethylene using gel permeation chromatography, which is possible using chlorinated solvents that have no absorption in the area in question.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TG-IR (thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry)","text":"Measuring the gas evolved as a material is heated allows qualitative identification of the species to complement the purely quantitative information provided by measuring the weight loss.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Water content determination in plastics and composites","text":"FTIR analysis is used to determine water content in fairly thin plastic and composite parts, more commonly in the laboratory setting. Such FTIR methods have long been used for plastics, and became extended for composite materials in 2018, when the method was introduced by Krauklis, Gagani and Echtermeyer.[20] FTIR method uses the maxima of the absorbance band at about 5,200 cm−1 which correlates with the true water content in the material.","title":"Applications"}]	[{"image_text":"An example of an FTIR spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FTIR_Spectrometer_%2B_ATR.jpg/220px-FTIR_Spectrometer_%2B_ATR.jpg"},{"image_text":"An FTIR interferogram. The central peak is at the ZPD position (\"zero path difference\" or zero retardation), where the maximal amount of light passes through the interferometer to the detector.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FTIR-interferogram.svg/220px-FTIR-interferogram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Schematic diagram of a Michelson interferometer, configured for FTIR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FTIR_Interferometer.png/280px-FTIR_Interferometer.png"},{"image_text":"Interferometer schematics where the path difference is generated by a rotary motion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Interferometer_schematics.jpg/220px-Interferometer_schematics.jpg"},{"image_text":"Values of the interferogram at times corresponding to zero crossings of the laser signal are found by interpolation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Digitisation_of_the_interferogram.png/300px-Digitisation_of_the_interferogram.png"},{"image_text":"FTIR setup. The sample is placed right before the detector.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fourier_transform_spectrometer.png/280px-Fourier_transform_spectrometer.png"},{"image_text":"Simple interferometer with a beam-splitter and compensator plate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Beam-splitter.png/280px-Beam-splitter.png"}]	[{"title":"Discrete Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform"},{"title":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"title":"Fourier-transform spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy"},{"title":"Least-squares spectral analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-squares_spectral_analysis"}]	[{"reference":"Griffiths, P.; de Hasseth, J. A. (18 May 2007). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-471-19404-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_c0GVe8MX0C","url_text":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-19404-0","url_text":"978-0-471-19404-0"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Kannan M. (2021). Principles of materials characterization and metrology (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 173–178. ISBN 978-0-19-883025-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883025-2","url_text":"978-0-19-883025-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Infracord double-beam spectrophotometer\". Clinical Science. 16 (2). 1957.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Agilent Technologies to acquire Varian, Inc. for $1.5 Billion\". Agilent. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151918/http://www.agilent.co.in/about/newsroom/presrel/2009/27jul-gp09016.html","url_text":"\"Agilent Technologies to acquire Varian, Inc. for $1.5 Billion\""},{"url":"http://www.agilent.co.in/about/newsroom/presrel/2009/27jul-gp09016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Agilent Technologies completes acquisition of Varian, Inc., marking historic milestone for two Silicon Valley pioneers\". Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2010-05-14. 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(1968). \"Comparison of the Radiance of Far-Infrared Sources\". J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58 (3): 433–434. doi:10.1364/JOSA.58.000433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.58.000433","url_text":"10.1364/JOSA.58.000433"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, P.R.; Holmes, C (2002). Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol 1. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley and Sons"}]},{"reference":"Chamberain, J.; Gibbs, J.E.; Gebbie, H.E. (1969). \"The determination of refractive index spectra by fourier spectrometry\". Infrared Physics. 9 (4): 189–209. 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(2023-06-01). \"Investigating the impact of spectral data pre-processing to assess honey botanical origin through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)\". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 119: 105276. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105276. ISSN 0889-1575. 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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 3 (7): 939–944. doi:10.1021/jz300150v. PMC 3341589. PMID 22563521.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341589","url_text":"\"Environment Polarity in Proteins Mapped Noninvasively by FTIR Spectroscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjz300150v","url_text":"10.1021/jz300150v"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341589","url_text":"3341589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563521","url_text":"22563521"}]},{"reference":"Brielle, Esther S.; Arkin, Isaiah T. (2018). \"Site-Specific Hydrogen Exchange in a Membrane Environment Analyzed by Infrared Spectroscopy\". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 9 (14): 4059–4065. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01675. PMID 29957958. 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PMID 24301518.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863900","url_text":"\"Structural analysis and mapping of individual protein complexes by infrared nanospectroscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.2890A","url_text":"2013NatCo...4.2890A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3890","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms3890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863900","url_text":"3863900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24301518","url_text":"24301518"}]},{"reference":"Krauklis, A. E.; Gagani, A. I.; Echtermeyer, A. T. (2018). \"Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Monitoring Water Content in Epoxy Resins and Fiber-Reinforced Composites\". Materials. 11 (4): 586–599. Bibcode:2018Mate...11..586.. doi:10.3390/ma11040586. PMC 5951470. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Il-kwon	Chung Il-kwon	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Honour","3.1 Foreign honour","4 Works","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	South Korean general (1917–1994) In this Korean name, the family name is Chung. His ExcellencyChung Il-kwon정일권Chung in 19548th Prime Minister of South KoreaIn office10 May 1964 – 20 December 1970PresidentPark Chung HeePreceded byChoi Tu-sonSucceeded byBaek Du-jin Personal detailsBorn(1917-11-21)November 21, 1917Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai, Russian SFSRDiedJanuary 17, 1994(1994-01-17) (aged 76)Hawaii, United StatesAwardsHonorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (Malaysia)Military serviceAllegiance Manchukuo South KoreaBranch/service Manchukuo Imperial Army (1941–1945) Republic of Korea ArmyYears of service1941–1957RankCaptainGeneralBattles/warsSecond Sino-Japanese War Korean War Chung Il-kwonHangul정일권Hanja丁一權Revised RomanizationJeong Il-gwonMcCune–ReischauerChŏng Il-gwŏnArt nameHangul청사Hanja淸史Revised RomanizationCheongsaMcCune–ReischauerCh'ŏngsaCourtesy nameHangul일진Hanja一鎭Revised RomanizationIl-jinMcCune–ReischauerIl-jinJapanese name:Nakashima Ikken (中島一權) Chung Il-kwon (Korean: 정일권; November 21, 1917 – January 17, 1994) was a South Korean politician, diplomat, and soldier. A general in the Republic of Korea Army, he served as Foreign Minister 1963 to 1964, and Prime Minister from 1964 to 1970. He was an ally of President Park Chung Hee. His art name was Chungsa (청사). He was also known by the Japanese pronunciation of his name: Tei Ikken. Early life and education Korean WarDwight D. Eisenhower, Kim Baik-Il, Baik Seon-yup, Chung Il-kwon Chung was born in Ussuriysk in Primorsky Krai, Russia, where his father worked as an interpreter for the Imperial Russian Army. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, his father moved the family to his hometown Kyongwon County, Kankyōhoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now North Hamgyong Province, North Korea). However, in 1930, the family relocated to what is now Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Manchuria, where Chung grew up in extreme poverty. Because he was raised in Korea when it was still occupied by Japan, he was given the name of Ikken Nakashima. Career Due to his excellent grades in school, Chung won a place at the Manchukuo Imperial Army academy in Mukden, from which he graduated in September 1937. Again, his performance was regarded as excellent, and he was sent on to attend the 55th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Tokyo, where he specialized in cavalry operations. He also assumed the Japanese name Nakajima Ikken (中島一權). During the Pacific War, he served in the Manchukuo Imperial Army as a military police captain. Following the Soviet invasion of Manchuria at the end of World War II, he was briefly captured by Soviet forces and interrogated by the KGB. Chung graduated from the first class of the Korea Military Academy in 1946 and was commissioned into the South Korean army. He was in Hawaii undergoing military training at the start of the Korean War. He arrived in Korea on June 30, and was immediately promoted to major general and replaced General Chae Byong-duk as commander of the Republic of Korea Army. Serving as a tactical commander and then major general in the Korean War, Chung Il Kwon, organized the South Korean soldiers at Inchon. His initial responsibilities included regrouping the routed South Korean military forces and coordinating their efforts with the United Nations Command. He was the commander of all ROK forces in Pusan from July–August, which would place him at the attack of Inchon. This was known for incapacitated the North Korean Army and leaving him a well-known war hero. He returned to the United States for additional training in July 1951 following the National Defense Corps Incident and the Geochang massacre. However, on his return in July 1952 he was demoted by President Syngman Rhee to a divisional command and sent to a front-line combat unit. Three months later, he was promoted to deputy commander of the IX Corps (United States) commanding front line UN forces in numerous offensives and counteroffensives. Three months after this, he was again promoted to command the ROK II Corps, which he held until the end of the war. After retiring in 1957, he served as South Korea's ambassador to Turkey. In 1960, he was appointed ambassador to France, and then served as ambassador to the United States from 1960 to 1961 and 1962 to 1963. From 1963 to 1964 Chung served as Foreign Minister of South Korea and was Prime minister of South Korea from 1964 to 1970. During his time as an ambassador, he also took the time to study political science and international relations at prestigious universities such as Oxford and Harvard. From 1971, Chung served as a member of the National Assembly from the Democratic Republican Party for three consecutive terms. He also served as chairman in the ninth National Assembly of 1973–1979. In March 1991, Chung received treatment for lymph cancer in Hawaii. Although he continued political activities in 1992 for the Democratic Republican Party in 1993, particularly in support of Kim Young-sam during the 1992 Korean presidential election, he was re-hospitalized in Hawaii in January 1994 due to cancer, and died there. He received a state funeral and was buried at the Seoul National Cemetery. Survived by his four children and his wife, Park Hye-Soo, after his death in Hawaii. Honour Foreign honour Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) (1965) Works War and Ceasefire (전쟁과 휴전) Chung Il-kwon's Memoir (정일권 회고록, 丁一權回顧綠) See also Chang Myon Kim Jong-pil Korean War Paik Sun-yup Park Chung Hee References ^ "Chung Il-kwon". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-09. ^ a b c Lyons, Richard D. (1994-01-19). "Chung Il Kwon, Korean General And Premier, 76". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-09. ^ a b "Chung Il Kwon \| biography - Korean army officer and politician". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-11-09. ^ Varhola, Michael J (2000). Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950–1953. Da Capo Press. p. 205. ISBN 1882810449. ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat". Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2018-08-24. External links Chung Il-kwon (in Korean) Chung Il-kwon (in Korean) list of Prime ministrer of South Korea Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean) Chung Il-kwon (in Korean) 역대 주미 대사관 대사 (in Korean) Political offices Preceded byChoi Du-sun Prime Minister of South Korea 1964–1970 Succeeded byBaek Du-jin Preceded byYang Yu-chan Republic of Korea Ambassador to USA 1960–1961 Succeeded byChang Li-wook Preceded byChang Li-wook Republic of Korea Ambassador to USA 1962–1963 Succeeded byKim Jeong-ryul Preceded byKim Yong-sik Foreign minister of South Korea 1963–1964 Succeeded byLee Dong-won Preceded byLee Dong-won Foreign minister of South Korea 1966–1967 Succeeded byChoi Kyu-hah vtePrime ministers of South Korea (List) Lee Beom-seok Chang Myon Chang Taek-sang Paik Too-chin Pyon Yong-tae post abolished, 1954–1960 Ho Chong Chang Myon Chief Cabinet Ministers, 1961–1962 Jang Do-young Song Yo-chan Park Chung Hee Kim Hyun-chul Choi Tu-son Chung Il-kwon Paik Too-chin Kim Jong-pil Choi Kyu-hah Shin Hyun-hwak Nam Duck-woo Yoo Chang-soon Kim Sang-hyup Chin Iee-chong Lho Shin-yong Kim Chung-yul Lee Hyun-jae Kang Young-hoon Ro Jai-bong Chung Won-shik Hyun Soong-jong Hwang In-sung Lee Hoi-chang Lee Yung-dug Lee Hong-koo Lee Soo-sung Goh Kun Kim Jong-pil Park Tae-joon Lee Han-dong Kim Suk-soo Goh Kun Lee Hae-chan Han Myeong-sook Han Duck-soo Han Seung-soo Chung Un-chan Kim Hwang-sik Jung Hong-won Lee Wan-koo Hwang Kyo-ahn Lee Nak-yon Chung Sye-kyun Kim Boo-kyum Han Duck-soo vteGrand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the RealmGrandCommanders 1958: Tunku Kurshiah 1958: Tunku Ismail 1958: Tunku Munawir 1958: Tengku Yahya Petra 1958: Leong Yew Koh 1958: Raja Uda 1958: Tan Cheng Lock 1959: Abdul Razak Hussein 1959: Henry Lee Hau Shik 1959: Tengku Budriah 1961: Abdul Malek Yusuf 1964: Abang Openg 1964: Mustapha Harun 1967: Pengiran Ahmad Raffae 1968: Syed Sheh Shahabudin 1970: Syed Sheh Barakbah 1970: Tuanku Bujang 1970: Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah 1973: Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid 1975: Fuad Stephens 1976: Sardon Jubir 1976: Syed Zahiruddin 1977: Mohd Hamdan Abdullah 1978: Abang Muhammad Salahuddin 1978: Ahmad Koroh 1979: Mohamad Adnan Robert 1982: Abdul Rahman Ya'kub 1982: Awang Hassan 1987: Tunku Ibrahim Ismail 1989: Ahmad Zaidi Adruce 1989: Hamdan Sheikh Tahir 1989: Mohammad Said Keruak 1989: Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin 1996: Sakaran Dandai 2003: Ahmadshah Abdullah 2003: Mahathir Mohamad 2004: Mohd Khalil Yaakob 2009: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2011: Juhar Mahiruddin 2014: Abdul Taib Mahmud 2020: Mohd Ali Rustam 2021: Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak 2024: Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar HonoraryGrandCommanders 1958: Lim Yew Hock 1959: Djuanda Kartawidjaja 1960: Gerald Templer 1962: Thanat Khoman 1962: Thanom Kittikachorn 1963: Norodom Monineath 1963: Yusof Ishak 1964: Dhani Nivat 1964: Hayato Ikeda 1964: Masayoshi Ōhira 1964: Norodom Kantol 1964: Prapas Charusathien 1964: Wan Waithayakon 1965: Abdel Hakim Amer 1965: Ali Sabri 1965: Anwar Sadat 1965: Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil 1965: Firyal Irshaid 1965: Hassan bin Talal 1965: Hassan Ibrahim 1965: Hussein el-Shafei 1965: Chung Il-kwon 1965: Muhammad bin Talal 1965: Muna Al Hussein 1965: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 1965: Hussein ibn Nasser 1965: Wasfi al-Tal 1965: Zakaria Mohieddin 1966: Chang Kay Young 1966: James Beveridge Thomson 1967: Albert II 1967: Eisaku Satō 1970: Adam Malik 1970: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1971: Souvanna Phouma 1975: Kukrit Pramoj 1979: Kriangsak Chamanan 1982: Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1984: Elena Ceaușescu 1984: Prem Tinsulanonda 1989: Jefri Bolkiah 2000: Maha Vajiralongkorn 2000: Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 2001: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa 2003: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 2003: Marcello Pera 2003: Pier Ferdinando Casini 2005: Victoria 2010: Moza bint Nasser 2011: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 2012: Naruhito 2012: Masako vte Ambassadors of South Korea to the United States Chang Myon Yang You-chan Chung Il-kwon Chang Lee-wook Chung Il-kwon Kim Chung-yul Kim Hyun-chul Kim Dong-jo Hahm Pyong-choon Kim Yong-shik Lew Byong-hion Kim Kyung-won Pak Tongjin Hyun Hong-choo Han Seung-soo Park Kun-woo Lee Hong-koo Yang Sung-chul Han Sung-joo Hong Seok-hyun Lee Tae-sik Han Duck-soo Choi Young-jin Ahn Ho-young Cho Yoon-je Lee Soo-hyuck Cho Tae-yong Cho Hyun-dong Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Korea Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army"},{"link_name":"Foreign Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Park Chung 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A general in the Republic of Korea Army, he served as Foreign Minister 1963 to 1964, and Prime Minister from 1964 to 1970. He was an ally of President Park Chung Hee.His art name was Chungsa (청사). He was also known by the Japanese pronunciation of his name: Tei Ikken.","title":"Chung Il-kwon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1951_Chung_Baik_Eisenhower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Kim Baik-Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Baik-Il&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baik Seon-yup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baik_Seon-yup"},{"link_name":"Ussuriysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuriysk"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Kyongwon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyongwon_County"},{"link_name":"Kankyōhoku-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dhoku-d%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Korea, Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"North Hamgyong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province"},{"link_name":"Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"extreme poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Korean WarDwight D. Eisenhower, Kim Baik-Il, Baik Seon-yup, Chung Il-kwonChung was born in Ussuriysk in Primorsky Krai, Russia, where his father worked as an interpreter for the Imperial Russian Army. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, his father moved the family to his hometown Kyongwon County, Kankyōhoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now North Hamgyong Province, North Korea). However, in 1930, the family relocated to what is now Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Manchuria, where Chung grew up in extreme poverty. Because he was raised in Korea when it was still occupied by Japan, he was given the name of Ikken Nakashima.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchukuo Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"Mukden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Korea Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"South Korean army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_army"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Chae Byong-duk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chae_Byong-duk"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"United Nations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"National Defense Corps Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Corps_Incident"},{"link_name":"Geochang massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochang_massacre"},{"link_name":"Syngman Rhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee"},{"link_name":"IX Corps (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Foreign Minister of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"lymph cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_cancer"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Kim Young-sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Young-sam"},{"link_name":"Seoul National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Due to his excellent grades in school, Chung won a place at the Manchukuo Imperial Army academy in Mukden, from which he graduated in September 1937. Again, his performance was regarded as excellent, and he was sent on to attend the 55th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Tokyo, where he specialized in cavalry operations. He also assumed the Japanese name Nakajima Ikken (中島一權). During the Pacific War, he served in the Manchukuo Imperial Army as a military police captain. Following the Soviet invasion of Manchuria at the end of World War II, he was briefly captured by Soviet forces and interrogated by the KGB.Chung graduated from the first class of the Korea Military Academy in 1946 and was commissioned into the South Korean army. He was in Hawaii undergoing military training at the start of the Korean War. He arrived in Korea on June 30, and was immediately promoted to major general and replaced General Chae Byong-duk as commander of the Republic of Korea Army. Serving as a tactical commander and then major general in the Korean War, Chung Il Kwon, organized the South Korean soldiers at Inchon.[2] His initial responsibilities included regrouping the routed South Korean military forces and coordinating their efforts with the United Nations Command. He was the commander of all ROK forces in Pusan from July–August, which would place him at the attack of Inchon.[3] This was known for incapacitated the North Korean Army and leaving him a well-known war hero.[3] He returned to the United States for additional training in July 1951 following the National Defense Corps Incident and the Geochang massacre. However, on his return in July 1952 he was demoted by President Syngman Rhee to a divisional command and sent to a front-line combat unit. Three months later, he was promoted to deputy commander of the IX Corps (United States) commanding front line UN forces in numerous offensives and counteroffensives. Three months after this, he was again promoted to command the ROK II Corps, which he held until the end of the war.[4]After retiring in 1957, he served as South Korea's ambassador to Turkey. In 1960, he was appointed ambassador to France, and then served as ambassador to the United States from 1960 to 1961 and 1962 to 1963. From 1963 to 1964 Chung served as Foreign Minister of South Korea and was Prime minister of South Korea from 1964 to 1970. During his time as an ambassador, he also took the time to study political science and international relations at prestigious universities such as Oxford and Harvard.[2]From 1971, Chung served as a member of the National Assembly from the Democratic Republican Party for three consecutive terms. He also served as chairman in the ninth National Assembly of 1973–1979.In March 1991, Chung received treatment for lymph cancer in Hawaii. Although he continued political activities in 1992 for the Democratic Republican Party in 1993, particularly in support of Kim Young-sam during the 1992 Korean presidential election, he was re-hospitalized in Hawaii in January 1994 due to cancer, and died there. He received a state funeral and was buried at the Seoul National Cemetery. Survived by his four children and his wife, Park Hye-Soo, after his death in Hawaii.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Defender of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Defender_of_the_Realm#Grand_Commander"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honour","text":"Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) (1965)[5]","title":"Honour"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"War and Ceasefire (전쟁과 휴전)\nChung Il-kwon's Memoir (정일권 회고록, 丁一權回顧綠)","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Korean WarDwight D. Eisenhower, Kim Baik-Il, Baik Seon-yup, Chung Il-kwon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1951_Chung_Baik_Eisenhower.jpg/170px-1951_Chung_Baik_Eisenhower.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Chang Myon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Myon"},{"title":"Kim Jong-pil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil"},{"title":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"title":"Paik Sun-yup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paik_Sun-yup"},{"title":"Park Chung Hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee"}]	[{"reference":"\"Chung Il-kwon\". WW2DB. Retrieved 2015-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=830","url_text":"\"Chung Il-kwon\""}]},{"reference":"Lyons, Richard D. (1994-01-19). \"Chung Il Kwon, Korean General And Premier, 76\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/19/obituaries/chung-il-kwon-korean-general-and-premier-76.html","url_text":"\"Chung Il Kwon, Korean General And Premier, 76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Chung Il Kwon \| biography - Korean army officer and politician\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chung-Il-Kwon","url_text":"\"Chung Il Kwon \| biography - Korean army officer and politician\""}]},{"reference":"Varhola, Michael J (2000). Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950–1953. Da Capo Press. p. 205. ISBN 1882810449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1882810449","url_text":"1882810449"}]},{"reference":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2018-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp","url_text":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\""},{"url":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=830","external_links_name":"\"Chung Il-kwon\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/19/obituaries/chung-il-kwon-korean-general-and-premier-76.html","external_links_name":"\"Chung Il Kwon, Korean General And Premier, 76\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chung-Il-Kwon","external_links_name":"\"Chung Il Kwon \| biography - Korean army officer and politician\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp","external_links_name":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\""},{"Link":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175740/http://bluecabin.com.ne.kr/split99/jik.htm","external_links_name":"Chung Il-kwon"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121220024844/http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_7KOR_A1917_1_0026392","external_links_name":"Chung Il-kwon"},{"Link":"http://www.pmo.go.kr/pmo_web/main.jsp?sub_num=54&state=view&idx=23","external_links_name":"list of Prime ministrer of South Korea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707211456/http://www.pmo.go.kr/pmo_web/main.jsp?sub_num=54&state=view&idx=23","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121204164834/http://www.rokps.or.kr/profile_result_ok.asp?num=1038","external_links_name":"Chung Il-kwon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120430183338/http://www.koreaembassyusa.org/han_koreaus/koembassy/kor_ambassadors.asp","external_links_name":"역대 주미 대사관 대사"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/188518/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000027732210","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75337374","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8RgghHv4bqQxqQM9qwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86101083","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00195435","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201756170","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04034911?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-through_frame	Step-through frame	["1 Advantages","2 Disadvantages","3 Variations","3.1 Mixte","3.2 Cross","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Type of bicycle frame This article is about a type of bicycle frame. For step-through motorcycles, see Underbone. A Triumph with a step-through frame Woman with a step-through frame bicycle in the 1890s A step-through frame (also known as open frame, drop frame, or low-step frame) is a type of bicycle frame, often used for utility bicycles, with a low or absent top tube or cross-bar. Since mounting or dismounting a step-through does not require swinging one leg to hip-height, they are widely used as delivery bicycles, and for other purposes where the rider has to mount and dismount frequently. Traditionally, bicycles with a step-through frame were known as "ladies'", "women's" or "girls' bicycles", as they allow skirts or dresses to hang fairly normally. Bicycles with a high top tube (cross-bar), known as a diamond frame, were known as "men's", "gents", or "boys' bicycles". Even in the 1800s, women often rode "men's" bicycles and vice-versa; from the 1890s onwards, women commonly wore bloomers to cycle. Since the late 20th century, descriptions that describe the frame style, rather than the presumed gender of the rider, are becoming increasingly common. Advantages less risk of stretching or ripping clothes when mounting the saddle the rider can wear a skirt (also requires a skirt guard and possibly a chain guard) very quick to mount and dismount, so is suitable for delivery bicycles, or any journey with many stops suitable for elderly and others with restricted agility potentially safer than a high top tube; a rider who loses balance can step through the bicycle without becoming entangled compactness provides a popular starting point for folding bicycles. Disadvantages Heavier. Compared to a traditional diamond frame consisting of two near-triangles, open or step-through frame designs must be designed with thicker gauge tubing, the use of additional gusseting members, and/or monocoque frame construction. These structural elements may add weight or cost over a traditional diamond design. Inattention to structural design can lead to excessive flexing, resulting in lower pedaling efficiency and reduced frame life. Fewer places to mount accessories, e.g. an air pump or water-bottle. More difficult to carry around off the ground due to the sloping tube near the bicycle's center of gravity, e.g. carrying it up stairs, or lifting to hang it for maintenance. Variations Mixte A Peugeot mixte frame bicycle One particular type of step-through frame is called a mixte. In a mixte frame, the top tube of the traditional diamond frame is replaced with a pair of smaller tubes (lateral tubes, or lats) running from the top of the head tube all the way back to the rear axle, connecting at the seat tube on the way. The normal seat stays and chain stays are retained. This provides the lower standover height of a step-through frame bicycle with a strong diamond-frame geometry. Mixte (pronounced ) is a direct appropriation of the French word meaning "mixed" or "unisex". The usual North American bicycle industry pronunciation of this loan word is /ˈmɪkstiː/. A variant on the mixte uses a single, full sized top tube running from the upper head tube to the seat tube, but retains the middle set of stays. The FNCRM (Fédération Nationale du Commerce et de la Réparation du Cycle et du Motocycle) calls this style a sport. Other named French styles of step-through frames, in addition to mixte and sport, include berceau, Anglais, jumele, col de cygne and double col de cygne. Cross A Dahon folding bicycle with a cross frame Another type of step-through frame is called a cross. The cross frame consists mainly of two tubes that form a cross: a seat tube from the bottom bracket to the saddle, and a backbone from the head tube to the rear hub. Gallery Image from an 1889 advertisement for a ladies' safety bicycle Postal delivery by bicycle in Cologne, Germany Cyclist in Cologne, Germany Folding bike "Albany" bike Damenrad from 1900 Itera plastic bicycle Kia mixte frame 1896 ad for a women's cycling suit with drawstrings at the center front and back of the skirt, to raise it for riding either a dropped-tube or level-tube bike. Racing cyclist Marie Tual, 1896 or 1897 See also Bicycle frame Bicycling and feminism References ^ "Nimrod road tests the Jack Taylor touring bicycle". Cycling. March 16, 1960. Retrieved 2013-04-02. their range of seventeen models includes a woman's open frame bicycle ^ Sewall, E. D. (13 May 1897). "The Women's Bicycle and its Predecessors". The Iron Age. 59. New York. OCLC 14153896. ^ "Top Tube". Sheldon Brown. Retrieved 2010-02-07. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. cross-bar, n. 1. a. A transverse bar; a bar placed or fixed across another bar or part of a structure. spec. The horizontal bar of a bicycle frame ^ a b Van Der Plas, Rob, Bicycle Technology, San Francisco: Bicycle Books (3rd ed.), ISBN 0-933201-30-3, ISBN 978-0-933201-30-9 (1995), pp. 60-2 ^ a b Peterson, Leisha A. and Londry, Kelly J., Finite-Element Structural Analysis: A New Tool for Bicycle Frame Design: The Strain Energy Design Method, Bike Tech, Bicycling Magazine, Vol. 5 No. 2 (1986) ^ Wingerter, R., and Lebossiere, P., ME 354, Mechanics of Materials Laboratory: Structures, University of Washington (February 2004), p.1 ^ a b Brown, Sheldon (April 19, 2010). John Allen (ed.). "Mixte". Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary. Harris Cyclery. Retrieved April 4, 2011. ^ "Hirose's Photo Gallery 9 - 216 Sport車（製作過程）". ^ Brown, Sheldon. "Cross Frame". Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary. Harris Cyclery. Retrieved 2011-05-04. ^ Cross Frames at rijwiel.net http://www.rijwiel.net/kruisfre.htm External links Media related to Bicycles with a step-through frame at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Underbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_Bicycle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Cycle_Co._Ltd."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_with_Bicycle_1890s.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sewall-2"},{"link_name":"bicycle frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame"},{"link_name":"utility bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_bicycle"},{"link_name":"top tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame#Top_tube"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt"},{"link_name":"dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress"},{"link_name":"diamond frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_frame"},{"link_name":"bloomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This article is about a type of bicycle frame. For step-through motorcycles, see Underbone.A Triumph with a step-through frameWoman with a step-through frame bicycle in the 1890sA step-through frame (also known as open frame,[1] drop frame,[2] or low-step frame) is a type of bicycle frame, often used for utility bicycles, with a low or absent top tube or cross-bar.[3][4]Since mounting or dismounting a step-through does not require swinging one leg to hip-height, they are widely used as delivery bicycles, and for other purposes where the rider has to mount and dismount frequently.Traditionally, bicycles with a step-through frame were known as \"ladies'\", \"women's\" or \"girls' bicycles\", as they allow skirts or dresses to hang fairly normally. Bicycles with a high top tube (cross-bar), known as a diamond frame, were known as \"men's\", \"gents\", or \"boys' bicycles\". Even in the 1800s, women often rode \"men's\" bicycles and vice-versa; from the 1890s onwards, women commonly wore bloomers to cycle. Since the late 20th century,[citation needed] descriptions that describe the frame style, rather than the presumed gender of the rider, are becoming increasingly common.","title":"Step-through frame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skirt guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt_guard"},{"link_name":"chain guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_guard"},{"link_name":"delivery bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_bicycle"},{"link_name":"folding bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_bicycle"}],"text":"less risk of stretching or ripping clothes when mounting the saddle\nthe rider can wear a skirt (also requires a skirt guard and possibly a chain guard)\nvery quick to mount and dismount, so is suitable for delivery bicycles, or any journey with many stops\nsuitable for elderly and others with restricted agility\npotentially safer than a high top tube; a rider who loses balance can step through the bicycle without becoming entangled\ncompactness provides a popular starting point for folding bicycles.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal#Gauge"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Der_Plas_1995_pp._60-2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson,_Leisha_A_1986-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Der_Plas_1995_pp._60-2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson,_Leisha_A_1986-6"}],"text":"Heavier. Compared to a traditional diamond frame consisting of two near-triangles, open or step-through frame designs must be designed with thicker gauge tubing, the use of additional gusseting members, and/or monocoque frame construction. These structural elements may add weight or cost over a traditional diamond design.[5][6][7]\nInattention to structural design can lead to excessive flexing, resulting in lower pedaling efficiency and reduced frame life.[5][6]\nFewer places to mount accessories, e.g. an air pump or water-bottle.\nMore difficult to carry around off the ground due to the sloping tube near the bicycle's center of gravity, e.g. carrying it up stairs, or lifting to hang it for maintenance.","title":"Disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peugeot_Mixte,_PX18.JPG"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_Peugeot"},{"link_name":"top tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame#Top_tube"},{"link_name":"diamond frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_frame"},{"link_name":"head tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_tube"},{"link_name":"seat tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame#Seat_tube"},{"link_name":"standover height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame#Frame_geometry"},{"link_name":"[mikst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"bicycle industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_industry"},{"link_name":"loan word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word#In_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɪkstiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBmixte-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBmixte-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Mixte","text":"A Peugeot mixte frame bicycleOne particular type of step-through frame is called a mixte. In a mixte frame, the top tube of the traditional diamond frame is replaced with a pair of smaller tubes (lateral tubes, or lats) running from the top of the head tube all the way back to the rear axle, connecting at the seat tube on the way. The normal seat stays and chain stays are retained. This provides the lower standover height of a step-through frame bicycle with a strong diamond-frame geometry.Mixte (pronounced [mikst]) is a direct appropriation of the French word meaning \"mixed\" or \"unisex\". The usual North American bicycle industry pronunciation of this loan word is /ˈmɪkstiː/.[8]A variant on the mixte uses a single, full sized top tube running from the upper head tube to the seat tube, but retains the middle set of stays.[8] The FNCRM (Fédération Nationale du Commerce et de la Réparation du Cycle et du Motocycle) calls this style a sport.[9]Other named French styles of step-through frames, in addition to mixte and sport, include berceau, Anglais, jumele, col de cygne and double col de cygne.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dahon_Mu_SL_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon"},{"link_name":"folding bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_bicycle"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBcrossframe-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Cross","text":"A Dahon folding bicycle with a cross frameAnother type of step-through frame is called a cross. The cross frame consists mainly of two tubes that form a cross: a seat tube from the bottom bracket to the saddle, and a backbone from the head tube to the rear hub.[10]\n[11]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ladies_safety_bicycles1889.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclist-Cologne-475.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_folding_bike.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albany-folding-bike-2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-Damenrad.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itera_plastic_bicycle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Itera plastic bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itera_plastic_bicycle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KIA_MIXTE_BIKE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bildschirmfoto_2019-03-23_um_18.43.44.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_Racing_Cyclist_Marie_Tual_on_a_Racing_Bike_in_1896_or_in_1897_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Image from an 1889 advertisement for a ladies' safety bicycle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostal delivery by bicycle in Cologne, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCyclist in Cologne, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolding bike\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Albany\" bike\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDamenrad from 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tItera plastic bicycle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKia mixte frame\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1896 ad for a women's cycling suit with drawstrings at the center front and back of the skirt, to raise it for riding either a dropped-tube or level-tube bike.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRacing cyclist Marie Tual, 1896 or 1897","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"A Triumph with a step-through frame","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Triumph_Bicycle.JPG/220px-Triumph_Bicycle.JPG"},{"image_text":"Woman with a step-through frame bicycle in the 1890s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Woman_with_Bicycle_1890s.jpg/170px-Woman_with_Bicycle_1890s.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Peugeot mixte frame bicycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Peugeot_Mixte%2C_PX18.JPG/220px-Peugeot_Mixte%2C_PX18.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Dahon folding bicycle with a cross frame","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dahon_Mu_SL_2009.jpg/220px-Dahon_Mu_SL_2009.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bicycle frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame"},{"title":"Bicycling and feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism"}]	[{"reference":"\"Nimrod road tests the Jack Taylor touring bicycle\". Cycling. March 16, 1960. Retrieved 2013-04-02. their range of seventeen models includes a woman's open frame bicycle","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackbirdsf.org/taylor/unk14.html","url_text":"\"Nimrod road tests the Jack Taylor touring bicycle\""}]},{"reference":"Sewall, E. D. (13 May 1897). \"The Women's Bicycle and its Predecessors\". The Iron Age. 59. New York. OCLC 14153896.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1H667NtX2WIC&q=%22the%20women%27s%20bicycle%20and%20its%20predecessors%22","url_text":"\"The Women's Bicycle and its Predecessors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14153896","url_text":"14153896"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Tube\". Sheldon Brown. Retrieved 2010-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ta-o.html#toptube","url_text":"\"Top Tube\""}]},{"reference":"Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. cross-bar, n. 1. a. A transverse bar; a bar placed or fixed across another bar or part of a structure. spec. The horizontal bar of a bicycle frame","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Sheldon (April 19, 2010). John Allen (ed.). \"Mixte\". Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary. Harris Cyclery. Retrieved April 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Brown_(bicycle_mechanic)","url_text":"Brown, Sheldon"},{"url":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_m.html#mixte","url_text":"\"Mixte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hirose's Photo Gallery 9 - 216 Sport車（製作過程）\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/hirosemuseum9/216","url_text":"\"Hirose's Photo Gallery 9 - 216 Sport車（製作過程）\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Sheldon. \"Cross Frame\". Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary. Harris Cyclery. Retrieved 2011-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Brown_(bicycle_mechanic)","url_text":"Brown, Sheldon"},{"url":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_cn-z.html#crossframe","url_text":"\"Cross Frame\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.blackbirdsf.org/taylor/unk14.html","external_links_name":"\"Nimrod road tests the Jack Taylor touring bicycle\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1H667NtX2WIC&q=%22the%20women%27s%20bicycle%20and%20its%20predecessors%22","external_links_name":"\"The Women's Bicycle and its Predecessors\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14153896","external_links_name":"14153896"},{"Link":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ta-o.html#toptube","external_links_name":"\"Top Tube\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse","external_links_name":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_m.html#mixte","external_links_name":"\"Mixte\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/hirosemuseum9/216","external_links_name":"\"Hirose's Photo Gallery 9 - 216 Sport車（製作過程）\""},{"Link":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_cn-z.html#crossframe","external_links_name":"\"Cross Frame\""},{"Link":"http://www.rijwiel.net/kruisfre.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.rijwiel.net/kruisfre.htm"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_29_in_South_Dakota	Interstate 29 in South Dakota	["1 Route description","1.1 Sioux City to Sioux Falls","1.2 Sioux Falls to North Dakota","1.3 Transit","2 History","3 Future","4 Exit list","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: Highway in South Dakota This article is about the section of Interstate 29 in South Dakota. For the entire route, see Interstate 29. Interstate 29I-29 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by SDDOTLength252.50 mi (406.36 km)NHSEntire routeMajor junctionsSouth end I-29 at Iowa state lineMajor intersections US 18 concurrency near Canton I-229 in Sioux Falls I-90 near Sioux Falls US 14 in Brookings US 212 in Watertown US 81 near Watertown US 12 near Summit North end I-29 / US 81 at North Dakota state line LocationCountryUnited StatesStateSouth DakotaCountiesUnion, Lincoln, Minnehaha, Moody, Brookings, Deuel, Hamlin, Codington, Grant, Roberts Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future South Dakota State Trunk Highway System Interstate US State ← SD 28→ SD 30 Interstate 29 (I-29) is a north–south Interstate Highway in the midwestern United States. In the state of South Dakota, I-29 traverses on the eastern side of the state from the Iowa border near Sioux City to the North Dakota border near New Effington. On its route, I-29 passes through western portions of Sioux Falls, the state's largest city. It travels 252.5 miles (406.4 km) in the state, the longest stretch of any of the four states through which it passes. I-229, the highway's lone auxiliary route in South Dakota, serves as a bypass around southern and eastern Sioux Falls. Route description The South Dakota section of I-29 is defined in South Dakota Consolidated Laws § 31-4-152. All of I-29 in South Dakota is included in the National Highway System, a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. Average daily traffic volume on I-29 in South Dakota is relatively low by Interstate Highway standards. Most segments of I-29 outside of Sioux Falls receive between 5,000 and 20,000 vehicles per day, with numbers as high as 50,000 being reported in Sioux Falls. The speed limit on I-29 in South Dakota is 80 mph (130 km/h) on most segments, but 65 mph (105 km/h) in Dakota Dunes and North Sioux City from the Iowa state line to exit 4, in Tea from exit 73 to exit 75, and in Sioux Falls from exit 75 to exit 84. Sioux City to Sioux Falls An older version of the I-29 shield as used in South Dakota, still commonly seen along the route I-29 crosses from Iowa into South Dakota at the Big Sioux River and enters the state in Union County. Exit 1, the highway's first exit in South Dakota, serves unincorporated Dakota Dunes. North Sioux City, the first city the highway enters in the state, can be accessed from exits 2 and 4. At exit 9 is the next community, Jefferson. Highway 105 (SD 105) formerly ran parallel to I-29, with southern terminus at exit 2 and northern terminus at exit 9. North of Jefferson, I-29 has a business loop in Elk Point. This business loop also serves the southern terminus of SD 11, a state route that runs parallel to I-29 through much of southern South Dakota. Farther north of Elk Point, the route runs northwest until its interchange with SD 50 at exit 26. This exit serves the cities of Vermillion and Yankton. After this exit, the highway curves north and heads for Beresford. Five miles (8.0 km) north at exit 31, the highway intersects SD 48. I-29 has one exit in Beresford, exit 47 serving SD 46, just after leaving Union County and entering Lincoln County. Beginning at exit 59, the highway runs concurrent with U.S. Route 18 (US 18). At exit 62, the concurrency with US 18 ends as US 18 branches to the east to serve Canton. North of Canton, I-29 begins to serve suburbs of Sioux Falls. Exit 71 serves Harrisburg and exit 73 serves Tea. Two miles (3.2 km) north of the Tea interchange, the Interstate enters Sioux Falls, the largest city in South Dakota. The highway has eight exits in Sioux Falls. The first exit in the city serves I-229, a short auxiliary route that circles through the southern and eastern portions of the city. Just north of this interchange, I-29 enters Minnehaha County, the most populous county in South Dakota. At exit 77, I-29 shares an interchange with 41st Street. A diverging-diamond interchange is to be constructed at this interchange, and will be completed in the summer of 2024. At exit 79, the highway shares an interchange with SD 42, known as 12th Street. This exit, a single-point urban interchange, serves downtown Sioux Falls. Exit 81 serves Russell Street, which leads to the new Denny Sanford PREMIER Center and the Sioux Falls Arena. At exit 83, I-29 intersects SD 38, also known as 60th Street North, which serves the Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Just north of the Sioux Falls city limits at exits 84A and 84B, a cloverleaf interchange, I-29 reaches I-90, the only other two-digit Interstate in South Dakota. Exit 84A to I-90 east leads to the suburb of Brandon. Two miles (3.2 km) north of the interchange with I-90, the highway reaches exit 86, which serves Renner and Crooks, the two northernmost suburbs of Sioux Falls. Sioux Falls to North Dakota I-29 northbound in Sioux Falls After leaving the Sioux Falls area, I-29 continues north toward Brookings. The highway serves the EROS Data Center and United States Geological Survey near Baltic. The highway then continues north and intersects the northern terminus of SD 115 west of Dell Rapids. This is I-29's last exit before leaving Minnehaha County and entering Moody County. The highway continues due north to an interchange with SD 34 near Madison. Just five miles (8.0 km) north of here, the route shares an interchange with SD 32, a highway that serves nearby Flandreau, South Dakota. The highway has a rest stop north of the Flandreau exit before entering Brookings County. The highway's first exit in Brookings County, serves SD 324. After this interchange, I-29 enters Brookings and has two exits in the city. The first is an interchange with US 14 at exit 132. This exit is also a signed business spur of I-29. Exit 133 serves the bypass route of US 14, signed as "US 14B". After these exits, the highway continues north toward Watertown. Before leaving Brookings County and entering Deuel County, I-29 intersects SD 30. About 10 miles (16 km) north of here, the highway serves SD 28. After this interchange, the highway turns northwest en route to Watertown. Early planning of this segment of I-29 had the route passing just east of Kranzburg, or about nine miles (14 km) east of Watertown. A past president of the Watertown Chamber of Commerce contacted C.L. Chase, a member of the Democratic National Committee, in an effort to get I-29 routed closer to Watertown. The effort was successful; the westward alignment became known locally as the Chase Bend. East of Castlewood, I-29 intersects SD 22 before entering Hamlin County. The highway has no exits in Hamlin County, as it travels for only five miles (8.0 km) in the county, merely passing through the northeast corner of it before entering Codington County. The highway curves to the north one mile (1.6 km) before its first exit in Codington County, which is exit 177, serving US 212 in the southeastern portion of Watertown. I-29 intersects US 81 at exit 180, just northeast of Watertown, and the two routes become concurrent all the way to Manvel, North Dakota. Near the Codington–Grant county line, I-29 intersects SD 20. The highway has one exit in Grant County for Twin Brooks, though this road is not a signed highway. Entering Roberts County, I-29 has an interchange at Summit with US 12, for access to Aberdeen and Milbank. The highway heads northeast after this interchange. West of Wilmot, the highway intersects SD 15. Shortly after this exit, the highway turns to the north again. Just east of Sisseton, I-29 has an interchange with SD 10 then curves northeast. Near the small town of New Effington, the highway curves north and has its last exit in South Dakota at exit 246. This exit serves SD 127. North of this final exit, I-29 turns northeast and enters Richland County, North Dakota, next to the Dakota Magic Casino and Hotel resort. At the state border is a parclo interchange entirely on the North Dakota side serving the casino–hotel. Transit Jefferson Lines provides intercity bus service along the length of I-29 in South Dakota serving five communities along the route with a major transfer point at the Sioux Falls Bus Station. History No freeway was originally designated between Sioux Falls and Fargo, North Dakota. In 1957, the segment of I-29 from Fargo to the Canadian border was considered for designation as Interstate 31 (I-31). However, in 1958, it was decided to connect the two Interstates between Sioux Falls and Fargo. The entire freeway from Kansas City, Missouri, to the Canadian border was then built and signed as I-29. A 19.5-mile (31.4 km) section between Worthing and SD 38 west of Sioux Falls was opened in October 1960. In September 1961, I-29 was extended across the Big Sioux River from Iowa to South Dakota. On April 1, 1962, some of the northbound directional spans collapsed into the Big Sioux River at the Iowa state line as a result of flooding and bridge scour. On September 30, 1962, an 84-mile (135 km) section of I-29 between Sioux City and Sioux Falls was dedicated and opened to traffic. By 1967, I-29 had been constructed from the Iowa border to the exit for SD 34. I-229, an auxiliary route for the highway bypassing Sioux Falls, was completed in 1962. An additional interchange in Brookings was opened on August 24, 2023. Future By 2033, the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) is planning to upgrade the interchange with I-229. SDDOT also plans to install an interchange with 85th Street in Sioux Falls, as well as a 69th Street overpass, turning a trumpet interchange into a redesigned tri-stack interchange. Exit list CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes UnionBig Sioux Township0.000.00 I-29 south – Sioux CityContinuation into Iowa Dakota Dunes0.981.581Dakota DunesParclo interchange North Sioux City2.483.992North Sioux CityFormerly SD 105 4.357.004North Sioux City, McCook Lake Jefferson Township9.5015.299JeffersonFormerly SD 105 Elk Point Township15.7825.4015 I-29 BL north – Elk PointI-29 BL only marked northbound 18.3029.4518 I-29 BL south – Elk Point, BurbankParclo interchange, I-29 BL only marked southbound Brule Township26.7042.9726 SD 50 – Vermillion, YanktonAlso access to University of South Dakota Spink Township31.2750.3231 SD 48 east – Spink, Akron IAAlso access to Union Grove State Park Emmet Township38.3261.6738Volin Prairie Township42.3168.0942Alcester, Wakonda LincolnBeresford47.3076.1247 SD 46 – Beresford, Irene Pleasant Township50.3180.9750Centerville, Hudson Pleasant–Lincolntownship line53.3285.8153Viborg Lincoln Township56.3390.6556FairviewAlso access to Newton Hills State Park Lincoln–Lynntownship line59.3395.4859 US 18 west – Davis, HurleySouthern end of US 18 concurrency Lynn Township62.35100.3462 US 18 east – CantonNorthern end of US 18 concurrency 64.33103.5364 SD 44 – Worthing, Lennox La Valley Township68.35110.0068Lennox, Parker Tea71.36114.8471Harrisburg, Tea 73.38118.0973 CR 106 – TeaSingle-point urban interchange (SPUI) Sioux Falls75.19121.0175 I-229 north – Sioux FallsTrumpet interchange; I-229 exits 1A-B southbound. Minnehaha77.26124.347741st StreetAlso access to Augustana University, University of Sioux Falls; future diverging diamond interchange 78.12125.727826th Street / Louise Avenue 79.26127.5679 I-29 Dwtn. east / SD 42 (12th Street) – DowntownSPUI; Also access to Great Plains Zoo, USS South Dakota Battleship Memorial, Washington Pavilion of Arts and Science 80.29129.2180Madison Street – Sioux Empire FairgroundsSPUI 81.32130.8781Russell Street / Maple Street – Denny Sanford PREMIER Center, Sioux Falls Arena and Convention CenterParclo interchange having three northbound entrances: two from Russell St., one from Maple St; Also access to Sioux Falls Bus Station 82.41132.6382Benson Road – Sioux Falls, Sanford Pentagon/Sports ComplexSPUI 83.38134.1983 SD 38 west (60th Street North) – Sioux Falls Regional AirportParclo interchange Mapleton Township84.15135.4384 I-90 – Albert Lea, Rapid CitySigned as exits 84A (east, Albert Lea) and 84B (west, Rapid City); cloverleaf interchange; I-90 exits 396A-B 86.40139.0586Renner, Crooks Lyons–Burktownship line94.49152.0794Baltic, Colton, Lyons, US Geological Survey/EROSColton only signed northbound Burk Township98.47158.4798 SD 115 south – Dell Rapids, Chester, ColtonSD 115 and Colton only signed southbound, Chester only signed northbound MoodyEnterprise Township104.81168.68104Trent, ChesterChester only signed southbound Egan Township109.83176.75109 SD 34 – Madison, ColmanAlso access to Dakota State University, Lake Herman State Park Clare Township114.82184.78114 SD 32 east – Flandreau Riverview Township121.83196.07121Nunda, Ward BrookingsTrenton Township127.80205.67127 SD 324 east – Elkton, SinaiWestern terminus of SD 324 Brookings130.79210.4913020th Street South, BrookingsOpened August 24, 2023; Brookings only signed northbound 132.79213.70132 I-29 BS west / US 14 (6th Street) – Brookings, HuronEastern terminus of I-29 Business Spur; Also access to South Dakota State University, Municipal Airport; 6th Street only signed southbound 133.78215.30133 US 14 Byp. (18th Street) – Volga, ArlingtonAlso access to South Dakota State University, De Smet-Home of Laura Ingalls Wilder; 18th Street only signed northbound Afton Township140.77226.55140 SD 30 – White, BruceAlso access to Oakwood Lakes State Park DeuelBlom Township150.87242.80150 SD 15 north / SD 28 – Toronto, EstellineSD 15 only signed northbound Hidewood Township157.63253.68157Brandt Havana Township164.53264.79164 SD 22 – Castlewood, Clear Lake Hamlin No major junctions CodingtonWatertown177.93286.35177 US 212 – Watertown, KranzburgAlso access to Redlin Art Center, Lake Area Technical Institute, Mount Marty University-Watertown Campus, Sandy Shore Recreation Area, Pelican Lake Recreation Area Elmira Township180.94291.19180 US 81 south – WatertownSouthern end of US 81 concurrency; Also access to Bramble Park Zoo, Municipal Airport, US 81 only signed southbound Rauville Township185.95299.26185Waverly Germantown Township193.02310.64193 SD 20 – South Shore, Stockholm GrantFarmington Township201.05323.56201Twin Brooks RobertsSummit Township207.29333.60207 US 12 – Aberdeen, MilbankAlso access to Northern State University, Summit, Webster, Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, Waubay National Wildlife Refuge Spring Grove Township213.87344.19213 SD 15 – WilmotAlso access to Hartford Beach State Park Agency Township224.02360.53224PeeverAlso access to Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Tribal Headquarters and Community College, Pickerel Lake Recreation Area Grant Township232.07373.48232 SD 10 – Sisseton, Browns ValleyAlso access to Roy Lake State Park, Fort Sisseton State Park Hart Township242.02389.49242No name exit Lien Township246.42396.57246 SD 127 – New Effington, RosholtAlso access to Sica Hollow State Park Victor Township252.50406.36 I-29 north / US 81 north – FargoContinuation into North Dakota 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Proposed References ^ a b "Main Routes of the Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ "South Dakota Codified Laws - § 31-4-152". South Dakota Legislature. Retrieved June 25, 2008. ^ "National Highway System Map" (PDF). South Dakota: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ "The National Highway System". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ "2011 Traffic Map" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ a b c d e "Google Maps Overview of Interstate 29". Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ "41st Street Diverging Diamond Interchange". siouxfalls.org. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ "South Dakota Route Map" (PDF). Retrieved September 29, 2023. ^ Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, August 14, 1957 ^ Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, June 27, 1958 ^ "$8½ Million Highway to Open in S.F. Area". Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. October 11, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Rain, storms follow weekend of storms; stir fears of floods". Lodi News-Sentinel. United Press International. April 2, 1962. p. 5. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ "I-29 bridge collapse". Sioux City Journal. April 22, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ Richardson, E. V.; Lagasse, P. F. (1999). Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 57. ISBN 9780784474655. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ Gilbride, F. J. (October 1, 1962). "Event Marks Completion Of Interstate Highway". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. p. 5. Retrieved January 20, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "North Central 1967". Gousha. Retrieved November 4, 2012. ^ "S.F. Interstate Bypass Completed". Argus Leader. October 30, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved September 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Kubal, Jones (24 August 2023). "New interchange on Interstate 29 opens third route into Brookings". Brookings Register. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ "I-29 Corridor Study" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transportation. Exit 73 through Exit 77. Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ "State Highway Log" (PDF). Mitchell Region: South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ "State Highway Log" (PDF). Aberdeen Region: South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012. ^ Newton, Jacob (March 28, 2022). "New Brookings I-29 interchange construction begins". KELO-TV. Sioux Falls, SD: Nexstar Media Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2022. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Interstate 29 in South DakotaKML is from Wikidata Media related to Interstate 29 in South Dakota at Wikimedia Commons Interstate 29 Previous state:Iowa South Dakota Next state:North Dakota	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_29"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Sioux City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"New Effington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Effington,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-;fhwa-1"},{"link_name":"I-229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_229_(South_Dakota)"}],"text":"Highway in South DakotaThis article is about the section of Interstate 29 in South Dakota. For the entire route, see Interstate 29.Interstate 29 (I-29) is a north–south Interstate Highway in the midwestern United States. In the state of South Dakota, I-29 traverses on the eastern side of the state from the Iowa border near Sioux City to the North Dakota border near New Effington. On its route, I-29 passes through western portions of Sioux Falls, the state's largest city. It travels 252.5 miles (406.4 km) in the state, the longest stretch of any of the four states through which it passes.[1] I-229, the highway's lone auxiliary route in South Dakota, serves as a bypass around southern and eastern Sioux Falls.","title":"Interstate 29 in South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The South Dakota section of I-29 is defined in South Dakota Consolidated Laws § 31-4-152.[2] All of I-29 in South Dakota is included in the National Highway System,[3] a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility.[4] Average daily traffic volume on I-29 in South Dakota is relatively low by Interstate Highway standards. Most segments of I-29 outside of Sioux Falls receive between 5,000 and 20,000 vehicles per day, with numbers as high as 50,000 being reported in Sioux Falls.[5]The speed limit on I-29 in South Dakota is 80 mph (130 km/h) on most segments, but 65 mph (105 km/h) in Dakota Dunes and North Sioux City from the Iowa state line to exit 4, in Tea from exit 73 to exit 75, and in Sioux Falls from exit 75 to exit 84.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-29_(SD).svg"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_29_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Big Sioux River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sioux_River"},{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Dakota Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Dunes,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"North Sioux City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sioux_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Highway 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_105"},{"link_name":"Elk Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Point,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"SD 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"Vermillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermillion,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Yankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresford,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_48"},{"link_name":"SD 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_46"},{"link_name":"Lincoln County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_18_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-6"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"I-229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_229_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"diverging-diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"SD 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Denny Sanford PREMIER Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Sanford_PREMIER_Center"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Arena"},{"link_name":"SD 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_38"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renner,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Crooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooks,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-6"}],"sub_title":"Sioux City to Sioux Falls","text":"An older version of the I-29 shield as used in South Dakota, still commonly seen along the routeI-29 crosses from Iowa into South Dakota at the Big Sioux River and enters the state in Union County. Exit 1, the highway's first exit in South Dakota, serves unincorporated Dakota Dunes. North Sioux City, the first city the highway enters in the state, can be accessed from exits 2 and 4. At exit 9 is the next community, Jefferson. Highway 105 (SD 105) formerly ran parallel to I-29, with southern terminus at exit 2 and northern terminus at exit 9. North of Jefferson, I-29 has a business loop in Elk Point. This business loop also serves the southern terminus of SD 11, a state route that runs parallel to I-29 through much of southern South Dakota. Farther north of Elk Point, the route runs northwest until its interchange with SD 50 at exit 26. This exit serves the cities of Vermillion and Yankton. After this exit, the highway curves north and heads for Beresford. Five miles (8.0 km) north at exit 31, the highway intersects SD 48. I-29 has one exit in Beresford, exit 47 serving SD 46, just after leaving Union County and entering Lincoln County. Beginning at exit 59, the highway runs concurrent with U.S. Route 18 (US 18). At exit 62, the concurrency with US 18 ends as US 18 branches to the east to serve Canton.[6]North of Canton, I-29 begins to serve suburbs of Sioux Falls. Exit 71 serves Harrisburg and exit 73 serves Tea. Two miles (3.2 km) north of the Tea interchange, the Interstate enters Sioux Falls, the largest city in South Dakota. The highway has eight exits in Sioux Falls. The first exit in the city serves I-229, a short auxiliary route that circles through the southern and eastern portions of the city. Just north of this interchange, I-29 enters Minnehaha County, the most populous county in South Dakota. At exit 77, I-29 shares an interchange with 41st Street. A diverging-diamond interchange is to be constructed at this interchange, and will be completed in the summer of 2024.[7] At exit 79, the highway shares an interchange with SD 42, known as 12th Street. This exit, a single-point urban interchange, serves downtown Sioux Falls. Exit 81 serves Russell Street, which leads to the new Denny Sanford PREMIER Center and the Sioux Falls Arena. At exit 83, I-29 intersects SD 38, also known as 60th Street North, which serves the Sioux Falls Regional Airport. Just north of the Sioux Falls city limits at exits 84A and 84B, a cloverleaf interchange, I-29 reaches I-90, the only other two-digit Interstate in South Dakota. Exit 84A to I-90 east leads to the suburb of Brandon. Two miles (3.2 km) north of the interchange with I-90, the highway reaches exit 86, which serves Renner and Crooks, the two northernmost suburbs of Sioux Falls.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-29_in_Sioux_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"EROS Data Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EROS_Data_Center"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_115"},{"link_name":"Dell Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Rapids,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Moody County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_32"},{"link_name":"Flandreau, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandreau,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Brookings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_324"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_14_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-6"},{"link_name":"Brookings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Deuel County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuel_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_30"},{"link_name":"SD 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_28"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Castlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlewood,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"Hamlin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlin_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Codington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codington_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_212_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-6"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Manvel, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvel,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Codington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codington_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Twin Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Brooks,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Roberts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"US 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Milbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milbank,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"Sisseton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisseton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_10"},{"link_name":"New Effington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Effington,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"SD 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_127"},{"link_name":"Richland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"parclo interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parclo_interchange"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-6"}],"sub_title":"Sioux Falls to North Dakota","text":"I-29 northbound in Sioux FallsAfter leaving the Sioux Falls area, I-29 continues north toward Brookings. The highway serves the EROS Data Center and United States Geological Survey near Baltic. The highway then continues north and intersects the northern terminus of SD 115 west of Dell Rapids. This is I-29's last exit before leaving Minnehaha County and entering Moody County. The highway continues due north to an interchange with SD 34 near Madison. Just five miles (8.0 km) north of here, the route shares an interchange with SD 32, a highway that serves nearby Flandreau, South Dakota. The highway has a rest stop north of the Flandreau exit before entering Brookings County. The highway's first exit in Brookings County, serves SD 324. After this interchange, I-29 enters Brookings and has two exits in the city. The first is an interchange with US 14 at exit 132. This exit is also a signed business spur of I-29. Exit 133 serves the bypass route of US 14, signed as \"US 14B\". After these exits, the highway continues north toward Watertown.[6]Before leaving Brookings County and entering Deuel County, I-29 intersects SD 30. About 10 miles (16 km) north of here, the highway serves SD 28. After this interchange, the highway turns northwest en route to Watertown. Early planning of this segment of I-29 had the route passing just east of Kranzburg, or about nine miles (14 km) east of Watertown. A past president of the Watertown Chamber of Commerce contacted C.L. Chase, a member of the Democratic National Committee, in an effort to get I-29 routed closer to Watertown. The effort was successful; the westward alignment became known locally as the Chase Bend. East of Castlewood, I-29 intersects SD 22 before entering Hamlin County. The highway has no exits in Hamlin County, as it travels for only five miles (8.0 km) in the county, merely passing through the northeast corner of it before entering Codington County. The highway curves to the north one mile (1.6 km) before its first exit in Codington County, which is exit 177, serving US 212 in the southeastern portion of Watertown.[6]I-29 intersects US 81 at exit 180, just northeast of Watertown, and the two routes become concurrent all the way to Manvel, North Dakota. Near the Codington–Grant county line, I-29 intersects SD 20. The highway has one exit in Grant County for Twin Brooks, though this road is not a signed highway. Entering Roberts County, I-29 has an interchange at Summit with US 12, for access to Aberdeen and Milbank. The highway heads northeast after this interchange. West of Wilmot, the highway intersects SD 15. Shortly after this exit, the highway turns to the north again. Just east of Sisseton, I-29 has an interchange with SD 10 then curves northeast. Near the small town of New Effington, the highway curves north and has its last exit in South Dakota at exit 246. This exit serves SD 127. North of this final exit, I-29 turns northeast and enters Richland County, North Dakota, next to the Dakota Magic Casino and Hotel resort. At the state border is a parclo interchange entirely on the North Dakota side serving the casino–hotel.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Transit","text":"Jefferson Lines provides intercity bus service along the length of I-29 in South Dakota serving five communities along the route with a major transfer point at the Sioux Falls Bus Station.[8]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plan1-9"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plan2-10"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Big Sioux River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sioux_River"},{"link_name":"bridge scour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_scour"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodi-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962Photo-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScourBook-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewBrookingsINT-18"}],"text":"No freeway was originally designated between Sioux Falls and Fargo, North Dakota. In 1957, the segment of I-29 from Fargo to the Canadian border was considered for designation as Interstate 31 (I-31).[9] However, in 1958, it was decided to connect the two Interstates between Sioux Falls and Fargo. The entire freeway from Kansas City, Missouri, to the Canadian border was then built and signed as I-29.[10]A 19.5-mile (31.4 km) section between Worthing and SD 38 west of Sioux Falls was opened in October 1960.[11] In September 1961, I-29 was extended across the Big Sioux River from Iowa to South Dakota. On April 1, 1962, some of the northbound directional spans collapsed into the Big Sioux River at the Iowa state line as a result of flooding and bridge scour.[12][13][14] On September 30, 1962, an 84-mile (135 km) section of I-29 between Sioux City and Sioux Falls was dedicated and opened to traffic.[15]By 1967, I-29 had been constructed from the Iowa border to the exit for SD 34.[16] I-229, an auxiliary route for the highway bypassing Sioux Falls, was completed in 1962.[17]An additional interchange in Brookings was opened on August 24, 2023.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"I-229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_229_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"tri-stack interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_T_interchange"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"By 2033, the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) is planning to upgrade the interchange with I-229. SDDOT also plans to install an interchange with 85th Street in Sioux Falls, as well as a 69th Street overpass, turning a trumpet interchange into a redesigned tri-stack interchange.[19]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]	[{"image_text":"An older version of the I-29 shield as used in South Dakota, still commonly seen along the route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/I-29_%28SD%29.svg/100px-I-29_%28SD%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"I-29 northbound in Sioux Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/I-29_in_Sioux_Falls.jpg/220px-I-29_in_Sioux_Falls.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Main Routes of the Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routefinder/table1.htm","url_text":"\"Main Routes of the Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws - § 31-4-152\". South Dakota Legislature. Retrieved June 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=31-4-152","url_text":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws - § 31-4-152\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature","url_text":"South Dakota Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"National Highway System Map\" (PDF). South Dakota: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/south_dakota/sd_southdakota.pdf","url_text":"\"National Highway System Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Highway System\". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","url_text":"\"The National Highway System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Traffic Map\" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sddot.com/transportation/highways/traffic/docs/Traffic_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"2011 Traffic Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Dakota Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps Overview of Interstate 29\". Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/51vv4","url_text":"\"Google Maps Overview of Interstate 29\""}]},{"reference":"\"41st Street Diverging Diamond Interchange\". siouxfalls.org. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://siouxfalls.org/public-works/street-construction/projects/2022/41st-ddi","url_text":"\"41st Street Diverging Diamond Interchange\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Dakota Route Map\" (PDF). Retrieved September 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffersonlines.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/SouthDakota-Map.pdf","url_text":"\"South Dakota Route Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"$8½ Million Highway to Open in S.F. Area\". Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. October 11, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90966844/8-million-highway-to-open-in-sf/","url_text":"\"$8½ Million Highway to Open in S.F. Area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Leader","url_text":"Sioux Falls Argus-Leader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Rain, storms follow weekend of storms; stir fears of floods\". Lodi News-Sentinel. United Press International. April 2, 1962. p. 5. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AoIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tzIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5336%2C29548","url_text":"\"Rain, storms follow weekend of storms; stir fears of floods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_News-Sentinel","url_text":"Lodi News-Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"I-29 bridge collapse\". Sioux City Journal. April 22, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://siouxcityjournal.com/blogs/siouxland_history/transportation/i--bridge-collapse/image_5cd7c526-9968-5d57-a520-5eba841e8542.html","url_text":"\"I-29 bridge collapse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City_Journal","url_text":"Sioux City Journal"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, E. V.; Lagasse, P. F. (1999). Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges. American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 57. ISBN 9780784474655. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yihA7rihpicC&dq=interstate+29+bridge+collapse+1962&pg=PA57","url_text":"Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers","url_text":"American Society of Civil Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780784474655","url_text":"9780784474655"}]},{"reference":"Gilbride, F. J. (October 1, 1962). \"Event Marks Completion Of Interstate Highway\". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. p. 5. Retrieved January 20, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16695549/interstate_29_completed_between_sioux/","url_text":"\"Event Marks Completion Of Interstate Highway\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Central 1967\". Gousha. 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Retrieved October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/specialstudies/docs/I29Exit73FinalCorridorStudyReportNoAppendices.pdf","url_text":"\"I-29 Corridor Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Dakota Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"State Highway Log\" (PDF). Mitchell Region: South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Mitchell_Region.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway Log\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Dakota Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"State Highway Log\" (PDF). Aberdeen Region: South Dakota Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Aberdeen_Region.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway Log\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"South Dakota Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Jacob (March 28, 2022). \"New Brookings I-29 interchange construction begins\". KELO-TV. Sioux Falls, SD: Nexstar Media Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/new-brookings-i-29-interchange-construction-begins/","url_text":"\"New Brookings I-29 interchange construction begins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELO-TV","url_text":"KELO-TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_SD","url_text":"Sioux Falls, SD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Inc.","url_text":"Nexstar Media Inc."}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routefinder/table1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Main Routes of the Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\""},{"Link":"http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=31-4-152","external_links_name":"\"South Dakota Codified Laws - § 31-4-152\""},{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/nhs_maps/south_dakota/sd_southdakota.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Highway System Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/","external_links_name":"\"The National Highway System\""},{"Link":"http://www.sddot.com/transportation/highways/traffic/docs/Traffic_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2011 Traffic Map\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/51vv4","external_links_name":"\"Google Maps Overview of Interstate 29\""},{"Link":"https://siouxfalls.org/public-works/street-construction/projects/2022/41st-ddi","external_links_name":"\"41st Street Diverging Diamond Interchange\""},{"Link":"https://jeffersonlines.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/SouthDakota-Map.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Dakota Route Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90966844/8-million-highway-to-open-in-sf/","external_links_name":"\"$8½ Million Highway to Open in S.F. 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Interstate Bypass Completed\""},{"Link":"https://brookingsregister.com/article/new-interchange-on-interstate-29-opens-third-route-into-brookings","external_links_name":"\"New interchange on Interstate 29 opens third route into Brookings\""},{"Link":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/specialstudies/docs/I29Exit73FinalCorridorStudyReportNoAppendices.pdf","external_links_name":"\"I-29 Corridor Study\""},{"Link":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Mitchell_Region.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Log\""},{"Link":"http://sddot.com/transportation/highways/planning/pavement/docs/Aberdeen_Region.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Log\""},{"Link":"https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/new-brookings-i-29-interchange-construction-begins/","external_links_name":"\"New Brookings I-29 interchange construction begins\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Interstate_29_in_South_Dakota&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Interstate_29_in_South_Dakota&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)	Mystic River (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Box office","4.3 Accolades","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]	2003 American drama film directed by Clint Eastwood Mystic RiverTheatrical release posterDirected byClint EastwoodScreenplay byBrian HelgelandBased onMystic Riverby Dennis LehaneProduced by Clint Eastwood Robert Lorenz Judie G. Hoyt Starring Sean Penn Tim Robbins Kevin Bacon Laurence Fishburne Marcia Gay Harden Laura Linney CinematographyTom SternEdited byJoel CoxMusic byClint EastwoodProductioncompanies Village Roadshow Pictures Malpaso Productions NPV Entertainment Distributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date October 15, 2003 (2003-10-15) Running time138 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$25–30 millionBox office$156.6 million Mystic River is a 2003 American neo-noir crime drama film directed and co-produced by Clint Eastwood, and starring Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, Laurence Fishburne, Marcia Gay Harden, and Laura Linney. The screenplay, written by Brian Helgeland, was based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane. It is the first film in which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score. The film was a critical and commercial success. Mystic River was nominated for six awards at the 76th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, winning Best Actor for Penn, and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins. Plot In 1975, Irish-American friends Jimmy Markum, Sean Devine, and Dave Boyle are playing street hockey in Charlestown, Boston. After deciding to write a mural of their names in a patch of wet concrete, two men, seeming to be police officers, kidnap Dave and sexually abuse him for four days until he escapes. Twenty-five years later, Jimmy is an ex-convict and neighborhood convenience store owner; Sean is a detective with the Massachusetts State Police whose pregnant wife Lauren recently left him, and Dave is a blue-collar worker continually haunted by the abduction and rape he suffered. Jimmy and Dave are related by marriage, Dave's wife Celeste and Jimmy's second wife Annabeth being cousins. Jimmy's daughter from his first marriage, Katie, plans to run away to Las Vegas with Brendan Harris, a boy from a family Jimmy despises whom she has been secretly dating. One night, Dave sees Katie and her friends at a local bar. That same night, Katie is murdered, and Dave comes home bloodied and injured. He tells his wife that he fought off a mugger and possibly killed him. Sean and his partner Whitey Powers investigate the murder while Jimmy, distraught at Katie's death, conducts a separate investigation using his neighborhood connections. A witness statement suggests that Katie may have known her killer. The detectives learn that the gun used to kill her, a .38 Special revolver, was also used in a liquor store robbery in 1984 by "Just Ray" Harris, the father of Brendan. Harris has been missing since 1989, but Brendan claims he still sends his family $500 monthly. Brendan feigns ignorance about Ray's gun. Whitey suspects Dave, who keeps changing the story about his hand being injured. Dave continues to behave erratically, which upsets Celeste to the point that she leaves their home and tells Jimmy she suspects Dave is the murderer. Jimmy and his friends invite Dave to a local bar, get him drunk and confront him when he is about to vomit. Jimmy admits to Dave that he killed "Just Ray" for implicating him in the liquor store robbery, which resulted in his imprisonment. Dave reveals to Jimmy that he did kill someone that night, but it was not Katie. He beat to death a child molester whom he found with a child prostitute. Jimmy does not believe Dave and pulls out a knife. He promises to let Dave live if he confesses to Katie's murder. However, when Dave admits to killing Katie, Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River. Meanwhile, after finding his father's gun missing, Brendan confronts his mute younger brother "Silent Ray" and his friend John O'Shea about Katie's murder. Brendan beats the two boys, trying to get them to admit their guilt, and then John pulls out Ray's gun and is about to shoot Brendan. Sean and Whitey, having connected the two boys to the murder, arrive and disarm and arrest John and Ray. The next morning, Sean tells Jimmy that John and "Silent Ray" confessed to killing Katie as part of a prank gone wrong. Sean asks Jimmy if he has seen Dave, who is wanted for questioning in the murder of a known child molester. Jimmy does not answer, instead thanking Sean for finding Katie's killers, but remarks, "if only you'd been a little faster." Sean then asks Jimmy if he intends to send Celeste a monthly $500 as well. Sean reunites with Lauren after apologizing for pushing her away while Jimmy confesses what he's done to Annabeth, who tells him he is "a king, and a king knows what to do and does it. Even when it's hard." During a local parade, Dave's son Michael waits for his father. Sean sees Jimmy and mimics a gunshot at him with his hand, whereas Jimmy spreads his arms in a “you got me” gesture. Cast Sean Penn as James "Jimmy" Markum Jason Kelly as young Jimmy Markum Tim Robbins as David "Dave" Boyle Cameron Bowen as young Dave Boyle Kevin Bacon as Det. Sean Devine Connor Paolo as young Sean Devine Laurence Fishburne as Det Sgt. Whitey Powers Marcia Gay Harden as Celeste Samarco Boyle Laura Linney as Annabeth Markum Tom Guiry as Brendan Harris Spencer Treat Clark as Ray "Silent Ray" Harris Jr. Andrew Mackin as John O'Shea Emmy Rossum as Katherine "Katie" Markum Jenny O'Hara as Esther Harris Kevin Chapman as Val Savage Adam Nelson as Nick Savage Robert Wahlberg as Kevin Savage Cayden Boyd as Michael Boyle John Doman as the Driver Tori Davis as Lauren Devine Jonathan Togo as Pete Will Lyman as FBI Special Agent Birden Ari Graynor as Eve Pigeon Ken Cheeseman as Dave's Friend In Bar Michael McGovern as 1975 Reporter Kevin Conway (uncredited) as Theo Savage Eli Wallach (uncredited) as Mr. Loonie Production Michael Keaton was originally cast in the role of Det. Sean Devine, and did several script readings with the cast, as well as his own research into the practices of the Massachusetts Police Department. However, creative differences between Keaton and Clint Eastwood led to Keaton leaving the production. He was replaced by Kevin Bacon. Principal photography took place on location in Boston. Release Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 204 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Anchored by the exceptional acting of its strong cast, Mystic River is a somber drama that unfolds in layers and conveys the tragedy of its story with visceral power." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on reviews from 42 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote "Clint Eastwood pours everything he knows about directing into Mystic River. His film sneaks up, messes with your head, and then floors you. You can't shake it. It's that haunting, that hypnotic." On September 8, 2003, David Edelstein wrote a long article for The New York Times with the headline: "Dirty Harry Wants to Say He's Sorry (Again)." The piece examines Mystic River in the context of Eastwood's entire oeuvre, praising his “evolution cinema's sorrowful conscience”. Reviewing the film for The New York Times on October 3, 2003, A.O. Scott wrote a long review of this "mighty" work, at one point observing: "Dave's abduction is an act of inexplicable, almost metaphysical evil, and this story of guilt, grief and vengeance grows out of it like a mass of dark weeds. At its starkest, the film, like the novel by Dennis Lehane on which it is based, is a parable of incurable trauma, in which violence begets more violence and the primal violation of innocence can never be set right. Mystic River is the rare American movie that aspires to—and achieves—the full weight and darkness of tragedy." On October 12, 2003, The New York Times A. O. Scott wrote a piece headlined "Ms. Macbeth and her cousin: The women of Mystic River" which he opened with: "One of the most haunting scenes in Clint Eastwood's Mystic River—a film that consists almost entirely of haunting scenes—comes just before the end. The main dramatic action, we have every reason to suspect, is complete ... A long, climactic night of revelation and confrontation is over, and the weary streets of Boston are flooded with hard autumnal light. The break of day brings a new insight, one that has less to do with the facts of the story than with its meaning. All along, Mystic River has seemed, most obviously, to be about those three men ... But it turns out to be just as much about three (or more) damaged families, about the terror and mystery of marriage and about the fateful actions of two women." In the New York Times, on June 8, 2004, anticipating the DVD and CD release, Dave Kehr praised the film as "a symphonic study in contrasting voices and values. Long fascinated by music as a subject, ... Mr. Eastwood here creates a genuinely musical style, using his performers like soloists, from Mr. Robbins's moody baritone to Mr. Penn's spiky soprano. Their individual arias are incorporated into a magnificent choral piece". Box office The film earned $156,822,020 worldwide with $90,135,191 in the United States and $66,686,829 in the international box office, which is significantly higher than its $25–30 million budget. Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. Academy Awards February 29, 2004 Best Picture Robert Lorenz, Judie G. Hoyt and Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Actor Sean Penn Won Best Supporting Actor Tim Robbins Won Best Supporting Actress Marcia Gay Harden Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Brian Helgeland Nominated American Cinema Editors 2004 Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Joel Cox Nominated Art Directors Guild February 2004 Feature Film – Contemporary Film Henry Bumstead and Jack G. Taylor Jr. Won BAFTA Film Awards February 15, 2004 Best Actor in a Leading Role Sean Penn Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Tim Robbins Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Laura Linney Nominated Best Screenplay – Adapted Brian Helgeland Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics December 14, 2003 Best Film Won Best Ensemble Won Cannes Film Festival May 14 – 25, 2003 Golden Coach Clint Eastwood Won Casting Society of America October 2004 Feature Film Won César Awards February 21, 2004 Best Foreign Film Won Critics' Choice Awards January 10, 2004 Best Picture Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Actor Sean Penn Won Best Supporting Actress Marcia Gay Harden Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tim Robbins Won Best Ensemble Nominated Best Screenplay Brian Helgeland Nominated Best Score Clint Eastwood Nominated Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association January 2004 Best Actor Sean Penn Won European Film Awards 6 December 2003 Best Non-European Film Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle January 2, 2004 Best Actor Sean Penn Won Best Supporting Actor Tim Robbins Won Golden Globes January 25, 2004 Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated Best Director – Motion Picture Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Brian Helgeland Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Sean Penn Won Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Tim Robbins Won London Film Critics Circle February 11, 2004 Director of the Year Clint Eastwood Won Actor of the Year Sean Penn Won National Board of Review December 3, 2003 Best Film Won Best Actor Sean Penn Won National Society of Film Critics January 3, 2004 Best Film 2nd Place Best Director Clint Eastwood Won Best Actor Sean Penn 2nd Place Best Supporting Actor Tim Robbins 2nd Place Best Screenplay Brian Helgeland 2nd Place Satellite Awards January 23, 2004 Best Drama Film Nominated Best Director Clint Eastwood Nominated Best Actor – Drama Sean Penn Won Best Supporting Actress – Drama Marcia Gay Harden Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Brian Helgeland Won Best Cinematography Tom Stern Nominated Best Editing Joel Cox Nominated Best Sound Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman Nominated Screen Actors Guild February 22, 2004 Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Male Actor Tim Robbins Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Sean Penn Nominated Outstanding Ensemble Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle February 2, 2004 Best Actor Sean Penn Won Writers Guild of America February 21, 2004 Best Adapted Screenplay Brian Helgeland Nominated References ^ "Mystic River (15)". British Board of Film Classification. September 10, 2003. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015. ^ a b c "Mystic River". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009. ^ a b "Mystic River (2003) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021. ^ Gaughan, Liam (September 24, 2023). "Michael Keaton Almost Starred in This Oscar-Winning Clint Eastwood Film". Collider. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ a b Hughes 2009, p. 153. ^ Trivedi, Dhruv (April 30, 2021). "Where Was Mystic River Filmed?". The Cinemaholic. Retrieved November 15, 2023. ^ "Mystic River". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2024. ^ "Mystic River Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. ^ "Find CinemaScore" (Type "Mystic River" in the search box). CinemaScore. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2020. ^ Travers, Peter (September 25, 2003). "Mystic River". Rolling Stone. ^ Eliot 2009, p. 307. ^ Edelstein, David (September 28, 2003). "Dirty Harry Wants To Say He's Sorry (Again)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ Scott, A. O. (October 3, 2003). "FILM FESTIVAL REVIEW; Dark Parable of Violence Avenged". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ Scott, A. O. (October 12, 2003). "FILM; Ms. Macbeth and Her Cousin: The Women of 'Mystic River'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021. ^ Kehr, Dave (June 8, 2004). "NEW DVD'S; Looking Into a Dark River, Seeing the Shadow of Evil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021. ^ Hughes 2009, p. 155. ^ Dimond, Anna (February 14, 2013). "ACE Eddie noms show revealing splits from Oscars". Variety. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ Mitchell, Courtney (February 2004). "Art directors honor 'River' and 'Rings'". Variety. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Film in 2004". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Boston honors Mystic River, Translation". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Clint Eastwood: 60 years in film". The Daily Telegraph. October 2015. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ Kamin, Debra (October 2004). "Kudos for casting". Variety. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Barbarian plunders top Cesar prizes". Screen Daily. February 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ Feiwell, Jill (December 2003). "'Mystic,' 'In America' top B'cast Crix list". Variety. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "US critics give Rings four awards". BBC News. 11 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016. ^ "Charlize Theron honored by Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics for Monster". The Advocate. January 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ Meza, Ed (December 7, 2003). "'Lenin' storms the house at Berlin's EFAs". Variety. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "2003 FFCC Award Winners". Florida Film Critics Circle. January 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Mystic River". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Master And Commander sails off with London Critics awards". Screen Daily. February 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "National Board of Review Says "Mystic River" is Tops For 2003". IndieWire. December 2003. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "Critics society names 'Splendor' best film". Chicago Tribune. January 5, 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "8th Annual Satellite Awards". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2015. ^ "SAG Swept Away by "Mystic River"". E! Online. January 15, 2004. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ^ "4th Annual Award Winners". Vancouver Film Critics Circle. 2 February 2004. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016. ^ "SAG, WGA awards lead into Oscar". CNN. February 20, 2004. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2019. Bibliography Eliot, Marc (2009). American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-33688-0. Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart: The Films of Clint Eastwood. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7. Ostermann, Eberhard (2007). "Mystic River Oder Die Abwesenheit Des Vaters". Die Filmerzählung: acht exemplarische Analysen. Munich: Fink. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-3-7705-4562-9. External links Mystic River at IMDb Mystic River at Box Office Mojo Mystic River at Rotten Tomatoes Mystic River at Metacritic vteClint EastwoodMayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea (1986–1988)Films directed Play Misty for Me (1971) High Plains Drifter (1973) Breezy (1973) The Eiger Sanction (1975) The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) The Gauntlet (1977) Bronco Billy (1980) Firefox (1982) Honkytonk Man (1982) Sudden Impact (1983) Pale Rider (1985) Heartbreak Ridge (1986) Bird (1988) White Hunter Black Heart (1990) The Rookie (1990) Unforgiven (1992) A Perfect World (1993) The Bridges of Madison County (1995) Absolute Power (1997) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997) True Crime (1999) Space Cowboys (2000) Blood Work (2002) Piano Blues (2003) Mystic River (2003) Million Dollar Baby (2004) Flags of Our Fathers (2006) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) Changeling (2008) Gran Torino (2008) Invictus (2009) Hereafter (2010) J. Edgar (2011) Jersey Boys (2014) American Sniper (2014) Sully (2016) The 15:17 to Paris (2018) The Mule (2018) Richard Jewell (2019) Cry Macho (2021) Juror No. 2 (TBA) Family Dina Ruiz (second wife) Kyle Eastwood (son) Alison Eastwood (daughter) Scott Eastwood (son) Francesca Eastwood (daughter) Sondra Locke (ex-partner) Lists Filmography Bibliography Discography Accolades Related Early life Personal life Political life 2012 RNC Dollars Trilogy Man with No Name Dirty Harry Harry Callahan "Go ahead, make my day" Malpaso Productions Eastwood After Hours: Live at Carnegie Hall (1997 album) "Bar Room Buddies" "Clint Eastwood (song)" Category vteDennis LehaneBibliographyKenzie-Gennaro novels A Drink Before the War (1994) Darkness, Take My Hand (1996) Sacred (1997) Gone, Baby, Gone (1998) Prayers for Rain (1999) Moonlight Mile (2010) Coughlin novels The Given Day (2008) Live by Night (2012) World Gone By (2015) Other works Mystic River (2001) Shutter Island (2003) Coronado: Stories (2006) The Drop (2014) Since We Fell (2017) Small Mercies (2023) FilmographyAdaptations Mystic River (2003) Gone Baby Gone (2007) Shutter Island (2010) The Drop (2014) Live by Night (2016) Other The Wire "Dead Soldiers" "Refugees" "Clarifications" Boardwalk Empire "Resignation" Mr. Mercedes "Gods Who Fall" "People in the Rain" "Willow Lake" "Jibber-Jibber Chicken Dinner" "Missed You" "Fell On Black Days" "Nobody Puts Brady in a Crestmore" "Walk Like a Man" The Outsider "In the Pines, In the Pines" "Tigers and Bears" Black Bird Firebug Awards for Mystic River vteAARP Movies for Grownups Award for Best Movie for Grownups Lantana (2001) About Schmidt (2002) Mystic River (2003) Ray (2004) Capote (2005) The Last King of Scotland (2006) The Savages (2007) Frost/Nixon (2008) Invictus (2009) The King's Speech (2010) The Descendants (2011) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) The Theory of Everything (2014) Spotlight (2015) Loving (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) The United States vs. Billie Holiday (2020) Belfast (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) vteBlue Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Film Sunset Boulevard (1951) Monsieur Verdoux (1952) Forbidden Games (1953) The Wages of Fear (1954) East of Eden (1955) Gervaise (1956) La Strada (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) 12 Angry Men (1959) On the Beach (1960) Two Women (1961) The Grapes of Wrath (1962) Sundays and Cybele (1963) Lilies of the Field (1964) Mary Poppins (1965) A Man and a Woman (1966) Lenny (1975) Taxi Driver (1976) Rocky (1977) Conversation Piece (1978) The Deer Hunter (1979) Kramer vs. Kramer (1980) The Tin Drum (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Flashdance (1983) The Right Stuff (1984) Witness (1985) The Color Purple (1986) The Untouchables (1987) Wings of Desire (1988) Die Hard (1989) Field of Dreams (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) JFK (1992) Jurassic Park (1993) Pulp Fiction (1994) The Bridges of Madison County (1995) Seven (1996) Titanic (1997) L.A. Confidential (1998) Life Is Beautiful (1999) Dancer in the Dark (2000) Joint Security Area (2001) Shaolin Soccer (2002) Infernal Affairs (2003) Mystic River (2004) Million Dollar Baby (2005) Flags of Our Fathers (2006) Dreamgirls (2007) The Dark Knight (2008) Gran Torino (2009) District 9 (2010) Black Swan (2011) Les Misérables (2012) Gravity (2013) Jersey Boys (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Rogue One (2016) Hidden Figures (2017) Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) Joker (2019) Parasite (2020) No Time to Die (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023) vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film1980–2000 Raging Bull (1980) Pixote (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) The Night of the Shooting Stars (1983) The Killing Fields (1984) Ran (1985) Blue Velvet (1986) Hope and Glory (1987) Bull Durham (1988) Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) Goodfellas (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Unforgiven (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Trainspotting (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Three Kings (1999) Almost Famous (2000) 2001–present Mulholland Drive (2001) The Pianist (2002) Mystic River (2003) Sideways (2004) Brokeback Mountain (2005) The Departed (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) WALL-E / Slumdog Millionaire (2008) The Hurt Locker (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Artist (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) Spotlight (2015) La La Land (2016) Phantom Thread (2017) If Beale Street Could Talk (2018) Little Women (2019) Nomadland (2020) Drive My Car (2021) Return to Seoul (2022) The Holdovers (2023) vteBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Ensemble Cast Mystic River (2003) Sideways (2004) Syriana (2005) United 93 (2006) Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007) Tropic Thunder (2008) Precious / Star Trek (2009) The Fighter (2010) Carnage (2011) Seven Psychopaths (2012) Nebraska (2013) Boyhood (2014) Spotlight (2015) Moonlight (2016) The Meyerowitz Stories (2017) Shoplifters (2018) Little Women (2019) Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Jackass Forever / Women Talking (2022) Oppenheimer (2023) vteCésar Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman (1976) We All Loved Each Other So Much (1977) A Special Day (1978) The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1979) Manhattan (1980) Kagemusha (1981) The Elephant Man (1982) Victor/Victoria (1983) Fanny and Alexander (1984) Amadeus (1985) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) The Name of the Rose (1987) The Last Emperor (1988) Bagdad Cafe (1989) Dangerous Liaisons (1990) Dead Poets Society (1991) Toto the Hero (1992) High Heels (1993) The Piano (1994) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1995) Land and Freedom (1996) Breaking the Waves (1997) Brassed Off (1998) Life Is Beautiful (1999) All About My Mother (2000) In the Mood for Love (2001) Mulholland Drive (2002) Bowling for Columbine (2003) Mystic River (2004) Lost in Translation (2005) Million Dollar Baby (2006) Little Miss Sunshine (2007) The Lives of Others (2008) Waltz with Bashir (2009) Gran Torino (2010) The Social Network (2011) A Separation (2012) Argo (2013) The Broken Circle Breakdown (2014) Mommy (2015) Birdman (2016) I, Daniel Blake (2017) Loveless (2018) Shoplifters (2019) Parasite (2020) Another Round (2021) The Father (2022) The Beasts (2023) The Nature of Love (2024) vteMainichi Film Award for Foreign Film Best One Award Sophie's Choice (1983) The Dresser (1984) A Sunday in the Country (1985) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) The Trip to Bountiful (1987) Hope and Glory (1988) Cinema Paradiso (1989) A City of Sadness (1990) Dances with Wolves (1991) JFK (1992) Unforgiven (1993) Farewell My Concubine (1994) The Shawshank Redemption (1995) Ulysses' Gaze (1996) The English Patient (1997) L.A. Confidential (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1999) Space Cowboys (2000) Postmen in the Mountains (2001) Devils on the Doorstep (2002) The Pianist (2003) Mystic River (2004) Flags of Our Fathers (2006) Still Life (2007) The Dark Knight (2008) Gran Torino (2009) Breathless (2010) The King's Speech (2011) Hugo (2012) Amour (2013) Boyhood (2014) Birdman (2015) Sully (2016) I, Daniel Blake (2017) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2018) Joker (2019) Parasite (2020) Nomadland (2021) Belfast (2022) Tár (2023) vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Film1932–1950 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) Topaze (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) The Informer (1935) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Night Must Fall (1937) The Citadel (1938) Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Citizen Kane (1941) In Which We Serve (1942) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The True Glory (1945) Henry V (1946) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) 1951–1975 A Place in the Sun (1951) The Quiet Man (1952) Julius Caesar (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) Marty (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Sons and Lovers (1960) Question 7 (1961) The Longest Day (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Becket (1964) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) Patton (1970) Macbeth (1971) Cabaret (1972) The Sting (1973) The Conversation (1974) Barry Lyndon / Nashville (1975) 1976–2000 All the President's Men (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Days of Heaven (1978) Manhattan (1979) Ordinary People (1980) Chariots of Fire / Reds (1981) Gandhi (1982) Betrayal / Terms of Endearment (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Color Purple (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Empire of the Sun (1987) Mississippi Burning (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Dances with Wolves (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump / Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Shine (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Gods and Monsters (1998) American Beauty (1999) Quills (2000) 2001–present Moulin Rouge! (2001) The Hours (2002) Mystic River (2003) Finding Neverland (2004) Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) Hugo (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Her (2013) A Most Violent Year (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Manchester by the Sea (2016) The Post (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) Da 5 Bloods (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Israel United States Czech Republic Other MusicBrainz release group IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neo-noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-noir"},{"link_name":"crime drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Laurence Fishburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne"},{"link_name":"Marcia Gay Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden"},{"link_name":"Laura Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney"},{"link_name":"Brian Helgeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Helgeland"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Lehane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lehane"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"76th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"}],"text":"Mystic River is a 2003 American neo-noir crime drama film directed and co-produced by Clint Eastwood, and starring Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, Laurence Fishburne, Marcia Gay Harden, and Laura Linney. The screenplay, written by Brian Helgeland, was based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane. It is the first film in which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score.The film was a critical and commercial success. Mystic River was nominated for six awards at the 76th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, winning Best Actor for Penn, and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins.","title":"Mystic River (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American"},{"link_name":"Charlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"sexually abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"convenience store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police"},{"link_name":"blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_collar"},{"link_name":"haunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":".38 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38_Special"},{"link_name":"revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"liquor store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_store"},{"link_name":"child prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prostitute"},{"link_name":"Mystic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_River"}],"text":"In 1975, Irish-American friends Jimmy Markum, Sean Devine, and Dave Boyle are playing street hockey in Charlestown, Boston. After deciding to write a mural of their names in a patch of wet concrete, two men, seeming to be police officers, kidnap Dave and sexually abuse him for four days until he escapes.Twenty-five years later, Jimmy is an ex-convict and neighborhood convenience store owner; Sean is a detective with the Massachusetts State Police whose pregnant wife Lauren recently left him, and Dave is a blue-collar worker continually haunted by the abduction and rape he suffered. Jimmy and Dave are related by marriage, Dave's wife Celeste and Jimmy's second wife Annabeth being cousins.Jimmy's daughter from his first marriage, Katie, plans to run away to Las Vegas with Brendan Harris, a boy from a family Jimmy despises whom she has been secretly dating. One night, Dave sees Katie and her friends at a local bar. That same night, Katie is murdered, and Dave comes home bloodied and injured. He tells his wife that he fought off a mugger and possibly killed him. Sean and his partner Whitey Powers investigate the murder while Jimmy, distraught at Katie's death, conducts a separate investigation using his neighborhood connections.A witness statement suggests that Katie may have known her killer. The detectives learn that the gun used to kill her, a .38 Special revolver, was also used in a liquor store robbery in 1984 by \"Just Ray\" Harris, the father of Brendan. Harris has been missing since 1989, but Brendan claims he still sends his family $500 monthly. Brendan feigns ignorance about Ray's gun. Whitey suspects Dave, who keeps changing the story about his hand being injured. Dave continues to behave erratically, which upsets Celeste to the point that she leaves their home and tells Jimmy she suspects Dave is the murderer.Jimmy and his friends invite Dave to a local bar, get him drunk and confront him when he is about to vomit. Jimmy admits to Dave that he killed \"Just Ray\" for implicating him in the liquor store robbery, which resulted in his imprisonment. Dave reveals to Jimmy that he did kill someone that night, but it was not Katie. He beat to death a child molester whom he found with a child prostitute. Jimmy does not believe Dave and pulls out a knife. He promises to let Dave live if he confesses to Katie's murder. However, when Dave admits to killing Katie, Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River.Meanwhile, after finding his father's gun missing, Brendan confronts his mute younger brother \"Silent Ray\" and his friend John O'Shea about Katie's murder. Brendan beats the two boys, trying to get them to admit their guilt, and then John pulls out Ray's gun and is about to shoot Brendan. Sean and Whitey, having connected the two boys to the murder, arrive and disarm and arrest John and Ray.The next morning, Sean tells Jimmy that John and \"Silent Ray\" confessed to killing Katie as part of a prank gone wrong. Sean asks Jimmy if he has seen Dave, who is wanted for questioning in the murder of a known child molester. Jimmy does not answer, instead thanking Sean for finding Katie's killers, but remarks, \"if only you'd been a little faster.\" Sean then asks Jimmy if he intends to send Celeste a monthly $500 as well.Sean reunites with Lauren after apologizing for pushing her away while Jimmy confesses what he's done to Annabeth, who tells him he is \"a king, and a king knows what to do and does it. Even when it's hard.\" During a local parade, Dave's son Michael waits for his father. Sean sees Jimmy and mimics a gunshot at him with his hand, whereas Jimmy spreads his arms in a “you got me” gesture.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Connor Paolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Paolo"},{"link_name":"Laurence Fishburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne"},{"link_name":"Marcia Gay Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden"},{"link_name":"Laura Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney"},{"link_name":"Tom Guiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Guiry"},{"link_name":"Spencer Treat Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Treat_Clark"},{"link_name":"Emmy Rossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Rossum"},{"link_name":"Jenny O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Kevin Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Robert Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Cayden Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayden_Boyd"},{"link_name":"John Doman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doman"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Togo"},{"link_name":"Will Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Lyman"},{"link_name":"Ari Graynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Graynor"},{"link_name":"Ken Cheeseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Cheeseman"},{"link_name":"Kevin Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Conway_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"}],"text":"Sean Penn as James \"Jimmy\" Markum\nJason Kelly as young Jimmy Markum\nTim Robbins as David \"Dave\" Boyle\nCameron Bowen as young Dave Boyle\nKevin Bacon as Det. Sean Devine\nConnor Paolo as young Sean Devine\nLaurence Fishburne as Det Sgt. Whitey Powers\nMarcia Gay Harden as Celeste Samarco Boyle\nLaura Linney as Annabeth Markum\nTom Guiry as Brendan Harris\nSpencer Treat Clark as Ray \"Silent Ray\" Harris Jr.\nAndrew Mackin as John O'Shea\nEmmy Rossum as Katherine \"Katie\" Markum\nJenny O'Hara as Esther Harris\nKevin Chapman as Val Savage\nAdam Nelson as Nick Savage\nRobert Wahlberg as Kevin Savage\nCayden Boyd as Michael Boyle\nJohn Doman as the Driver\nTori Davis as Lauren Devine\nJonathan Togo as Pete\nWill Lyman as FBI Special Agent Birden\nAri Graynor as Eve Pigeon\nKen Cheeseman as Dave's Friend In Bar\nMichael McGovern as 1975 Reporter\nKevin Conway (uncredited) as Theo Savage\nEli Wallach (uncredited) as Mr. Loonie","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009153-5"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2009153-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Michael Keaton was originally cast in the role of Det. Sean Devine, and did several script readings with the cast, as well as his own research into the practices of the Massachusetts Police Department.[4] However, creative differences between Keaton and Clint Eastwood led to Keaton leaving the production. He was replaced by Kevin Bacon.[5]Principal photography took place on location in Boston.[5][6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travers-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliot2009307-11"},{"link_name":"David Edelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edelstein"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"A.O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Dave Kehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kehr"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 204 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The site's critics consensus reads: \"Anchored by the exceptional acting of its strong cast, Mystic River is a somber drama that unfolds in layers and conveys the tragedy of its story with visceral power.\"[7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on reviews from 42 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[9]Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote \"Clint Eastwood pours everything he knows about directing into Mystic River. His film sneaks up, messes with your head, and then floors you. You can't shake it. It's that haunting, that hypnotic.\"[10][11]On September 8, 2003, David Edelstein wrote a long article for The New York Times with the headline: \"Dirty Harry Wants to Say He's Sorry (Again).\" The piece examines Mystic River in the context of Eastwood's entire oeuvre, praising his “evolution [into] cinema's […] sorrowful conscience”.[12]Reviewing the film for The New York Times on October 3, 2003, A.O. Scott wrote a long review of this \"mighty\" work, at one point observing: \"Dave's abduction is an act of inexplicable, almost metaphysical evil, and this story of guilt, grief and vengeance grows out of it like a mass of dark weeds. At its starkest, the film, like the novel by Dennis Lehane on which it is based, is a parable of incurable trauma, in which violence begets more violence and the primal violation of innocence can never be set right. Mystic River is the rare American movie that aspires to—and achieves—the full weight and darkness of tragedy.\"[13]On October 12, 2003, The New York Times A. O. Scott wrote a piece headlined \"Ms. Macbeth and her cousin: The women of Mystic River\" which he opened with: \"One of the most haunting scenes in Clint Eastwood's Mystic River—a film that consists almost entirely of haunting scenes—comes just before the end. The main dramatic action, we have every reason to suspect, is complete ... A long, climactic night of revelation and confrontation is over, and the weary streets of Boston are flooded with hard autumnal light. The break of day brings a new insight, one that has less to do with the facts of the story than with its meaning. All along, Mystic River has seemed, most obviously, to be about those three men ... But it turns out to be just as much about three (or more) damaged families, about the terror and mystery of marriage and about the fateful actions of two women.\"[14]In the New York Times, on June 8, 2004, anticipating the DVD and CD release, Dave Kehr praised the film as \"a symphonic study in contrasting voices and values. Long fascinated by music as a subject, ... Mr. Eastwood here creates a genuinely musical style, using his performers like soloists, from Mr. Robbins's moody baritone to Mr. Penn's spiky soprano. Their individual arias are incorporated into a magnificent choral piece\".[15]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-3"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film earned $156,822,020 worldwide with $90,135,191 in the United States and $66,686,829 in the international box office, which is significantly higher than its $25–30 million budget.[2][3]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mystic River (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. September 10, 2003. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. 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American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-33688-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanrebellif00elio","url_text":"American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Books","url_text":"Harmony Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33688-0","url_text":"978-0-307-33688-0"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart: The Films of Clint Eastwood. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"I.B. Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-902-7","url_text":"978-1-84511-902-7"}]},{"reference":"Ostermann, Eberhard (2007). \"Mystic River Oder Die Abwesenheit Des Vaters\". Die Filmerzählung: acht exemplarische Analysen. Munich: Fink. pp. 29–43. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_(House_of_Habsburg)	Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg)	["1 History","1.1 Frederick III","1.2 Maximilian I","1.3 Decline after Maximilian","2 Further development","2.1 European Order of Saint George","2.2 Order in Carinthia","3 References","4 External links"]	This article is about the historic order of chivalry. For the active order, see Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine). For other uses, see Order of St. George (disambiguation). The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Order of Saint George" House of Habsburg – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Order of Saint GeorgeSt George's CrossActive1469 – 1598AllegianceFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1469–1493)Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519)TypeCatholic religious order(military order)HeadquartersMillstatt AbbeyWiener NeustadtPatronSaint GeorgeAttireWhite mantle with a red crossCommandersFirst Grand MasterJohann Siebenhirter (1469–1508)Second Grand MasterJohann Geumann (1508–1536)Third Grand MasterWolfgang Prandtner (1536–1541)Military unit The Order of Saint George (Latin: Ordo militaris Sancti Georgii; German: St. Georgs-Orden) is an Austrian chivalric order founded by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II in 1469. Established as a military order to advocate the Christian faith, its original implicite goal was to combat the Ottoman incursions into the Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. The order resided at Millstatt Abbey and in Wiener Neustadt, until in 1598 its properties were handed over to the Jesuit college in Graz. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Frederick III In 1462 Emperor Frederick III and his court at Hofburg Palace was besieged by his rebellious brother Archduke Albert VI of Austria and insurgent Vienna citizens. Frederick made a vow: if he was saved, he would undertake a pilgrimage to Rome, found a diocese and establish a chivalric order in honour of Saint George. Finally, the siege was lifted and Albert died in the following year. Investiture of the first Grand Master of the Knights of St George by Pope Paul II In November 1468, Frederick proceeded to the Holy See, where on 1 January 1469 the first Grand Master Johann Siebenhirter received his investiture in the Lateran Basilica. On 18 January the Austrian Diocese of Vienna and the Diocese of Wiener Neustadt were established by papal bull. The Wiener Neustadt bishopric was even incorporated into the Order of Saint George in 1479; however, this union was overshadowed by ongoing quarrels between Grand Master and Bishop, mainly over the order of precedence, and the union was again dissolved in 1528. Certificate of the papal legate Michael Padena on the inauguration of Grand Master Johann Siebenhirter, 14 May 1469 On 14 May 1469 Grand Master Siebenhirter ceremoniously entered Millstatt, where the Order was vested with the estates of the former Benedictine abbey. Emperor Frederick III himself had acted as the monastery's Vogt protector, but found its premises decayed and monastic life at a low point. His request to dissolve the convent was approved by Pope Paul II. The Order received further Carinthian estates at the strategically important Seeberg Saddle (Rechberg) and the Maria Wörth provostry, as well as the Styrian lordships of Pürgg in the Enns valley and Sankt Lorenzen im Mürztal. It temporarily held the former Sternberg comital estates, Landskron Castle (from 1511), the Bozen parish in Tyrol and additional possessions in Vienna and Lower Austria. When in 1479 the Order established its headquarters at Burg Wiener Neustadt, the patron of the Cathedral became Saint George. The proposed acquisition of Viktring Abbey, however, met fierce resistance from the Archbishop of Salzburg. Siebenhirter made significant efforts to restore the Millstatt monastery complex as a presentable residence and had extensive fortifications erected. He left valuable incunables such as a prayer book, today kept at the National Library of Sweden, and an antiphonary, which is part of the collections of the University Library of Graz. The Grand Master also provided for the decoration of numerous parish churches with Late Gothic winged altarpieces and frescoes. Maximilian I As the few Knights of Saint George proved unfit to fight the invading Ottoman forces, Emperor Frederick's son and successor Maximilian I (archduke 1493–1519, emperor 1508–19), called "the Last Knight", shortly after his father's death in 1493 established an affiliated secular Saint George fraternity, mainly to man a planned fortress at Rann (Brežice) in Lower Styria. Emperor Maximilian himself and several Princes of the Holy Roman Empire joined the brotherhood in a solemn ceremony held at Antwerp Cathedral on 28 October 1494. Pope Alexander VI and numerous cardinals also were members. Maximilian called for a Christian campaign against the Ottoman intruders, which however failed due to the Habsburg quarrels with King Charles VIII of France and the Republic of Venice. Siebenhirter Tower, Millstatt Abbey Nevertheless, Maximilian remained an eager patron of the Order, whose representatives were present when in 1508 he took the title of an "Elected Roman Emperor" during a ceremony held at Trient Cathedral. On 10 October 1508 Grand Master Siebenhirter died and was succeeded by the Upper Austrian noble Johann Geumann. Maximilian thought about assuming the title of Grand Master himself, as he had had do cede the rights of Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece to his son Philip I of Castile in 1482, and Geumann did not receive his investiture until Maximilan's death on 1518. The next year, he acted as the late emperor's executioner of will and designated tomb guard at Wiener Neustadt Cathedral, after the Salzburg archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had thwarted Maximilian's plans for a grail's fortress near St. Wolfgang. Numerous artworks from the estate of the emperor referred to the Order of Saint George, such as the Triumphal Arch, the Theuerdank and Weißkunig publications, as well as his prayer book printed in 1513 with drawings by Albrecht Dürer (kept at the Bavarian State Library). Decline after Maximilian With Maximilian, the Order lost his most influential patron. Emperors Charles V and his brother, Ferdinand I, had no interest in maintaining an obsolete knightly community not sufficient to meet modern military demands. Moreover, the Protestant Reformation spread over the Inner Austrian lands and was joined by many of the Order's members. After Johan Geumann died in 1536, a third Grand Master, Wolfgang Prandtner, was appointed, who nevertheless was absent most of the time and succumbed to the plague five years later. Afterwards no further Grand Master was appointed and the Order's premises were administrated by Imperial commissioners. When the Jesuit college in the Inner Austrian capital Graz was established by Archduke Charles II, the earnings of the order estates were added to its endowment. In 1598, the estates were formally handed over to the Jesuits; however, a formal dissolution of the Order is not documented. Further development A 17th century re-establishment of a knightly brotherhood (Italian: Imperiale Ordine Militare Capitolare Di S. Giorgio In Carinzia) at the Augustinian Church in Vienna is mentioned in a 1974 guide to Austrian chivalric orders; the priory is said to be confirmed by Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria in 1848 and his successor Charles I in 1917. Upon the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prior Alois Hudal in a memorandum turned to Charles I for the approbation of a secular chivalric order. The order's history was partly adopted by the secular Old Chivalric Order of Saint George, also called the Order of the Four Emperors, which was re-established in 1768 by count Philipp Ferdinand of Limburg-Stirum. European Order of Saint George Since 2011, a European Order of Saint George exists as a dynastic order of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, whose current head is Karl von Habsburg. Order in Carinthia The Order of Knights of Saint George of Carinthia in Slovenia has undergone significant development in 2022. It is governed by a Collegial Regency in the name of the Grand Master and Prince, who are appointed from the ranks of the Grand Commanders. The current Grand Master and Prince are H.S. Prince Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein (Grand Commander, appointed 09/24/2022) and H.S. Prince Josef-Emanuel von und zu Liechtenstein (Knight Commander, appointed 09/24/2022). The Order's Chancery (secretariat) is responsible for its business-administrative activities and is composed of Kristjan Brozovič, Familiar Dean, Adrijana Kolar, Familiar, and Igor Gregorčič, Knight. The Order does not require monarchical authority for its sovereignty and instead elects its own Grand Master and Prince, similar to the German and Maltese Knights Orders. It supports the legitimate monarch from the Habsburg line and advocates for the support of the spiritual heritage of the Holy See, remaining faithful to the current successor on the Throne of Peter. Prince Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein and Princess Margaretha von und zu Liechtenstein (by Norma de Saint Picman) The Grand Master is Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein. References ^ "Viteški red Svetega Jurija – Viteški red Svetega Jurija". Retrieved 22 August 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knights of St. George (Austria). 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For the active order, see Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine). For other uses, see Order of St. George (disambiguation).Military unitThe Order of Saint George (Latin: Ordo militaris Sancti Georgii; German: St. Georgs-Orden) is an Austrian chivalric order founded by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II in 1469.[citation needed] Established as a military order to advocate the Christian faith, its original implicite[spelling?] goal was to combat the Ottoman incursions into the Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. The order resided at Millstatt Abbey and in Wiener Neustadt, until in 1598 its properties were handed over to the Jesuit college in Graz.","title":"Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hofburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Archduke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke"},{"link_name":"Albert VI of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:311St.Georgs_Ritterorden_Einsetzung_durch_Papst_Paul_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Lateran Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Wiener Neustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wiener_Neustadt"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_master_(order)"},{"link_name":"order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millstatt_Urkunde_1469.jpg"},{"link_name":"Millstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstatt"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Carinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthian"},{"link_name":"Seeberg Saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeberg_Saddle"},{"link_name":"Maria Wörth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_W%C3%B6rth"},{"link_name":"Pürgg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCrgg-Trautenfels"},{"link_name":"Enns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enns_(river)"},{"link_name":"Sankt Lorenzen im Mürztal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Lorenzen_im_M%C3%BCrztal"},{"link_name":"Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernberg"},{"link_name":"Landskron Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskron_Castle_(Carinthia)"},{"link_name":"Bozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Burg Wiener Neustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Wiener_Neustadt"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Wiener_Neustadt"},{"link_name":"Viktring Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktring_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"incunables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incunable"},{"link_name":"National Library of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"antiphonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphonary"},{"link_name":"University Library of Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Library_of_Graz"},{"link_name":"winged altarpieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_altarpiece"}],"sub_title":"Frederick III","text":"In 1462 Emperor Frederick III and his court at Hofburg Palace was besieged by his rebellious brother Archduke Albert VI of Austria and insurgent Vienna citizens. Frederick made a vow: if he was saved, he would undertake a pilgrimage to Rome, found a diocese and establish a chivalric order in honour of Saint George. Finally, the siege was lifted and Albert died in the following year.Investiture of the first Grand Master of the Knights of St George by Pope Paul IIIn November 1468, Frederick proceeded to the Holy See, where on 1 January 1469 the first Grand Master Johann Siebenhirter received his investiture in the Lateran Basilica. On 18 January the Austrian Diocese of Vienna and the Diocese of Wiener Neustadt were established by papal bull. The Wiener Neustadt bishopric was even incorporated into the Order of Saint George in 1479; however, this union was overshadowed by ongoing quarrels between Grand Master and Bishop, mainly over the order of precedence, and the union was again dissolved in 1528.Certificate of the papal legate Michael Padena on the inauguration of Grand Master Johann Siebenhirter, 14 May 1469On 14 May 1469 Grand Master Siebenhirter ceremoniously entered Millstatt, where the Order was vested with the estates of the former Benedictine abbey. Emperor Frederick III himself had acted as the monastery's Vogt protector, but found its premises decayed and monastic life at a low point. His request to dissolve the convent was approved by Pope Paul II. The Order received further Carinthian estates at the strategically important Seeberg Saddle (Rechberg) and the Maria Wörth provostry, as well as the Styrian lordships of Pürgg in the Enns valley and Sankt Lorenzen im Mürztal. It temporarily held the former Sternberg comital estates, Landskron Castle (from 1511), the Bozen parish in Tyrol and additional possessions in Vienna and Lower Austria. When in 1479 the Order established its headquarters at Burg Wiener Neustadt, the patron of the Cathedral became Saint George. The proposed acquisition of Viktring Abbey, however, met fierce resistance from the Archbishop of Salzburg.Siebenhirter made significant efforts to restore the Millstatt monastery complex as a presentable residence and had extensive fortifications erected. He left valuable incunables such as a prayer book, today kept at the National Library of Sweden, and an antiphonary, which is part of the collections of the University Library of Graz. The Grand Master also provided for the decoration of numerous parish churches with Late Gothic winged altarpieces and frescoes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Rann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C5%BEice_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lower Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Styria"},{"link_name":"Princes of the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stift_Millstatt_Turm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Trient Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Upper Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Philip I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Leonhard von Keutschach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_von_Keutschach"},{"link_name":"grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"St. Wolfgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Wolfgang_im_Salzkammergut"},{"link_name":"Triumphal Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)"},{"link_name":"Theuerdank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theuerdank"},{"link_name":"Weißkunig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fkunig"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library"}],"sub_title":"Maximilian I","text":"As the few Knights of Saint George proved unfit to fight the invading Ottoman forces, Emperor Frederick's son and successor Maximilian I (archduke 1493–1519, emperor 1508–19), called \"the Last Knight\", shortly after his father's death in 1493 established an affiliated secular Saint George fraternity, mainly to man a planned fortress at Rann (Brežice) in Lower Styria. Emperor Maximilian himself and several Princes of the Holy Roman Empire joined the brotherhood in a solemn ceremony held at Antwerp Cathedral on 28 October 1494. Pope Alexander VI and numerous cardinals also were members. Maximilian called for a Christian campaign against the Ottoman intruders, which however failed due to the Habsburg quarrels with King Charles VIII of France and the Republic of Venice.Siebenhirter Tower, Millstatt AbbeyNevertheless, Maximilian remained an eager patron of the Order, whose representatives were present when in 1508 he took the title of an \"Elected Roman Emperor\" during a ceremony held at Trient Cathedral. On 10 October 1508 Grand Master Siebenhirter died and was succeeded by the Upper Austrian noble Johann Geumann. Maximilian thought about assuming the title of Grand Master himself, as he had had do cede the rights of Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece to his son Philip I of Castile in 1482, and Geumann did not receive his investiture until Maximilan's death on 1518. The next year, he acted as the late emperor's executioner of will and designated tomb guard at Wiener Neustadt Cathedral, after the Salzburg archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had thwarted Maximilian's plans for a grail's fortress near St. Wolfgang. Numerous artworks from the estate of the emperor referred to the Order of Saint George, such as the Triumphal Arch, the Theuerdank and Weißkunig publications, as well as his prayer book printed in 1513 with drawings by Albrecht Dürer (kept at the Bavarian State Library).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperors Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Archduke Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria"}],"sub_title":"Decline after Maximilian","text":"With Maximilian, the Order lost his most influential patron. Emperors Charles V and his brother, Ferdinand I, had no interest in maintaining an obsolete knightly community not sufficient to meet modern military demands. Moreover, the Protestant Reformation spread over the Inner Austrian lands and was joined by many of the Order's members. After Johan Geumann died in 1536, a third Grand Master, Wolfgang Prandtner, was appointed, who nevertheless was absent most of the time and succumbed to the plague five years later. Afterwards no further Grand Master was appointed and the Order's premises were administrated by Imperial commissioners. When the Jesuit college in the Inner Austrian capital Graz was established by Archduke Charles II, the earnings of the order estates were added to its endowment. In 1598, the estates were formally handed over to the Jesuits; however, a formal dissolution of the Order is not documented.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Augustinian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_Church,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Francis Joseph I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Alois Hudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hudal"},{"link_name":"Order of the Four Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Four_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Philipp Ferdinand of Limburg-Stirum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ferdinand_of_Limburg-Stirum"}],"text":"A 17th century re-establishment of a knightly brotherhood (Italian: Imperiale Ordine Militare Capitolare Di S. Giorgio In Carinzia) at the Augustinian Church in Vienna is mentioned in a 1974 guide to Austrian chivalric orders; the priory is said to be confirmed by Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria in 1848 and his successor Charles I in 1917. Upon the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prior Alois Hudal in a memorandum turned to Charles I for the approbation of a secular chivalric order.The order's history was partly adopted by the secular Old Chivalric Order of Saint George, also called the Order of the Four Emperors, which was re-established in 1768 by count Philipp Ferdinand of Limburg-Stirum.","title":"Further development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Habsburg-Lorraine)"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Karl von Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg"}],"sub_title":"European Order of Saint George","text":"Since 2011, a European Order of Saint George exists as a dynastic order of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, whose current head is Karl von Habsburg.","title":"Further development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"monarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Liechtenstein_Couple_Norma_De_Saint_Picman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikolaus_of_Liechtenstein"}],"sub_title":"Order in Carinthia","text":"The Order of Knights of Saint George of Carinthia[1] in Slovenia has undergone significant development in 2022. It is governed by a Collegial Regency in the name of the Grand Master and Prince, who are appointed from the ranks of the Grand Commanders. \nThe current Grand Master and Prince are H.S. Prince Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein (Grand Commander, appointed 09/24/2022) and H.S. Prince Josef-Emanuel von und zu Liechtenstein (Knight Commander, appointed 09/24/2022). The Order's Chancery (secretariat) is responsible for its business-administrative activities and is composed of Kristjan Brozovič, Familiar Dean, Adrijana Kolar, Familiar, and Igor Gregorčič, Knight. The Order does not require monarchical authority for its sovereignty and instead elects its own Grand Master and Prince, similar to the German and Maltese Knights Orders. It supports the legitimate monarch from the Habsburg line and advocates for the support of the spiritual heritage of the Holy See, remaining faithful to the current successor on the Throne of Peter.Prince Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein and Princess Margaretha von und zu Liechtenstein (by Norma de Saint Picman)The Grand Master is Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein.","title":"Further development"}]	[{"image_text":"Investiture of the first Grand Master of the Knights of St George by Pope Paul II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/311St.Georgs_Ritterorden_Einsetzung_durch_Papst_Paul_II.jpg/220px-311St.Georgs_Ritterorden_Einsetzung_durch_Papst_Paul_II.jpg"},{"image_text":"Certificate of the papal legate Michael Padena on the inauguration of Grand Master Johann Siebenhirter, 14 May 1469","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Millstatt_Urkunde_1469.jpg/220px-Millstatt_Urkunde_1469.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siebenhirter Tower, Millstatt Abbey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Stift_Millstatt_Turm.jpg/220px-Stift_Millstatt_Turm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein and Princess Margaretha von und zu Liechtenstein (by Norma de Saint Picman)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Prince_Liechtenstein_Couple_Norma_De_Saint_Picman.jpg/220px-Prince_Liechtenstein_Couple_Norma_De_Saint_Picman.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Viteški red Svetega Jurija – Viteški red Svetega Jurija\". Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://viteski-red.si/","url_text":"\"Viteški red Svetega Jurija – Viteški red Svetega Jurija\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg","external_links_name":"\"Order of Saint George\" House of Habsburg"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Order+of+Saint+George%22+House+of+Habsburg&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://viteski-red.si/","external_links_name":"\"Viteški red Svetega Jurija – Viteški red Svetega Jurija\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgsorden.at/","external_links_name":"European Order of Saint George"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4829154983545667860000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4834813-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiplash_(Marvel_Comics)	Whiplash (Marvel Comics)	["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Mark Scarlotti","2.2 Leeann Foreman","2.3 Whiplash and Blacklash duo","2.4 Construct","2.5 Anton Vanko","2.6 Female Blacklash","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other versions","4.1 Ultimate Marvel","5 In other media","5.1 Television","5.2 Marvel Cinematic Universe","5.3 Video games","5.4 Toys","6 References","7 External links"]	Marvel Comics fictional character Whiplash is the name of multiple supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are commonly depicted as members of Iron Man's rogues gallery. The original Whiplash (Mark Scarlotti) also went by the name Blacklash. Mickey Rourke portrayed Whiplash (Ivan Vanko) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 2 (2010). Publication history Mark Scarlotti first appeared as Whiplash in Tales of Suspense #97 (Jan. 1968). He was killed in battle in Iron Man vol. 4 #28 (May 2000). Leeann Foreman debuted as Whiplash in Marvel Comics Presents #49 (May 1990). During the Civil War storyline, two new villains called Whiplash and Blacklash appear in Thunderbolts #104 (Sept. 2006) and #107 (Dec. 2006). Another female Whiplash appeared in Big Hero 6 #1 (Nov. 2008). Anton Vanko first appeared in Iron Man vs. Whiplash #1–4 (Jan.–April 2010). He later appeared as a member of the Masters of Evil. Fictional character biography Mark Scarlotti Comics character BlacklashBlacklash (center) features on the cover of Marvel Team-Up #145 (Sept. 1984). Art by Greg LaRocquePublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearance(As Whiplash)Tales of Suspense #97 (Jan. 1968)(As Blacklash)Iron Man #146 (May 1981)Created byStan Lee (writer)Gene Colan (artist)In-story informationAlter egoMarco ScarlottiSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsMaggiaDeath SquadSinister SyndicateNotable aliasesWhiplashAbilitiesWears a bulletproof costumeWields a pair of cybernetically-controlled titanium whipsCarries a variety of devices in a weapons pouch Mark Scarlotti is originally a gifted electrical technician at Stark International's Cincinnati branch, but desires a life of luxury and becomes a professional criminal. With a costume and a sophisticated metal whip of his own design, the character becomes Whiplash, a weapons designer, special agent, and assassin for the criminal organization the Maggia. On behalf of the Maggia, Whiplash fights the hero Iron Man – secretly inventor Tony Stark and Scarlotti's former employer – and A.I.M. agents attacking a Maggia gambling ship. Scarlotti is assigned to work undercover for the Maggia at Stark International's Cincinnati plant, and becomes Head of Research. As Whiplash, Scarlotti then has another inconclusive battle with Iron Man and flees the scene, quitting the Maggia. Whiplash, together with fellow supervillains the Melter and Man-Bull, are recruited by other-dimensional villain the Black Lama to form the team the Death Squad and fight Iron Man. They enter a "War of the Super-Villains" to win the Black Lama's Golden Globe of Power, but are all defeated. Whiplash rejoins the Maggia and battles the heroes Spider-Man and Iron Man in New Jersey, eventually being defeated by the vigilante the Wraith. Criminal mastermind Justin Hammer hires Whiplash, and with the Melter and the original Blizzard attempt the robbery of an Atlantic City casino, but are stopped by Iron Man. Whiplash is released from prison by Hammer and battles Iron Man again as one of Hammer's costumed operatives, and despite overwhelming odds the hero defeats the villains. Scarlotti is re-employed by an unnamed consortium, financed by Hammer, to kill Stark employee Vic Martinelli, and is provided with an upgraded costume and weaponry and the new alias Blacklash. Despite the upgrades, however, Scarlotti is defeated by Iron Man and humiliated by being dragged before his employers. Scarlotti makes a brief appearance as Whiplash as a paid employee of the master villain the Mad Thinker in a failed attempt to kill the hero the Thing who is recuperating at a New York hospital. Scarlotti is eventually diagnosed as manic-depressive by prison psychiatrists. He attempts to reform, but rejected by his parents and residents of his home town, Scarlotti becomes Blacklash again. While attempting an assassination for the Maggia, Blacklash is confronted by Spider-Man whom he weakens with his whip, but is defeated by the second Iron Man. Blacklash is beaten by Spider-Man once again and is also apprehended by Captain America while committing several robberies. Blacklash is rehired by Justin Hammer and sent with the Beetle and the second Blizzard to assassinate Hammer's former agent Force. Iron Man, Jim Rhodes and Force, however, defeat the trio. At Hammer's request Blacklash, Boomerang, and the second Blizzard stop industrial sabotage by the vigilante the Ghost. Blacklash is sent to work with Iron Man and Jim Rhodes against the saboteur, but betrays them. Together with Spider-Man villain the Rhino, Blacklash hunts down fellow rogue agent the Scorpion, who fails to return stolen weaponry to Hammer. Scarlotti decides to renounce his criminal identity and marries and has a child. A lack of money forces Scarlotti to assume his identity again, and he becomes the target of an assassin, who kills his wife when she returns to their apartment. As Blacklash, Scarlotti then finds and kills the assassin, and vows to abandon the identity of Blacklash forever. Scarlotti, however, is hired by a rival of Stark and returns as Whiplash, with an upgraded costume and new weaponry. Whiplash manages to battle Iron Man to a standstill in their first encounter, but is killed several weeks later by Iron Man's new sentient armor, which crushes Scarlotti's throat against Tony Stark's wishes. Leeann Foreman Comics character WhiplashPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceMarvel Comics Presents #49 (May 1990)Created byErik LarsenIn-story informationAlter egoLeeann ForemanSpeciesHuman mutantTeam affiliationsBand of BaddiesFemme FatalesFemizonsNotable aliasesSnake WhipAbilitiesWears two gauntlets containing three spring-loaded retractable omnium steel whip-like cablesCostume grants some protection from physical injuries The second Whiplash is Leeann Foreman, a professional criminal born in Wilmington, Delaware. She was a mutant with unrevealed abilities and used adamantium wires connected to her gloves as whips. She was part of Critical Mass's mutant Band of Baddies. The Baddies kidnapped a mutant girl and her father to coerce them to join their band. They forced the daughter to knock out Spider-Man and Wolverine, but they quickly recovered. The daughter then unleashed her powers, blew up the warehouse they were in, and defeated all of the Baddies. Whiplash disappeared after the daughter's telekinetic explosion enabled her to get free. She later joined the Femme Fatales, and was hired by the Chameleon to lure Spider-Man into a trap by threatening a United Nations ambassador. Spider-Man defeated the Femme Fatales and saved the ambassador. The Fatales then joined forces with the Scorpion and the Tarantula, but all of them were defeated by Spider-Man and the Black Cat. The Femme Fatales later received an invitation to join Superia and her organization of female criminals, the Femizons. They accepted, and were among the superhuman females aboard Superia's cruise ship, where they battled Captain America and the Paladin. Whiplash also traveled to Superia's private island to be one of her new Femizons. After the group disbanded, Whiplash teamed up with Orka, Shockwave and Killer Shrike in a plot to take over a retired aircraft carrier, the USS Intrepid. She and her allies were defeated by Heroes for Hire. She was later seen in "Bar With No Name" and in a black market auction for the Venom Symbiote. During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Whiplash took the name of Snake Whip and is with the Femme Fatales when they assist Viper in attacking Kitty Pryde's group at the King's Impresario Restaurant in Madripoor. She engaged Jubilee in battle before Kitty Pryde gets her and Domino away from the restaurant. Following that victory, Snake Whip stayed by Viper's side as she ordered Knockout and Mindblast to have a defeated Rogue and Storm be delivered to their clients and when Viper speaks to a representative from Soteira. As Snake Whip asks if they are going to ignore Sapphire Styx's vampiric appetite, Viper says that they have to obey the representative's orders and "let the @#$%& feed." After another call from Soteira's representative, Viper and Snake Whip check up on Sapphire and find her acting strange claiming that Wolverine's Patch alias is here. Snake Whip works to restrain her only to get knocked out. Upon recovering, Snake Whip starts to see Patch attacking Sapphire even though Viper doesn't see it. After Sapphire Styx exploded enabling Psylocke to use her soul power to recreate a new body, Psylocke used her powers to defeat Bloodlust and use an illusion to trick Snake Whip into hitting the ground. Domino persuaded Snake Whip to surrender when her teammates are defeated. When the Femme Fatales were arrested, Kitty Pryde got the info about Soteira being after Wolverine from Snake Whip who gave the information to her in exchange for a light sentence. Whiplash and Blacklash duo Two villains, a woman who is the third Whiplash and a man who is the second Blacklash, appear during the outset of the Superhuman Civil War. Both are past associates of the Swordsman (Andreas von Strucker) and frequenters of BDSM events before becoming supervillains. The duo are forcibly recruited into the Thunderbolts. Construct This version of Whiplash is not a person, but a personality construct created by the aptly named Badgal. The construct is feminine and thus tends to possess females. Initially, Badgal used this construct to possess a random citizen, but later used it to possess Honey Lemon and later GoGo Tomago. When the Big Hero 6 defeated Badgal, this construct ceased to exist. Anton Vanko Comics character WhiplashWhiplash (Anton Vanko). Art by Marko Djurdjevic.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceIron Man vs. Whiplash #1 (Jan. 2010)Created byMarc Guggenheim (writer)Philipe Briones (artist)In-story informationAlter egoAnton VankoSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsMasters of EvilAbilitiesSkilled athleteDeep knowledge of roboticsSuit of armor grants:Energy whips built into the wrists Anton Vanko (Russian: Антон Ванко) is a young scientist from a small Russian village by the name of Volstok who has no relation to the original Crimson Dynamo. One day, the village is attacked by someone wearing a stolen suit of Iron Man armor, who murders a number of townspeople, including his father Igor Vanko (Russian: И́горь Ва́нко) in an attempt to frame Tony Stark. Using a specialized rifle, Vanko is able to shoot the impostor just before he flees, causing the chest plate on the armor to come off. Vanko becomes obsessed with exacting vengeance on Stark, still believing him to be the man who attacked his village, and decides to use the chest plate to fashion a suitable weapon to do so. Over the next six months, he reverse engineers a suit of body armor equipped with energy whips, and vows to kill Stark to avenge his father. After breaking into the prison where Stark is being held for his alleged crimes, Vanko kills several guards and attempts to track down and murder Stark and his confidant Pepper Potts. Stark fights off Vanko using a crude suit of Iron Man armor fashioned from parts of various machines around the prison, and forces him to flee. After Stark tracks down the criminal syndicate who framed him, Vanko arrives at their headquarters, intent on finishing off Iron Man once and for all. It is there that Vanko learns that Stark was indeed framed and that the syndicate was hired to destroy Volstok by secret international consortium funded by several governments including USA and Russia, notably Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, to wipe out an activist who was creating anti-Putin sentiments. Despite learning of Iron Man's innocence, Vanko makes one final attempt to kill him, claiming that even though he did not destroy the village, his technology did. After the building catches fire, both men are ultimately forced to run to safety, and Vanko then makes his escape. Following this, Stark is cleared of his alleged crimes, and helps rebuild Volstok. As this is happening, Vanko is seen in Moscow approaching Saint Basil's Cathedral in the Red Square preparing to properly exact vengeance this time around. Whiplash is later recruited by Max Fury as a member of the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. During the Infinity storyline, Whiplash is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him in a plot to attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower. He later attacks Squirrel Girl and her sidekick Tippy-Toe when he mistakes her for Iron Man, since she was wearing one of his armors, but is later defeated. Whiplash later appears as a member of Baron Helmut Zemo's third incarnation of the Masters of Evil. During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Taskmaster appears as a member of Mayor Wilson Fisk's latest incarnation of the Thunderbolts at the time when Mayor Fisk passed a law that forbids superhero activity. He and Whiplash hold the staff of the Daily Bugle hostage to draw out Spider-Man. During Spider-Man's fight with Taskmaster, Whiplash is goaded into attacking him. Despite being weakened by Whiplash, Spider-Man tries to ask Taskmaster if they can take it outside as Taskmaster places a power dampener collar on him and throws him out the window. Spider-Man uses his webbing to slow his descent to the ground as the NYPD operatives move in on him. Female Blacklash As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel," a female supervillain takes the name of Blacklash. The female Blacklash was hired by Power Broker through the Hench App to protect his unveiling of Hench App 2.0. She ended up fighting Ant-Man and Giant-Man (Raz Malhotra) when they show up to confront Power Broker. The battle ends with Blacklash escaping due to Giant-Man's crimefighting inexperience. Powers and abilities Mark Scarlotti, courtesy of Justin Hammer, wears a bulletproof costume and wields a pair of cybernetically controlled titanium whips that can extend to be swung fast enough to deflect bullets, or become rigid and be used as nunchaku or vaulting-poles. He also carries a variety of devices in a weapons pouch, including anti-gravity bolas and a necro-lash which releases electrical energy generated by his gauntlets. Scarlotti is a research engineer and weapons design specialist, with a college degree in engineering. Leeann Foreman wears two gauntlets containing three spring-loaded retractable omnium steel whip-like cables on each of her arms. Each cable can extend a maximum length of about 25 feet and contains needle-sharp adamantium barbs on the tips. She wears a padded costume of synthetic stretch fabric laced with kevlar, leather shoulder padding, and steel breastplates and mask, which provides her some protection from physical damage. The unnamed Whiplash and Blacklash have no apparent superhuman abilities, relying on advanced energized whips. Anton Vanko possesses a suit of armor equipped with two energy whips built into the wrists. The whips are shown to be powerful enough to slash through a metal staircase, as well as deflect a barrage of gunfire. He is also a skilled athlete and possesses a deep understanding of robotics, enough that he was able to fashion his suit from a destroyed piece of Stark technology. Other versions Ultimate Marvel Orson Scott Card's Ultimate Iron Man features an alternate universe version named Marc Scott, a Texan businessman competing with Tony Stark for military contracts via his company Whiplash. The Ultimate Marvel version of Whiplash appears in the 150th issue of Ultimate Spider-Man. He is among a crowd as at Tony Stark's donation party outside the New York Hall of Science, when he attacks him only to be stopped by Spider-Man. He is seen wielding two electrical whips powered by some kind of battery. When asked by Stark why he is attacking him, Whiplash believes he is on a "mission from God to kill Tony Stark". It is revealed that he indeed is a Russian terrorist named Anton Vanko. A new, female version of Whiplash later appears as part of a team of mercenaries known as the Femme Fatales. In other media Television Mark Scarlotti / Blacklash appears in Iron Man (1994), voiced initially by James Avery and later by Dorian Harewood. This version is a servant of the Mandarin who competes with Dreadknight for Hypnotia's attention. Whiplash appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Peter Kelamis. This version is a cybernetic assassin who works for inventor/arms dealer Mr. Fix in the first season and Justin Hammer in the second season until the latter uses his Titanium Man armor to destroy him off-screen under the belief that Whiplash was blackmailing him. The unnamed female incarnation of Whiplash makes a cameo appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Breakout, Part 1" as an inmate of the Vault before it loses power, allowing her and the other inmates to escape. The Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel, voiced by Peter Stormare. The Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "The Conqueror", voiced by Troy Baker. This version is an associate of A.I.M. who uses whips that incorporate Kang the Conqueror's futuristic technology. Marvel Cinematic Universe See also: Ivan Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe) and Anton Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe) Several individuals based on the various comics incarnations of Whiplash appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Ivan Antonovich Vanko, an original character based on the Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash and the Crimson Dynamo, appears in the film Iron Man 2, portrayed by Mickey Rourke. A ruthless and physically strong technological genius bent on ruining Tony Stark as revenge for the latter's father Howard Stark discrediting his own father, Anton, Ivan builds an Arc Reactor to power a pair of electrified metal whips and manipulates Justin Hammer into providing him with additional weaponry in exchange for manufacturing Hammer Drones. Ivan has two confrontations with Stark, the first time while wearing a harness for his whips and the second with full body armor supplied by Hammer. Ivan is defeated by Iron Man and War Machine during the second encounter and tries unsuccessfully to use the drones and his armor's self-destruct function to take them with him. Anton Vanko (portrayed by Evgeniy Lazarev) also appears in Iron Man 2 as a scientist who worked with Howard to invent the Arc Reactor in the 1960s, only to be deported back to the Soviet Union and sent to the Gulag after being caught selling stolen patents on the black market. His death in the present sparks Ivan's quest for vengeance. Additionally, a younger version of Anton appears in the television series Agent Carter, portrayed by Costa Ronin. Mark Scarlotti, renamed Marcus Scarlotti, appears in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. television series episode "A Fractured House", portrayed by Falk Hentschel. This version is a Hydra-aligned mercenary who wields a whip-like weapon in battle. Video games The Mark Scarlotti incarnation of Whiplash appears as a boss in Iron Man (2008), voiced by Zach McGowan. This version possesses rigid energy-charged whips and can generate a shield. The Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. The Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John DiMaggio. The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. Toys The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash and the Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash received figures in Hasbro's Iron Man 2 tie-in line. The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure in Marvel Super Hero Squad line's "Final Battle" three-pack alongside figures of Iron Man and a Hammer Drone. The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure in the Marvel Minimates line. Additionally, a battle damaged version was released as a Borders-exclusive. The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure from Hot Toys. An unidentified Whiplash received a figure in a Mega Bloks blind pack. References ^ "Whiplash Tears Into Iron Man this November". Marvel.com. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X. ^ DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 406. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0. ^ Misiroglu, Gina Renée; Eury, Michael (2006). The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780780809772. ^ Infinity: Heist #1 (Nov. 2013) ^ Tales of Suspense #97–99 (Jan.-March 1968); Iron Man and Sub-Mariner #1 (April 1968). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #1 (May 1968). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #62 (Sept. 1973). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #72 (Jan. 1974). Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Team-Up #72 (Aug. 1978). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #123–124 (Jun.–Jul. 1979). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #126–127 (Sept.-Oct. 1979). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #146–147 (May–June 1981). Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Two-In-One #96 (Feb. 1983). Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Team-Up #145 (Sept. 1984). Marvel Comics. ^ The Spectacular Spider-Man #101 (April 1985). Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America #319 (Sept. 1986) ^ Iron Man #223–224 (Oct.-Nov. 1987). Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #239–240 (Feb.-March 1989) ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #319 (Sept. 1989). Marvel Comics. ^ Elektra #5–7 (March–May 1997) ^ Iron Man vol. 3 #8 (Sept. 1998) & 26 & 28 (March & May 2000). Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Comics Presents #49–50. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #340. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #343. Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America #389–390. Marvel Comics. ^ Heroes for Hire #4. Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Knights: Spider-Man #6. Marvel Comics. ^ Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor #3. Marvel Comics. ^ Hunt for Wolverine: Mystery in Madripoor #4. Marvel Comics. ^ Thunderbolts #104 (Sept. 2006). Marvel Comics. ^ Big Hero 6 #3–4. Marvel Comics. ^ Big Hero 6 #5. Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man vs Whiplash #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man vs. Whiplash #2–4. Marvel Comics. ^ Harley-Davidson / Avengers #1–2 (March, Sept. 2012). Marvel Comics. ^ Secret Avengers #21.1 (Jan. 2012). Marvel Comics. ^ Infinity: Heist #1. Marvel Comics. ^ The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl #2–3. Marvel Comics. ^ Thunderbolts vol. 3 #10. Marvel Comics. ^ Devil's Reign #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Nick Spencer (w), Ramon Rosanas (p), Ramon Rosanas (i), Jordan Boyd and Wil Quintana (col), VC's Travis Lanham (let), Wil Moss (ed). The Astonishing Ant-Man, no. 5 (February 24, 2016). United States: Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man vs Whiplash #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Ultimate Iron Man vol. 2 #1–4 (Feb.–May 2008) & #5 (Oct. 2008). Marvel Comics. ^ Ultimate Spider-Man #150. Marvel Comics. ^ All-New Ultimates #8. Marvel Comics. ^ a b c d "Blacklash / Whiplash Voice - Iron Man franchise \| Behind The Voice Actors". behindthevoiceactors.com. December 20, 2019. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview". Marvel.com. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ PHINEAS AND FERB: MISSION MARVEL DEBUT DATE ANNOUNCED ^ Michael Fleming, Marc Graser (March 11, 2009). "Mickey Rourke set for 'Iron Man 2'". Variety. Retrieved March 11, 2009. ^ Costa Ronin Joins Marvel's Agent Carter – Ronin cast as a familiar Marvel Cinematic Universe villain's father! ^ Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: A Fractured House – See what Hydra is planning in an upcoming episode of 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'! ^ Underwood, Ron (director); Rafe Judkins and Lauren LeFranc (writer) (October 28, 2014). "A Fractured House". Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 2. Episode 6. ABC. ^ "Document". External links Mark Scarlotti at the Marvel Universe wiki Mark Scarlotti on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki Leeann Foreman on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki Leeann Foreman at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Anton Vanko at the Marvel Universe wiki Anton Vanko on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki vteIron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby CharactersIron Man family Iron Man Rescue War Machine Doctor Doom Ironheart Supporting Black Widow Bethany Cabe Captain America Fantastic Four Force F.R.I.D.A.Y. Nick Fury Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan Hawkeye Hulk J.A.R.V.I.S. Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts Spider-Man Arno Stark Howard Stark Maria Stark Teen Abomination Thor Mary Jane Watson Wolverine X-Men Ho Yinsen Teams Avengers New Mighty Force Works Guardians of the Galaxy Illuminati S.H.I.E.L.D. 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They are commonly depicted as members of Iron Man's rogues gallery. The original Whiplash (Mark Scarlotti) also went by the name Blacklash. Mickey Rourke portrayed Whiplash (Ivan Vanko) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 2 (2010).[1]","title":"Whiplash (Marvel Comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tales of Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Suspense"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Big Hero 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"}],"text":"Mark Scarlotti first appeared as Whiplash in Tales of Suspense #97 (Jan. 1968).[2] He was killed in battle in Iron Man vol. 4 #28 (May 2000).[3]Leeann Foreman debuted as Whiplash in Marvel Comics Presents #49 (May 1990).During the Civil War storyline, two new villains called Whiplash and Blacklash appear in Thunderbolts #104 (Sept. 2006) and #107 (Dec. 2006).Another female Whiplash appeared in Big Hero 6 #1 (Nov. 2008).Anton Vanko first appeared in Iron Man vs. Whiplash #1–4 (Jan.–April 2010). He later appeared as a member of the Masters of Evil.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Maggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggia_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stark"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Melter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melter"},{"link_name":"Man-Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Bull"},{"link_name":"Black Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lama"},{"link_name":"Death Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Squad_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith_(Brian_DeWolff)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_(Marvel_Comics)#Gregor_Shapanka"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mad Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Thinker"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_(Marvel_Comics)#Donnie_Gill"},{"link_name":"Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jim Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Gargan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mark Scarlotti","text":"Comics characterMark Scarlotti is originally a gifted electrical technician at Stark International's Cincinnati branch, but desires a life of luxury and becomes a professional criminal. With a costume and a sophisticated metal whip of his own design, the character becomes Whiplash, a weapons designer, special agent, and assassin for the criminal organization the Maggia. On behalf of the Maggia, Whiplash fights the hero Iron Man[6] – secretly inventor Tony Stark and Scarlotti's former employer – and A.I.M. agents attacking a Maggia gambling ship.[7]Scarlotti is assigned to work undercover for the Maggia at Stark International's Cincinnati plant, and becomes Head of Research. As Whiplash, Scarlotti then has another inconclusive battle with Iron Man and flees the scene, quitting the Maggia.[8] Whiplash, together with fellow supervillains the Melter and Man-Bull, are recruited by other-dimensional villain the Black Lama to form the team the Death Squad and fight Iron Man. They enter a \"War of the Super-Villains\" to win the Black Lama's Golden Globe of Power, but are all defeated.[9]Whiplash rejoins the Maggia and battles the heroes Spider-Man and Iron Man in New Jersey, eventually being defeated by the vigilante the Wraith.[10] Criminal mastermind Justin Hammer hires Whiplash, and with the Melter and the original Blizzard attempt the robbery of an Atlantic City casino, but are stopped by Iron Man.[11] Whiplash is released from prison by Hammer and battles Iron Man again as one of Hammer's costumed operatives, and despite overwhelming odds the hero defeats the villains.[12]Scarlotti is re-employed by an unnamed consortium, financed by Hammer, to kill Stark employee Vic Martinelli, and is provided with an upgraded costume and weaponry and the new alias Blacklash. Despite the upgrades, however, Scarlotti is defeated by Iron Man and humiliated by being dragged before his employers.[13] Scarlotti makes a brief appearance as Whiplash as a paid employee of the master villain the Mad Thinker in a failed attempt to kill the hero the Thing who is recuperating at a New York hospital.[14]Scarlotti is eventually diagnosed as manic-depressive by prison psychiatrists. He attempts to reform, but rejected by his parents and residents of his home town, Scarlotti becomes Blacklash again. While attempting an assassination for the Maggia, Blacklash is confronted by Spider-Man whom he weakens with his whip, but is defeated by the second Iron Man.[15] Blacklash is beaten by Spider-Man once again[16] and is also apprehended by Captain America while committing several robberies.[17] Blacklash is rehired by Justin Hammer and sent with the Beetle and the second Blizzard to assassinate Hammer's former agent Force. Iron Man, Jim Rhodes and Force, however, defeat the trio.[18]At Hammer's request Blacklash, Boomerang, and the second Blizzard stop industrial sabotage by the vigilante the Ghost. Blacklash is sent to work with Iron Man and Jim Rhodes against the saboteur, but betrays them.[19] Together with Spider-Man villain the Rhino, Blacklash hunts down fellow rogue agent the Scorpion, who fails to return stolen weaponry to Hammer.[20]Scarlotti decides to renounce his criminal identity and marries and has a child. A lack of money forces Scarlotti to assume his identity again, and he becomes the target of an assassin, who kills his wife when she returns to their apartment. As Blacklash, Scarlotti then finds and kills the assassin, and vows to abandon the identity of Blacklash forever.[21] Scarlotti, however, is hired by a rival of Stark and returns as Whiplash, with an upgraded costume and new weaponry. Whiplash manages to battle Iron Man to a standstill in their first encounter, but is killed several weeks later by Iron Man's new sentient armor, which crushes Scarlotti's throat against Tony Stark's wishes.[22]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"adamantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantium"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Femme Fatales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_Fatales_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Gargan"},{"link_name":"Tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula_(Marvel_Comics)#Luis_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Superia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superia"},{"link_name":"Femizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femizons"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Paladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Orka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Killer Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Shrike"},{"link_name":"USS Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"Heroes for Hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_for_Hire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"Venom Symbiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hunt for Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_for_Wolverine"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Madame_Hydra)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"Madripoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madripoor"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sapphire Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Styx"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Leeann Foreman","text":"Comics characterThe second Whiplash is Leeann Foreman, a professional criminal born in Wilmington, Delaware. She was a mutant with unrevealed abilities and used adamantium wires connected to her gloves as whips. She was part of Critical Mass's mutant Band of Baddies. The Baddies kidnapped a mutant girl and her father to coerce them to join their band. They forced the daughter to knock out Spider-Man and Wolverine, but they quickly recovered. The daughter then unleashed her powers, blew up the warehouse they were in, and defeated all of the Baddies. Whiplash disappeared after the daughter's telekinetic explosion enabled her to get free.[23]She later joined the Femme Fatales, and was hired by the Chameleon to lure Spider-Man into a trap by threatening a United Nations ambassador. Spider-Man defeated the Femme Fatales and saved the ambassador.[24] The Fatales then joined forces with the Scorpion and the Tarantula, but all of them were defeated by Spider-Man and the Black Cat.[25] The Femme Fatales later received an invitation to join Superia and her organization of female criminals, the Femizons. They accepted, and were among the superhuman females aboard Superia's cruise ship, where they battled Captain America and the Paladin. Whiplash also traveled to Superia's private island to be one of her new Femizons.[26]After the group disbanded, Whiplash teamed up with Orka, Shockwave and Killer Shrike in a plot to take over a retired aircraft carrier, the USS Intrepid. She and her allies were defeated by Heroes for Hire.[27] She was later seen in \"Bar With No Name\" and in a black market auction for the Venom Symbiote.[28]During the \"Hunt for Wolverine\" storyline, Whiplash took the name of Snake Whip and is with the Femme Fatales when they assist Viper in attacking Kitty Pryde's group at the King's Impresario Restaurant in Madripoor. She engaged Jubilee in battle before Kitty Pryde gets her and Domino away from the restaurant.[29] Following that victory, Snake Whip stayed by Viper's side as she ordered Knockout and Mindblast to have a defeated Rogue and Storm be delivered to their clients and when Viper speaks to a representative from Soteira. As Snake Whip asks if they are going to ignore Sapphire Styx's vampiric appetite, Viper says that they have to obey the representative's orders and \"let the @#$%& feed.\"[30] After another call from Soteira's representative, Viper and Snake Whip check up on Sapphire and find her acting strange claiming that Wolverine's Patch alias is here. Snake Whip works to restrain her only to get knocked out. Upon recovering, Snake Whip starts to see Patch attacking Sapphire even though Viper doesn't see it.[31] After Sapphire Styx exploded enabling Psylocke to use her soul power to recreate a new body, Psylocke used her powers to defeat Bloodlust and use an illusion to trick Snake Whip into hitting the ground. Domino persuaded Snake Whip to surrender when her teammates are defeated. When the Femme Fatales were arrested, Kitty Pryde got the info about Soteira being after Wolverine from Snake Whip who gave the information to her in exchange for a light sentence.[32]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superhuman Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Andreas von Strucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenris_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Whiplash and Blacklash duo","text":"Two villains, a woman who is the third Whiplash and a man who is the second Blacklash, appear during the outset of the Superhuman Civil War. Both are past associates of the Swordsman (Andreas von Strucker) and frequenters of BDSM events before becoming supervillains. The duo are forcibly recruited into the Thunderbolts.[33]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honey Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Lemon"},{"link_name":"GoGo Tomago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoGo_Tomago"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Big Hero 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Construct","text":"This version of Whiplash is not a person, but a personality construct created by the aptly named Badgal. The construct is feminine and thus tends to possess females. Initially, Badgal used this construct to possess a random citizen, but later used it to possess Honey Lemon and later GoGo Tomago.[34] When the Big Hero 6 defeated Badgal, this construct ceased to exist.[35]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Crimson Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"Iron Man armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_armor"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Pepper Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_Potts"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Shadow Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Council"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Spymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spymaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Squirrel Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Baron Helmut Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Zemo"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Devil's Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Reign"},{"link_name":"Mayor Wilson Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Reilly"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Anton Vanko","text":"Comics characterAnton Vanko (Russian: Антон Ванко) is a young scientist from a small Russian village by the name of Volstok who has no relation to the original Crimson Dynamo. One day, the village is attacked by someone wearing a stolen suit of Iron Man armor, who murders a number of townspeople, including his father Igor Vanko (Russian: И́горь Ва́нко) in an attempt to frame Tony Stark.Using a specialized rifle, Vanko is able to shoot the impostor just before he flees, causing the chest plate on the armor to come off. Vanko becomes obsessed with exacting vengeance on Stark, still believing him to be the man who attacked his village, and decides to use the chest plate to fashion a suitable weapon to do so. Over the next six months, he reverse engineers a suit of body armor equipped with energy whips, and vows to kill Stark to avenge his father.[36]After breaking into the prison where Stark is being held for his alleged crimes, Vanko kills several guards and attempts to track down and murder Stark and his confidant Pepper Potts. Stark fights off Vanko using a crude suit of Iron Man armor fashioned from parts of various machines around the prison, and forces him to flee. After Stark tracks down the criminal syndicate who framed him, Vanko arrives at their headquarters, intent on finishing off Iron Man once and for all. It is there that Vanko learns that Stark was indeed framed and that the syndicate was hired to destroy Volstok by secret international consortium funded by several governments including USA and Russia, notably Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, to wipe out an activist who was creating anti-Putin sentiments. Despite learning of Iron Man's innocence, Vanko makes one final attempt to kill him, claiming that even though he did not destroy the village, his technology did. After the building catches fire, both men are ultimately forced to run to safety, and Vanko then makes his escape. Following this, Stark is cleared of his alleged crimes, and helps rebuild Volstok. As this is happening, Vanko is seen in Moscow approaching Saint Basil's Cathedral in the Red Square preparing to properly exact vengeance this time around.[37]Whiplash is later recruited by Max Fury as a member of the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil.[38][39]During the Infinity storyline, Whiplash is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him in a plot to attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower.[40]He later attacks Squirrel Girl and her sidekick Tippy-Toe when he mistakes her for Iron Man, since she was wearing one of his armors, but is later defeated.[41]Whiplash later appears as a member of Baron Helmut Zemo's third incarnation of the Masters of Evil.[42]During the \"Devil's Reign\" storyline, Taskmaster appears as a member of Mayor Wilson Fisk's latest incarnation of the Thunderbolts at the time when Mayor Fisk passed a law that forbids superhero activity. He and Whiplash hold the staff of the Daily Bugle hostage to draw out Spider-Man. During Spider-Man's fight with Taskmaster, Whiplash is goaded into attacking him. Despite being weakened by Whiplash, Spider-Man tries to ask Taskmaster if they can take it outside as Taskmaster places a power dampener collar on him and throws him out the window. Spider-Man uses his webbing to slow his descent to the ground as the NYPD operatives move in on him.[43]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-New, All-Different Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-New,_All-Different_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Power Broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Broker_(character)"},{"link_name":"Ant-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_(Scott_Lang)"},{"link_name":"Giant-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-Man"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Female Blacklash","text":"As part of the \"All-New, All-Different Marvel,\" a female supervillain takes the name of Blacklash. The female Blacklash was hired by Power Broker through the Hench App to protect his unveiling of Hench App 2.0. She ended up fighting Ant-Man and Giant-Man (Raz Malhotra) when they show up to confront Power Broker. The battle ends with Blacklash escaping due to Giant-Man's crimefighting inexperience.[44]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"bulletproof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletproof"},{"link_name":"kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Mark Scarlotti, courtesy of Justin Hammer, wears a bulletproof costume and wields a pair of cybernetically controlled titanium whips that can extend to be swung fast enough to deflect bullets, or become rigid and be used as nunchaku or vaulting-poles. He also carries a variety of devices in a weapons pouch, including anti-gravity bolas and a necro-lash which releases electrical energy generated by his gauntlets. Scarlotti is a research engineer and weapons design specialist, with a college degree in engineering.Leeann Foreman wears two gauntlets containing three spring-loaded retractable omnium steel whip-like cables on each of her arms. Each cable can extend a maximum length of about 25 feet and contains needle-sharp adamantium barbs on the tips. She wears a padded costume of synthetic stretch fabric laced with kevlar, leather shoulder padding, and steel breastplates and mask, which provides her some protection from physical damage.The unnamed Whiplash and Blacklash have no apparent superhuman abilities, relying on advanced energized whips.Anton Vanko possesses a suit of armor equipped with two energy whips built into the wrists. The whips are shown to be powerful enough to slash through a metal staircase, as well as deflect a barrage of gunfire.[45] He is also a skilled athlete and possesses a deep understanding of robotics, enough that he was able to fashion his suit from a destroyed piece of Stark technology.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"alternate universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"New York Hall of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hall_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Marvel","text":"Orson Scott Card's Ultimate Iron Man features an alternate universe version named Marc Scott, a Texan businessman competing with Tony Stark for military contracts via his company Whiplash.[46]The Ultimate Marvel version of Whiplash appears in the 150th issue of Ultimate Spider-Man. He is among a crowd as at Tony Stark's donation party outside the New York Hall of Science, when he attacks him only to be stopped by Spider-Man. He is seen wielding two electrical whips powered by some kind of battery. When asked by Stark why he is attacking him, Whiplash believes he is on a \"mission from God to kill Tony Stark\". It is revealed that he indeed is a Russian terrorist named Anton Vanko.[47]A new, female version of Whiplash later appears as part of a team of mercenaries known as the Femme Fatales.[48]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Avery"},{"link_name":"Dorian Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Harewood"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-49"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Dreadknight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadknight"},{"link_name":"Hypnotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotia"},{"link_name":"Iron Man: Armored Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man:_Armored_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Peter Kelamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kelamis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mr. Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Titanium Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_Man"},{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb:_Mission_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Peter Stormare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stormare"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phineas&Ferb-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Avengers Assemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Troy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Baker"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-49"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Mark Scarlotti / Blacklash appears in Iron Man (1994), voiced initially by James Avery and later by Dorian Harewood.[49] This version is a servant of the Mandarin who competes with Dreadknight for Hypnotia's attention.\nWhiplash appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Peter Kelamis.[citation needed] This version is a cybernetic assassin who works for inventor/arms dealer Mr. Fix in the first season and Justin Hammer in the second season until the latter uses his Titanium Man armor to destroy him off-screen under the belief that Whiplash was blackmailing him.\nThe unnamed female incarnation of Whiplash makes a cameo appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode \"Breakout, Part 1\" as an inmate of the Vault before it loses power, allowing her and the other inmates to escape.[citation needed]\nThe Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel, voiced by Peter Stormare.[49][50][51]\nThe Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in the Avengers Assemble episode \"The Conqueror\", voiced by Troy Baker.[49] This version is an associate of A.I.M. who uses whips that incorporate Kang the Conqueror's futuristic technology.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vanko_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Anton Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Vanko_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Crimson Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"Iron Man 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_2"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rourke"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Howard Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Arc Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_reactor_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"War Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rhodes_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Evgeniy Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniy_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Agent Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Carter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Costa Ronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ronin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"A Fractured House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fractured_House"},{"link_name":"Falk Hentschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk_Hentschel"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","text":"See also: Ivan Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe) and Anton Vanko (Marvel Cinematic Universe)Several individuals based on the various comics incarnations of Whiplash appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).Ivan Antonovich Vanko, an original character based on the Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash and the Crimson Dynamo, appears in the film Iron Man 2, portrayed by Mickey Rourke.[52] A ruthless and physically strong technological genius bent on ruining Tony Stark as revenge for the latter's father Howard Stark discrediting his own father, Anton, Ivan builds an Arc Reactor to power a pair of electrified metal whips and manipulates Justin Hammer into providing him with additional weaponry in exchange for manufacturing Hammer Drones. Ivan has two confrontations with Stark, the first time while wearing a harness for his whips and the second with full body armor supplied by Hammer. Ivan is defeated by Iron Man and War Machine during the second encounter and tries unsuccessfully to use the drones and his armor's self-destruct function to take them with him.\nAnton Vanko (portrayed by Evgeniy Lazarev) also appears in Iron Man 2 as a scientist who worked with Howard to invent the Arc Reactor in the 1960s, only to be deported back to the Soviet Union and sent to the Gulag after being caught selling stolen patents on the black market. His death in the present sparks Ivan's quest for vengeance. Additionally, a younger version of Anton appears in the television series Agent Carter, portrayed by Costa Ronin.[53]\nMark Scarlotti, renamed Marcus Scarlotti, appears in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. television series episode \"A Fractured House\", portrayed by Falk Hentschel.[54] This version is a Hydra-aligned mercenary who wields a whip-like weapon in battle.[55]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Zach McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_McGowan"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-49"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Avengers Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Avengers_Alliance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes"},{"link_name":"John DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DiMaggio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Future Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Future_Fight"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The Mark Scarlotti incarnation of Whiplash appears as a boss in Iron Man (2008), voiced by Zach McGowan.[49] This version possesses rigid energy-charged whips and can generate a shield.\nThe Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.[citation needed]\nThe Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John DiMaggio.[citation needed]\nThe MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[56]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Marvel Super Hero Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Super_Hero_Squad"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Industries"},{"link_name":"Minimates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimates"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_(book_store)"},{"link_name":"Hot Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Toys"},{"link_name":"Mega Bloks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Bloks"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"The MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash and the Anton Vanko incarnation of Whiplash received figures in Hasbro's Iron Man 2 tie-in line.\nThe MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure in Marvel Super Hero Squad line's \"Final Battle\" three-pack alongside figures of Iron Man and a Hammer Drone.\nThe MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure in the Marvel Minimates line. Additionally, a battle damaged version was released as a Borders-exclusive.\nThe MCU incarnation of Ivan Vanko / Whiplash received a figure from Hot Toys.\nAn unidentified Whiplash received a figure in a Mega Bloks blind pack.","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Whiplash Tears Into Iron Man this November\". Marvel.com. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/story/9196/whiplash_tears_into_iron_man_this_november","url_text":"\"Whiplash Tears Into Iron Man this November\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120705160437/http://marvel.com/news/story/9196/whiplash_tears_into_iron_man_this_november","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin","url_text":"Rovin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 406. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"Misiroglu, Gina Renée; Eury, Michael (2006). The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780780809772.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/supervillainbook0000gina/page/400/mode/2up","url_text":"The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780780809772","url_text":"9780780809772"}]},{"reference":"\"Blacklash / Whiplash Voice - Iron Man franchise \| Behind The Voice Actors\". behindthevoiceactors.com. December 20, 2019. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Iron-Man/Blacklash-Whiplash/","url_text":"\"Blacklash / Whiplash Voice - Iron Man franchise \| Behind The Voice Actors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview\". Marvel.com. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/story/19084/phineas_and_ferb_mission_marvel_preview","url_text":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822085529/http://marvel.com/news/story/19084/phineas_and_ferb_mission_marvel_preview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Fleming, Marc Graser (March 11, 2009). \"Mickey Rourke set for 'Iron Man 2'\". Variety. Retrieved March 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118001114.html","url_text":"\"Mickey Rourke set for 'Iron Man 2'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Underwood, Ron (director); Rafe Judkins and Lauren LeFranc (writer) (October 28, 2014). \"A Fractured House\". Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 2. Episode 6. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_LeFranc","url_text":"Lauren LeFranc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fractured_House","url_text":"A Fractured House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"Document\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobirum.com/article/detail?cafeId=futurefight_en&bbsId=75&id=792053","url_text":"\"Document\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/story/9196/whiplash_tears_into_iron_man_this_november","external_links_name":"\"Whiplash Tears Into Iron Man this November\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120705160437/http://marvel.com/news/story/9196/whiplash_tears_into_iron_man_this_november","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/28/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/supervillainbook0000gina/page/400/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood"},{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Iron-Man/Blacklash-Whiplash/","external_links_name":"\"Blacklash / Whiplash Voice - Iron Man franchise \| Behind The Voice Actors\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/story/19084/phineas_and_ferb_mission_marvel_preview","external_links_name":"\"Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822085529/http://marvel.com/news/story/19084/phineas_and_ferb_mission_marvel_preview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/28/phineas-and-ferb-mission-marvel-debut-date-announced","external_links_name":"PHINEAS AND FERB: MISSION MARVEL DEBUT DATE ANNOUNCED"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118001114.html","external_links_name":"\"Mickey Rourke set for 'Iron Man 2'\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/23629/costa_ronin_joins_marvels_agent_carter","external_links_name":"Costa Ronin Joins Marvel's Agent Carter – Ronin cast as a familiar Marvel Cinematic Universe villain's father!"},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/23440/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_a_fractured_house","external_links_name":"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: A Fractured House – See what Hydra is planning in an upcoming episode of 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'!"},{"Link":"http://www.mobirum.com/article/detail?cafeId=futurefight_en&bbsId=75&id=792053","external_links_name":"\"Document\""},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/whiplash_(mark_scarlotti)","external_links_name":"Mark Scarlotti"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:Marco_Scarlotti_(Earth-616)","external_links_name":"Mark Scarlotti"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel","external_links_name":"Marvel Database"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:Leeann_Foreman_(Earth-616)","external_links_name":"Leeann Foreman"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel","external_links_name":"Marvel Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=12628","external_links_name":"Leeann Foreman"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=12628","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/whiplash_(anton_vanko)","external_links_name":"Anton Vanko"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:Anton_Vanko_(Whiplash)_(Earth-616)","external_links_name":"Anton Vanko"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel","external_links_name":"Marvel Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gordon	Gary Gordon	["1 Early life and career","2 Combat and death in Somalia","3 Honors and awards","3.1 Medal of Honor","3.2 Medal of Honor citation","4 In culture","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	United States Army Medal of Honor recipient (1960–1993) For the Canadian Roman Catholic bishop, see Gary Gordon (bishop). For the engineer, see Gary Babcock Gordon. Gary GordonNickname(s)"Gordy"Born(1960-08-30)August 30, 1960Lincoln, Maine, United StatesDiedOctober 3, 1993(1993-10-03) (aged 33)Mogadishu, SomaliaBuriedWest Broadway Cemetery, Lincoln, MaineAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1978–1993RankMaster SergeantUnit10th Special Forces Group1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-DeltaBattles/warsOperation Just CausePersian Gulf WarOperation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu † AwardsMedal of HonorPurple HeartMeritorious Service MedalArmy Commendation Medal Gary Ivan Gordon (August 30, 1960 – October 3, 1993) was a master sergeant in the United States Army and a recipient of the Medal of Honor. At the time of his death, he was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Army's premier special operations unit, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or "Delta Force". Together with his comrade, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, Gordon was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993. Early life and career Gary Gordon was born August 30, 1960, in Lincoln, Maine, and graduated from Mattanawcook Academy in 1978. On December 4 of that year, at age 18, he joined the U.S. Army. Trained as a combat engineer, Gordon became a Special Forces Engineer with the 2nd Battalion of the 10th Special Forces Group. In December 1986, he volunteered and was selected to join the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or Delta Force. As a Delta operator, Gordon eventually advanced to Team Sergeant. Before deploying to Somalia, he married his wife Carmen and they had two children, Brittany and Ian. Combat and death in Somalia Gordon was posted to Mogadishu, Somalia, with other Delta members in the summer of 1993 as part of Task Force Ranger. On October 3, 1993, Gordon was Sniper Team Leader during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993), which began as a joint-force mission to apprehend key advisers to Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. During the assault, Super Six One, one of the Army's Black Hawk helicopters providing insertion and air support to the assault team, was shot down and crashed in the city. A combat search and rescue team was dispatched to the first crash site to secure it and a short time later a second Black Hawk, Super Six Four, was shot down as well. Ranger forces on the ground were not able to assist the downed helicopter crew of the second crash site as they were already engaged in heavy combat with Aidid's militia while making their way to the first crash site. Gordon and his Delta Force sniper teammates Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Sergeant First Class Brad Halling, who were providing sniper cover from the air, wanted to be dropped at the second crash site in order to protect the four critically wounded crew, despite the fact that large numbers of armed, hostile Somalis were converging on the area. Mission commanders denied Gordon's request, saying that the situation was already too dangerous for the three Delta snipers to effectively protect the Black Hawk crew from the ground. Command's position was that the snipers could be of more assistance by continuing to provide air cover. Gordon, however, concluded that there was no way the Black Hawk crew could survive on their own, and repeated his request twice until he finally received permission. Halling had assumed control of a minigun after a crew chief was injured and was not inserted with Shughart and Gordon. Once on the ground, Gordon and Shughart, armed with only their personal weapons and sidearms, fought their way to the downed Black Hawk. By this time more Somalis were arriving, intent on either capturing or killing the American servicemen. When they reached Super Six Four, Gordon and Shughart extracted the pilot, Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, co-pilot Ray Frank, and crew chiefs Bill Cleveland and Tommy Field from the aircraft, and established defensive positions around the crash site. Despite having inflicted heavy casualties on the Somalis, the two Delta snipers were outnumbered and outgunned. Their ammunition depleted, Gordon and Shughart were killed by Somali gunfire. It is believed that Gordon was the first to be killed. Shughart retrieved Gordon's CAR-15 and gave it to Durant to use. Shortly afterwards, Shughart was killed and Durant was taken alive. Immediately after the battle, the Somalis counted 25 of their own men dead with many more severely wounded. According to America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics, Gordon's "half-naked body was dragged horrifically through the streets of Mogadishu". Gordon's body was eventually recovered and is buried in Lincoln Cemetery, Penobscot County, Maine. There was some confusion in the aftermath of the action as to the final moments of the firefight. The official citation states that Shughart had been killed first but Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, a book about the October 1993 battle, relates an account by Sergeant Paul R. Howe, another Delta commando fighting in the battle. Howe said that he heard Shughart call for help on the radio. Furthermore, Durant believed that the weapon handed to him was not the distinctive M14 used by Shughart but a CAR-15; Howe said that Gordon would never have given his own weapon to another soldier to use while he was still able to fight. In Durant's book, In the Company of Heroes, he states that Gordon was on the left side of the Black Hawk, after both he and Shughart moved Durant to a safer location, and only heard Gordon say, "Damn, I'm hit." Durant acknowledged that he might have been wrong in his identification but was reluctant to push for the record to be changed since he was not sure. After the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, United States Special Forces units were inserted into Afghanistan to assist the Northern Alliance forces in overthrowing the Taliban and al-Qaeda terrorists. Following an intense mountain battle known as Operation Anaconda in March 2002, U.S. troops complex found a GPS unit and pouch labeled "G. Gordon". Intelligence analysts believed at first this was Gordon's GPS unit that he purchased on the private market and used in Somalia. The Gordon family was notified immediately of the find before the information was released to the public. It ultimately turned out that it was not Gordon's GPS but one belonging to a helicopter pilot lost in an earlier fight during Operation Anaconda. Honors and awards MSG Gordon's personal decorations include: Combat Infantryman Badge with star (denoting second award) Medal of Honor Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal Army Commendation Medal Joint Service Achievement Medal with 1 Oak leaf cluster Army Achievement Medal with 1 Oak leaf cluster Army Good Conduct Medal with four bronze loops National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Humanitarian Service Medal Non-Commissioned Officer Professional Development Ribbon with Award numeral 3 Army Service Ribbon United Nations Medal French Army Mountaineering Badge Royal Danish Parachutist Badge Master Parachutist Badge Military Freefall Parachutist Badge Expert Marksmanship badge with rifle component bar Special Forces Tab Ranger Tab Joint Meritorious Unit Award Valorous Unit Award The U.S. Navy officially named a roll-on/roll-off ship USNS Gordon in a ceremony at 10:00 a.m., Thursday, July 4, 1996, at Newport News, Virginia. Congressman John Murtha (D) of Pennsylvania, was the ceremony's principal speaker and Gordon's widow, Carmen Gordon, served as the ship's sponsor. Gordon was the second ship to undergo conversion from a commercial container vessel to a Large Medium Speed Roll On/Roll Off (LMSR) sealift ship and is operated by the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command, Washington, D.C. Gordon has been honored elsewhere as well. Gordon Elementary School in Linden Oaks, Harnett County, North Carolina, which opened in January 2009, was named in his honor. The school is near Fort Liberty, where Gordon was stationed before being deployed to Somalia. In the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, LA, the main mock city is named Shughart-Gordon. Medal of Honor President Clinton presents the Medal of Honor to Carmen, the widow of Master Sergeant Gary I. Gordon. On May 23, 1994, both Gordon and Shughart posthumously received the Medal of Honor in recognition for the actions they took and the sacrifices they made to help protect the lives of the crew of Super Six Four. They were the only soldiers participating in Operation Gothic Serpent to receive the military's highest honor, and the first Medal of Honor recipients since the Vietnam War. Their medals were presented to their widows Stephanie Shughart and Carmen Gordon by Bill Clinton in a ceremony at the White House. Medal of Honor citation Master Sergeant Gary Ivan Gordon, United States Army, distinguished himself by actions above and beyond the call of duty on 3 October 1993, while serving as Sniper Team Leader, United States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger in Mogadishu, Somalia. Master Sergeant Gordon's sniper team provided precision fires from the lead helicopter during an assault and at two helicopter crash sites, while subjected to intense automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenade fires. When Master Sergeant Gordon learned that ground forces were not immediately available to secure the second crash site, he and another sniper unhesitatingly volunteered to be inserted to protect the four critically wounded personnel, despite being well aware of the growing number of enemy personnel closing in on the site. After his third request to be inserted, Master Sergeant Gordon received permission to perform his volunteer mission. When debris and enemy ground fires at the site caused them to abort the first attempt, Master Sergeant Gordon was inserted one hundred meters south of the crash site. Equipped with only his sniper rifle and a pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon and his fellow sniper, while under intense small arms fire from the enemy, fought their way through a dense maze of shanties and shacks to reach the critically injured crew members. Master Sergeant Gordon immediately pulled the pilot and the other crew members from the aircraft, establishing a perimeter which placed him and his fellow sniper in the most vulnerable position. Master Sergeant Gordon used his long range rifle and side arm to kill an undetermined number of attackers until he depleted his ammunition. Master Sergeant Gordon then went back to the wreckage, recovering some of the crew's weapons and ammunition. Despite the fact that he was critically low on ammunition, he provided some of it to the dazed pilot and then radioed for help. Master Sergeant Gordon continued to travel the perimeter, protecting the downed crew. After his team member was fatally wounded and his own rifle ammunition exhausted, Master Sergeant Gordon returned to the wreckage, recovering a rifle with the last five rounds of ammunition and gave it to the pilot with the words, "good luck." Then, armed only with his pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon continued to fight until he was fatally wounded. His actions saved the pilot's life. Master Sergeant Gordon's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest standards of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit and the United States Army. In culture In the 2001 film Black Hawk Down, Gordon was portrayed by Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Marko Kloos’ novel, Lines of Departure (2014), centers around a space fleet containing the military freighter "Gary I Gordon" and Gordon's heroic actions in Somalia are referenced. See also Biography portal 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), the "Night Stalkers" List of post-Vietnam Medal of Honor recipients Operation Restore Hope U.S. Army Special Forces U.S. Special Operations Forces 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta Statue of Gary Gordon References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. ^ "Gary I. Gordon". Veteran Tributes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Memorializations". U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Museum. Archived from the original on March 15, 2003. Retrieved February 12, 2010. ^ a b "REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AT PRESENTATION OF MEDAL OF HONOR POSTHUMOUSLY TO MASTER SERGEANT GARY GORDON AND SERGEANT FIRST CLASS RANDALL SHUGHART". White House Press Secretary. May 23, 1994. Archived from the original on July 26, 2001. Retrieved February 12, 2010. ^ 1993 Congressional Record, Vol. 139, Page 24615-24616 Archived ^ Bowden 1999, p. 368. ^ Durant, Michael J.; Hartov, Steve (2003). In The Company of Heroes: A True Story. Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-399-15060-9. ^ Bowden 1999, p. 374. ^ "Pentagon Briefing". CNN. March 20, 2002. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ Naylor, Sean D. "Deadly Find: Soldiers capture cache of gear from downed U.S. helicopters on al-Qaida fighter they kill". Army Times. ^ Gilmore, Gerry J. "Navigation Unit Found in Afghanistan Not U.S. Hero's". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ a b "Gary I. Gordon, Master Sergeant". veterantributes.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022. ^ "USNS Gordon (T-AKR 296) Named after Medal of Honor recipient". No. 412-96 (Press release). U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs). July 3, 1996. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010. ^ Brooks, Drew (February 28, 2009). "Gordon Elementary: Dedicated to 'name of a hero'". The Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2009. ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". United States Army Center of Military History. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ "Gary Ivan Gordon – Medal of Honor". Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018. ^ Kloos, Marko (2014). Lines of Departure (Frontlines). 47North. p. 328. ISBN 978-1477817407. Further reading Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780871137388. Available at Archive.org. Eversmann, Matt (2004). The Battle of Mogadishu: First Hand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-345-45965-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gary Gordon. "Gary Gordon". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Archived "Medal of Honor recipients on Film". "Monument". Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2010. "Deputy Secretary of Defense England's Remarks at the Visions of Valor Medal of Honor Event". Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. "Gary Gordon's grave at Findagrave". Find a Grave.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Gordon (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gordon_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Gary Babcock Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Babcock_Gordon"},{"link_name":"master sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_sergeant"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"Randy Shughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shughart"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)"}],"text":"United States Army Medal of Honor recipient (1960–1993)For the Canadian Roman Catholic bishop, see Gary Gordon (bishop). For the engineer, see Gary Babcock Gordon.Gary Ivan Gordon (August 30, 1960 – October 3, 1993) was a master sergeant in the United States Army and a recipient of the Medal of Honor. At the time of his death, he was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Army's premier special operations unit, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or \"Delta Force\". Together with his comrade, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, Gordon was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993.","title":"Gary Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(CDP),_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Mattanawcook Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattanawcook_Academy"},{"link_name":"combat engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"10th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(military)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vet_tribute-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFKMuseum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceremony-3"}],"text":"Gary Gordon was born August 30, 1960, in Lincoln, Maine, and graduated from Mattanawcook Academy in 1978. On December 4 of that year, at age 18, he joined the U.S. Army. Trained as a combat engineer, Gordon became a Special Forces Engineer with the 2nd Battalion of the 10th Special Forces Group. In December 1986, he volunteered and was selected to join the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or Delta Force. As a Delta operator, Gordon eventually advanced to Team Sergeant.\nBefore deploying to Somalia, he married his wife Carmen and they had two children, Brittany and Ian.[1][2][3]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Task Force Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mogadishu (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Farrah Aidid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk"},{"link_name":"combat search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFKMuseum-2"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Randy Shughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shughart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFKMuseum-2"},{"link_name":"Chief Warrant Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michael Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant"},{"link_name":"CAR-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR-15"},{"link_name":"Penobscot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_County"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress_record-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down:_A_Story_of_Modern_War"},{"link_name":"Paul R. Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Howe"},{"link_name":"M14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M14_rifle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1999368-5"},{"link_name":"In the Company of Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Company_of_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durant-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailsblackhawkdownsto00bowd_1page374_374]-7"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Northern Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Islamic_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Operation Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda"},{"link_name":"GPS unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Gordon was posted to Mogadishu, Somalia, with other Delta members in the summer of 1993 as part of Task Force Ranger. On October 3, 1993, Gordon was Sniper Team Leader during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993), which began as a joint-force mission to apprehend key advisers to Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. During the assault, Super Six One, one of the Army's Black Hawk helicopters providing insertion and air support to the assault team, was shot down and crashed in the city. A combat search and rescue team was dispatched to the first crash site to secure it and a short time later a second Black Hawk, Super Six Four, was shot down as well. Ranger forces on the ground were not able to assist the downed helicopter crew of the second crash site as they were already engaged in heavy combat with Aidid's militia while making their way to the first crash site.[2]Gordon and his Delta Force sniper teammates Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Sergeant First Class Brad Halling, who were providing sniper cover from the air, wanted to be dropped at the second crash site in order to protect the four critically wounded crew, despite the fact that large numbers of armed, hostile Somalis were converging on the area. Mission commanders denied Gordon's request, saying that the situation was already too dangerous for the three Delta snipers to effectively protect the Black Hawk crew from the ground. Command's position was that the snipers could be of more assistance by continuing to provide air cover. Gordon, however, concluded that there was no way the Black Hawk crew could survive on their own, and repeated his request twice until he finally received permission. Halling had assumed control of a minigun after a crew chief was injured and was not inserted with Shughart and Gordon.[2]Once on the ground, Gordon and Shughart, armed with only their personal weapons and sidearms, fought their way to the downed Black Hawk. By this time more Somalis were arriving, intent on either capturing or killing the American servicemen. When they reached Super Six Four, Gordon and Shughart extracted the pilot, Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, co-pilot Ray Frank, and crew chiefs Bill Cleveland and Tommy Field from the aircraft, and established defensive positions around the crash site. Despite having inflicted heavy casualties on the Somalis, the two Delta snipers were outnumbered and outgunned. Their ammunition depleted, Gordon and Shughart were killed by Somali gunfire. It is believed that Gordon was the first to be killed. Shughart retrieved Gordon's CAR-15 and gave it to Durant to use. Shortly afterwards, Shughart was killed and Durant was taken alive. Immediately after the battle, the Somalis counted 25 of their own men dead with many more severely wounded. According to America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics, Gordon's \"half-naked body was dragged horrifically through the streets of Mogadishu\".Gordon's body was eventually recovered and is buried in Lincoln Cemetery, Penobscot County, Maine.[4]There was some confusion in the aftermath of the action as to the final moments of the firefight. The official citation states that Shughart had been killed first but Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, a book about the October 1993 battle, relates an account by Sergeant Paul R. Howe, another Delta commando fighting in the battle. Howe said that he heard Shughart call for help on the radio. Furthermore, Durant believed that the weapon handed to him was not the distinctive M14 used by Shughart but a CAR-15; Howe said that Gordon would never have given his own weapon to another soldier to use while he was still able to fight.[5] In Durant's book, In the Company of Heroes, he states that Gordon was on the left side of the Black Hawk, after both he and Shughart moved Durant to a safer location, and only heard Gordon say, \"Damn, I'm hit.\"[6] Durant acknowledged that he might have been wrong in his identification but was reluctant to push for the record to be changed since he was not sure.[7]After the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, United States Special Forces units were inserted into Afghanistan to assist the Northern Alliance forces in overthrowing the Taliban and al-Qaeda terrorists. Following an intense mountain battle known as Operation Anaconda in March 2002, U.S. troops complex found a GPS unit and pouch labeled \"G. Gordon\". Intelligence analysts believed at first this was Gordon's GPS unit that he purchased on the private market and used in Somalia. The Gordon family was notified immediately of the find before the information was released to the public.[8] It ultimately turned out that it was not Gordon's GPS but one belonging to a helicopter pilot lost in an earlier fight during Operation Anaconda.[9][10]","title":"Combat and death in Somalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIG-11"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RORO"},{"link_name":"USNS Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Gary_I._Gordon"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Murtha (D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Murtha"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"ship's sponsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_sponsor"},{"link_name":"commercial container vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"Large Medium Speed Roll On/Roll Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large,_Medium-Speed_Roll-on/Roll-off"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnsgordon-12"},{"link_name":"Harnett County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnett_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fort Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fort Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Polk"}],"text":"MSG Gordon's personal decorations include:[11]The U.S. Navy officially named a roll-on/roll-off ship USNS Gordon in a ceremony at 10:00 a.m., Thursday, July 4, 1996, at Newport News, Virginia. Congressman John Murtha (D) of Pennsylvania, was the ceremony's principal speaker and Gordon's widow, Carmen Gordon, served as the ship's sponsor. Gordon was the second ship to undergo conversion from a commercial container vessel to a Large Medium Speed Roll On/Roll Off (LMSR) sealift ship and is operated by the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command, Washington, D.C.[12]Gordon has been honored elsewhere as well. Gordon Elementary School in Linden Oaks, Harnett County, North Carolina, which opened in January 2009, was named in his honor. The school is near Fort Liberty, where Gordon was stationed before being deployed to Somalia.[13] In the Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, LA, the main mock city is named Shughart-Gordon.","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gary_Gordon_Medal_of_Honor_(DA-SC-02-06243).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMOHW-14"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceremony-3"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor","text":"President Clinton presents the Medal of Honor to Carmen, the widow of Master Sergeant Gary I. Gordon.On May 23, 1994, both Gordon and Shughart posthumously received the Medal of Honor in recognition for the actions they took and the sacrifices they made to help protect the lives of the crew of Super Six Four. They were the only soldiers participating in Operation Gothic Serpent to receive the military's highest honor, and the first Medal of Honor recipients since the Vietnam War.[14] Their medals were presented to their widows Stephanie Shughart and Carmen Gordon by Bill Clinton in a ceremony at the White House.[3]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor citation","text":"Master Sergeant Gary Ivan Gordon, United States Army, distinguished himself by actions above and beyond the call of duty on 3 October 1993, while serving as Sniper Team Leader, United States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger in Mogadishu, Somalia. Master Sergeant Gordon's sniper team provided precision fires from the lead helicopter during an assault and at two helicopter crash sites, while subjected to intense automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenade fires. When Master Sergeant Gordon learned that ground forces were not immediately available to secure the second crash site, he and another sniper unhesitatingly volunteered to be inserted to protect the four critically wounded personnel, despite being well aware of the growing number of enemy personnel closing in on the site. After his third request to be inserted, Master Sergeant Gordon received permission to perform his volunteer mission. When debris and enemy ground fires at the site caused them to abort the first attempt, Master Sergeant Gordon was inserted one hundred meters south of the crash site. Equipped with only his sniper rifle and a pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon and his fellow sniper, while under intense small arms fire from the enemy, fought their way through a dense maze of shanties and shacks to reach the critically injured crew members. Master Sergeant Gordon immediately pulled the pilot and the other crew members from the aircraft, establishing a perimeter which placed him and his fellow sniper in the most vulnerable position. Master Sergeant Gordon used his long range rifle and side arm to kill an undetermined number of attackers until he depleted his ammunition. Master Sergeant Gordon then went back to the wreckage, recovering some of the crew's weapons and ammunition. Despite the fact that he was critically low on ammunition, he provided some of it to the dazed pilot and then radioed for help. Master Sergeant Gordon continued to travel the perimeter, protecting the downed crew. After his team member was fatally wounded and his own rifle ammunition exhausted, Master Sergeant Gordon returned to the wreckage, recovering a rifle with the last five rounds of ammunition and gave it to the pilot with the words, \"good luck.\" Then, armed only with his pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon continued to fight until he was fatally wounded. His actions saved the pilot's life. Master Sergeant Gordon's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest standards of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit and the United States Army.[15]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Coster-Waldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau"},{"link_name":"Marko Kloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Kloos"},{"link_name":"Lines of Departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_Departure"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In the 2001 film Black Hawk Down, Gordon was portrayed by Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau.Marko Kloos’ novel, Lines of Departure (2014),[16] centers around a space fleet containing the military freighter \"Gary I Gordon\" and Gordon's heroic actions in Somalia are referenced.","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowden, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780871137388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871137388"},{"link_name":"Available at Archive.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto0000bowd"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Mogadishu: First Hand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/battleofmogadish00ever"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-345-45965-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45965-7"}],"text":"Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780871137388. Available at Archive.org.\nEversmann, Matt (2004). The Battle of Mogadishu: First Hand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-345-45965-7.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"President Clinton presents the Medal of Honor to Carmen, the widow of Master Sergeant Gary I. Gordon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gary_Gordon_Medal_of_Honor_%28DA-SC-02-06243%29.jpg/220px-Gary_Gordon_Medal_of_Honor_%28DA-SC-02-06243%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cmoh_army.jpg/50px-Cmoh_army.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment_(Airborne)"},{"title":"List of post-Vietnam Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_post-Vietnam_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"},{"title":"Operation Restore Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope"},{"title":"U.S. Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Special_Forces"},{"title":"U.S. Special Operations Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Special_Operations_Forces"},{"title":"1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Special_Forces_Operational_Detachment-Delta"},{"title":"Statue of Gary Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Gary_Gordon"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gary I. Gordon\". Veteran Tributes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810125335/http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=211","url_text":"\"Gary I. Gordon\""},{"url":"http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=211","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorializations\". U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Museum. Archived from the original on March 15, 2003. Retrieved February 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030315102112/https://www.soc.mil/swcs/museum/Gmemo.shtml","url_text":"\"Memorializations\""},{"url":"https://www.soc.mil/swcs/museum/Gmemo.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AT PRESENTATION OF MEDAL OF HONOR POSTHUMOUSLY TO MASTER SERGEANT GARY GORDON AND SERGEANT FIRST CLASS RANDALL SHUGHART\". White House Press Secretary. May 23, 1994. Archived from the original on July 26, 2001. Retrieved February 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010726220923/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1994/05/1994-05-23-president-at-presentation-of-medal-of-honor.html","url_text":"\"REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AT PRESENTATION OF MEDAL OF HONOR POSTHUMOUSLY TO MASTER SERGEANT GARY GORDON AND SERGEANT FIRST CLASS RANDALL SHUGHART\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary","url_text":"White House Press Secretary"},{"url":"https://clinton6.nara.gov/1994/05/1994-05-23-president-at-presentation-of-medal-of-honor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Durant, Michael J.; Hartov, Steve (2003). In The Company of Heroes: A True Story. Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-399-15060-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant","url_text":"Durant, Michael J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Company_of_Heroes","url_text":"In The Company of Heroes: A True Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons","url_text":"Putnam Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15060-9","url_text":"978-0-399-15060-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Pentagon Briefing\". CNN. March 20, 2002. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811040222/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/se/date/2002-03-20/segment/01","url_text":"\"Pentagon Briefing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0203/20/se.01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Naylor, Sean D. \"Deadly Find: Soldiers capture cache of gear from downed U.S. helicopters on al-Qaida fighter they kill\". Army Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gilmore, Gerry J. \"Navigation Unit Found in Afghanistan Not U.S. Hero's\". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120414183724/http://www.defense.gov//News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=44229","url_text":"\"Navigation Unit Found in Afghanistan Not U.S. Hero's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forces_Press_Service","url_text":"American Forces Press Service"},{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44229","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary I. Gordon, Master Sergeant\". veterantributes.org. Retrieved August 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=211","url_text":"\"Gary I. Gordon, Master Sergeant\""}]},{"reference":"\"USNS Gordon (T-AKR 296) Named after Medal of Honor recipient\". No. 412-96 (Press release). U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs). July 3, 1996. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301232941/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=976","url_text":"\"USNS Gordon (T-AKR 296) Named after Medal of Honor recipient\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=976","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Drew (February 28, 2009). \"Gordon Elementary: Dedicated to 'name of a hero'\". The Fayetteville Observer. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170730071957/http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=319840","url_text":"\"Gordon Elementary: Dedicated to 'name of a hero'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fayetteville_Observer","url_text":"The Fayetteville Observer"},{"url":"http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=319840","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medal of Honor recipients\". United States Army Center of Military History. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121222074108/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/somalia.html","url_text":"\"Medal of Honor recipients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/Somalia.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Ivan Gordon – Medal of Honor\". Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022114/https://themedalofhonor.com/medal-of-honor-recipients/recipients/gordon-gary-somalia","url_text":"\"Gary Ivan Gordon – Medal of Honor\""},{"url":"https://themedalofhonor.com/medal-of-honor-recipients/recipients/gordon-gary-somalia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kloos, Marko (2014). Lines of Departure (Frontlines). 47North. p. 328. ISBN 978-1477817407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Kloos","url_text":"Kloos, Marko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47North","url_text":"47North"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477817407","url_text":"978-1477817407"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780871137388. Available at Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden","url_text":"Bowden, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)","url_text":"Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871137388","url_text":"9780871137388"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto0000bowd","url_text":"Available at Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"Eversmann, Matt (2004). The Battle of Mogadishu: First Hand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-345-45965-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/battleofmogadish00ever","url_text":"The Battle of Mogadishu: First Hand Accounts from the Men of Task Force Ranger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45965-7","url_text":"978-0-345-45965-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Gordon\". Hall of Valor. Military Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/1001","url_text":"\"Gary Gordon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Times_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Military Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Medal of Honor recipients on Film\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lylefrancispadilla.com/blackhawk.html","url_text":"\"Medal of Honor recipients on Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monument\". Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012001721/http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/cmoh/showcase/gordon.htm","url_text":"\"Monument\""},{"url":"http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/cmoh/showcase/gordon.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deputy Secretary of Defense England's Remarks at the Visions of Valor Medal of Honor Event\". Archived from the original on August 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100829043411/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=923","url_text":"\"Deputy Secretary of Defense England's Remarks at the Visions of Valor Medal of Honor Event\""},{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=923","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Gordon's grave at Findagrave\". Find a Grave.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6062603","url_text":"\"Gary Gordon's grave at Findagrave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/sec-priv.htm","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810125335/http://www.veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=211","external_links_name":"\"Gary I. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_%C3%96stan%C3%A5_I	MV Östanå I	["1 History","2 Operation","3 References"]	Strömma Kanalbolaget passenger ferry and listed historic ship in Sweden Östanå I History NameÖstanå I Owner Ångfartygs AB Östanå (1906-1913) Waxholmsbolaget (1913-1964) Various (1967-1986) Strömma Kanalbolaget (1986-) Builder William Lindberg's Shipyard , Sweden Bergsund's Mechanical Workshop , Sweden In service1906 IdentificationIMO number: 5266348 General characteristics TypePassenger ferry Length35.04 m (115 ft 0 in) Beam6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) Draught2.70 m (8 ft 10 in) Speed12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) The Östanå I is a motor vessel, and former steam ship, that was built in 1905/6 at Stockholm. In 1913 she was sold to Waxholmsbolaget, with whom she remained in service until 1957. Between then and 1986 she was out of service and had a number of owners, and in 1985 she was converted to diesel power. In 1986 Strömma Kanalbolaget bought the ship. She is now used for tourist services in the Stockholm archipelago. She is a listed historic ship of Sweden. History Östanå I was ordered in 1905 from William Lindberg's Shipyard , on Södermalm in Stockholm, but that shipyard closed before the ship was completed. The finished parts were moved to Bergsund's Mechanical Workshop , also on Södermalm, where she was completed and launched. She was delivered to her owners, Ångfartygs AB Östanå, in September 1906, and was used on their route between Stockholm and Östra Lagnö via Vaxholm, Östanå and Ljusterö. In 1908, she was joined by a sister ship, the Östanå II. In 1913, she was sold to Waxholms Nya Ångfartygs AB, better known as Waxholmsbolaget, continuing to operate on the same route. At the end of the summer of 1957, the Östanå I was laid up, and eventually sold. Over the following years she had several owners, and was moored at various locations. In 1985, she was converted to diesel power, using a second-hand engine, and the following year she was sold to Ångfartygs AB Strömma Channel, better known as Strömma Kanalbolaget. In 1988, a new diesel engine was fitted and the vessel was renovated. Operation The Östanå I is operated by Strömma Kanalbolaget on cruises through the Stockholm archipelago that operate from the Nybrokajen in Stockholm. The Östanå I has a length of 35.04 metres (115.0 ft), a beam of 6.86 metres (22.5 ft) and a draft of 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in). She has a top speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) and carries 300 passengers. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Östanå I (ship, 1906). ^ "Östanå I" (in Swedish). Stockholm: Sjöhistoriska museet. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ a b c "Östanå I" (in Swedish). skargardsbatar.se. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Östanå II" (in Swedish). skargardsbatar.se. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "M/S Östanå I". Strömma Turism & Sjöfart AB. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800 Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC) Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC) Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC) Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC) Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC) Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC) Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC) Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC) Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC) Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC) Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC) Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC) Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC) Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD) De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD) Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD) Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD) Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD) Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD) Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD) Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD) Tune ship⚓ (900 AD) Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD) Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD) Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD) Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD) Newport Ship⚓ (1449) Mary Rose⚓ (1509) Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600) Vasa⚓ (1627) Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628) St. Nicholas⚓ (1640) State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670) La Belle⚓ (1684) Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689) Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732) Victory⚓ (1765) Philadelphia⚓ (1776) Peggy⚓ (c. 1789) Constitution⛵ (1797) 1800–1879 Zetland⚓ (1802) Ticonderoga⚓ (1814) Trincomalee⚓ (1817) Unicorn⚓ (1824) Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841) Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843) Bertha⚓ (1844) Great Britain⚓ (1845) Brandtaucher⚓ (1850) Radetzky⚓ (1851) Snow Squall⚓ (1851) Edwin Fox⚓ (1853) Constellation⚓ (1854) Santiago⚓ (1856) Skibladner⛵ (1856) Gondola⛵ (1859) Jylland⚓ (1860) Warrior⚓ (1860) Cairo⚓ (1861) Mayflower⚓ (1861) Australia⚓ (1862) Chattahoochee⚓ (1863) Daring⚓ (1863) H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863) Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863) Neuse⚓ (1863) Star of India ⛵ (1863) Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863) City of Adelaide⚓ (1864) Jackson⚓ (1864) Strelets (1864) El Mahrousa⛵ (1865) Huáscar⚓ (1865) Adelaide⛵ (1866) Bjoren⛵ (1866) Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866) Buffel⚓ (1868) Enköping⛵ (1868) Lone Star⚓ (1868) Schorpioen⚓ (1868) Cutty Sark⚓ (1869) Katarina⚓ (1869) Yavari⚓ (1870) Leitha⚓ (1871) Lewis R. French⛵ (1871) Raven⛵ (1871) Stephen Taber⛵ (1871) Puno⛵ (1872) Gjøa⚓ (1872) Meiji Maru⚓ (1873) Rap⚓ (1873) Hero⛵ (1874) James Craig⛵ (1874) Juno⛵ (1874) Uruguay⚓ (1874) Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875) Muñoz Gamero (1875) Sölve⚓ (1875) Anna Karoline⚓ (1876) Avoca⚓ (1877) Bonaire⚓ (1877) Elissa⛵ (1877) Gem⚓ (1877) Governor Stone⛵ (1877) Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877) Success⚓ (1877) Decoy⚓ (1878) Enterprise⛵ (1878) Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878) Gannet⚓ (1878) Holland I⚓ (1878) Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879) Vallejo⛵️ (1879) 1880–1899 Annie⚓ (1880) Fenian Ram⚓ (1881) Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881) Rothbury⛵️ (1881) George Smeed⛵️ (1882) Grace Bailey⛵ (1882) Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882) Christeen⚓ (1883) Nelcebee⚓ (1883) Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884) Little Jennie ⚓ (1884) Kuna⛵ (1884) PW Mayflower⛵ (1884) Amazon⛵ (1885) Coronet⚓ (1885) Pioneer⛵ (1885) Polly Woodside⚓ (1885) Wavertree⚓ (1885) Balclutha⚓ (1886) L'Almée⚓ (1885) Segwun⛵ (1887) Sigyn⚓ (1887) Tyr⚓ (1887) Akarana⚓ (1888) af Chapman⚓ (1888) Elf⛵ (1888) Equator⚓ (1888) Priscilla⚓ (1888) Anna Kristina⛵ (1889) Arthur Foss⚓ (1889) Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889) Peral⚓ (1889) Raven⛵ (1889) "Eureka"⚓ (1890) Persistence⛵️ (1890) Robin⚓ (1890) Alma⚓ (1891) Nellie⚓ (1891) Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891) Tern⛵ (1891) Fram⚓ (1892) Kestrel⚓ (1892) Mirosa⛵ (1892) Olympia⚓ (1892) Rona⚓️ (1892) Coya⚓ (1893) El Primero⛵ (1893) Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893) Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893) Result⚓ (1893) Viking⚓ (1893) Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894) Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894) Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894) Turbinia⚓ (1894) Vridni⚓ (1894) Lagaren⚓ (1894) Bessie⛵ (1895) C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895) Centaur⛵ (1895) Gedser Rev⚓ (1895) Hiawatha⛵ (1895) Kitty⛵ (1895) Belem⛵ (1896) Daisy⚓ (1896) Edna G⚓ (1896) Genève⚓ (1896) Glenlee⚓ (1896) Meteor⚓ (1896) Pyap⛵ (1896) Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896) Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896) La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897) Keenora⚓ (1897) Marion⛵ (1897) Najaden⚓ (1897) Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897) Tarella⚓ (1897) Wyvern⛵ (1897) Carola⚓ (1898) Marjorie⛵ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Berkeley⚓ (1898) Edme⛵ (1898) Etona⛵ (1898) Moyie⚓ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Waimarie⛵️ (1898) Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898) Albatros⛵ (1899) Decima⛵ (1899) Maud⛵ (1899) Stjernen I⛵ (1899) William B. Tennison⚓ (1899) 1900–1907 Aurora⚓ (1900) Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900) Ena⛵ (1900) Helen McAllister⚓ (1900) Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900) Ironsides⛵ (1900) Kathleen and May⛵ (1900) Mikasa⚓ (1900) Regina M.⚓️ (1900) Västan⛵ (1900) Victory Chimes⛵ (1900) Cangarda⛵ (1901) Discovery⚓ (1901) Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901) Elsworth⚓ (1901) Gazela⚓ (1901) Holland 1⚓ (1901) Kathryn⚓ (1901) Reaper⛵ (1901) Sigsbee⛵ (1901) Tilikum⚓ c. 1901 Urger⛵ (1901) Basuto⚓ (1902) Columbia⚓ (1902) Jupiter⚓ (1902) Madiz⛵ (1902) Shenandoah⛵ (1902) Solway Lass⛵ (1902) Stanley Norman⚓ (1902) Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902) Alma Doepel⛵ (1903) Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903) Celtic⚓ (1903) Finngrundet⚓ (1903) Föri⛵️ (1903) Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903) Maggie Lee⛵ (1903) Normac⚓ (1903) Pommern⚓ (1903) Alose⚓ (1904) Ariki⚓ (1904) Barnegat⚓ (1904) Black Jack⛵ (1904) Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904) J C Madge⚓ (1904) Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904) Juniata⚓ (1904) Medea⚓ (1904) Moshulu⚓ (1904) Sava⚓ (1904) Swiftsure⚓ (1904) Asgard⚓ (1905) Fæmund II⛵ (1905) Hathor⛵ (1905) Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905) Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905) Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906) Baltimore⚓ (1906) Blümlisalp⛵ (1906) Cambria⛵ (1906) Edith May⛵ (1906) Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906) Ida May⛵ (1906) Minnehaha⛵ (1906) Minnie V⛵️ (1906) Östanå I⛵ (1906) St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906) Thalatta⛵ (1906) Ticonderoga⚓ (1906) U-1⚓ (1906) Viola⚓ (1906) Ambrose⚓ (1907) Drazki⚓ (1907) Canally⚓ (1907) F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907) Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907) Hercules⚓ (1907) Irene⛵ (1907) Keewatin⚓ (1907) Nyanza⚓ (1907) Rosa⛵ (1907) Ruby⚓ (1907) Tarmo⚓ (1907) Viking⚓ (1907) Yankee⚓ (1907) 1908–1914 Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908) Entiat Princess⛵ (1908) Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908) Mohican II⛵ (1908) Oscar W⛵ (1908) Oster⛵ (1908) Sabino⛵ (1908) Speeder⛵️ (1908) Storskär⛵ (1908) Ardwina⛵ (1909) Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909) Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909) Duwamish⚓ (1909) Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909) Lotus⛵ (1909) President⛵ (1909) Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909) Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909) Gonca⛵ (1909) E.C. Collier⚓ (1910) Georgios Averof⚓ (1910) Noorderlicht⛵ (1910) Norrskär⛵ (1910) Ste. Claire⚓ (1910) Trillium⛵ (1910) Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910) Europa⛵ (1911) Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911) Helen Smitton⚓ (1911) Hestmanden⚓ (1911) Industry⛵ (1911) James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911) McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911) Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911) Nomadic⚓ (1911) Nusret⚓ (1911) Passat⚓ (1911) Peking⚓ (1911) Pevensey⛵ (1911) Tradewind⛵ (1911) Wäiski⚓ (1911) African Queen⚓ (1912) Astoria⛵️ (1912) Canberra⛵ (1912) Cartela⛵ (1912) Chacon⚓ (1912) Earnslaw⛵ (1912) Gustaf III⛵ (1912) Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912) James Caird⚓ (1912) J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912) Kwasind⛵ (1912) Lady Denman⚓ (1912) Margaret⛵ (1912) Melbourne⛵ (1912) Sundowner⛵ (1912) Texas⚓ (1912) Wendameen⛵ (1912) Zhongshan⚓ (1912) Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912) Acadia⚓ (1913) Adventuress⛵ (1913) Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913) Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913) Jolie Brise⛵ (1913) Kildare⛵ (1913) Kommuna⛵ (1913) Kyle⚓ (1913) North Head⚓ (1913) Rusinga⚓️ (1913) Stord I⛵ (1913) Suur Tõll⛵ (1913) Usoga⛵ (1913) Naramata⚓ (1914) Sicamous⚓ (1914) Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914) World War I Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914) Britannia⛵️ (1914) Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914) Caroline⚓ (1914) Hercules⛵ (1914) Horns Rev⚓ (1914) Katahdin⛵ (1914) Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914) Doulos Phos⚓ (1914) Perth⚓ (1914) Pilot⛵ (1914) Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914) Zumbrota⛵ (1914) Bradbury⚓ (1915) Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915) Katie⛵ (1915) Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915) M33⚓ (1915) Mar-Sue⛵ (1915) Miseford⛵ (1915) Peacock⛵ (1915) Sankt Erik⛵ (1915) Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915) Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916) Krassin⚓ (1916) Mariette⛵️ (1916) Mercantile⛵ (1916) Portsmouth⚓ (1916) UB-46⚓ (1916) Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917) Carpentaria⚓ (1917) Commander⛵ (1917) L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917) Maud⚓ (1917) St. Julien⛵️ (1917) Valley Camp⚓️ (1917) El Don⛵️ (1918) Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918) Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918) Lotus⛵ (1918) Oosterschelde⛵ (1918) President⚓ (1918) Surprise⛵ (1918) W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"steam ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_ship"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Waxholmsbolaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxholmsbolaget"},{"link_name":"Strömma Kanalbolaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mma_Kanalbolaget"},{"link_name":"Stockholm archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_archipelago"},{"link_name":"listed historic ship of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listing_of_historic_ships_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Östanå I is a motor vessel, and former steam ship, that was built in 1905/6 at Stockholm. In 1913 she was sold to Waxholmsbolaget, with whom she remained in service until 1957. Between then and 1986 she was out of service and had a number of owners, and in 1985 she was converted to diesel power. In 1986 Strömma Kanalbolaget bought the ship. She is now used for tourist services in the Stockholm archipelago. She is a listed historic ship of Sweden.[1]","title":"MV Östanå I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lindberg's Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Lindberg%27s_Shipyard_and_Workshop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Lindbergs_Varvs-_och_Verkstads_AB"},{"link_name":"Södermalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dermalm"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Bergsund's Mechanical Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergsund%27s_Mechanical_Workshop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergsunds_Mekaniska_Verkstad"},{"link_name":"Östra Lagnö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96stra_Lagn%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stra_Lagn%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Vaxholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxholm"},{"link_name":"Östanå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stan%C3%A5,_%C3%96ster%C3%A5ker_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ljusterö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuster%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Östanå II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_%C3%96stan%C3%A5_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbt-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbt2-3"},{"link_name":"Waxholmsbolaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxholmsbolaget"},{"link_name":"Strömma Kanalbolaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mma_Kanalbolaget"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbt-2"}],"text":"Östanå I was ordered in 1905 from William Lindberg's Shipyard [sv], on Södermalm in Stockholm, but that shipyard closed before the ship was completed. The finished parts were moved to Bergsund's Mechanical Workshop [sv], also on Södermalm, where she was completed and launched. She was delivered to her owners, Ångfartygs AB Östanå, in September 1906, and was used on their route between Stockholm and Östra Lagnö [sv] via Vaxholm, Östanå and Ljusterö. In 1908, she was joined by a sister ship, the Östanå II.[2][3]In 1913, she was sold to Waxholms Nya Ångfartygs AB, better known as Waxholmsbolaget, continuing to operate on the same route. At the end of the summer of 1957, the Östanå I was laid up, and eventually sold. Over the following years she had several owners, and was moored at various locations. In 1985, she was converted to diesel power, using a second-hand engine, and the following year she was sold to Ångfartygs AB Strömma Channel, better known as Strömma Kanalbolaget. In 1988, a new diesel engine was fitted and the vessel was renovated.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strömma Kanalbolaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mma_Kanalbolaget"},{"link_name":"Stockholm archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_archipelago"},{"link_name":"Nybrokajen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nybrokajen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nybrokajen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbt-2"}],"text":"The Östanå I is operated by Strömma Kanalbolaget on cruises through the Stockholm archipelago that operate from the Nybrokajen [sv] in Stockholm.[4]The Östanå I has a length of 35.04 metres (115.0 ft), a beam of 6.86 metres (22.5 ft) and a draft of 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in). She has a top speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph) and carries 300 passengers.[2]","title":"Operation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Östanå I\" (in Swedish). Stockholm: Sjöhistoriska museet. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sjohistoriska.se/fartyg-kulturmiljoer/k-markning-av-fartyg/lista-pa-k-markta-fartyg/ostana-i","url_text":"\"Östanå I\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180213103843/https://www.sjohistoriska.se/fartyg-kulturmiljoer/k-markning-av-fartyg/lista-pa-k-markta-fartyg/ostana-i","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Östanå I\" (in Swedish). skargardsbatar.se. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana1_1906/","url_text":"\"Östanå I\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111201142/http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana1_1906/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Östanå II\" (in Swedish). skargardsbatar.se. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana2_1908/","url_text":"\"Östanå II\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113131223/http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana2_1908/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"M/S Östanå I\". Strömma Turism & Sjöfart AB. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stromma.se/en/groups-charter/stockholm/fleet/classic-ships/ms-ostana-i/","url_text":"\"M/S Östanå I\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113114938/https://www.stromma.se/en/groups-charter/stockholm/fleet/classic-ships/ms-ostana-i/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:5266348","external_links_name":"5266348"},{"Link":"https://www.sjohistoriska.se/fartyg-kulturmiljoer/k-markning-av-fartyg/lista-pa-k-markta-fartyg/ostana-i","external_links_name":"\"Östanå I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180213103843/https://www.sjohistoriska.se/fartyg-kulturmiljoer/k-markning-av-fartyg/lista-pa-k-markta-fartyg/ostana-i","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana1_1906/","external_links_name":"\"Östanå I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111201142/http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana1_1906/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana2_1908/","external_links_name":"\"Östanå II\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113131223/http://www.skargardsbatar.se/ostana2_1908/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.stromma.se/en/groups-charter/stockholm/fleet/classic-ships/ms-ostana-i/","external_links_name":"\"M/S Östanå I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113114938/https://www.stromma.se/en/groups-charter/stockholm/fleet/classic-ships/ms-ostana-i/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_de_porco_%C3%A0_alentejana	Carne de porco à alentejana	["1 See also","2 References"]	Portuguese pork dish Carne de porco à alentejana Carne de porco à alentejana (pork with clams) is one of the most traditional and popular pork dishes of Portuguese cuisine. It is a combination of pork and clams, with potatoes and coriander. Usually, about 800 g of pork are marinated for some time in white wine, paprika, red pepper paste, chopped garlic, coriander, bay leaf, and salt and white pepper. Cumin is often added in northern Portugal as well. It is then fried until golden brown, when clams are added and cooked. Traditionally, this dish is served with cubed potato fries or baked potatoes. Its origin is uncertain, the name would appear to be from Ribatejo, but this is disputed by some, who give its roots to the Alverca. The reason behind it are the clams, who are much more popular in seaside towns rather than places far from the ocean, like the majority of Alentejo who only has one sizeable fishing port, Sines, and small fishing villages on the coast, and has a mainly meat-based cuisine. It may be an example of fusion cuisine between pork dishes of inner Alentejo and seafood dishes of coastal Algarve. See also Food portal Rojões List of Portuguese dishes References ^ Robinson, A. (2015). Alentejo:. Bradt Travel Guides Alentejo. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84162-568-3. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ^ a b Ortins, A.P. (2015). Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal. Page Street Publishing. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-62414-195-9. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ^ "História e origem da Carne de Porco à Alentejana". clubevinhosportugueses.pt. Retrieved 27 December 2020. vte Portuguese cuisineAppetizers Pastéis de bacalhau Torricado Sausages Alheira Azaruja sausage Botelo Chouriço Farinheira Linguiça Morcela Paio Dishes Açorda Bife a cavalo Caldo verde Cabidela Caldeirada Canja de galinha Carne de porco à alentejana Carne de vinha d'alhos Cebolada Cozido à portuguesa Dobrada Empadão Espetada Feijoada Francesinha Galinha à Africana Galinha à Portuguesa Gaspacho Milho frito Pataniscas Polvo à Lagareiro Portuguese sauce Peixinhos da horta Torresmos Tripas à Moda do Porto Xarém Desserts Aletria Areias Azevia Barriga de freira Bolo de mel Bolo de arroz Bolo de bolacha Chocolate salami Conventual sweets Doce de gila Doces de ovos Encharcada Fatias de Tomar Fatias do Freixo Filhós Fios de ovos Folar Goiabada Guardanapo Malassada Molotof Natas do Céu Ovos moles Pão de Ló Pão doce Pastel de feijão Pastel de nata Pastel de Tentúgal Papo-de-anjo Pudim Abade de Priscos Rabanadas Sericaia Serradura Tigelada Torta de Azeitão Toucinho do Céu‎ Velhote BeveragesAlcoholic beverages Aguardente Ginjinha Licor Beirão Liquorice stick Macieira Brandy Madeira Brewery Medronho Poncha Port wine Sagres Super Bock Non alcoholic beverages Bica Café com cheirinho Galão Laranjada Mazagran Breads Broa Broa de Avintes Bolo do caco Pao Alentejano Pão de Mafra Cheeses Castelo Branco cheese Queijo de Azeitão Queijo de Cabra Transmontano Queijo de Nisa Queijo do Pico Queijo Fresco Requeijão Santarém cheese São Jorge cheese Serpa cheese Serra da Estrela cheese Portugal portal Food portal Portuguese wine This meat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carne_de_porco_%C3%A0_Alentejana.jpg"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"Portuguese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortins_2015-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortins_2015-2"},{"link_name":"clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clams"},{"link_name":"Sines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sines"},{"link_name":"fusion cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Carne de porco à alentejanaCarne de porco à alentejana (pork with clams) is one of the most traditional and popular pork dishes of Portuguese cuisine. It is a combination of pork and clams, with potatoes and coriander.[1] Usually, about 800 g of pork are marinated for some time in white wine, paprika, red pepper paste, chopped garlic, coriander, bay leaf, and salt and white pepper. Cumin is often added in northern Portugal as well.[2] It is then fried until golden brown, when clams are added and cooked.[2] Traditionally, this dish is served with cubed potato fries or baked potatoes.Its origin is uncertain, the name would appear to be from Ribatejo, but this is disputed by some, who give its roots to the Alverca. The reason behind it are the clams, who are much more popular in seaside towns rather than places far from the ocean, like the majority of Alentejo who only has one sizeable fishing port, Sines, and small fishing villages on the coast, and has a mainly meat-based cuisine. It may be an example of fusion cuisine between pork dishes of inner Alentejo and seafood dishes of coastal Algarve.[3]","title":"Carne de porco à alentejana"}]	[{"image_text":"Carne de porco à alentejana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Carne_de_porco_%C3%A0_Alentejana.jpg/220px-Carne_de_porco_%C3%A0_Alentejana.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Rojões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roj%C3%B5es"},{"title":"List of Portuguese dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_dishes"}]	[{"reference":"Robinson, A. (2015). Alentejo:. Bradt Travel Guides Alentejo. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84162-568-3. Retrieved February 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=62GKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48","url_text":"Alentejo:"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-568-3","url_text":"978-1-84162-568-3"}]},{"reference":"Ortins, A.P. (2015). Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal. Page Street Publishing. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-62414-195-9. Retrieved February 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","url_text":"Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62414-195-9","url_text":"978-1-62414-195-9"}]},{"reference":"\"História e origem da Carne de Porco à Alentejana\". clubevinhosportugueses.pt. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/historia-e-origem-da-carne-de-porco-a-alentejana/","url_text":"\"História e origem da Carne de Porco à Alentejana\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=62GKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"Alentejo:"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/historia-e-origem-da-carne-de-porco-a-alentejana/","external_links_name":"\"História e origem da Carne de Porco à Alentejana\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carne_de_porco_%C3%A0_alentejana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Fust	Johann Fust	["1 Family background","2 Printing","3 Fust and Schöffer","4 As a businessman","5 Witchcraft accusations","6 Death","7 Successors and influence","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Inventor/Investor of the first press (died 1466) "Fust" redirects here. For other uses, see Fust (disambiguation). For the German magician, see Johann Faust. "John Fust" redirects here. For the ice hockey player, see John Fust (ice hockey). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Johann Fust" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Johann Fust Often taken to be a portrait of Doctor Faustus, this is an idealised portrait of Johann Fust with his printed Bible. Johann Fust or Faust (c. 1400 – October 30, 1466) was an early German printer. Family background Fust was born to a burgher family of Mainz, traceable back to the early thirteenth century. Members of the family held many civil and religious offices. The name was written "Fust" until 1506, when Peter Schöffer, in dedicating the German translation of Livy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, called his father-in-law "Faust." Thenceforward, the family assumed this name. The Fausts of Aschaffenburg, an old and quite distinct family, placed Johann Fust in their pedigree. Johann's brother Jacob, a goldsmith, was one of the burgomasters in 1462, when Mainz was stormed and sacked by the troops of Count Adolf II of Nassau, in the course of which he seems to have been killed (suggested by a document dated May 8, 1678). Printing Fust, along with his brother, was a member of the goldsmiths' guild of Strasbourg. Like many medieval goldsmiths, he also functioned as a financier. Because of his connection with Johann Gutenberg (died 1468), Fust has been called the inventor of printing, and the instructor as well as the partner of Gutenberg. Some see him as a patron and benefactor who saw the value of Gutenberg's discovery and supplied him with the means to implement it, whereas others portray him as a speculator who took advantage of Gutenberg's necessity and robbed him of the profits of his invention. Whatever the truth, the Helmasperger document of November 6, 1455, shows that Fust advanced money to Gutenberg (apparently 800 guilders in 1450, and another 800 in 1452) to carry on his work, and that Fust, in 1455, brought a suit against Gutenberg to recover the money he had lent, claiming 2026 guilders for principal and interest. It appears that he had not paid in the 300 guilders a year which he had undertaken to furnish for expenses, wages, etc., and, according to Gutenberg, had said that he had no intention of claiming interest. The suit was apparently decided in Fust's favour, November 6, 1455, in the refectory of the Barefooted Friars of Mainz, when Fust swore that he himself had borrowed 1550 guilders and given them to Gutenberg. There is no evidence that Fust, as is usually supposed, removed the portion of the printing materials covered by his mortgage to his own house, and carried on printing there with the aid of Peter Schöffer of Gernsheim (known to have been a scriptor at Paris in 1449), who in about 1455 married Fust's only daughter Christina. The first publication by Fust and Schöffer, the Psalter of August 14, 1457 (a folio of 350 pages, the first printed book with a complete date) was remarkable for the beauty of the large initials printed each in two colours, red and blue, from types made in two pieces. New editions of the Psalter with the same type appeared in 1459 (August 29), 1490, 1502 (Schöffer's last publication) and 1516. Fust and Schöffer's other works include: Guillaume Durand, Rationale divinorum officiorum (1459), folio, 160 leaves the Clementine Constitutions, with the gloss of Johannes Andreae (1460), 51 leaves Biblia Sacra Latina (1462), folio 2 vols., 242 and 239 leaves, 48 lines to a full page the Sixth Book of Decretals, with Andreae's gloss, December 17, 1465, folio 141 leaves Cicero. De officiis, 88 leaves. Fust and Schöffer Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer carried on a partnership after Fust sued and won a case against Johann Gutenberg in 1455 for the right to take back his loans that he offered Gutenberg years earlier. Many rumors came to light about why Fust turned his back on Gutenberg merely a year before the 42-Line Bible was to be completed (even though Gutenberg had not only agreed to pay back the original loans but also was allowing Fust to add interest onto them). Peter Schöffer was an associate of Fust that worked as an apprentice to Gutenberg during the making of the 42-Line Bible. Schöffer took Fust's side when the court case was presented to Gutenberg, and subsequently had his name join Fust's on the completed copies of the Bible. The twist is that Schöffer ended up marrying Fust's only daughter, Christina, years later. As a businessman Johann Fust was not much of a printer but more of a businessman and a salesman. Fust loaned 800 guilders (with an interest of 6%) to Johannes Gutenberg with which to start his original project. Later, another large sum of money was handed over from Fust to Gutenberg. At this point, Fust felt as if he needed to be included as a partner on the project since he had now invested so much into it. There were all but three Bibles left to be completed when Fust decided to foreclose on his loans. On November 6, 1455, Fust demanded 2,026 guilders from Gutenberg. He also revealed in court that he had to borrow the money he gave to finance Gutenberg at 6% in order to even give the loan. All in all, Gutenberg ended up having to pay 1,200 guilders to Fust along with all of the completed Bibles, unfinished books, and his workshop. From that point on Gutenberg was hardly ever heard from again and Fust went into partnership with Peter Schöffer. Schöffer had learned all the fine skills of printing from Gutenberg. This meant that Schöffer would be able to use the same techniques he had learned and practiced, while the savvy businessman Fust could find ways to do what he was best at, which was to sell the books that they were making. They made copies of the famed "42-line Bible" in both paper and vellum. The paper ones were sold for 40 guilders each, while the ones on vellum were sold for 75 guilders apiece. Fust set up a sales branch in Paris as well, expanding the sales of this Bible on a global level (long before any type of global businesses were even thought about in society). Paris is also believed to be the place where Fust died in 1466. Witchcraft accusations It was once believed that Johann Fust was working for the devil. After several of Gutenberg’s bibles were sold to King Louis XI of France, it was decided that Fust was performing witchcraft. This idea came about for a few reasons, including the fact that some of the type was printed in red ink, mistaken for blood. It was also discovered that all of the letters in these bibles, presented to the King and his courtiers as hand-copied manuscripts, were oddly identical. Fust had sold 50 bibles in Paris and the people there could not fathom the making and selling of so many bibles so quickly, because printing had not come to the forefront yet in France. Parisians figured that the devil had something to do with the making of these copies, and Fust was thrown into jail on charges of black magic. He was eventually released, since it was proved he was running a business in which printing enabled the rapid production of multiple copies of the same text. Elizabeth Eisenstein cites a similar story, and comments:: 49–50 The story may be just as unfounded as the legend that linked the figure of Johann Fust with that of Dr Faustus. The adverse reaction it depicts should not be taken as typical; many early references were at worst ambivalent. The ones that are most frequently cited associate printing with divine rather than diabolic powers. It does seem plausible to historians of print that Fust may have alarmed certain vested interests in the Paris book trade, and may have had bibles confiscated in Paris in 1465. In general, the church and the Sorbonne welcomed the new technology. Until early sources are verified for this story about witchcraft accusations, it may be that Schafer and Goldschmidt were extrapolating under the influence of the Johann Fust / Johann Georg Faust confusion. Death In 1464, Adolf II of Nassau appointed for the parish of St Quintin three Baumeisters (master-builders) who were to choose twelve chief parishioners as assistants for life. One of the first of these "Vervaren", who were named on May 1, 1464, was Johannes Fust, and in 1467 Adam von Hochheim was chosen instead of the late (selig) Johannes Fust. Fust is said to have gone to Paris in 1466 and to have died of the plague, which raged there in August and September. He certainly was in Paris on July 4, when he gave Louis de Lavernade of the province of Forez, then chancellor of the duke of Bourbon and first president of the parliament of Toulouse, a copy of his second edition of Cicero, as appears from a note in Lavernade's own hand at the end of the book, which is now in the library of Geneva. Nothing further is known about Fust save that, on October 30 (c. 1471), Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust (son), and Schöffer's presumed partner Conrad Henlif (variantly, Henekes or Henckis) instituted an annual mass in the abbey-church of St. Victor of Paris, where Fust was buried. Peter Schöffer, who married Fust's daughter (c. 1468), also founded a similar memorial service for Fust in 1473 in the church of the Dominican Order at Mainz (Karl Georg Bockenheimer, Geschichte der Stadt Mainz, iv. 15). According to some sources, the speed and precise duplication abilities of the printing press caused French officials to claim that Fust was a magician, leading some historians to connect Fust with the legendary character of Faust. Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's Faust, a printer, may borrow more from Fust than other versions of the Faust legend. Successors and influence After Peter Schöffer married Fust's daughter, Christina, the printing business of Fust and Schöffer carried on through offspring. Fust and Schöffer had done much to keep their printing methods secret, even going as far as to make their employees swear by oath that they would not reveal anything. However, the secrets were revealed anyway. Schöffer's sons (Fust's grandsons) Johann and Peter continued on in their father's and grandfather's footsteps. The younger Peter's son Ivo also made printing his career. Johann Fust may not have started out as a printing man but he certainly ended up influencing a whole new generation of printing. What started out in Germany spread to other parts of the world. It seemed unlikely that the original partnership between Fust and Gutenberg would end up having the effect that it ultimately did on the printing press. Many people will credit and continue to credit Gutenberg for much of the success of the 42-line Bible and for printing in general. The facts do state, however, that if it was not for Johann Fust that this Bible would have never been created in the first place. Fust controlled the sales aspect as well and branched out this creation to people in other countries. Thanks to Fust's partnership with Schöffer a whole new generation of printers were brought into the world. The argument remains who is the true father of the printing press. Johann Fust is the name that most people still do not know today. Johann Fust will always be the man who turned his back on Gutenberg; however, he will also always be the man that truly began the printing press (through cunning and greed but there will also be people who call it business strategy). See also Laurens Janszoon Coster References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johann Fust. ^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hessels, John Henry (1911). "Fust, Johann". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–374. ^ Kapr, Albert (1996). Johann Gutenberg, The Man and his Invention. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 157. ISBN 1859281141. ^ Jaikaran, Jacques S. (1992). "Banking and the Goldsmiths". Debt Virus: A Compelling Solution to the World's Debt Problems. Centennial, Colorado: Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 125. ISBN 9780944435137. Retrieved 2 December 2023. The goldsmith bankers were private bankers who did practically all the banking business in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and before. People who possessed gold deposited it with the goldsmiths for safekeeping. ^ Edmund Burke (1913). "John Fust" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Jarvis, Jeff (1 June 2023). "Gutenberg". The Gutenberg Parenthesis: The Age of Print and Its Lessons for the Age of the Internet. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 47. ISBN 9781501394843. Retrieved 2 December 2023. Others held that Fust was the greedy money man who robbed poor Gutenberg of his invention, his business, and his fortune, leaving him penniless. None of this, it now seems, is true. ^ Compare: Empell, Hans-Michael (2008). Gutenberg vor Gericht: der Mainzer Prozess um die erste gedruckte Bibel. Volume 372 of Rechtshistorische Reihe, ISSN 0344-290X (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631581087. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ^ a b c Uhlendorf, B.A. (1932). "The Invention of Printing and Its Spread till 1470: With Special Reference to Social and Economic Factors". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 2 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 179–231. doi:10.1086/613119. JSTOR 4301902. S2CID 143821971. ^ Brennan, Fleur. "Tribute to the Father of Printing". pp. 59, 61, 126. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. ^ Schafer, Joseph (September 1926). "Treasures in Print and Script". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 10 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 95–100. Archived from the original on 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2024-01-20. ^ Goldschmidt, Ernst Philip (1943). Medieval Texts and their First Appearance in Print. London: Bibliographical Society. OCLC 14752135. OL 21826943M. ^ Eisenstein, Elizabeth Lewisohn (1979). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22044-0. OCLC 1036765571. OL 17627927M. Retrieved 2024-01-20. ^ Clair, Colin (1976). A History of European Printing. Academic Press. p. 59. ^ Meggs, Philip B.; Alston W. Purvis (2006). Meggs' History of Graphic Design, Fourth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-471-69902-6. ^ Jensen, Eric (Autumn 1982). "Liszt, Nerval, and "Faust"". 19th-Century Music. 6 (2). University of California Press: 153. doi:10.2307/746273. JSTOR 746273. External links "Faust, Johann" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. Guillaume Durand. Rationale divinorum officiorum. Mainz: Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, 6 Oct. 1459, at The Library of Congress. Catholic Church. Pope (1305–1314 : Clement V). Constitutiones. Mainz: Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, 25 June 1460, at The Library of Congress. Liber Sextus Decretalium. Mainz: Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, 17 Dec. 1465, at The Library of Congress. Cicero. De Officiis. Mainz: Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, 1465, at The Library of Congress. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fust (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fust_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Johann Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Faust"},{"link_name":"John Fust (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fust_(ice_hockey)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Fust00.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idealportr%C3%A4t_Joannes_Faustus.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(publisher)"}],"text":"\"Fust\" redirects here. For other uses, see Fust (disambiguation).For the German magician, see Johann Faust.\"John Fust\" redirects here. For the ice hockey player, see John Fust (ice hockey).Johann FustOften taken to be a portrait of Doctor Faustus, this is an idealised portrait of Johann Fust with his printed Bible.Johann Fust or Faust (c. 1400 – October 30, 1466) was an early German printer.","title":"Johann Fust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"burgher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Peter Schöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%B6ffer"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Fausts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust"},{"link_name":"Aschaffenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschaffenburg"},{"link_name":"burgomasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgomaster"},{"link_name":"Adolf II of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_II_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"Fust was born to a burgher family of Mainz, traceable back to the early thirteenth century. Members of the family held many civil and religious offices.The name was written \"Fust\" until 1506, when Peter Schöffer, in dedicating the German translation of Livy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, called his father-in-law \"Faust.\" Thenceforward, the family assumed this name. The Fausts of Aschaffenburg, an old and quite distinct family, placed Johann Fust in their pedigree. Johann's brother Jacob, a goldsmith, was one of the burgomasters in 1462, when Mainz was stormed and sacked by the troops of Count Adolf II of Nassau, in the course of which he seems to have been killed (suggested by a document dated May 8, 1678).[1]","title":"Family background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Johann Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Helmasperger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmasperger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Helmasperger"},{"link_name":"guilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peter Schöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%B6ffer"},{"link_name":"scriptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Psalter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Durand"},{"link_name":"Johannes Andreae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Andreae"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"De officiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Officiis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"}],"text":"Fust, along with his brother, was a member of the goldsmiths' guild of Strasbourg. Like many medieval goldsmiths, he also functioned as a financier.[2][need quotation to verify][3]\nBecause of his connection with Johann Gutenberg (died 1468), Fust has been called the inventor of printing, and the instructor as well as the partner of Gutenberg. Some see him as a patron and benefactor who saw the value of Gutenberg's discovery and supplied him with the means to implement it,[4] whereas others portray him as a speculator who took advantage of Gutenberg's necessity and robbed him of the profits of his invention.[5]\nWhatever the truth, the Helmasperger [de] document of November 6, 1455, shows that Fust advanced money to Gutenberg (apparently 800 guilders in 1450, and another 800 in 1452) to carry on his work, and that Fust, in 1455, brought a suit against Gutenberg to recover the money he had lent, claiming 2026 guilders for principal and interest. It appears that he had not paid in the 300 guilders a year which he had undertaken to furnish for expenses, wages, etc., and, according to Gutenberg, had said that he had no intention of claiming interest.[1]The suit was apparently decided in Fust's favour,[6]\nNovember 6, 1455, in the refectory of the Barefooted Friars of Mainz, when Fust swore that he himself had borrowed 1550 guilders and given them to Gutenberg. There is no evidence that Fust, as is usually supposed, removed the portion of the printing materials covered by his mortgage to his own house, and carried on printing there with the aid of Peter Schöffer of Gernsheim (known to have been a scriptor at Paris in 1449), who in about 1455 married Fust's only daughter Christina. The first publication by Fust and Schöffer, the Psalter of August 14, 1457 (a folio of 350 pages, the first printed book with a complete date) was remarkable for the beauty of the large initials printed each in two colours, red and blue, from types made in two pieces. New editions of the Psalter with the same type appeared in 1459 (August 29), 1490, 1502 (Schöffer's last publication) and 1516.[1]Fust and Schöffer's other works include:Guillaume Durand, Rationale divinorum officiorum (1459), folio, 160 leaves\nthe Clementine Constitutions, with the gloss of Johannes Andreae (1460), 51 leaves\nBiblia Sacra Latina (1462), folio 2 vols., 242 and 239 leaves, 48 lines to a full page\nthe Sixth Book of Decretals, with Andreae's gloss, December 17, 1465, folio 141 leaves\nCicero. De officiis, 88 leaves.[1]","title":"Printing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.A.U.-7"}],"text":"Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer carried on a partnership after Fust sued and won a case against Johann Gutenberg in 1455 for the right to take back his loans that he offered Gutenberg years earlier. Many rumors came to light about why Fust turned his back on Gutenberg merely a year before the 42-Line Bible was to be completed (even though Gutenberg had not only agreed to pay back the original loans but also was allowing Fust to add interest onto them).Peter Schöffer was an associate of Fust that worked as an apprentice to Gutenberg during the making of the 42-Line Bible. Schöffer took Fust's side when the court case was presented to Gutenberg, and subsequently had his name join Fust's on the completed copies of the Bible. The twist is that Schöffer ended up marrying Fust's only daughter, Christina, years later.[7]","title":"Fust and Schöffer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.A.U.-7"}],"text":"Johann Fust was not much of a printer but more of a businessman and a salesman. Fust loaned 800 guilders (with an interest of 6%) to Johannes Gutenberg with which to start his original project. Later, another large sum of money was handed over from Fust to Gutenberg. At this point, Fust felt as if he needed to be included as a partner on the project since he had now invested so much into it.[citation needed]There were all but three Bibles left to be completed when Fust decided to foreclose on his loans. On November 6, 1455, Fust demanded 2,026 guilders from Gutenberg. He also revealed in court that he had to borrow the money he gave to finance Gutenberg at 6% in order to even give the loan. All in all, Gutenberg ended up having to pay 1,200 guilders to Fust along with all of the completed Bibles, unfinished books, and his workshop.[8]From that point on Gutenberg was hardly ever heard from again and Fust went into partnership with Peter Schöffer. Schöffer had learned all the fine skills of printing from Gutenberg. This meant that Schöffer would be able to use the same techniques he had learned and practiced, while the savvy businessman Fust could find ways to do what he was best at, which was to sell the books that they were making. They made copies of the famed \"42-line Bible\" in both paper and vellum. The paper ones were sold for 40 guilders each, while the ones on vellum were sold for 75 guilders apiece.[7] Fust set up a sales branch in Paris as well, expanding the sales of this Bible on a global level (long before any type of global businesses were even thought about in society). Paris is also believed to be the place where Fust died in 1466.","title":"As a businessman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sch26-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gol43-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It was once believed that Johann Fust was working for the devil. After several of Gutenberg’s bibles were sold to King Louis XI of France, it was decided that Fust was performing witchcraft. This idea came about for a few reasons, including the fact that some of the type was printed in red ink, mistaken for blood. It was also discovered that all of the letters in these bibles, presented to the King and his courtiers as hand-copied manuscripts, were oddly identical. Fust had sold 50 bibles in Paris and the people there could not fathom the making and selling of so many bibles so quickly, because printing had not come to the forefront yet in France. Parisians figured that the devil had something to do with the making of these copies, and Fust was thrown into jail on charges of black magic.[9] He was eventually released, since it was proved he was running a business in which printing enabled the rapid production of multiple copies of the same text.[citation needed] Elizabeth Eisenstein cites a similar story,[10] and comments:[11]: 49–50The story may be just as unfounded as the legend that linked the figure of Johann Fust with that of Dr Faustus. The adverse reaction it depicts should not be taken as typical; many early references were at worst ambivalent. The ones that are most frequently cited associate printing with divine rather than diabolic powers.It does seem plausible to historians of print that Fust may have alarmed certain vested interests in the Paris book trade, and may have had bibles confiscated in Paris in 1465.[12] In general, the church and the Sorbonne welcomed the new technology. Until early sources are verified for this story about witchcraft accusations, it may be that Schafer and Goldschmidt were extrapolating under the influence of the Johann Fust / Johann Georg Faust confusion.[citation needed]","title":"Witchcraft accusations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf II of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_II_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"St Quintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Quintin%27s_Church,_Mainz"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"abbey-church of St. Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Victor,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Maximilian Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1464, Adolf II of Nassau appointed for the parish of St Quintin three Baumeisters (master-builders) who were to choose twelve chief parishioners as assistants for life. One of the first of these \"Vervaren\", who were named on May 1, 1464, was Johannes Fust, and in 1467 Adam von Hochheim was chosen instead of the late (selig) Johannes Fust. Fust is said to have gone to Paris in 1466 and to have died of the plague, which raged there in August and September. He certainly was in Paris on July 4, when he gave Louis de Lavernade of the province of Forez, then chancellor of the duke of Bourbon and first president of the parliament of Toulouse, a copy of his second edition of Cicero, as appears from a note in Lavernade's own hand at the end of the book, which is now in the library of Geneva.[1]Nothing further is known about Fust save that, on October 30 (c. 1471), Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust (son), and Schöffer's presumed partner Conrad Henlif (variantly, Henekes or Henckis) instituted an annual mass in the abbey-church of St. Victor of Paris, where Fust was buried. Peter Schöffer, who married Fust's daughter (c. 1468), also founded a similar memorial service for Fust in 1473 in the church of the Dominican Order at Mainz (Karl Georg Bockenheimer, Geschichte der Stadt Mainz, iv. 15).[1]According to some sources, the speed and precise duplication abilities of the printing press caused French officials to claim that Fust was a magician, leading some historians to connect Fust with the legendary character of Faust.[13] Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's Faust, a printer, may borrow more from Fust than other versions of the Faust legend.[14]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.A.U.-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After Peter Schöffer married Fust's daughter, Christina, the printing business of Fust and Schöffer carried on through offspring. Fust and Schöffer had done much to keep their printing methods secret, even going as far as to make their employees swear by oath that they would not reveal anything.[7] However, the secrets were revealed anyway. Schöffer's sons (Fust's grandsons) Johann and Peter continued on in their father's and grandfather's footsteps. The younger Peter's son Ivo also made printing his career. Johann Fust may not have started out as a printing man but he certainly ended up influencing a whole new generation of printing.[citation needed] What started out in Germany spread to other parts of the world. It seemed unlikely that the original partnership between Fust and Gutenberg would end up having the effect that it ultimately did on the printing press. Many people[citation needed] will credit and continue to credit Gutenberg for much of the success of the 42-line Bible and for printing in general. The facts do state, however, that if it was not for Johann Fust that this Bible would have never been created in the first place. Fust controlled the sales aspect as well and branched out this creation to people in other countries. Thanks to Fust's partnership with Schöffer a whole new generation of printers were brought into the world. The argument remains[citation needed] who is the true father of the printing press. Johann Fust is the name that most people still do not know today. Johann Fust will always be the man who turned his back on Gutenberg; however, he will also always be the man that truly began the printing press (through cunning and greed but there will also be people who call it business strategy).[citation needed]","title":"Successors and influence"}]	[{"image_text":"Johann Fust","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johann_Fust00.jpg/220px-Johann_Fust00.jpg"},{"image_text":"Often taken to be a portrait of Doctor Faustus, this is an idealised portrait of Johann Fust with his printed Bible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Idealportr%C3%A4t_Joannes_Faustus.jpg/220px-Idealportr%C3%A4t_Joannes_Faustus.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Laurens Janszoon Coster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_Janszoon_Coster"}]	[{"reference":"Hessels, John Henry (1911). \"Fust, Johann\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fust,_Johann","url_text":"Fust, Johann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Kapr, Albert (1996). Johann Gutenberg, The Man and his Invention. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 157. ISBN 1859281141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859281141","url_text":"1859281141"}]},{"reference":"Jaikaran, Jacques S. (1992). \"Banking and the Goldsmiths\". Debt Virus: A Compelling Solution to the World's Debt Problems. Centennial, Colorado: Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 125. ISBN 9780944435137. Retrieved 2 December 2023. The goldsmith bankers were private bankers who did practically all the banking business in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and before. People who possessed gold deposited it with the goldsmiths for safekeeping.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghyg3xqZdYkC","url_text":"Debt Virus: A Compelling Solution to the World's Debt Problems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780944435137","url_text":"9780944435137"}]},{"reference":"Edmund Burke (1913). \"John Fust\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/John_Fust","url_text":"\"John Fust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Jeff (1 June 2023). \"Gutenberg\". The Gutenberg Parenthesis: The Age of Print and Its Lessons for the Age of the Internet. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 47. ISBN 9781501394843. Retrieved 2 December 2023. Others held that Fust was the greedy money man who robbed poor Gutenberg of his invention, his business, and his fortune, leaving him penniless. [...] None of this, it now seems, is true.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarvis","url_text":"Jarvis, Jeff"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FcK7EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Gutenberg Parenthesis: The Age of Print and Its Lessons for the Age of the Internet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501394843","url_text":"9781501394843"}]},{"reference":"Empell, Hans-Michael (2008). Gutenberg vor Gericht: der Mainzer Prozess um die erste gedruckte Bibel. Volume 372 of Rechtshistorische Reihe, ISSN 0344-290X (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631581087. Retrieved 2 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TlB2963ncboC","url_text":"Gutenberg vor Gericht: der Mainzer Prozess um die erste gedruckte Bibel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631581087","url_text":"9783631581087"}]},{"reference":"Uhlendorf, B.A. (1932). \"The Invention of Printing and Its Spread till 1470: With Special Reference to Social and Economic Factors\". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 2 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 179–231. doi:10.1086/613119. JSTOR 4301902. S2CID 143821971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F613119","url_text":"10.1086/613119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4301902","url_text":"4301902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143821971","url_text":"143821971"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Fleur. \"Tribute to the Father of Printing\". pp. 59, 61, 126. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102210914/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17940955/tribute-father-printing","url_text":"\"Tribute to the Father of Printing\""},{"url":"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17940955/tribute-father-printing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schafer, Joseph (September 1926). \"Treasures in Print and Script\". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 10 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 95–100. Archived from the original on 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/5475","url_text":"\"Treasures in Print and Script\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231202061154/https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/5475/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldschmidt, Ernst Philip (1943). Medieval Texts and their First Appearance in Print. London: Bibliographical Society. OCLC 14752135. OL 21826943M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Philip_Goldschmidt","url_text":"Goldschmidt, Ernst Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14752135","url_text":"14752135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21826943M","url_text":"21826943M"}]},{"reference":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth Lewisohn (1979). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22044-0. OCLC 1036765571. OL 17627927M. Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein","url_text":"Eisenstein, Elizabeth Lewisohn"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/printingpressas01eise","url_text":"The Printing Press as an Agent of Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22044-0","url_text":"0-521-22044-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036765571","url_text":"1036765571"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17627927M","url_text":"17627927M"}]},{"reference":"Clair, Colin (1976). A History of European Printing. Academic Press. p. 59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meggs, Philip B.; Alston W. Purvis (2006). Meggs' History of Graphic Design, Fourth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-471-69902-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-69902-6","url_text":"978-0-471-69902-6"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Eric (Autumn 1982). \"Liszt, Nerval, and \"Faust\"\". 19th-Century Music. 6 (2). University of California Press: 153. doi:10.2307/746273. JSTOR 746273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746273","url_text":"10.2307/746273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/746273","url_text":"746273"}]},{"reference":"\"Faust, Johann\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Faust,_Johann","url_text":"\"Faust, Johann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Fust&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Johann+Fust%22","external_links_name":"\"Johann Fust\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Johann+Fust%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Johann+Fust%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Johann+Fust%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Johann+Fust%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Johann+Fust%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghyg3xqZdYkC","external_links_name":"Debt Virus: A Compelling Solution to the World's Debt Problems"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/John_Fust","external_links_name":"\"John Fust\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FcK7EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Gutenberg Parenthesis: The Age of Print and Its Lessons for the Age of the Internet"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TlB2963ncboC","external_links_name":"Gutenberg vor Gericht: der Mainzer Prozess um die erste gedruckte Bibel"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F613119","external_links_name":"10.1086/613119"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4301902","external_links_name":"4301902"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143821971","external_links_name":"143821971"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102210914/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17940955/tribute-father-printing","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to the Father of Printing\""},{"Link":"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17940955/tribute-father-printing","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/5475","external_links_name":"\"Treasures in Print and Script\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231202061154/https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/5475/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14752135","external_links_name":"14752135"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21826943M","external_links_name":"21826943M"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/printingpressas01eise","external_links_name":"The Printing Press as an Agent of Change"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036765571","external_links_name":"1036765571"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17627927M","external_links_name":"17627927M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746273","external_links_name":"10.2307/746273"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/746273","external_links_name":"746273"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Faust,_Johann","external_links_name":"\"Faust, Johann\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/47043536/","external_links_name":"Guillaume Durand. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)	Invincible (Michael Jackson album)	["1 Production","2 Music and lyrics","3 Singles","4 Promotion","5 Critical reception","5.1 Retrospective reviews","6 Commercial performance","7 Track listing","8 Credits","8.1 Personnel","8.2 Record production","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications and sales","11 References","11.1 Bibliography","12 External links"]	2001 studio album by Michael Jackson InvincibleDefault color for the album. Green, red, orange, and blue-colored covers were also issued.Studio album by Michael JacksonReleasedOctober 30, 2001 (2001-10-30)RecordedOctober 1997 – September 2001Studio Hit Factory (New York City) Criteria (Miami) Marvin's Room (Los Angeles) Darkchild (Los Angeles) Record Plant (Los Angeles) Future Recording (Norfolk, Virginia) Sony (New York City) Record One (Los Angeles) A Touch of Jazz (Philadelphia) Brandon's Way Recording (Los Angeles) Capitol (Hollywood) Genre R&B pop soul Length77:01Label Epic MJJ Producer Michael Jackson Rodney Jerkins Teddy Riley Dr. Freeze Andre Harris Babyface R. Kelly Michael Jackson chronology 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson(2000) Invincible(2001) Love Songs(2002) Singles from Invincible "You Rock My World"Released: August 22, 2001 "Butterflies"Released: November 27, 2001 "Cry"Released: December 5, 2001 (Europe only) Invincible is the tenth and final studio album by the American singer Michael Jackson, released on October 30, 2001, by Epic Records. It was Jackson's last album before his death in 2009. It features appearances from Carlos Santana, the Notorious B.I.G., and Slash. It incorporates R&B, pop and soul, and similarly to Jackson's previous material, the album explores themes such as love, romance, isolation, media criticism, and social issues. The album's creation was expensive and laborious, featuring the work of ten record producers and over 100 musicians. Jackson started the multi-genre production in 1997 and did not finish until eight weeks before the album's release. It was reported that it cost $30 million to record; as of March 2024, it remains the most expensive album ever made. Jackson refused to tour to support it, adding to the growing rift between him and Sony Music Entertainment. In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a "devil" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain. Invincible debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States and in ten other countries worldwide, It was certified double platinum in the US in January 2002 and has sold more than 10 million copies worldwide to date. The lead single, "You Rock My World", reached number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2002 Grammy Awards. "Cry" and "Butterflies" were also released as singles, and "Speechless" was released as a promotional single. Invincible received mixed reviews and became Jackson's most critically derided album. Retrospective reviews have been more positive, and it has been credited as featuring early examples of dubstep. In 2009, it was voted by online readers of Billboard as the best album of the 2000s decade. Production Prior to the release of Invincible, Jackson had not released any new material since the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997. His last studio album was HIStory (1995). Invincible was therefore viewed as Jackson's "career comeback". Jackson began recording new material in October 1997, and finished with "You Are My Life" being recorded only eight weeks before the album's release in October 2001 – the most extensive recording of Jackson's career. The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at the Hit Factory in Miami, Florida. Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song, and had said that he did not want a "known rapper". Jackson's spokesperson suggested a New Jersey rapper named Fats; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song, the two agreed to record another song together for the album. Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work, describing the new direction as "edgier". Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible. Aside from Jackson, the album features productions by Jerkins, Teddy Riley, Andre Harris, Andraeo "Fanatic" Heard, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne and Robert Smith. The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley, the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix. Invincible is Jackson's tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released during his lifetime. It was reported that it cost thirty million dollars to make the album, making it the most expensive album ever made. Invincible was dedicated to the fifteen-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy Benjamin "Benny" Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo, Norway, in January 2001. The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth, Omer Bhatti, Jackson's friend, was also a good friend of Hermansen. The dedication in the album reads, "Michael Jackson gives 'special thanks': This album is dedicated to Benjamin 'Benny' Hermansen. May we continue to remember not to judge a man by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace." The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and Jackson's parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson. Music and lyrics Invincible is an R&B, pop and soul record. The album's full length lasts over 77 minutes and contains 16 songs – fourteen of which were written (or co-written) by Jackson. It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads. Invincible opens with "Unbreakable"; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics, "With all that I've been through/I'm still around". In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe, Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing "Speechless", saying: "You'll be surprised. I was with these kids in Germany, and we had a big water-balloon fight – I'm serious – and I was so happy after the fight that I ran upstairs in their house and wrote "Speechless". Fun inspires me. I hate to say that because it's such a romantic song. But it was the fight that did it. I was happy, and I wrote it in it's entirety right there. I felt it would be good enough for the album. Out of the bliss comes magic, wonderment, and creativity." "Privacy", a reflection on Jackson's own personal experiences, is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies. "The Lost Children" is about imperiled children. Jackson sings in a third person in "Whatever Happens". The song's lyrics, described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a "jagged intensity", narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation. Invincible features four ballads: "You Are My Life", "Butterflies", "Don't Walk Away" and "Cry". "Cry", similar to Jackson's "Man in the Mirror", is about healing the world together. The lyrics to "Butterflies" and "Break of Dawn" were viewed as "glaringly banal" and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone. "Threatened" was viewed as being a storyteller. The song was viewed as a "Thriller redux". The song "You Are My Life" is about Jackson's two children at the time, Prince and Paris. The song features Jackson singing, "You are the sun, you make me shine, more like the stars." Singles "You Rock My World" Lead single from Invincible Problems playing this file? See media help. The album spawned three official singles ("You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies") and a promotional single in South Korea ("Speechless"), although all were given limited releases. "You Rock My World" was only released to radio airplay in the United States, consequently only peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Internationally, where it was released as a commercial single, it reached number one in France, number two in Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, number three in Italy, number four in Australia, and five in Sweden and Switzerland. The second single, "Cry", was not released in the United States. It was only moderately successful, with the song's most successful territories being Spain, Denmark, France, and Belgium, charting at number six, sixteen, thirty and thirty-one. The album's third single, "Butterflies", was only released in the United States to radio airplay. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two for five weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart. "Heaven Can Wait" also charted at the bottom of the R&B/Hip-Hop Charts, at number 72 due to radio airplay without an official release; the song did not chart internationally. "Unbreakable" was originally supposed to be released as a single, but it was ultimately cancelled. Despite that, the song managed to chart inside the Romanian Top 100 chart, peaking at number 62. It was later included on The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004. Promotion Main article: Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special It was reported that the album had a budget of twenty five million dollars set aside for promotion. Despite this, however, due to the conflicts between Jackson and his record label, little was done to promote the album. Unlike with Jackson's post-Thriller adult studio albums, there was no world tour to promote the album; a tour was planned, but cancelled due to conflicts between Jackson and Sony, and the September 11 attacks (the latter of which had also motivated many other artists to cancel their then-upcoming concerts in late 2001 and early 2002.) There was, however, a special 30th Anniversary celebration at Madison Square Garden in early September 2001 to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson performed "You Rock My World" and marked his first appearance onstage alongside his brothers since the Jacksons' Victory Tour in 1984. The show also featured performances by Britney Spears, Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync, 98 Degrees, and Slash, among other artists. The show aired on CBS in November 2001 as a two-hour television special and was watched by 45 million viewers according to Nielsen. The album's promotion was met with trouble due to internal conflicts with Sony Music Entertainment and Jackson due to his part of ownership with the company and the contract to a deal with Sony that was originally signed back in 1991. The issue stemmed back during the production of Invincible when Jackson learned that the rights to the masters of his past releases, which were to revert to him in the early 2000s, would not revert to him until much later in the decade. When Jackson consulted lawyer who worked with him in making the deal back in 1991, he learned that the same lawyer was also working for Sony, revealing a conflict of interest of which Jackson was never aware. Not wanting to sign away his ownership in Sony Music Entertainment, Jackson elected to leave the company shortly after the album's release. After the announcement, Sony halted promotion on the album, cancelling single releases, including a 9/11 charity single that was intended to be released before Invincible. In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a "devil" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain. He accused Sony and the record industry of racism, deliberately not promoting or actively working against promotion of his album. Sony disputed claims that they had failed to promote Invincible with sufficient energy, maintaining that Jackson refused to tour in the United States. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic51/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlenderEntertainment WeeklyC−The GuardianNME6/10QRolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSlant MagazineThe Village VoiceA− Invincible received mixed reviews from professional critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received a mixed score of 51 based on 19 reviews. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, felt that Invincible is Jackson's "first album since Off the Wall that offers virtually no new twists" but remarked that the album "feels like an anthology of his less-than-greatest hits". James Hunter of Rolling Stone critiqued that the album's later ballads made the record too long. Hunter also commented that Jackson and Riley made "Whatever Happens" "something really handsome and smart", allowing listeners "to concentrate on the track's momentous rhythms" such as "Santana's passionate interjections and Lubbock's wonderfully arranged symphonic sweeps". Mark Beaumont of NME called it "a relevant and rejuvenated comeback album made overlong", while Blender also found it "long-winded". Reviewing for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said that despite being overlooked, Jackson's "skills seem undiminished he's doing new stuff with them--his funk is steelier and his ballads are airier, both to disquieting effect." He felt that "The Lost Children" was "offensive" given Jackson's history, but described the album's first three tracks as being the "Rodney Jerkins of the year". Nikki Tranter of PopMatters said that it is both innovative and meaningful because exceptional songs such as "The Lost Children" and "Whatever Happens" more than make up for overly sentimental songs like "Heaven Can Wait" and "You Are My Life". Q magazine said that it is an aurally interesting, albeit inconsistent, album. In a negative review for The New York Times, Jon Pareles suggested that the album is somewhat impersonal and humorless, as Jackson rehashes ideas from his past songs and is "so busy trying to dazzle listeners that he forgets to have any fun." In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Pareles said that Invincible showed Jackson had lost his suave quality to "grim calculation". Invincible received one Grammy Award nomination at the 2002 ceremony. The album's song "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male, but lost to James Taylor's "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight". Due to the album's release in October 2001, it was not eligible for any other nomination from the 2002 Grammy Awards. Retrospective reviews In retrospective reviews, Invincible has gained more positive reviews and the track "Heartbreaker" has been cited as an early development of dubstep. Jackson later admitted to have been very proud of Invincible:"It is tough because you’re competing against yourself. Invincible is just as good or better than Thriller, in my true, humble opinion. It has more to offer." Producer Rodney Jerkins also give his thoughts about the album: "There's stuff we didn't put on the album that I wish was on the album. My first batch is what I really wanted him to do. I was trying to really go vintage, old school Mike. And that's what a lot of my first stuff was, that I was presenting to him. He kept 'Rock My World'. But he wanted to go more futuristic. So I would find myself at like junkyards, and we'd be out hitting stuff, to create our sound. I think Invincible needs to be re-released. Because something happened at the record company that caused them not to promote it no more after we done put our heart and soul in it. He had about five singles on the album. But it came down to who can stop who . And he was caught up in that mess." AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that it has a "spark" and "sound better than anything Jackson has done since Dangerous." Erlewine noted that while the album had good material it was "not enough to make Invincible the comeback Jackson needed – he really would have had to have an album that sounded free instead of constrained for that to work – but it does offer a reminder that he can really craft good pop." Writing for PopDose, Mike Heyliger wrote "Invincible isn't the piece of shit most claim it to be. A leaner structure to the album and more sympathetic production would have resulted in a classic. But when measured against the radio junk that passes for pop-R&B these days, Invincible is stronger than ever." In December 2009, readers of Billboard voted Invincible the best album of the 2000s. Commercial performance Invincible was Jackson's first studio album since HIStory six years earlier. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 363,000 units. It was Jackson's fifth Billboard 200 number-one, and his fourth solo album to chart at number one in its first week; however, it sold less than HIStory in its opening week, which sold 391,000 units. In its second week, the album slipped to number 3 selling 202,000 copies with a 45% drop. Invincible also charted at number one on the Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart for four weeks. After eight weeks of release, in December 2001, Invincible was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sales of five hundred thousand units. In the same month, the album was certified platinum for the sale of one million units. On January 25, 2002, it was certified two times platinum for the sales of two million units. In the United States, it was the 45th best-selling album of 2001 selling over 1.56 million units. As of 2009, Invincible had sold 2.4 million copies in the United States. Invincible left the Billboard 200 in June 2002 after charting there for 28 weeks. Shortly after the release of the album, in a poll conducted by Billboard magazine, "an overwhelming majority" of people—79% of 5,195 voters—were not surprised by Invincible entering the Billboard 200 at number one. Billboard also reported that 44% agreed with the statement, proclaiming that Jackson was "still the King of Pop". Another 35% said they were not surprised by the album's ranking, but doubted Invincible would hold on for a second week at the top of the chart. Only 12% of people who responded to the poll said they were surprised by the album's charting debut because of Jackson's career over the past six years and another 9% were taken aback by the album's success, in light of the negativity that preceded the album's release. Invincible reached number one in thirteen countries worldwide, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It also charted within the top ten in several countries, including Austria, Canada, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, and Norway. Invincible was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for the sales of over 300,000 units in the United Kingdom. The album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for the sales of 40,000 units in Switzerland. The IFPI also certified the album gold in Austria for the sales of 15,000 units. Australian Recording Industry Association certified Invincible two times platinum for the sales of 140,000 units in Australia. Invincible was the eleventh best-selling album of 2001 according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry with 5.4 million copies. Since then, the album has sold more than 10 million units worldwide. Following Jackson's death in June 2009, his music experienced a surge in popularity. Invincible charted at number twelve on the Billboard Digital Albums Chart on July 11, 2009. Having not charted on the chart prior to its peak position, the album was listed as the ninth biggest jump on that chart that week. It also charted within the top ten, peaking at number nine, on Billboard's Catalog Albums Chart on the issue date of July 18. On the week of July 19, 2009, Invincible charted at number eighteen in Italy. Invincible peaked at number sixty-four on the European Albums Chart on the charts issue date of July 25. The album also charted at number twenty-nine in Mexico on July, and eighty-four on the Swiss Albums Chart on July 19, 2009. Track listing Invincible track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Unbreakable" (feat. The Notorious B.I.G.) Michael Jackson Rodney Jerkins Fred Jerkins III LaShawn Daniels Nora Payne Robert Smith Christopher George Latore Wallace Jackson Jerkins 6:252."Heartbreaker" (feat. Fats) Jackson Jerkins Jerkins III Daniels Mischke Norman Gregg Jackson Jerkins 5:103."Invincible" (feat. Fats) Jackson Jerkins Jerkins III Daniels Gregg Jackson Jerkins 4:454."Break of Dawn" Jackson Elliot Straite Jackson Dr. Freeze 5:325."Heaven Can Wait" Jackson Teddy Riley Andreao "Fanatic" Heard Nate Smith Teron Beal Eritza Laues Kenny Quiller Jackson Riley Heard (co) Smith (co) 4:496."You Rock My World" Jackson Jerkins Jerkins III Daniels Payne Jackson Jerkins 5:397."Butterflies" Andre Harris Marsha Ambrosius Jackson Harris 4:408."Speechless"JacksonJackson3:189."2000 Watts" Jackson Riley Tyrese Gibson JaRon Henson Jackson Riley 4:2410."You Are My Life" Jackson Kenneth Edmonds Carole Bayer Sager John McClain Jackson Babyface 4:3311."Privacy" Jackson Jerkins Jerkins III Daniels Bernard Belle Jackson Jerkins 5:0512."Don't Walk Away" Jackson Riley Richard Carlton Stites Reed Vertelney Jackson Riley 4:2513."Cry"Robert Kelly Jackson Kelly 5:0114."The Lost Children"JacksonJackson4:0015."Whatever Happens" Jackson Riley Jackson Riley 4:5616."Threatened" Jackson Jerkins Jerkins III Daniels Jackson Jerkins 4:19Total length:77:01 Notes The rap verse by the Notorious B.I.G. in "Unbreakable" was originally from the second verse of the song "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal. "Break of Dawn", "2000 Watts" and "Threatened" were excluded from the original release in China. In the Chinese edition of the box set The Collection released in 2013, all 16 tracks are included. Credits Personnel Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes. Michael Jackson – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1–7, 9–12, 15–16), arranger (8, 14), multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3), drum programming (4, 13), orchestral arrangements and conducting (8), keyboard programming (9, 13, 14) Marsha Ambrosius – background vocals (track 7) Maxi Anderson – vocals (track 8) Gloria Augustus – vocals (track 8) Babyface – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, background vocals, drum programming, and keyboards (track 10) Tom Bahler – youth choir conductor (track 14) Emanuel "Bucket" Baker – drums (track 11) Rose Beatty – youth choir (track 14) Edie Lehmann Boddicker – youth choir (track 14) Robert Bolyard – youth choir (track 14) Norman Jeff Bradshaw – horns (track 7) Brandy – additional background vocals (track 1) Stuart Brawley – whistle solo (track 15) Mary Brown – additional background vocals (track 15) Tim Brown – vocals (track 8) Brad Buxer – drum programming (tracks 4, 13), keyboards (8), keyboard programming (9, 12, 14) David Campbell – string arrangement (track 11) Matt Cappy – horns (track 7) Martha Cowan – youth choir (track 14) Andraé Crouch – vocals (track 8) Sandra Crouch – vocals (track 8) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (track 13) LaShawn Daniels – background vocals (tracks 2, 11) Valerie Doby – vocals (track 8) Dr. Freeze – background vocals (tracks 4, 5), multiple instruments (4) Monique Donally – youth choir (track 14) Kevin Dorsey – vocals (track 8) Marja Dozier – vocals (track 8) Alfie Silas Durio – vocals (track 8) Nathan East – bass guitar (track 11) Jason Edmonds – choir (track 10) Geary Lanier Faggett – vocals (track 8) Vonciele Faggett – vocals (track 8) Fats – rap (tracks 2, 3) Lynn Fiddmont-Lindsey – choir (track 10) Kirstin Fife – violin (track 8) Judy Gossett – vocals (track 8) Harold Green – vocals (track 8) Jonathon Hall – youth choir (track 14) Justine Hall – youth choir (track 14) Andre Harris – multiple instruments (track 7) Scottie Haskell – youth choir (track 14) Micha Haupman – youth choir (track 14) Tess (Teresa) Escoto – youth choir (track 14) Gerald Heyward – drums (track 11) Tabia Ivery – choir (track 10) Luana Jackman – youth choir (track 14) Prince Jackson – narrative (track 14) Rodney Jerkins – multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3) Tenika Johns – vocals (track 8) Angela Johnson – vocals (track 8) Daniel Johnson – vocals (track 8) Zaneta M. Johnson – vocals (track 8) Laquentan Jordan – vocals (track 8) R. Kelly – choir arrangement (track 13) Peter Kent – violin (track 8) Gina Kronstadt – violin (track 8) Michael Landau – guitar (track 13) James Lively – youth choir (track 14) Robin Lorentz – violin (track 8) Jeremy Lubbock – orchestral arrangements and conducting (tracks 5, 8, 15) Brandon Lucas – youth choir (track 14) Jonathon Lucas – youth choir (track 14) Ricky Lucchse – youth choir (track 14) Melissa MacKay – youth choir (track 14) Alex Martinez – youth choir (track 14) Howard McCrary – vocals (track 8) Linda McCrary – vocals (track 8) Sam McCrary – vocals (track 8) Alice Jean McRath – vocals (track 8) Sue Merriett – vocals (track 8) Bill Meyers – string arrangements (track 10) Mischke – background vocals (track 2) Patrice Morris – vocals (track 8) Kristle Murden – vocals (track 8) The Notorious B.I.G. – rap (track 1) Novi Novog – viola and contractor (track 8) Nora Payne – background vocals (track 2) Que – background vocals (track 5) Teddy Riley – multiple instruments (track 5) additional background vocals (9) John Robinson – drums (track 13) Baby Rubba – narrative (track 14) Carlos Santana – guitar and whistle solo (track 15) Deborah Sharp-Taylor – vocals (track 8) F. Sheridan – youth choir (track 14) Slash – guitar solo (track 11) Andrew Snyder – youth choir (track 14) Sally Stevens – youth choir (track 14) Richard Stites – additional background vocals (track 12) Thomas Tally – viola (track 8) Brett Tattersol – youth choir (track 14) Ron Taylor – vocals (track 8) Michael Thompson – guitar (track 11) Chris Tucker – introduction (track 6) Mario Vasquez – additional background vocals (track 15) Johnnie Walker – vocals (track 8) Nathan "N8" Walton – choir (track 10) Rick Williams – guitar (track 15) Yvonne Williams – vocals (track 8) Zandra Williams – vocals (track 8) John Wittenberg – violin (track 8) Record production Executive producer: Michael Jackson Produced by Michael Jackson (all tracks), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Dr. Freeze (4), Teddy Riley (tracks 5, 9, 12, 15), Andre Harris (7), Babyface (10), R. Kelly (13) Co-produced by Andreao "Fanatic" Heard" and Nate Smith (track 5), Richard Stites (12) Recorded by Bruce Swedien (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15), Teddy Riley (5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (6, 11), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Gilderman (4, 6, 11, 13), Dexter Simmons (4, 6), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (6, 11), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Mike Ging (4, 13), Paul Boutin (10), Andre Harris (7), Humberto Gatica (4, 13) Assistant engineers: Rob Herrera, Craig Durrance, Kevin Scott, Steve Robillard, Franny Graham, Richard Thomas Ash, Chris Carroll, Dave Ashton, Christine Tramontano, Vidal Davis (track 7) Rap recorded by Bob Brown (tracks 2, 3) Strings recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 10) Assisted by Steve Genewick Production coordinator: Ivy Skoff Mixed by Bruce Swedien (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12, 14–16), Teddy Riley (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Michael Jackson (13), Mick Guzauski (13), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 16), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (11), Jon Gass (10), Humberto Gatica (4) Assisted by Kb and EQ (track 10) Mastered by Bernie Grundman Digital editing by Stuart Brawley (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Rob Herrera, Harvey Mason, Jr. (4, 6, 11), Alex Greggs (2), Fabian Marasciullo (2), Paul Cruz (11), Paul Foley (1), George Mayers (5, 9, 12, 15) Additional digital editing and engineering by Michael Prince Art direction: Nancy Donald, David Coleman, Adam Owett Cover design: Steven Hankinson Photography: Albert Watson Illustration: Uri Geller Make-Up and hair: Karen Faye Vocal consultant: Seth Riggs Archivist: Craig Johnson Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Invincible Chart (2001–2002) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 1 Australian Urban Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 2 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 1 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 1 Canadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 1 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 European Albums (Billboard) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 French Albums (SNEP) 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Irish Albums (IRMA) 3 Italian Albums (FIMI) 2 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 5 Malaysian Albums (RIM) 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 4 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 8 Scottish Albums (OCC) 2 Spanish Albums (AFYVE) 2 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 UK R&B Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 1 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 1 Chart (2009) Peakposition Australian Albums Chart 43 European Albums Chart 64 Italian Albums Chart 18 Mexican Albums Chart 29 Swiss Albums Chart 84 US Catalogue Albums Chart 9 US Digital Albums Chart 12 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for Invincible Chart (2001) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 44 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 72 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 24 Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 73 Canadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 17 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 37 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 37 European Albums (Music & Media) 44 Finnish Albums (Suomen viralinen lista) 23 French Albums (SNEP) 14 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 81 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 45 Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan) 62 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 28 UK Albums (OCC) 62 US Billboard 200 148 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 79 Worldwide Albums (IFPI) 9 Chart (2002) Position US Billboard 200 43 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 8 Chart (2009) Position Belgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 50 Belgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 15 Certifications and sales Certifications for Invincible Region Certification Certified units/sales Argentina (CAPIF) Gold 20,000^ Australia (ARIA) 2× Platinum 140,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Gold 20,000* Belgium (BEA) Platinum 50,000* Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000 Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 25,000^ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 16,621 France (SNEP) Platinum 570,000 Germany (BVMI) Platinum 300,000^ Italy (FIMI) sales since 2009 Gold 30,000* Japan (RIAJ) Platinum 200,000^ Netherlands (NVPI) Platinum 80,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Platinum 15,000^ Norway (IFPI Norway) Platinum 50,000* Poland (ZPAV) Gold 35,000* Portugal (AFP) Gold 20,000^ South Africa (RISA) 2× Platinum 100,000* South Korea — 58,840 Spain (PROMUSICAE) Platinum 100,000^ Sweden (GLF) Gold 40,000^ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Platinum 40,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 300,000^ United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,400,000 Summaries Europe (IFPI) 2× Platinum 2,000,000* Worldwide — 10,000,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. 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Enter Invincible in the "Artiest of titel" box. ^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". Radioscope. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ "Norwegian album certifications – Michael Jackson – Invincible" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved October 26, 2014. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2003 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. March 19, 2003. Retrieved April 18, 2021. ^ "Portuguese album certifications – Michael Jackson – Invincible" (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2021. ^ "Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications". Mi2N. February 5, 2002. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "자료제공:(사)한국음반산업협회/이 자료는당협회와 상의없이 가공,편집을금합니다.: 2001.11월 – POP 음반 판매량" (in Korean). Recording Industry Association of Korea. 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Retrieved October 26, 2014. ^ McIntyre, Hugh. "The Albums of Michael Jackson". Forbes. Forbesdate=October 10, 2015. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2024. {{cite web}}: \|archive-date= / \|archive-url= timestamp mismatch; April 5, 2014 suggested (help) Bibliography George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG. Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4. Cadman and Halstead, Chris and Craig (2003). Michael Jackson the Solo Years. Authors OnLine, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7552-0091-7. External links Invincible at Discogs (list of releases) vteMichael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Cultural impact Philanthropy Sexual abuse allegations Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever, Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Anniversary reissues Thriller 25 Bad 25 Thriller 40 Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson's This Is It Immortal Compilations The Best of Michael Jackson One Day in Your Life 18 Greatest Hits Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary: The Video Singles The Motown Years The Collection Hello World: The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad World Tour Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It (planned) Specials Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever Super Bowl XXVII halftime show MJ & Friends Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand: What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Video albums Dangerous: The Short Films Video Greatest Hits – HIStory HIStory on Film, Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson's Vision Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 Films The Wiz Michael Jackson's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson's Ghosts Michael Jackson's Private Home Movies Michael Jackson's This Is It Television Free to Be... You and Me The Jacksons "Stark Raving Dad" (The Simpsons) Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah Move Like Michael Jackson Living with Michael Jackson The Michael Jackson Interview: The Footage You Were Never Meant To See "The Jeffersons" (South Park) "Michael" (Glee) Michael Jackson's Halloween Video games Michael Jackson's Moonwalker Michael Jackson: The Experience Planet Michael Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Space Channel 5: Part 2 Dreamcast Collection Books Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Documentaries Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoots Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Square One: Michael Jackson Killing Michael Jackson Thriller 40 Biographical filmsTheatrical films Michael Television films The Jacksons: An American Dream (miniseries) Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story Searching for Neverland Stage shows Thriller – Live Michael Forever – The Tribute Concert Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour Motown: The Musical Michael Jackson: One MJ the Musical Personal life Health and appearance Personal relationships Jackson family Paris Jackson Lisa Marie Presley Debbie Rowe Sexual abuse allegations 2005 trial Posthumous allegations FBI files Death Memorial service Conrad Murray trial Influence Moonwalk Robot Cover versions Monuments, memorials and namesakes Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni Thrill the World Thriller viral video World Vitiligo Day Sonic the Hedgehog Ulala Impersonators Michael Jackson fandom Michael Jackson: On the Wall Heal the World Foundation Related The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 discography The Jackson 5ive Estate of Michael Jackson Thriller jacket Fulham F.C. statue Michael Jackson: The Magic and the Madness Michael Jackson and Bubbles MJ Gallery at Ponte 16 Behind the Mask "We Had Him" You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson, Inc. Hayvenhurst Neverland Ranch Thriller Villa The MJCast Northern Songs Sony/ATV Music Publishing Bubbles Peter Pan syndrome Mister Lonely We Are the World Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson Rava on the Dance Floor Unity: The Latin Tribute to Michael Jackson "Better on the Other Side" "Home" "Eat It" "Fat" Return of the Moonwalker Sheikh Jackson The Last Days of Michael Jackson Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth MJ (album) Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"his death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"the Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"media criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_criticism"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issue"},{"link_name":"record producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"the most expensive album ever made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Tommy Mottola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Mottola"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"double platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"You Rock My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Rock_My_World"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Best Male Pop Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_Pop_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"2002 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"dubstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubstep"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"2000s decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2001 studio album by Michael JacksonInvincible is the tenth and final studio album by the American singer Michael Jackson, released on October 30, 2001, by Epic Records. It was Jackson's last album before his death in 2009. It features appearances from Carlos Santana, the Notorious B.I.G., and Slash. It incorporates R&B, pop and soul, and similarly to Jackson's previous material, the album explores themes such as love, romance, isolation, media criticism, and social issues.The album's creation was expensive and laborious, featuring the work of ten record producers and over 100 musicians. Jackson started the multi-genre production in 1997 and did not finish until eight weeks before the album's release. It was reported that it cost $30 million to record; as of March 2024, it remains the most expensive album ever made. Jackson refused to tour to support it, adding to the growing rift between him and Sony Music Entertainment.[1] In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a \"devil\" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain.Invincible debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States and in ten other countries worldwide, It was certified double platinum in the US in January 2002 and has sold more than 10 million copies worldwide to date.[2][3][4] The lead single, \"You Rock My World\", reached number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2002 Grammy Awards. \"Cry\" and \"Butterflies\" were also released as singles, and \"Speechless\" was released as a promotional single.Invincible received mixed reviews and became Jackson's most critically derided album. Retrospective reviews have been more positive, and it has been credited as featuring early examples of dubstep. In 2009, it was voted by online readers of Billboard as the best album of the 2000s decade.[5]","title":"Invincible (Michael Jackson album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remix album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_album"},{"link_name":"Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix"},{"link_name":"HIStory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIStory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALG_Invincible-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvinfo1-7"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vibe-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvinfo1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvinfo1-7"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvinfo1-7"},{"link_name":"Teddy Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Riley"},{"link_name":"Andre Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Harris"},{"link_name":"Andraeo \"Fanatic\" Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreao_Heard"},{"link_name":"Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Dr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Fred Jerkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Jerkins_III"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Nora Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Payne"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linernotes-9"},{"link_name":"Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor:_HIStory_in_the_Mix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvinfoii-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotioninfo-11"},{"link_name":"the most expensive album ever made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branigan_20m-12"},{"link_name":"Benjamin \"Benny\" Hermansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hermansen"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dedication-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dedication-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dedication-13"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)"},{"link_name":"Katherine Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dedication-13"}],"text":"Prior to the release of Invincible, Jackson had not released any new material since the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997. His last studio album was HIStory (1995). Invincible was therefore viewed as Jackson's \"career comeback\".[6]Jackson began recording new material in October 1997, and finished with \"You Are My Life\" being recorded only eight weeks before the album's release in October 2001 – the most extensive recording of Jackson's career.[7] The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at the Hit Factory in Miami, Florida.[8] Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song, and had said that he did not want a \"known rapper\".[7] Jackson's spokesperson suggested a New Jersey rapper named Fats; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song, the two agreed to record another song together for the album.[7]Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work, describing the new direction as \"edgier\".[7] Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible. Aside from Jackson, the album features productions by Jerkins, Teddy Riley, Andre Harris, Andraeo \"Fanatic\" Heard, Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds, R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne and Robert Smith.[9] The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley, the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix. Invincible is Jackson's tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released during his lifetime.[10] It was reported that it cost thirty million dollars to make the album,[11] making it the most expensive album ever made.[12]Invincible was dedicated to the fifteen-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy Benjamin \"Benny\" Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo, Norway, in January 2001.[13] The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth, Omer Bhatti, Jackson's friend, was also a good friend of Hermansen.[13] The dedication in the album reads, \"Michael Jackson gives 'special thanks': This album is dedicated to Benjamin 'Benny' Hermansen. May we continue to remember not to judge a man by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace.\"[13] The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and Jackson's parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-14"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALG_Invincible-6"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blender2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e.w.review-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vibeii-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"third person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narration#Third-person"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"Man in the Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALG_Invincible-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e.w.review-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e.w.review-16"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e.w.review-16"}],"text":"Invincible is an R&B,[14] pop[6] and soul[15] record. The album's full length lasts over 77 minutes and contains 16 songs – fourteen of which were written (or co-written) by Jackson. It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads.[16] Invincible opens with \"Unbreakable\"; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics, \"With all that I've been through/I'm still around\".[17] In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe, Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing \"Speechless\", saying:\"You'll be surprised. I was with these kids in Germany, and we had a big water-balloon fight – I'm serious – and I was so happy after the fight that I ran upstairs in their house and wrote \"Speechless\". Fun inspires me. I hate to say that because it's such a romantic song. But it was the fight that did it. I was happy, and I wrote it in it's [sic] entirety right there. I felt it would be good enough for the album. Out of the bliss comes magic, wonderment, and creativity.\"[18]\"Privacy\", a reflection on Jackson's own personal experiences, is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies.[17] \"The Lost Children\" is about imperiled children.[17] Jackson sings in a third person in \"Whatever Happens\". The song's lyrics, described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a \"jagged intensity\", narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation.[17] Invincible features four ballads: \"You Are My Life\", \"Butterflies\", \"Don't Walk Away\" and \"Cry\".[17] \"Cry\", similar to Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\", is about healing the world together.[6] The lyrics to \"Butterflies\" and \"Break of Dawn\" were viewed as \"glaringly banal\" and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone.[16] \"Threatened\" was viewed as being a storyteller.[17] The song was viewed as a \"Thriller redux\".[16] The song \"You Are My Life\" is about Jackson's two children at the time, Prince and Paris.[19] The song features Jackson singing, \"You are the sun, you make me shine, more like the stars.\"[16]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"You Rock My World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_-_You_Rock_My_World.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"You Rock My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Rock_My_World"},{"link_name":"Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y.R.M.W.Charts-20"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crycharts-21"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_singles-22"},{"link_name":"Heaven Can Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Can_Wait_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"radio airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_singles-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romania-25"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)"}],"text":"\"You Rock My World\"\n\nLead single from Invincible\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The album spawned three official singles (\"You Rock My World\", \"Cry\" and \"Butterflies\") and a promotional single in South Korea (\"Speechless\"), although all were given limited releases. \"You Rock My World\" was only released to radio airplay in the United States, consequently only peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Internationally, where it was released as a commercial single, it reached number one in France, number two in Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, number three in Italy, number four in Australia, and five in Sweden and Switzerland.[20] The second single, \"Cry\", was not released in the United States. It was only moderately successful, with the song's most successful territories being Spain, Denmark, France, and Belgium, charting at number six, sixteen, thirty and thirty-one.[21]The album's third single, \"Butterflies\", was only released in the United States to radio airplay. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two for five weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart.[22] \"Heaven Can Wait\" also charted at the bottom of the R&B/Hip-Hop Charts, at number 72 due to radio airplay without an official release; the song did not chart internationally.[22] \"Unbreakable\" was originally supposed to be released as a single, but it was ultimately cancelled.[23][24] Despite that, the song managed to chart inside the Romanian Top 100 chart, peaking at number 62.[25] It was later included on The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotioninfo-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_611-27"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"30th Anniversary celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_30th_Anniversary_Special"},{"link_name":"the Jacksons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jacksons"},{"link_name":"Victory Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Tour_(The_Jacksons_tour)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-29"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Mýa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDa"},{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Tamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamia"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys"},{"link_name":"'N Sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27N_Sync"},{"link_name":"98 Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98_Degrees"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Tommy Mottola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Mottola"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotioninfo-11"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara_610%E2%80%93611-33"},{"link_name":"record industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_industry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falling_star-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"It was reported that the album had a budget of twenty five million dollars set aside for promotion.[11][26] Despite this, however, due to the conflicts between Jackson and his record label, little was done to promote the album.[27] Unlike with Jackson's post-Thriller adult studio albums, there was no world tour to promote the album; a tour was planned, but cancelled due to conflicts between Jackson and Sony, and the September 11 attacks (the latter of which had also motivated many other artists to cancel their then-upcoming concerts in late 2001 and early 2002.)[28] There was, however, a special 30th Anniversary celebration at Madison Square Garden in early September 2001 to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson performed \"You Rock My World\" and marked his first appearance onstage alongside his brothers since the Jacksons' Victory Tour in 1984.[29] The show also featured performances by Britney Spears, Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync, 98 Degrees, and Slash, among other artists.[30] The show aired on CBS in November 2001 as a two-hour television special and was watched by 45 million viewers according to Nielsen. [31]The album's promotion was met with trouble due to internal conflicts with Sony Music Entertainment and Jackson due to his part of ownership with the company and the contract to a deal with Sony that was originally signed back in 1991. The issue stemmed back during the production of Invincible when Jackson learned that the rights to the masters of his past releases, which were to revert to him in the early 2000s, would not revert to him until much later in the decade. When Jackson consulted lawyer who worked with him in making the deal back in 1991, he learned that the same lawyer was also working for Sony, revealing a conflict of interest of which Jackson was never aware. Not wanting to sign away his ownership in Sony Music Entertainment, Jackson elected to leave the company shortly after the album's release.[32] After the announcement, Sony halted promotion on the album, cancelling single releases, including a 9/11 charity single that was intended to be released before Invincible.In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a \"devil\" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain.[11][33] He accused Sony and the record industry of racism, deliberately not promoting or actively working against promotion of his album.[34] Sony disputed claims that they had failed to promote Invincible with sufficient energy, maintaining that Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[35]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-36"},{"link_name":"David Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browne_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e.w.review-16"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_Invincible-17"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Invincible-38"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blender-43"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VV-42"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qmag-39"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Jon Pareles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pareles"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSguide-40"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"You Rock My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Rock_My_World"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_Pop_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy_2002-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Invincible received mixed reviews from professional critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received a mixed score of 51 based on 19 reviews.[36] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, felt that Invincible is Jackson's \"first album since Off the Wall that offers virtually no new twists\" but remarked that the album \"feels like an anthology of his less-than-greatest hits\".[16]James Hunter of Rolling Stone critiqued that the album's later ballads made the record too long.[17] Hunter also commented that Jackson and Riley made \"Whatever Happens\" \"something really handsome and smart\", allowing listeners \"to concentrate on the track's momentous rhythms\" such as \"Santana's passionate interjections and Lubbock's wonderfully arranged symphonic sweeps\".[17] Mark Beaumont of NME called it \"a relevant and rejuvenated comeback album made overlong\",[38] while Blender also found it \"long-winded\".[43]Reviewing for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said that despite being overlooked, Jackson's \"skills seem undiminished [and...] he's doing new stuff with them--his funk is steelier and his ballads are airier, both to disquieting effect.\" He felt that \"The Lost Children\" was \"offensive\" given Jackson's history, but described the album's first three tracks as being the \"Rodney Jerkins of the year\".[42] Nikki Tranter of PopMatters said that it is both innovative and meaningful because exceptional songs such as \"The Lost Children\" and \"Whatever Happens\" more than make up for overly sentimental songs like \"Heaven Can Wait\" and \"You Are My Life\".[44] Q magazine said that it is an aurally interesting, albeit inconsistent, album.[39]In a negative review for The New York Times, Jon Pareles suggested that the album is somewhat impersonal and humorless, as Jackson rehashes ideas from his past songs and is \"so busy trying to dazzle listeners that he forgets to have any fun.\"[45] In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Pareles said that Invincible showed Jackson had lost his suave quality to \"grim calculation\".[40]Invincible received one Grammy Award nomination at the 2002 ceremony. The album's song \"You Rock My World\" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male, but lost to James Taylor's \"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight\".[46] Due to the album's release in October 2001, it was not eligible for any other nomination from the 2002 Grammy Awards.[47]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dubstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubstep"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nanke-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OToole-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALG_Invincible-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALG_Invincible-6"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_of_the_decade-53"}],"sub_title":"Retrospective reviews","text":"In retrospective reviews, Invincible has gained more positive reviews and the track \"Heartbreaker\" has been cited as an early development of dubstep.[48][49] Jackson later admitted to have been very proud of Invincible:\"It is tough because you’re competing against yourself. Invincible is just as good or better than Thriller, in my true, humble opinion. It has more to offer.\"[50]Producer Rodney Jerkins also give his thoughts about the album: \"There's stuff we didn't put on the album that I wish was on the album. My first batch [of beats] is what I really wanted him to do. I was trying to really go vintage, old school Mike. And that's what a lot of my first stuff was, that I was presenting to him. He kept 'Rock My World'. But he wanted to go more futuristic. So I would find myself at like junkyards, and we'd be out hitting stuff, to create our sound.\nI think Invincible needs to be re-released. Because something happened at the record company [Sony] that caused them not to promote it no more after we done [sic] put our heart and soul in it. He had about five singles on the album. But it came down to who can stop who [sic]. And he was caught up in that mess.\"[51]AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that it has a \"spark\" and \"sound[s] better than anything Jackson has done since Dangerous.\"[6] Erlewine noted that while the album had good material it was \"not enough to make Invincible the comeback Jackson needed – he really would have had to have an album that sounded free instead of constrained for that to work – but it does offer a reminder that he can really craft good pop.\"[6] Writing for PopDose, Mike Heyliger wrote \"Invincible isn't the piece of shit most claim it to be. A leaner structure to the album and more sympathetic production would have resulted in a classic. But when measured against the radio junk that passes for pop-R&B these days, Invincible is stronger than ever.\"[52] In December 2009, readers of Billboard voted Invincible the best album of the 2000s.[53]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardweek1-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-56"},{"link_name":"Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard2weeks-57"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaacertificate-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaacertificate-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaacertificate-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.2009Iv-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_poll-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_poll-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_poll-62"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchartinvincible-54"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lescharts-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lescharts-63"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcharts1-64"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Jackson's death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales2009july-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchart091-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchart091-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardcharts2004-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy09-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurocharts09-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexico2009-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss2009-75"}],"text":"Invincible was Jackson's first studio album since HIStory six years earlier.[54] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 363,000 units.[54][55] It was Jackson's fifth Billboard 200 number-one,[54] and his fourth solo album to chart at number one in its first week; however, it sold less than HIStory in its opening week, which sold 391,000 units.[54] In its second week, the album slipped to number 3 selling 202,000 copies with a 45% drop.[56] Invincible also charted at number one on the Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart for four weeks.[57] After eight weeks of release, in December 2001, Invincible was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sales of five hundred thousand units.[58] In the same month, the album was certified platinum for the sale of one million units.[58] On January 25, 2002, it was certified two times platinum for the sales of two million units.[58] In the United States, it was the 45th best-selling album of 2001 selling over 1.56 million units.[59] As of 2009, Invincible had sold 2.4 million copies in the United States.[60]Invincible left the Billboard 200 in June 2002 after charting there for 28 weeks.[61] Shortly after the release of the album, in a poll conducted by Billboard magazine, \"an overwhelming majority\" of people—79% of 5,195 voters—were not surprised by Invincible entering the Billboard 200 at number one.[62] Billboard also reported that 44% agreed with the statement, proclaiming that Jackson was \"still the King of Pop\". Another 35% said they were not surprised by the album's ranking, but doubted Invincible would hold on for a second week at the top of the chart.[62] Only 12% of people who responded to the poll said they were surprised by the album's charting debut because of Jackson's career over the past six years and another 9% were taken aback by the album's success, in light of the negativity that preceded the album's release.[62]Invincible reached number one in thirteen countries worldwide,[54] including the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.[54][63] It also charted within the top ten in several countries, including Austria, Canada, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, and Norway.[63]Invincible was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for the sales of over 300,000 units in the United Kingdom.[64] The album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for the sales of 40,000 units in Switzerland. The IFPI also certified the album gold in Austria for the sales of 15,000 units. Australian Recording Industry Association certified Invincible two times platinum for the sales of 140,000 units in Australia. Invincible was the eleventh best-selling album of 2001 according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry with 5.4 million copies.[65] Since then, the album has sold more than 10 million units worldwide.[66][67][68]Following Jackson's death in June 2009, his music experienced a surge in popularity.[69] Invincible charted at number twelve on the Billboard Digital Albums Chart on July 11, 2009.[70] Having not charted on the chart prior to its peak position, the album was listed as the ninth biggest jump on that chart that week.[70] It also charted within the top ten, peaking at number nine, on Billboard's Catalog Albums Chart on the issue date of July 18.[71] On the week of July 19, 2009, Invincible charted at number eighteen in Italy.[72] Invincible peaked at number sixty-four on the European Albums Chart on the charts issue date of July 25.[73] The album also charted at number twenty-nine in Mexico on July,[74] and eighty-four on the Swiss Albums Chart on July 19, 2009.[75]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Fred Jerkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Jerkins_III"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Nora Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Payne"},{"link_name":"Christopher George Latore Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Mischke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischke_Butler"},{"link_name":"Elliot Straite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Dr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Heaven Can Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Can_Wait_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Teddy Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Riley"},{"link_name":"Andreao \"Fanatic\" Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreao_%22Fanatic%22_Heard"},{"link_name":"Nate Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Teron Beal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teron_Beal"},{"link_name":"Eritza Laues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritza_Laues"},{"link_name":"You Rock My World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Rock_My_World"},{"link_name":"Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Andre Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_%26_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Marsha Ambrosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Ambrosius"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Tyrese Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carole Bayer Sager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Bayer_Sager"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Belle"},{"link_name":"Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_(Michael_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Robert Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"the Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"You Can't Stop the Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Stop_the_Reign_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shaquille O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"The Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collection_(Michael_Jackson_album)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Invincible track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Unbreakable\" (feat. The Notorious B.I.G.)\nMichael Jackson\nRodney Jerkins\nFred Jerkins III\nLaShawn Daniels\nNora Payne\nRobert Smith\nChristopher George Latore Wallace\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n6:252.\"Heartbreaker\" (feat. Fats)\nJackson\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nDaniels\nMischke\nNorman Gregg\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n5:103.\"Invincible\" (feat. Fats)\nJackson\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nDaniels\nGregg\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n4:454.\"Break of Dawn\"\nJackson\nElliot Straite\n\nJackson\nDr. Freeze\n5:325.\"Heaven Can Wait\"\nJackson\nTeddy Riley\nAndreao \"Fanatic\" Heard\nNate Smith\nTeron Beal\nEritza Laues\nKenny Quiller\n\nJackson\nRiley\nHeard (co)\nSmith (co)\n4:496.\"You Rock My World\"\nJackson\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nDaniels\nPayne\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n5:397.\"Butterflies\"\nAndre Harris\nMarsha Ambrosius\n\nJackson\nHarris\n4:408.\"Speechless\"JacksonJackson3:189.\"2000 Watts\"\nJackson\nRiley\nTyrese Gibson\nJaRon Henson\n\nJackson\nRiley\n4:2410.\"You Are My Life\"\nJackson\nKenneth Edmonds\nCarole Bayer Sager\nJohn McClain\n\nJackson\nBabyface\n4:3311.\"Privacy\"\nJackson\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nDaniels\nBernard Belle\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n5:0512.\"Don't Walk Away\"\nJackson\nRiley\nRichard Carlton Stites\nReed Vertelney\n\nJackson\nRiley\n4:2513.\"Cry\"Robert Kelly\nJackson\nKelly\n5:0114.\"The Lost Children\"JacksonJackson4:0015.\"Whatever Happens\"\nJackson\nRiley\n\nJackson\nRiley\n4:5616.\"Threatened\"\nJackson\nJerkins\nJerkins III\nDaniels\n\nJackson\nJerkins\n4:19Total length:77:01NotesThe rap verse by the Notorious B.I.G. in \"Unbreakable\" was originally from the second verse of the song \"You Can't Stop the Reign\" by Shaquille O'Neal.\n\"Break of Dawn\", \"2000 Watts\" and \"Threatened\" were excluded from the original release in China.[76] In the Chinese edition of the box set The Collection released in 2013, all 16 tracks are included.[77]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linernotes-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Marsha Ambrosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Ambrosius"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Bahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bahler"},{"link_name":"Brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Norwood"},{"link_name":"Mary Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Brown_(American_songwriter)"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Andraé Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra%C3%A9_Crouch"},{"link_name":"Sandra Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Crouch"},{"link_name":"Paulinho da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Dr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Nathan East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_East"},{"link_name":"Andre Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_%26_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Michael Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landau"},{"link_name":"Mischke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischke_Butler"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Novi Novog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Novog"},{"link_name":"Nora Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Payne"},{"link_name":"Teddy Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Riley"},{"link_name":"John Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Chris Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Mario Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vasquez"}],"sub_title":"Personnel","text":"Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes.[9]Michael Jackson – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1–7, 9–12, 15–16), arranger (8, 14), multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3), drum programming (4, 13), orchestral arrangements and conducting (8), keyboard programming (9, 13, 14)\nMarsha Ambrosius – background vocals (track 7)\nMaxi Anderson – vocals (track 8)\nGloria Augustus – vocals (track 8)\nBabyface – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, background vocals, drum programming, and keyboards (track 10)\nTom Bahler – youth choir conductor (track 14)\nEmanuel \"Bucket\" Baker – drums (track 11)\nRose Beatty – youth choir (track 14)\nEdie Lehmann Boddicker – youth choir (track 14)\nRobert Bolyard – youth choir (track 14)\nNorman Jeff Bradshaw – horns (track 7)\nBrandy – additional background vocals (track 1)\nStuart Brawley – whistle solo (track 15)\nMary Brown – additional background vocals (track 15)\nTim Brown – vocals (track 8)\nBrad Buxer – drum programming (tracks 4, 13), keyboards (8), keyboard programming (9, 12, 14)\nDavid Campbell – string arrangement (track 11)\nMatt Cappy – horns (track 7)\nMartha Cowan – youth choir (track 14)\nAndraé Crouch – vocals (track 8)\nSandra Crouch – vocals (track 8)\nPaulinho da Costa – percussion (track 13)\nLaShawn Daniels – background vocals (tracks 2, 11)\nValerie Doby – vocals (track 8)\nDr. Freeze – background vocals (tracks 4, 5), multiple instruments (4)\nMonique Donally – youth choir (track 14)\nKevin Dorsey – vocals (track 8)\nMarja Dozier – vocals (track 8)\nAlfie Silas Durio – vocals (track 8)\nNathan East – bass guitar (track 11)\nJason Edmonds – choir (track 10)\nGeary Lanier Faggett – vocals (track 8)\nVonciele Faggett – vocals (track 8)\nFats – rap (tracks 2, 3)\nLynn Fiddmont-Lindsey – choir (track 10)\nKirstin Fife – violin (track 8)\nJudy Gossett – vocals (track 8)\nHarold Green – vocals (track 8)\nJonathon Hall – youth choir (track 14)\nJustine Hall – youth choir (track 14)\nAndre Harris – multiple instruments (track 7)\nScottie Haskell – youth choir (track 14)\nMicha Haupman – youth choir (track 14)\nTess (Teresa) Escoto – youth choir (track 14)\nGerald Heyward – drums (track 11)\nTabia Ivery – choir (track 10)\nLuana Jackman – youth choir (track 14)\nPrince Jackson – narrative (track 14)\nRodney Jerkins – multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3)\nTenika Johns – vocals (track 8)\nAngela Johnson – vocals (track 8)\nDaniel Johnson – vocals (track 8)\nZaneta M. Johnson – vocals (track 8)\nLaquentan Jordan – vocals (track 8)\nR. Kelly – choir arrangement (track 13)\nPeter Kent – violin (track 8)\nGina Kronstadt – violin (track 8)\nMichael Landau – guitar (track 13)\nJames Lively – youth choir (track 14)\nRobin Lorentz – violin (track 8)\nJeremy Lubbock – orchestral arrangements and conducting (tracks 5, 8, 15)\nBrandon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)\nJonathon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)\nRicky Lucchse – youth choir (track 14)\nMelissa MacKay – youth choir (track 14)\nAlex Martinez – youth choir (track 14)\nHoward McCrary – vocals (track 8)\nLinda McCrary – vocals (track 8)\nSam McCrary – vocals (track 8)\nAlice Jean McRath – vocals (track 8)\nSue Merriett – vocals (track 8)\nBill Meyers – string arrangements (track 10)\nMischke – background vocals (track 2)\nPatrice Morris – vocals (track 8)\nKristle Murden – vocals (track 8)\nThe Notorious B.I.G. – rap (track 1)\nNovi Novog – viola and contractor (track 8)\nNora Payne – background vocals (track 2)\nQue – background vocals (track 5)\nTeddy Riley – multiple instruments (track 5) additional background vocals (9)\nJohn Robinson – drums (track 13)\nBaby Rubba – narrative (track 14)\nCarlos Santana – guitar and whistle solo (track 15)\nDeborah Sharp-Taylor – vocals (track 8)\nF. Sheridan – youth choir (track 14)\nSlash – guitar solo (track 11)\nAndrew Snyder – youth choir (track 14)\nSally Stevens – youth choir (track 14)\nRichard Stites – additional background vocals (track 12)\nThomas Tally – viola (track 8)\nBrett Tattersol – youth choir (track 14)\nRon Taylor – vocals (track 8)\nMichael Thompson – guitar (track 11)\nChris Tucker – introduction (track 6)\nMario Vasquez – additional background vocals (track 15)\nJohnnie Walker – vocals (track 8)\nNathan \"N8\" Walton – choir (track 10)\nRick Williams – guitar (track 15)\nYvonne Williams – vocals (track 8)\nZandra Williams – vocals (track 8)\nJohn Wittenberg – violin (track 8)","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Dr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Freeze"},{"link_name":"Teddy Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Riley"},{"link_name":"Andre Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_%26_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Babyface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_(musician)"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Andreao \"Fanatic\" Heard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreao_Heard"},{"link_name":"Bruce Swedien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Swedien"},{"link_name":"Paul Boutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boutin_(sound_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Humberto Gatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Gatica"},{"link_name":"Vidal Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_%26_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Mick Guzauski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Guzauski"},{"link_name":"Harvey Mason, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mason,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Uri Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller"}],"sub_title":"Record production","text":"Executive producer: Michael Jackson\nProduced by Michael Jackson (all tracks), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Dr. Freeze (4), Teddy Riley (tracks 5, 9, 12, 15), Andre Harris (7), Babyface (10), R. Kelly (13)\nCo-produced by Andreao \"Fanatic\" Heard\" and Nate Smith (track 5), Richard Stites (12)\nRecorded by Bruce Swedien (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15), Teddy Riley (5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (6, 11), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Gilderman (4, 6, 11, 13), Dexter Simmons (4, 6), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (6, 11), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Mike Ging (4, 13), Paul Boutin (10), Andre Harris (7), Humberto Gatica (4, 13)\nAssistant engineers: Rob Herrera, Craig Durrance, Kevin Scott, Steve Robillard, Franny Graham, Richard Thomas Ash, Chris Carroll, Dave Ashton, Christine Tramontano, Vidal Davis (track 7)\nRap recorded by Bob Brown (tracks 2, 3)\nStrings recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 10)\nAssisted by Steve Genewick\nProduction coordinator: Ivy Skoff\nMixed by Bruce Swedien (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12, 14–16), Teddy Riley (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Michael Jackson (13), Mick Guzauski (13), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 16), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (11), Jon Gass (10), Humberto Gatica (4)\nAssisted by Kb and EQ (track 10)\nMastered by Bernie Grundman\nDigital editing by Stuart Brawley (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Rob Herrera, Harvey Mason, Jr. (4, 6, 11), Alex Greggs (2), Fabian Marasciullo (2), Paul Cruz (11), Paul Foley (1), George Mayers (5, 9, 12, 15)\nAdditional digital editing and engineering by Michael Prince\nArt direction: Nancy Donald, David Coleman, Adam Owett\nCover design: Steven Hankinson\nPhotography: Albert Watson\nIllustration: Uri Geller\nMake-Up and hair: Karen Faye\nVocal consultant: Seth Riggs\nArchivist: Craig Johnson","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lescharts-63"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Ö3 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lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Michael_Jackson-86"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Michael_Jackson-87"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 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Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Michael_Jackson-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurocharts09-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy09-72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexico2009-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss2009-75"},{"link_name":"US Catalogue Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardcharts2004-71"},{"link_name":"US Digital Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardchart091-70"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Invincible\n\n\nChart (2001–2002)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[63]\n\n1\n\n\nAustralian Urban Albums (ARIA)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[79]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[80]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[81]\n\n1\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[82]\n\n1\n\n\nCanadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[83]\n\n1\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[84]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[85]\n\n1\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Billboard)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[86]\n\n1\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[87]\n\n1\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[88]\n\n1\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[89]\n\n3\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[90]\n\n2\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[91]\n\n5\n\n\nMalaysian Albums (RIM)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[92]\n\n4\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[93]\n\n1\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[94]\n\n8\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[95]\n\n2\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[96]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[97]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[98]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[99]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[100]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[101]\n\n1\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums Chart[102]\n\n43\n\n\nEuropean Albums Chart[73]\n\n64\n\n\nItalian Albums Chart[72]\n\n18\n\n\nMexican Albums Chart[74]\n\n29\n\n\nSwiss Albums Chart[75]\n\n84\n\n\nUS Catalogue Albums Chart[71]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Digital Albums Chart[70]\n\n12\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Invincible\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[103]\n\n44\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[104]\n\n72\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[105]\n\n24\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[106]\n\n73\n\n\nCanadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[107]\n\n17\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[108]\n\n37\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[109]\n\n37\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[110]\n\n44\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen viralinen lista)[111]\n\n23\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[112]\n\n14\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[113]\n\n81\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[114]\n\n45\n\n\nSwedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)[115]\n\n62\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[116]\n\n28\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[117]\n\n62\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[118]\n\n148\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[119]\n\n79\n\n\nWorldwide Albums (IFPI)[120]\n\n9\n\n\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[121]\n\n43\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[122]\n\n8\n\n\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[123]\n\n50\n\n\nBelgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[124]\n\n15","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, Jel (April 2010). Michael Jackson Rocked the World and Lives Forever. America Star Books. p. 276. ISBN 9781448927135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448927135","url_text":"9781448927135"}]},{"reference":"\"Invincible (2001) - 2015-10-10 - The Albums Of Michael Jackson\". Forbes. Retrieved June 19, 2024. Invincible sold 11 million worldwide","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/pictures/geeg45mjgi/invincible-2001/","url_text":"\"Invincible (2001) - 2015-10-10 - The Albums Of Michael Jackson\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Jermaine (September 5, 2009). \"V EXCLUSIVE: Rodney Jerkins Talks MJ's Last Studio Album, Invincible\". VIBE.com. Retrieved June 19, 2024. Invincible sold 13 million copies worldwide","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/news/entertainment/v-exclusive-rodney-jerkins-talks-mjs-last-studio-album-invincible-45986/","url_text":"\"V EXCLUSIVE: Rodney Jerkins Talks MJ's Last Studio Album, Invincible\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums\". The Telegraph. June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2024. Jackson's tenth and last studio album, which enjoyed a lacklustre critical reception, still managed to sell more than 10 million copies worlwide","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Readers' Top Albums of the Year, Decade\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266424/readers-top-albums-of-the-year-decade/","url_text":"\"Readers' Top Albums of the Year, Decade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110002722/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266424/readers-top-albums-of-the-year-decade/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hiatt, Brian (December 21, 2000). \"Michael Jackson Nearing Completion Of New LP\". MTV. Viacom. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1435389/20001221/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson Nearing Completion Of New LP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100619081342/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1435389/20001221/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Linda (September 5, 2009). \"Rodney Jerkin's Talks MJ's Last Studio Album, Invincible\". Vibe. Viacom. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/mt/2009/09/rodney-jerkins-talks-mjs-last-studio-album-invincible/","url_text":"\"Rodney Jerkin's Talks MJ's Last Studio Album, Invincible\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090909152318/http://www.vibe.com/mt/2009/09/rodney-jerkins-talks-mjs-last-studio-album-invincible/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Jayson (June 25, 2009). \"Michael Jackson's Musical Legacy, From The Jackson 5 To Invincible\". MTV. Viacom. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614758/20090625/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson's Musical Legacy, From The Jackson 5 To Invincible\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426205824/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614758/20090625/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vineyard, Jennifer (July 2, 2002). \"Michael Jackson Shocks Al Sharpton By Calling Tommy Mottola A Racist\". MTV. Viacom. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1455976/20020708/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson Shocks Al Sharpton By Calling Tommy Mottola A Racist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101116023907/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1455976/20020708/jackson_michael.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Branigan, Tania (September 8, 2001). \"Jackson spends £20m to be Invincible\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/08/taniabranigan","url_text":"\"Jackson spends £20m to be Invincible\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116044622/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/sep/08/taniabranigan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNamaba, Liz (October 23, 2001). \"Jacko dedicates Invincible to Benjamin\". Aftenposten. Schibsted ASA. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090309155446/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article216474.ece","url_text":"\"Jacko dedicates Invincible to Benjamin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"},{"url":"http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article216474.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson : 'Invincible'\". NME. September 12, 2005. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. On first listen, 'Invincible' is a good R&B record, but certainly not pioneering","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/reviews-nme-5744","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson : 'Invincible'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180123/https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/reviews-nme-5744","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aizlewood, John (January 2002). \"Jacko spends a fortune on an attempt at relevance\". Blender. Archived from the original on April 17, 2002. Invincible is a long-winded (77 minutes, 16 tracks), soulless soul album of the kind Levert might have once turned in","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020417015304/http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews/index_409.html","url_text":"\"Jacko spends a fortune on an attempt at relevance\""},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews/index_409.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Browne, David (November 9, 2001). \"Invincible (2001)\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307153419/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,253595,00.html","url_text":"\"Invincible (2001)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,253595,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hunter, James (December 6, 2001). \"Michael Jackson: Invincible\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120909042129/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7733/37792","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson: Invincible\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media LLC"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7733/37792","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Interview with Michael Jackson. Vibe Media. March 2002. p. 108. Retrieved April 26, 2010. Speechless.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0yUEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Interview with Michael Jackson"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0yUEAAAAMBAJ/page/n117","url_text":"108"}]},{"reference":"McCartney, Anthony (June 22, 2013). \"Michael Jackson's Fatherhood: New Details Emerge in Courtrooms\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568021/michael-jacksons-fatherhood-new-details-emerge-in-courtrooms","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson's Fatherhood: New Details Emerge in Courtrooms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130030127/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568021/michael-jacksons-fatherhood-new-details-emerge-in-courtrooms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson – You Rock My World (chanson)\". LesCharts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Rock+My+World&cat=s","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson – You Rock My World (chanson)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707164111/http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=You+Rock+My+World&cat=s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Jackson – Cry (chanson)\". LesCharts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Cry&cat=s","url_text":"\"Michael Jackson – Cry (chanson)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707164101/http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Cry&cat=s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"allmusic ((( Invincible > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Calculation_Institute_(Heidelberg_University)	Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University)	["1 Description","2 Directors","3 Notes","4 See also","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°25′4.3″N 8°41′16.7″E / 49.417861°N 8.687972°E / 49.417861; 8.687972Research institute in Heidelberg, Germany The Astronomisches Rechen-Institut The Astronomical Calculation Institute (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut; ARI) is a research institute in Heidelberg, Germany, dating from the 1700s. Beginning in 2005, the ARI became part of the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University (Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, ZAH). Previously, the institute directly belonged to the state of Baden-Württemberg. Description The ARI has a rich history. It was founded in 1700 in Berlin-Dahlem by Gottfried Kirch. It had its origin in a patent application by Frederick I of Prussia, who introduced a monopoly on publishing star catalogs in Prussia. In 1945 the Institute was moved by the Americans nearer to the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg. On January 1, 2005 the combined Center for Astronomy institute formed by combining ARI, with the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics (Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, ITA) and the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl ("Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory", LSW). The ARI has been responsible among other things for the Gliese catalog of nearby stars, the fundamental catalogs FK5 and FK6, and the annually-published "Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars" (APFS), stellar ephemerides that provide high-precision mean and apparent positions of over three thousand stars for each day. During 1938–1945, whilst based in Berlin, ARI published the academic journal Astronomical Notes (German: Astronomische Nachrichten). As of 2016, ARI was not limited to only publishing star catalogs, but has a wider research scope, including gravitational lensing, galaxy evolution, stellar dynamics, and cosmology. ARI is also involved in space astronomy missions including the Gaia mission. In 2007 professors Eva K. Grebel and Joachim Wambsganß (de) became co-directors of the institute. Other researchers involved with the institute include Hartmut Jahreiß author of the updated Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars; Eugene Rabe; Lutz D. Schmadel, author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names; Hans Scholl; and Rainer Spurzem working with N-body simulations. Directors Between 1700 and 2007 there was a single director of the institute at a time. From 2007 onwards there were joint co-directors of the institute: From/to Director 1700–1710 Gottfried Kirch 1710–1716 Johann Heinrich Hoffmann 1716–1740 Christfried Kirch 1740–1745 Johann Wilhelm Wagner 1745–1749 August Nathanael Grischow 1752–1752 Joseph Jerome Le Francais de Lalande 1754–1755 Johann Kies 1755–1755 Franz Ulrich Theodosius Aepinus 1756–1756 Johann Jakob Huber 1758–1758 Johann Albert Euler 1764–1787 Johann III Bernoulli 1787–1825 Johann Elert Bode 1825–1863 Johann Franz Encke 1865–1874 Wilhelm Foerster 1874–1895 Friedrich Tietjen 1896–1909 Julius Bauschinger 1909–1922 Fritz Cohn (de) 1924–1954 August Kopff 1955–1985 Walter Fricke 1985–2004 Roland Wielen 2004–2007 Joachim Wambsganß (de) 2007–pres. Eva Grebel / Joachim Wambsganß Notes ^ "ARI History (- 1968) (German)". ARI. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-12-29. ^ Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars See also Astronomy portal Gottfried Kirch Center of Astronomy of the University of Heidelberg Astronomische Gesellschaft External links Homepage of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut MODEST, dynamics of star clusters, galaxies and galactic nuclei GRACE, project led by Rainer Spurzem to use reconfigurable hardware for astrophysical particle simulations vteHeidelberg UniversityFaculties Behavioural Sciences and Empirical Cultural Sciences Biosciences Chemistry and Earth Sciences Economics and Social Sciences Law Mathematics and Computer Science Medicine Medicine in Mannheim Modern Languages Physics and Astronomy Theology Central research institutes Center of Astronomy Astronomical Calculation Institute Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg Center for American Studies Associated institutions Botanical Garden Heavy Ion Research Center Darmstadt Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research Heidelberg Academy of Sciences Heidelberg University Medical Center Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg 49°25′4.3″N 8°41′16.7″E / 49.417861°N 8.687972°E / 49.417861; 8.687972 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astronomical_Calculation_Institute_(University_of_Heidelberg).JPG"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Center for Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Astronomy_(University_of_Heidelberg)"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"}],"text":"Research institute in Heidelberg, GermanyThe Astronomisches Rechen-InstitutThe Astronomical Calculation Institute (German: Astronomisches Rechen-Institut; ARI) is a research institute in Heidelberg, Germany, dating from the 1700s. Beginning in 2005, the ARI became part of the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University (Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, ZAH). Previously, the institute directly belonged to the state of Baden-Württemberg.","title":"Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Dahlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Kirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Kirch"},{"link_name":"Frederick I of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"United States Army Garrison Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Garrison_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Theoretical_Astrophysics_(University_of_Heidelberg)"},{"link_name":"Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landessternwarte_Heidelberg-K%C3%B6nigstuhl"},{"link_name":"Gliese catalog of nearby stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue#Gl.2C_GJ.2C_Wo"},{"link_name":"FK5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Fundamental_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"FK6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Fundamental_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"apparent positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_places"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Notes"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Calculation_Institute_(Heidelberg_University)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"gravitational lensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lensing"},{"link_name":"stellar dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_dynamics"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Gaia mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_mission"},{"link_name":"Eva K. Grebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Grebel"},{"link_name":"Joachim Wambsganß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Wambsgan%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Wambsgan%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Hartmut Jahreiß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Jahrei%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_Catalogue_of_Nearby_Stars"},{"link_name":"Eugene Rabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Rabe"},{"link_name":"Lutz D. Schmadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_D._Schmadel"},{"link_name":"Hans Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Scholl_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"Rainer Spurzem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Spurzem"}],"text":"The ARI has a rich history.[1] It was founded in 1700 in Berlin-Dahlem by Gottfried Kirch. It had its origin in a patent application by Frederick I of Prussia, who introduced a monopoly on publishing star catalogs in Prussia. In 1945 the Institute was moved by the Americans nearer to the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg. On January 1, 2005 the combined Center for Astronomy institute formed by combining ARI, with the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics (Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, ITA) and the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (\"Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory\", LSW).The ARI has been responsible among other things for the Gliese catalog of nearby stars, the fundamental catalogs FK5 and FK6, and the annually-published \"Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars\" (APFS),[2] stellar ephemerides that provide high-precision mean and apparent positions of over three thousand stars for each day.During 1938–1945, whilst based in Berlin, ARI published the academic journal Astronomical Notes (German: Astronomische Nachrichten).\nAs of 2016[update], ARI was not limited to only publishing star catalogs, but has a wider research scope, including gravitational lensing, galaxy evolution, stellar dynamics, and cosmology. ARI is also involved in space astronomy missions including the Gaia mission.In 2007 professors Eva K. Grebel and Joachim Wambsganß (de) became co-directors of the institute.Other researchers involved with the institute include Hartmut Jahreiß author of the updated Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars; Eugene Rabe; Lutz D. Schmadel, author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names; Hans Scholl; and Rainer Spurzem working with N-body simulations.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Between 1700 and 2007 there was a single director of the institute at a time. From 2007 onwards there were joint co-directors of the institute:","title":"Directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"ARI History (- 1968) (German)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zah.uni-heidelberg.de/ari/about-the-ari/history2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/publikationen/apf/"}],"text":"^ \"ARI History (- 1968) (German)\". ARI. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-12-29.\n\n^ Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Astronomisches Rechen-Institut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Astronomical_Calculation_Institute_%28University_of_Heidelberg%29.JPG/260px-Astronomical_Calculation_Institute_%28University_of_Heidelberg%29.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Astronomy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy"},{"title":"Gottfried Kirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Kirch"},{"title":"Center of Astronomy of the University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Astronomy_(University_of_Heidelberg)"},{"title":"Astronomische Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_Gesellschaft"}]	[{"reference":"\"ARI History (- 1968) (German)\". ARI. 2014-12-29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Veil	The Seventh Veil	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Box Office","4.2 Critical","5 Adaptations","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	For the 1927 silent film of the same name, see The Seventh Veil (1927 film). 1945 British filmThe Seventh VeilThe Seventh Veil film posterDirected byCompton BennettWritten bySydney BoxMuriel BoxProduced bySydney BoxStarringJames MasonAnn ToddCinematographyReginald WyerEdited byGordon HalesMusic byBenjamin FrankelDistributed byGeneral Film Distributors (UK)Universal Pictures (US)Release dates18 October 1945 (UK)15 February 1946 (US) DVD 2012 (UK)Running time94 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget£92,000Box office£2 million (by Feb 1948) The Seventh Veil is a 1945 British melodrama film directed by Compton Bennett and starring James Mason and Ann Todd. It was made by Ortus Films (a company established by producer Sydney Box) and released through General Film Distributors in the UK and Universal Pictures in the United States. The screenplay concerns Francesca (Todd), a brilliant concert pianist who attempts suicide while she is being treated for a disabling delusional disorder centred on her hands that makes it impossible for her to play. A psychiatrist uses hypnosis to uncover the source of her crippling fear and to reveal, one by one, the relationships that have enriched and troubled her life. When the last "veil" is removed, her mind is clear. She regains the ability to play and knows whom she loves best. The film's title comes from the metaphor, attributed to the fictional psychiatrist, that while Salome removed all her veils willingly, human beings fiercely protect the seventh and last veil that hides their deepest secrets, and will only reveal themselves completely under narcosis. Plot Francesca Cunningham is a brilliant concert pianist suffering from a delusion that she has lost the use of her hands. Despairing, she slips out of the nursing home where she is staying and jumps into the river. She survives, but is unresponsive. Dr. Larsen, a psychiatrist specializing in hypnosis, leads Francesca to describe events in her life, that appear as flashbacks. When she is 14, and at boarding school, music is "everything". Following a transgression, a teacher canes Francesca on her hands, causing her fingers to swell and thus ruining her chances of winning a piano scholarship that afternoon. After the sudden death of her father, Francesca is placed in the care of his second cousin, Nicholas, a misogynistic bachelor who walks with a cane. Nicholas ignores her until a school report reveals that she is a gifted pianist. Nicholas does not play well, but he is a brilliant and inspiring teacher. They work for hours every day and he arranges for Francesca to become a pupil at the Royal College of Music; but he violently rejects her demonstration of gratitude. At the college, Francesca meets Peter, a brash American musician studying in London, who charms her and opens a new world to her, including music (in particular a waltz) that Nicholas scorns as "suburban shop girl trash". Francesca proposes to Peter, who accepts, but when Nicholas hears the news he calmly orders her to pack a bag because they are leaving for Paris the following morning to continue her studies. When Francesca tries to defy him he reminds her that she is only 17, and under his control until she is 21. Francesca tells Larsen that for the next seven years Nicholas never let her out of his sight as they prepared for her future as a concert pianist. Over and over again, he reminded her to take care of her precious hands. Prior to Francesca's debut concert in Venice, an old school friend visits her dressing room and tactlessly reminds her of the failed music exam; the stress is so great that, although the concert is a success, Francesca faints on stage at its completion. "I could almost feel my fingers swelling …" she tells Larsen. Francesca’s career progresses and eventually she performs at the Royal Albert Hall, to an overwhelming audience response. Nicholas presents her with flowers after her performance, but she brushes past him to go out to find Peter. She finds him by chance, after seeing a poster outside the elegant nightclub where he leads the band. The band plays "their" waltz and they dance; but Francesca refuses to tell the doctor what happened next. Instead, she tells him about Maxwell Leyden, an artist whom Nicholas commissions to do her portrait. Francesca and Max soon fall in love and decide to go to live in Max's villa in Italy. Nicholas is outraged. Francesca tells him she is grateful for many things, but will never forgive him for others. As he rants loudly that she belongs to him, Francesca plays the second movement (adagio cantabile) of the Piano Sonata No. 8 by Beethoven, louder and louder, drowning him out. Furious, he slams his cane down on the keyboard, just missing her hands. She screams and runs to Max who whisks her away in his car. But there is an accident and Francesca wakes in the nursing home with bandages on her slightly burned hands, irrationally convinced she will never play again. The story has come full circle. While she is still under hypnosis, Larsen gets her to play the adagio, but the memory of Nicholas intrudes, and she faints. Max removes her from the nursing home and refuses to let Larsen continue treatment. Larsen goes to Nicholas and plays a recording of the adagio, but Nicholas breaks the record. Larsen thanks him for revealing what Francesca means to him. Nicholas goes to Max's house and convinces Francesca that Larsen can help her. Meanwhile, Larsen sees Peter, who tells him that the night Francesca returned, he told her he was married. However, he is now divorced. Larsen brings Peter to Nicholas's home, where Max also waits, and they go upstairs. We hear Peter's waltz, and then the adagio. Larsen descends while Francesca plays. He warns the three men that she is a new Francesca, no longer afraid, who will want to be with the one she loves, trusts, has been happiest with, and cannot live without. Nicholas withdraws to another room. Smiling, Francesca runs downstairs, through the door and into his arms. Cast James Mason as Nicholas Cunninngham Ann Todd as Francesca Cunningham Herbert Lom as Dr. Larsen Hugh McDermott as Peter Gay Albert Lieven as Maxwell Leyden Yvonne Owen as Susan Brook David Horne as Dr. Kendall Manning Whiley as Dr. Irving Grace Allardyce as Nurse Ernest Davies as Parker John Slater as James Production Sydney and Muriel Box were commissioned to film a documentary about shell-shocked soldiers being treated with the help of hypnosis. Muriel then began to think there was dramatic potential in the premise of hypnotherapy. The couple wrote the screenplay, and Sydney went on to produce the movie. According to Mason, the original script concluded with Francesca choosing Peter as the one she loves. Mason and wife Pamela Kellino believed such an ending to be "wrong" and "rather dull." The film score was written by Benjamin Frankel (credited as Ben Frankel) with original piano works by Chopin, Mozart, and Beethoven, as well as parts of the Grieg and Rachmaninoff 2nd piano concertos. Eileen Joyce, whose name does not appear in the credits, was the pianist who substituted for Todd on the soundtrack. She also made a short film for Todd to practise to, and even coached Todd personally in her arm movements. It is Joyce's hands that are seen in all the close-ups. Reception Box Office The film being shown at a Stockholm cinema. Filmed on a relatively low budget of under £100,000, the film was the biggest British box-office success of its year. According to Kinematograph Weekly the "biggest winners" at the box office in 1945 Britain were The Seventh Veil, with Madonna of the Seven Moons, Arsenic and Old Lace and Meet Me in St Louis among the runner-ups. In South America it grossed $363,000 by May 1947. By February 1948, its box-office receipts were over £2 million worldwide. In 2004, the British Film Institute compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all time based on audience figures, as opposed to gross takings. The Seventh Veil placed 10th in this list with an estimated attendance of 17.9 million people. Critical The film was entered into the 1946 Cannes Film Festival. It won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (for Sydney and Muriel Box) that same year. Pauline Kael called The Seventh Veil "a rich, portentous mixture of Beethoven, Chopin, kitsch, and Freud," adding that "ll this nonsense is highly entertaining: maybe, with a few veils stripped away, most of us have a fantasist inside who gobbles up this sadomasochistic sundae, with its culture sauce." Looking back at the movie and its reception, Todd said, "It was the film that had everything — a bit of Pygmalion, a bit of Trilby, a bit of Cinderella. Apart from all that it's an intriguing psychological drama and was one of the first films to have a hero who was cruel. Most male stars up to then had been honest, kind, upstanding, good-looking men that the female star was supposed to feel safe and secure with for the rest of her life when they finally got together at the end of the film. Not so with our smash hit. The men saw me as a victim and the women thrilled to Mason's power and cruelty, as women have thrilled to this since the world began, however much they deny it..." Adaptations On 5 October 1946, This Is Hollywood presented The Seventh Veil. Ray Milland and Ann Todd starred in the adaptation. The Seventh Veil was also presented by the Lux Radio Theatre on 15 September 1947, starring Joseph Cotten and Ida Lupino; and then on 13 December 1948, now starring Ingrid Bergman and Robert Montgomery. Another version was broadcast by Philip Morris Playhouse on 3 February 1952. The 30-minute adaptation starred David Niven and University of Oklahoma student Edrita Pokorny. In 1951, Ann Todd, Leo Genn (playing the Mason role), and Herbert Lom appeared in a stage adaptation of the same title in London. References Notes ^ a b Street, Sarah (2002). "Transatlantic Crossings: British Feature Films in the USA". Continuum. p. 114. ^ Andrew Spicer, Sydney Box Manchester Uni Press 2006 p 210 ^ Morley, Sheridan (1989). James Mason: Odd Man Out (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0060159839. ^ Healey, Mike (1984). James Mason: The Star They Loved to Hate (TV documentary). ^ Richard Davis, Eileen Joyce: A Portrait, p. 120 ^ Michael Brooke. "Seventh Veil, The (1945)". BFI Screenonline. ^ Lant, Antonia (1991). Blackout : reinventing women for wartime British cinema. Princeton University Press. p. 232. ^ "Rank's $1,000,000,000 a Yr from SA". Variety. 21 May 1947. p. 5. ^ Spicer, Andrew (2006). Sydney Box. Manchester University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0719059992. ^ "Gone with the Wind tops film list". BBC News Online. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ James, Nick. "Everything you knew about cinema is probably wrong; BFI releases definitive list of the top 100 most-seen films". Reel Classics. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ "Festival de Cannes: The Seventh Veil". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2 January 2009. ^ Kael, Pauline (2011). 5001 Nights at the Movies ( ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 669. ISBN 9781250033574. ^ Morley, Sheridan (1989). James Mason: Odd Man Out (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0060159839. ^ "Ray Milland, Ann Todd, Co-Star on 'This Is Hollywood' Premiere Tonight". Harrisburg Telegraph. 5 October 1946. p. 17. Retrieved 2 October 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Lux Radio Theater - Single Episodes". 13 August 2015. ^ "The Lux Radio Theatre, the Seventh Veil starring Ingrid Bergman and Robert Montgomery". Spotify. January 2008. ^ Kirby, Walter (3 February 1952). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 40. Retrieved 3 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Fleming, Peter (30 March 1951). ""The Seventh Veil." By Muriel and Sydney Box. (Princes)". The Spectator. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Bibliography The Great British Films, pp 88–90, Jerry Vermilye, 1978, Citadel Press, ISBN 0-8065-0661-X External links The Seventh Veil at IMDb The Seventh Veil at the TCM Movie Database The Seventh Veil at AllMovie The Seventh Veil at the British Film Institute The Seventh Veil at the BFI's Screenonline Review of film at Variety vteThe films of Compton Bennett The Seventh Veil (1945) The Years Between (1946) Daybreak (1948) My Own True Love (1949) That Forsyte Woman (1949) King Solomon's Mines (1950) So Little Time (1952) The Gift Horse (1952) It Started in Paradise (1952) Desperate Moment (1953) Man-Eater (1957) That Woman Opposite (1957) After the Ball (1957) The Flying Scot (1957) Beyond the Curtain (1960) How to Undress in Public Without Undue Embarrassment (1965)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Seventh Veil (1927 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Veil_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"melodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"Compton Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Bennett"},{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"Ann Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Todd"},{"link_name":"Sydney Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Box"},{"link_name":"General Film Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Film_Distributors"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome"}],"text":"For the 1927 silent film of the same name, see The Seventh Veil (1927 film).1945 British filmThe Seventh Veil is a 1945 British melodrama film directed by Compton Bennett and starring James Mason and Ann Todd. It was made by Ortus Films (a company established by producer Sydney Box) and released through General Film Distributors in the UK and Universal Pictures in the United States. The screenplay concerns Francesca (Todd), a brilliant concert pianist who attempts suicide while she is being treated for a disabling delusional disorder centred on her hands that makes it impossible for her to play. A psychiatrist uses hypnosis to uncover the source of her crippling fear and to reveal, one by one, the relationships that have enriched and troubled her life. When the last \"veil\" is removed, her mind is clear. She regains the ability to play and knows whom she loves best. The film's title comes from the metaphor, attributed to the fictional psychiatrist, that while Salome removed all her veils willingly, human beings fiercely protect the seventh and last veil that hides their deepest secrets, and will only reveal themselves completely under narcosis.","title":"The Seventh Veil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nursing home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home"}],"text":"Francesca Cunningham is a brilliant concert pianist suffering from a delusion that she has lost the use of her hands. Despairing, she slips out of the nursing home where she is staying and jumps into the river. She survives, but is unresponsive. Dr. Larsen, a psychiatrist specializing in hypnosis, leads Francesca to describe events in her life, that appear as flashbacks.When she is 14, and at boarding school, music is \"everything\". Following a transgression, a teacher canes Francesca on her hands, causing her fingers to swell and thus ruining her chances of winning a piano scholarship that afternoon.After the sudden death of her father, Francesca is placed in the care of his second cousin, Nicholas, a misogynistic bachelor who walks with a cane. Nicholas ignores her until a school report reveals that she is a gifted pianist. Nicholas does not play well, but he is a brilliant and inspiring teacher. They work for hours every day and he arranges for Francesca to become a pupil at the Royal College of Music; but he violently rejects her demonstration of gratitude.At the college, Francesca meets Peter, a brash American musician studying in London, who charms her and opens a new world to her, including music (in particular a waltz) that Nicholas scorns as \"suburban shop girl trash\". Francesca proposes to Peter, who accepts, but when Nicholas hears the news he calmly orders her to pack a bag because they are leaving for Paris the following morning to continue her studies. When Francesca tries to defy him he reminds her that she is only 17, and under his control until she is 21.Francesca tells Larsen that for the next seven years Nicholas never let her out of his sight as they prepared for her future as a concert pianist. Over and over again, he reminded her to take care of her precious hands. Prior to Francesca's debut concert in Venice, an old school friend visits her dressing room and tactlessly reminds her of the failed music exam; the stress is so great that, although the concert is a success, Francesca faints on stage at its completion. \"I could almost feel my fingers swelling …\" she tells Larsen.Francesca’s career progresses and eventually she performs at the Royal Albert Hall, to an overwhelming audience response. Nicholas presents her with flowers after her performance, but she brushes past him to go out to find Peter. She finds him by chance, after seeing a poster outside the elegant nightclub where he leads the band. The band plays \"their\" waltz and they dance; but Francesca refuses to tell the doctor what happened next.Instead, she tells him about Maxwell Leyden, an artist whom Nicholas commissions to do her portrait. Francesca and Max soon fall in love and decide to go to live in Max's villa in Italy. Nicholas is outraged. Francesca tells him she is grateful for many things, but will never forgive him for others. As he rants loudly that she belongs to him, Francesca plays the second movement (adagio cantabile) of the Piano Sonata No. 8 by Beethoven, louder and louder, drowning him out. Furious, he slams his cane down on the keyboard, just missing her hands. She screams and runs to Max who whisks her away in his car. But there is an accident and Francesca wakes in the nursing home with bandages on her slightly burned hands, irrationally convinced she will never play again. The story has come full circle.While she is still under hypnosis, Larsen gets her to play the adagio, but the memory of Nicholas intrudes, and she faints.Max removes her from the nursing home and refuses to let Larsen continue treatment. Larsen goes to Nicholas and plays a recording of the adagio, but Nicholas breaks the record. Larsen thanks him for revealing what Francesca means to him. Nicholas goes to Max's house and convinces Francesca that Larsen can help her.Meanwhile, Larsen sees Peter, who tells him that the night Francesca returned, he told her he was married. However, he is now divorced. Larsen brings Peter to Nicholas's home, where Max also waits, and they go upstairs. We hear Peter's waltz, and then the adagio. Larsen descends while Francesca plays. He warns the three men that she is a new Francesca, no longer afraid, who will want to be with the one she loves, trusts, has been happiest with, and cannot live without. Nicholas withdraws to another room. Smiling, Francesca runs downstairs, through the door and into his arms.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"Ann Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Todd"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"Hugh McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McDermott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Albert Lieven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lieven"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Owen"},{"link_name":"David Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horne_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Manning Whiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Whiley"},{"link_name":"John Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slater_(actor)"}],"text":"James Mason as Nicholas Cunninngham\nAnn Todd as Francesca Cunningham\nHerbert Lom as Dr. Larsen\nHugh McDermott as Peter Gay\nAlbert Lieven as Maxwell Leyden\nYvonne Owen as Susan Brook\nDavid Horne as Dr. Kendall\nManning Whiley as Dr. Irving\nGrace Allardyce as Nurse\nErnest Davies as Parker\nJohn Slater as James","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Box"},{"link_name":"Muriel Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Box"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pamela Kellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Kellino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Frankel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Frankel"},{"link_name":"Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Grieg)"},{"link_name":"Rachmaninoff 2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"Eileen Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Joyce"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sydney and Muriel Box were commissioned to film a documentary about shell-shocked soldiers being treated with the help of hypnosis. Muriel then began to think there was dramatic potential in the premise of hypnotherapy.[3] The couple wrote the screenplay, and Sydney went on to produce the movie.According to Mason, the original script concluded with Francesca choosing Peter as the one she loves. Mason and wife Pamela Kellino believed such an ending to be \"wrong\" and \"rather dull.\"[4]The film score was written by Benjamin Frankel (credited as Ben Frankel) with original piano works by Chopin, Mozart, and Beethoven, as well as parts of the Grieg and Rachmaninoff 2nd piano concertos.Eileen Joyce, whose name does not appear in the credits, was the pianist who substituted for Todd on the soundtrack. She also made a short film for Todd to practise to, and even coached Todd personally in her arm movements. It is Joyce's hands that are seen in all the close-ups.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flamman_1930b.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kinematograph Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematograph_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Madonna of the Seven Moons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Seven_Moons"},{"link_name":"Arsenic and Old Lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(film)"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Box Office","text":"The film being shown at a Stockholm cinema.Filmed on a relatively low budget of under £100,000,[6] the film was the biggest British box-office success of its year. According to Kinematograph Weekly the \"biggest winners\" at the box office in 1945 Britain were The Seventh Veil, with Madonna of the Seven Moons, Arsenic and Old Lace and Meet Me in St Louis among the runner-ups.[7] In South America it grossed $363,000 by May 1947.[8] By February 1948, its box-office receipts were over £2 million worldwide.[9]In 2004, the British Film Institute compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all time based on audience figures, as opposed to gross takings. The Seventh Veil placed 10th in this list[10] with an estimated attendance of 17.9 million people.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1946 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-12"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Original Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Muriel Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Box"},{"link_name":"Pauline Kael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Kael"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)"},{"link_name":"Trilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilby_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"The film was entered into the 1946 Cannes Film Festival.[12] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (for Sydney and Muriel Box) that same year.Pauline Kael called The Seventh Veil \"a rich, portentous mixture of Beethoven, Chopin, kitsch, and Freud,\" adding that \"[a]ll this nonsense is highly entertaining: maybe, with a few veils stripped away, most of us have a fantasist inside who gobbles up this sadomasochistic sundae, with its culture sauce.\"[13]Looking back at the movie and its reception, Todd said, \"It was the film that had everything — a bit of Pygmalion, a bit of Trilby, a bit of Cinderella. Apart from all that it's an intriguing psychological drama and was one of the first films to have a hero who was cruel. Most male stars up to then had been honest, kind, upstanding, good-looking men that the female star was supposed to feel safe and secure with for the rest of her life when they finally got together at the end of the film. Not so with our smash hit. The men saw me as a victim and the women thrilled to Mason's power and cruelty, as women have thrilled to this since the world began, however much they deny it...\"[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"Ann Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Todd"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cotten"},{"link_name":"Ida Lupino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Lupino"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Robert Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ann Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Todd"},{"link_name":"Leo Genn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Genn"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"stage adaptation of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Veil_(play)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On 5 October 1946, This Is Hollywood presented The Seventh Veil. Ray Milland and Ann Todd starred in the adaptation.[15]The Seventh Veil was also presented by the Lux Radio Theatre on 15 September 1947,[16] starring Joseph Cotten and Ida Lupino; and then on 13 December 1948,[17] now starring Ingrid Bergman and Robert Montgomery.Another version was broadcast by Philip Morris Playhouse on 3 February 1952. The 30-minute adaptation starred David Niven and University of Oklahoma student Edrita Pokorny.[18]In 1951, Ann Todd, Leo Genn (playing the Mason role), and Herbert Lom appeared in a stage adaptation of the same title in London.[19]","title":"Adaptations"}]	[{"image_text":"The film being shown at a Stockholm cinema.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flamman_1930b.jpg/220px-Flamman_1930b.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Street, Sarah (2002). \"Transatlantic Crossings: British Feature Films in the USA\". Continuum. p. 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morley, Sheridan (1989). James Mason: Odd Man Out (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0060159839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060159839","url_text":"0060159839"}]},{"reference":"Healey, Mike (1984). James Mason: The Star They Loved to Hate (TV documentary).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael Brooke. \"Seventh Veil, The (1945)\". BFI Screenonline.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/441191/index.html","url_text":"\"Seventh Veil, The (1945)\""}]},{"reference":"Lant, Antonia (1991). Blackout : reinventing women for wartime British cinema. Princeton University Press. p. 232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rank's $1,000,000,000 a Yr from SA\". Variety. 21 May 1947. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety166-1947-05/page/n132/mode/1up?q=%22racked+up%22","url_text":"\"Rank's $1,000,000,000 a Yr from SA\""}]},{"reference":"Spicer, Andrew (2006). Sydney Box. Manchester University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0719059992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sY1LGFNtCOEC&pg=PA54","url_text":"Sydney Box"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719059992","url_text":"0719059992"}]},{"reference":"\"Gone with the Wind tops film list\". BBC News Online. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4049645.stm","url_text":"\"Gone with the Wind tops film list\""}]},{"reference":"James, Nick. \"Everything you knew about cinema is probably wrong; BFI releases definitive list of the top 100 most-seen films\". Reel Classics. Retrieved 2 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reelclassics.com/Articles/General/bfi100ultimate-article.htm","url_text":"\"Everything you knew about cinema is probably wrong; BFI releases definitive list of the top 100 most-seen films\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Seventh Veil\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4309/year/1946.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: The Seventh Veil\""}]},{"reference":"Kael, Pauline (2011). 5001 Nights at the Movies ([New ed.] ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 669. ISBN 9781250033574.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LzeUZ03vQC","url_text":"5001 Nights at the Movies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company","url_text":"Henry Holt and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250033574","url_text":"9781250033574"}]},{"reference":"Morley, Sheridan (1989). James Mason: Odd Man Out (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0060159839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060159839","url_text":"0060159839"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Milland, Ann Todd, Co-Star on 'This Is Hollywood' Premiere Tonight\". Harrisburg Telegraph. 5 October 1946. p. 17. Retrieved 2 October 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3339995/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"Ray Milland, Ann Todd, Co-Star on 'This Is Hollywood' Premiere Tonight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Lux Radio Theater - Single Episodes\". 13 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/OTRR_Lux_Radio_Theater_Singles/Lux_Radio_Theatre_47-09-15_581_The_Seventh_Veil.mp3","url_text":"\"Lux Radio Theater - Single Episodes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lux Radio Theatre, the Seventh Veil starring Ingrid Bergman and Robert Montgomery\". Spotify. January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/6QVY6GHtLYbmeaEIOculwt","url_text":"\"The Lux Radio Theatre, the Seventh Veil starring Ingrid Bergman and Robert Montgomery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Walter (3 February 1952). \"Better Radio Programs for the Week\". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 40. Retrieved 3 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2547125/the_decatur_daily_review/","url_text":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Peter (30 March 1951). \"\"The Seventh Veil.\" By Muriel and Sydney Box. (Princes)\". The Spectator. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/30th-march-1951/12/the-seventh-veil-by-muriel-and-sydney-box-princes","url_text":"\"\"The Seventh Veil.\" By Muriel and Sydney Box. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_19	Station 19	["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","2.3 Notable guests","2.4 Grey's Anatomy","3 Episodes","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","4.3 Filming","5 Release","5.1 Broadcast","5.2 Marketing","6 Reception","6.1 Critical response","6.2 Ratings","6.3 Accolades","7 References","8 External links"]	American action-drama television series Station 19Genre Action Drama Created byStacy McKeeBased onGrey's Anatomyby Shonda RhimesShowrunners Stacy McKee Shonda Rhimes Krista Vernoff Peter Paige Zoanne Clack Starring Jaina Lee Ortiz Jason George Grey Damon Barrett Doss Danielle Savre Alberto Frezza Jay Hayden Okieriete Onaodowan Miguel Sandoval Boris Kodjoe Stefania Spampinato Carlos Miranda Josh Randall Merle Dandridge Pat Healy Narrated byJaina Lee OrtizComposerPhotekCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons7No. of episodes105 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Stacy McKee Shonda Rhimes Betsy Beers Paris Barclay Krista Vernoff Ellen Pompeo Producers Tia Napolitano Anupam Nigam Jim Campolongo Trey Callaway Angela Harvey Phillip Iscove Christine Larson-Nitzsche Alexandre Schmitt Tyrone Finch Emmylou Diaz Michael Metzner Production locationsLos Angeles, CaliforniaRunning time42–43 minutesProduction companies Trip the Light (seasons 4–6) Shondaland ABC Signature Original releaseNetworkABCReleaseMarch 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) –May 30, 2024 (2024-05-30)RelatedGrey's Anatomy Station 19 is an American action-drama television series created by Stacy McKee that premiered on ABC on March 22, 2018. It is the second spin-off of Grey's Anatomy (after Private Practice). Set in Seattle, the series focuses on the lives of the men and women at Seattle Fire Station 19. It stars Jaina Lee Ortiz, Jason George, Grey Damon, Barrett Doss, Alberto Frezza, Jay Hayden, Okieriete Onaodowan, Danielle Savre, Miguel Sandoval, Boris Kodjoe, Stefania Spampinato, Carlos Miranda, Josh Randall, Merle Dandridge, and Pat Healy. McKee, Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, and Paris Barclay serve as executive producers on the series. It is produced by Shondaland and ABC Signature, with McKee serving as showrunner for its first two seasons, later replaced by Krista Vernoff since season three. In May 2017, the spin-off received a series order from ABC. Ortiz was cast in July 2017, and the cast was filled out by October. Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles. In January 2022, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on October 6, 2022. In April 2023, the series was renewed for a seventh season. In December 2023, it was announced that the seventh season will be its final season. The seventh and final season premiered on March 14, 2024. Station 19 concluded on May 30, 2024, after seven seasons and 105 episodes. Premise The series follows a group of firefighters of the Seattle Fire Department at Station 19 from the captain down the ranks to the newest recruit in their personal and professional lives. Cast and characters Main = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1-2) Character Portrayed by Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Andrea "Andy" Herrera Jaina Lee Ortiz Main Dr. Benjamin "Ben" Warren Jason George Main Jack Gibson Grey Damon Main Victoria "Vic" Hughes Barrett Doss Main Ryan Tanner Alberto Frezza Main Recurring Does not appear Travis Montgomery Jay Hayden Main Dean Miller Okieriete Onaodowan Main Does not appear Guest Maya Bishop Danielle Savre Main Pruitt Herrera Miguel Sandoval Main Guest Does not appear Robert Sullivan Boris Kodjoe Does not appear Main Dr. Carina DeLuca Stefania Spampinato Does not appear Recurring Main Theo Ruiz Carlos Miranda Does not appear Recurring Main Sean Beckett Josh Randall Does not appear Recurring Main Natasha Ross Merle Dandridge Does not appear Recurring Main Michael Dixon Pat Healy Does not appear Recurring Guest Main Does not appear Cast notes ^ Credited as ABC Studios through season 3 ^ Grey Damon is only credited for episodes in which he appears through season 7 ^ Okieriete Onaodowan is credited through the fifth episode of Season 5. ^ Boris Kodjoe is credited as a guest star for the first six episodes of Season 2 before being promoted to series regular in the seventh episode. Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea "Andy" Herrera: A Lieutenant at Station 19 and the headstrong daughter of Captain Pruitt Herrera. She was a Co-Acting Captain of Station 19. In the season 2 finale and in season 3, her new love interest is the new captain, Robert Sullivan, whom she marries prior to her father's death. She is now the new Captain at Station 19. Jason George as Dr. Benjamin "Ben" Warren, MD: A firefighter and PRT Physician at Station 19 and a former anesthesiologist-turned-surgical-resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He is married to Miranda Bailey. Boris Kodjoe as Robert Sullivan (seasons 2–7): The new Captain at Station 19 who recently returned to Seattle. In "Eulogy", he is promoted to Battalion Chief. Prior to being Captain he was the General at the Academy where Miller and Gibson were training. He was once best friends with Chief Ripley but their friendship faded when Robert moved to Montana after his wife's death. Sullivan suffers from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In the season 2 finale and season 3, he becomes Andy's new love interest. Grey Damon as Jack Gibson: Lieutenant at Station 19. He is passionate, energetic, and fearless. He was one of Station 19's Co-Acting Captains, along with Herrera. In the beginning of season 7, he won't be able to be a firefighter anymore because of his head injury and subsequent CTE diagnosis. Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes: A younger, big-hearted firefighter at Station 19. Hughes is close friends with her fellow firefighters. Alberto Frezza as Ryan Tanner (main seasons 1–2, recurring season 3): A police officer at Seattle PD. He and Andy were longtime friends and had a romantic relationship in high school. He was shot in the second episode of season 3, and died in the third episode. Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery: An openly gay firefighter and the heart of Station 19. Montgomery is a widower, having lost his husband Michael, a fellow firefighter. In season six, he runs for mayor of Seattle against Michael Dixon. Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller (seasons 1–5; guest season 7): A charismatic firefighter at Station 19. In season 3, he becomes a dad to a baby girl he names after Cpt. Pruitt Herrera. In season 5, he is mortally wounded following a gas explosion at a call and dies en route to the hospital. Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop: A bisexual, Type-A Lieutenant, and later Captain, at Station 19 and a former Olympic athlete. She is Carina's wife. Miguel Sandoval as Pruitt Herrera (seasons 1–3, guest season 4): Captain at Station 19, Andy's father, and a mentor to her and her coworkers. He steps down from his role in the series premiere, and later dies in season 3 while at the scene of a fire call. Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca (seasons 4–7; recurring season 3): An openly bisexual OB/GYN Attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Maya's wife. Carlos Miranda as Teodoro “Theo” Ruiz (seasons 5–7; recurring season 4): Lieutenant at Station 23 and Michael Williams' old captain. Josh Randall as Fire Captain Sean Beckett (seasons 6–7; recurring season 5): The newly appointed Fire Captain of Station 19. He is smug, chauvinistic, and rather incompetent at his job. He cares more about maintaining a good appearance for the station as he fails to understand the value of Station 19's engine, which was dedicated to Captain Pruitt Herrera, when it was destroyed in a gas fire. Merle Dandridge as Fire Chief Natasha Ross (seasons 6–7; recurring season 5): Natasha Ross is the new Fire Chief for the Seattle Fire Department as the replacement for Chief McCallister. Pat Healy as Fire Chief Michael Dixon (season 6; recurring seasons 3–4; guest season 5): The new Fire Chief for the Seattle Fire Department as the replacement of Lucas Ripley. He returned to be a police officer after he was fired at the end of season 3. In season 6, he announced his candidacy for mayor but he dies at the Firefighter Ball. Recurring Marla Gibbs as Edith (season 1): A feisty retirement home retiree who sets up Travis with her grandson, Grant. Brett Tucker as Fire Chief Lucas Ripley (seasons 1–2, guest season 3): The Fire Chief for Seattle Fire Department. He dies after a fire and leaves behind his friends and colleagues at the Seattle Fire Department. Brenda Song as JJ (seasons 1 & 3): A music reviewer who Dean saves from a fire and later begins to date. In season three, she has a baby with Dean, but she left as she feels incompetent in motherhood. Sterling Sulieman as Grant (seasons 1–2): The sous chef grandson of Edith who she sets up with Travis. Dermot Mulroney as Greg Tanner (season 2): Ryan's father. Birgundi Baker as Yemi Miller (season 2), Dean's sister. Rigo Sanchez as Rigo Vasquez (season 3; guest season 6): A firefighter at Station 19. He has problems working with Jack Gibson because he slept with Rigo's wife. The tension between the two comes to a head at the firehouse and while on a call he gets injured during a rescue and before being discharged out of the hospital, he dies. Kelly Thiebaud as Eva Vasquez (seasons 3, 6): Rigo's wife. She had a sexual relationship with Jack. Lachlan Buchanan as Emmett Dixon (seasons 3–5, 7): A probationary firefighter at Station 19 and the son of Fire Chief Dixon. He broke up with Travis and left to travel the world in Season 5. Jayne Taini as Marsha Smith (seasons 3–4; guest seasons 5-6): An elderly woman who becomes a maternal figure for Gibson. Colleen Foy as Inara (season 4; guest season 3): A friend of Jack after he rescued her and her son from an abusive husband. Ansel Sluyter-Obidos as Marcus (season 4; guest season 3): Inara's son who is deaf. He communicates with people through ASL Robert Curtis Brown as Paul Montgomery (seasons 4–5): Travis' dad. He was also portrayed by Kenneth Meseroll in season 3 and one episode of season 4. Jeanne Sakata as Nari Montgomery (season 4; guest season 5): Travis’ mom. Lindsey Gort as Ingrid Saunders (season 5): a widow whose shop caught fire. She had a crush on Ben Warren until she found out he was married. Alain Uy as Captain Pat Aquino (season 5): The Fire Captain of Station 23. Natasha Ward as Deja Duval (season 5): A probie firefighter at Station 23 that Andy is mentoring as she's the only other woman there. Barbara Eve Harris as Ifeya Miller (season 5; guest seasons 2 & 4): Dean's mom. Jeffrey D. Sams as Bill Miller (season 5; guest seasons 2 & 4): Dean's dad. Jennifer Jalene as Luisa Berrol (season 5): Andy's lawyer. Rob Heaps as Eli Stern (seasons 6–7): Travis’ campaign manager. Emerson Brooks as Robel Osman (season 6–7): The new mayor of Seattle. Tricia O’Kelley as Kitty Dixon (season 6; guest season 5, 7): Dixon’s wife. Kiele Sanchez as Kate Powell (seasons 6–7): An old friend of Ruiz. Notable guests Jee Young Han as Charlotte Dearborn (seasons 1–2): The Fire Lieutenant of Station 12, who competes against Herrera and Gibson for Captain. Patrick Duffy as Terry (season 2) who appears in the episode "Into the Wildfire". Nyle DiMarco as Dylan (season 2): A deaf firefighter who appears in the episode "Into the Wildfire". Jonathan Bennett as Michael Williams (seasons 3–4): Travis’ deceased husband Tracie Thoms as Dr. Diane Lewis (seasons 3–6): A Psychologist and Trauma Specialist who assisted and evaluated professional and personal concerns of the staff at Station 19 have individually. Khalilah Joi as Condola Vargas (season 4): a lawyer who has a romantic history with Dean Michael Grant Terry as Officer Jones (season 6): a Police Officer who appears in the episode "We Build Then We Break". Joel McKinnon Miller as Reggie (season 6): a man who comes to the station in "Never Gonna Give You Up" after being bit by a black venom spider, who Ben helps. Grey's Anatomy Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey (recurring seasons 1, 3, 5–6; guest seasons 2, 4, 7): former Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Ben Warren's wife. Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey (guest seasons 1, 3 and 6): former Chief of General Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm (guest seasons 3–7): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. BJ Tanner as William George “Tuck” Jones (seasons 1, 3–5): Warren's stepson. Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt (guest seasons 1–4): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca (guest seasons 2, 4): A surgical resident, and later attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, and the brother of Carina DeLuca. Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce (guest seasons 2–3, 6): Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery (recurring season 3): Chief of Plastic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd (guest seasons 3–4, 6-7): Chief of Neurosurgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt (guest seasons 3–5): Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick (guest season 3): Chief of Hospitals at Catherine Fox Foundation, Attending Neurosurgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman (guest seasons 3, 5–6): Chief of surgery, Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and former Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim (recurring season 3): Doctor at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Levi's boyfriend. Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Vivian Nixon as Dr. Hannah Brody (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Devin Way as Dr. Blake Simms (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber (recurring season 4, guest season 5): Chief Medical Officer, Senior Attending General Surgeon, Director of the Residency Program and former Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He becomes Sullivan's addict recovery sponsor. Zaiver Sinnett as Dr. Zander Perez (guest season 4) Niko Terho as Dr. Lucas Adams (guest season 6) Anthony Hill as Dr. Winston Ndugu (guest season 6) Harry Shum Jr. as Dr. Benson "Blue" Kwan (guest season 6) Aniela Gumbs as Zola Grey Shepherd (guest season 6) Episodes Main article: List of Station 19 episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedBackdoor pilotMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)110March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)217October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)May 16, 2019 (2019-05-16)316January 23, 2020 (2020-01-23)May 14, 2020 (2020-05-14)416November 12, 2020 (2020-11-12)June 3, 2021 (2021-06-03)518September 30, 2021 (2021-09-30)May 19, 2022 (2022-05-19)618October 6, 2022 (2022-10-06)May 18, 2023 (2023-05-18)710March 14, 2024 (2024-03-14)May 30, 2024 (2024-05-30) Production Development On May 16, 2017, ABC chief Channing Dungey announced at ABC's upfront presentation that the network had given a straight-to-series order for a second Grey's Anatomy spin-off. Stacy McKee, a long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as showrunner and executive producer, with Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers also serving as executive producers. The series, which would be set in a Seattle firehouse, would follow the lives of a group of firefighters. The order consisted of 10 episodes. When announcing the series, Dungey said, "No one can interweave the jeopardy firefighters face in the line of duty with the drama in their personal lives quite like Shonda, and Grey's signature Seattle setting is the perfect backdrop for this exciting spinoff." Patrick Moran, president at ABC Studios, added that "We talked about the elements of Grey's Anatomy that seem to resonate with the audience—emotional storytelling, deep human connection, a high-stakes environment and strong and empowered women—and those elements will carry over to the spinoff." In July 2017, Paris Barclay signed on to the series as producing director and executive producer. In January 2018, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo had renewed her contract to portray Meredith Grey through season 16 of Grey's, in addition to becoming a producer on the show and a co-executive producer on the spin-off. Later that month, ABC announced that the series would be titled Station 19. An episode of Grey's Anatomy, originally planned to air in fall 2017 but instead airing in March 2018, served as a backdoor pilot for the series. The backdoor pilot episode featured the introduction of the lead character of the spin-off, Andy Herrera, "as a story within the episode" and "showcase a really lovely story for Ben, where we get to just juxtapose his two worlds and see his reaction as he transitions from one world to the next". On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season. The second season premiered on October 4, 2018. On October 19, 2018, it was announced that ABC had ordered a full season for the second season. On May 10, 2019, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on January 23, 2020, with Krista Vernoff as showrunner. On March 11, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season which premiered on November 12, 2020. On May 10, 2021, ABC renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on September 30, 2021. On January 11, 2022, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season which premiered on October 6, 2022. On April 20, 2023, ABC renewed the series for a seventh season with Zoanne Clack and Peter Paige serving as the new showrunners and executive producers. The seventh season premiered on March 14, 2024. On December 8, 2023, it was announced that the seventh season will be its final season. Casting On July 26, 2017, Jaina Lee Ortiz was cast as the female lead, Andrea "Andy" Herrera. In September 2017, it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 of Grey's Anatomy, would be leaving the series to join the spin-off as a series regular. On October 6, 2017, Grey Damon was cast as Lieutenant Jack Gibson, Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery, Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller, Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop, and Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes. They were shortly followed by Miguel Sandoval as Captain Pruitt Herrera, and Alberto Frezza as police officer, Ryan Tanner. For the second season, Boris Kodjoe was cast in a recurring role as Robert Sullivan in July 2018, and was later promoted to a series regular. Frezza made his final appearance in the third season. Also, Stefania Spampinato began appearing as Dr. Carina DeLuca, and Pat Healy began appearing as Michael Dixon. In July 2020, Spampinato was promoted to series regular. Sandoval made his final appearance in the fourth season. Carlos Miranda began appearing as Theo Ruiz in the fourth season and became a series regular in the fifth season. Onaodowan left partway through the fifth season after asking to leave. The same season, Josh Randall and Merle Dandridge began recurring as Sean Beckett and Natasha Ross, respectively, and the two actors along with Healy became series regulars in the sixth season. Filming Filming for the first season began on October 18, 2017, and concluded on April 2, 2018. Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles; additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle. The station in Station 19 is based on Seattle's Station 20, located in its Queen Anne neighborhood. Release Broadcast In the United States, Station 19 began airing on March 22, 2018, in the Thursday 9:00 PM ET timeslot on ABC, following parent series Grey's Anatomy. Starting with the third season, Station 19 moved to the Thursday 8:00 PM ET timeslot. After the COVID-19 pandemic truncated production of Grey's Anatomy, Station 19 was moved to Thursdays at 9:00 PM for the final four episodes of the season. Station 19 resumed its 8:00 PM ET timeslot at the beginning of the fourth season. Outside the United States, CTV acquired the broadcast rights for Canada. Sky Living acquired the rights to air the series in the UK and Ireland. With the show later moving to Disney+, full seasons are available in Canada following their release on the CTV network. Marketing In early December 2017, Entertainment Weekly released first look images of the series. Reception Critical response For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65% approval rating, with an average rating of 6/10 and based on 17 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Fans will bask in the familiar glow from Station 19, though anyone who doesn't already indulge in the soapy delights of Shondaland may not feel the spark." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Ratings Viewership and ratings per season of Station 19 Season Timeslot (ET) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Viewershiprank Avg. viewers(millions) 18–49rank Avg. 18–49rating Date Viewers(millions) Date Viewers(millions) 1 Thursday 9:00 p.m. 10 March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) 5.43 May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17) 5.10 2017–18 54 7.36 41 1.7 2 17 October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04) 5.17 May 16, 2019 (2019-05-16) 4.82 2018–19 53 7.37 36 1.6 3 Thursday 8:00 p.m. (1–12)Thursday 9:00 p.m. (13–16) 16 January 23, 2020 (2020-01-23) 7.02 May 14, 2020 (2020-05-14) 5.91 2019–20 29 8.52 23 1.5 4 Thursday 8:00 p.m. 16 November 12, 2020 (2020-11-12) 6.59 June 3, 2021 (2021-06-03) 4.90 2020–21 29 7.11 18 1.3 5 18 September 30, 2021 (2021-09-30) 5.04 May 19, 2022 (2022-05-19) 4.28 2021–22 37 6.16 28 0.9 6 18 October 6, 2022 (2022-10-06) 4.20 May 18, 2023 (2023-05-18) 3.72 2022–23 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 Thursday 10:00 p.m. 10 March 14, 2024 (2024-03-14) 2.79 May 30, 2024 (2024-05-30) 2.90 2023–24 TBD TBD TBD TBD Accolades Year Award Category Recipient(s)s Result Ref. 2018 Imagen Awards Best Primetime Program Station 19 Won 2019 Media Access Awards SAG-AFTRA Harold Russell Award Nyle DiMarco Won Il Festival Nazionale del Doppiaggio Voci nell'Ombra Best Supporting Voice Eugenio Nicola Marinelli Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress Emma Rosales Nominated 2021 ReFrame Stamp IMDbPro Top 200 Scripted TV Recipients Station 19 Won 2022 Autostraddle TV Awards Fan Favorite LGBTQ+ Character Won Fan Favorite Couple Won References ^ a b Andreeva, Nellie (January 11, 2022). "'Station 19' Renewed For Season 6, Joins 'Grey's Anatomy' On ABC's 2022-23 Schedule". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 11, 2022. ^ a b Rice, Lynette (June 16, 2022). "ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates; Tom McCarthy's New Drama 'Alaska Daily' To Follow 'Grey's Anatomy'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ a b Mason, Charlie (April 20, 2023). "Station 19 Renewed for Season 7 — Plus, New Showrunners Named". TVLine. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ a b Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2023). "Station 19 To End With Season 7 On ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 8, 2023. ^ a b Mitovich, Matt Webb (November 16, 2023). "ABC Announces Post-Strike Return Dates for Grey's Anatomy, 9-1-1, Abbott Elementary, The Rookie and 10 Others". TVLine. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Untitled Grey's Anatomy Spinoff Season 1 Lead Sheet" (Press release). ABC Press. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goldberg, Lesley (October 12, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Firefighter Spinoff: Here's the Complete Cast (and Who They're Playing)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ a b Goldberg, Lesley (July 19, 2018). "'Station 19' Taps Boris Kodjoe for Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 19, 2018. ^ a b Ramos, Dino-Ray (October 9, 2018). "Boris Kodjoe Upped To Series Regular On 'Station 19'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ a b c Andreeva, Nellie (July 30, 2020). "'Grey's Anatomy' Promotes Richard Flood & Anthony Hill To Series Regulars, 'Station 19' Ups Stefania Spampinato". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 30, 2020. ^ a b Wiseman, Andreas (July 2, 2021). "'Shelter': Lisa Vidal, Cam Gigandet, Jaina Lee Ortiz, Carlos Miranda & Sasha Merci To Star In Heist Pic". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 3, 2021. Miranda will join the cast of ABC's Station 19 as a series regular in the coming season ^ a b c d e Mason, Charlie (August 2, 2022). "Station 19 Makes Series Regulars of 3 Actors Ahead of Season 6 Premiere". TVLine. Retrieved November 6, 2022. ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 6, 2018). "'Station 19': Marla Gibbs Set For Multi-Episode Arc On ABC's 'Grey's Spinoff". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 12, 2018. ^ Petski, Denise (March 2, 2018). "'Station 19': Brett Tucker Set To Recur On ABC's 'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 2, 2018. ^ Abrams, Natalie (March 9, 2018). "Station 19 adds Brenda Song for multi-episode arc". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ Iannucci, Rebecca (September 4, 2018). "Station 19: Dermot Mulroney to Appear in Season 2 as 's Father". TVLine. Archived from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ Petski, Denise (March 25, 2019). "'Station 19': Birgundi Baker to Recur On ABC Firefighter Drama Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ^ Cordero, Rosy (August 17, 2022). "'Station 19': Kelly Thiebaud Returning To ABC Drama As Eva Vasquez For Season 6". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Petski, Denise (December 9, 2020). "'Station 19': Robert Curtis Brown To Recur On ABC Firefighter Drama". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 9, 2020. ^ a b "'Station 19' Scores Nyle DiMarco and Patrick Duffy for Season 2 Finale". Entertainment Tonight. April 25, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ Ng, Philiana (February 27, 2020). "'Station 19' First Look: Jonathan Bennett Debuts as Travis' Late Husband Michael (Exclusive)". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 17, 2021). "'Station 19': Khalilah Joi To Recur On ABC Firefighter Drama In Key Season 4 Plotline – First Look Photos". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ a b "(#101/102) "Stuck/Invisible To Me"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 5, 2017. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (May 16, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff Lands Straight to Series Order From ABC". Variety. Retrieved May 17, 2017. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 16, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff About Firefighters From Shondaland Gets ABC Series Order". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy': How the Firefighter Spinoff Came Together". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 5, 2018. ^ a b Jade, Saura (July 17, 2017). "TVLine Items: Designated Survivor Eyes a Spy, Grey's Spinoff News and More". TVLine. Retrieved January 5, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 17, 2018). "Ellen Pompeo On New 'Grey's Anatomy' Deal, The Show's End Game & Legacy And Her Post-'Grey's' Future – Q&A". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 18, 2018. ^ Turchiano, Danielle (January 25, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff Title Announced". Variety. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ a b c d Abrams, Natalie (December 7, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy heats up in firefighter-set spin-off — first look". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Petski, Denise (May 11, 2018). "'Station 19' Renewed For Season 2 By ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 24, 2018). "ABC Fall Premiere Dates: 'The Conners' & The Rookie Arrive In October". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 26, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 19, 2018). "'Station 19' Gets Full-Season Order At ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 19, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 10, 2019). "'Station 19' Renewed For Season 3 By ABC With 'Grey's Anatomy's Krista Vernoff As Showrunner". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ a b Andreeva, Nellie (November 21, 2019). "Krista Vernoff On How 'Grey's Anatomy' Fall Finale Tees Off Season 3 Of 'Station 19', Sexier 'Grey's' At 9 PM, "Messier" 'Station 19' & "More Unified Storytelling"". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 21, 2019. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 11, 2020). "'Station 19' Renewed For Season 4 By ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 11, 2020. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 17, 2020). "ABC Sets Fall Drama Premiere Dates; 'For Life' Replaces Canceled 'Stumptown' On Schedule, 'The Rookie' Pushed". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 10, 2021). "'Grey's Anatomy' Renewed For Season 18 With Ellen Pompeo, Chandra Wilson & James Pickens Jr. Set To Return; 'Station 19' Picked Up For Season 5 By ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ Pedersen, Erik (July 15, 2021). "ABC Fall Premiere Dates: New 'Wonder Years' & 'Queens' Join 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Good Doctor', 'Bachelorette', 'Goldbergs' & More". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 26, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff: Jaina Lee Ortiz To Star In New Shondaland Series On ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 6, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff: Grey Damon, Okieriete Onaodowan, Danielle Savre & Barrett Doss Cast In Shondaland Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 6, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy Spinoff: Grey Damon, The Catch Star Among Five New Hires". TVLine. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 11, 2017). "Grey's Spinoff: Miguel Sandoval Joins Firefighter Drama as Captain". TVLine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 25, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff': Alberto Frezza To Co-Star In Shondaland Series For ABC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Cordero, Rosy (February 6, 2020). "Station 19 boss Krista Vernoff explains why had to die". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ "(#402) "Wild World"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 13, 2023. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2021). "'Station 19' Original Cast Member Exits As Firefighter Drama Reveals Who Dies In Latest 'Grey's' Crossover". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Romano, Nick (October 20, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy firefighter spin-off star shares first set video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ Owen, Rob (March 14, 2018). "Set in Seattle, but mostly filmed in L.A.? How 'Grey's Anatomy' spinoff 'Station 19' does it". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 8, 2017). "ABC Slates Midseason Premiere Dates For 'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff, 'For the People' & More, Sets 'American Idol' Air Pattern". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 8, 2017. ^ Gelman, Vlada (April 9, 2020). "TVLine Items: Station 19's New Time, GH Vet Joins Superman & Lois and More". TVLine. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Otterson, Joe (June 17, 2020). "ABC Fall 2020 Schedule: Network Counts on Scripted Shows Returning, 'Bachelorette' Moves Up". Variety. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Vlessing, Etan (May 30, 2017). "CTV Picks Up 'Young Sheldon,' Marvel's 'Inhumans' and 'The Gifted'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ "'Grey's Anatomy', 'Station 19' & '9-1-1' Move from Sky to Disney+ in the UK". September 8, 2022. ^ "Station 19: Season 1 (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 14, 2022. ^ "Station 19: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved February 14, 2022. ^ Porter, Rick (March 23, 2018). "AP Bio adjusts up, NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (May 18, 2018). "SWAT and Arrow finales adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ^ de Moraes, Lisa; Hipes, Patrick (May 22, 2018). "2017–18 TV Series Ratings Rankings: NFL Football, Big Bang Top Charts". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (October 5, 2018). "Thursday Night Football adjusts up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ^ Rejent, Joseph (May 17, 2019). "Paradise Hotel, The Big Bang Theory finale adjust up, Young Sheldon adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ de Moraes, Lisa (May 21, 2019). "2018–19 TV Season Ratings: CBS Wraps 11th Season At No. 1 In Total Viewers, NBC Tops Demo; Big Bang Theory Most Watched Series". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (January 27, 2020). "A Million Little Things adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. 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Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 4, 2021). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Thursday 9.30.2021 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 4, 2021. ^ Salem, Mitch (May 20, 2022). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Thursday 5.19.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 20, 2022. ^ Porter, Rick (June 8, 2022). "2021-22 TV Ratings: Final Seven-Day Numbers for Every Network Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 7, 2022). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Thursday 10.6.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals with NFL TNF UPDATED". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 19, 2023). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Thursday 5.18.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 19, 2023. ^ Pucci, Douglas (March 15, 2024). "Thursday Ratings: 9-1-1 Network Debut and Season Premieres of 'Grey's Anatomy and Station 19 Lift ABC to Key Demo Victory". Programming Insider. Retrieved March 15, 2024. ^ Pucci, Douglas (June 3, 2024). "Thursday Ratings: 'Station 19' Series Finale on ABC Hits Season-High in Total Viewers". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ Bitran, Tara (August 26, 2018). "'Coco' Takes Top Honors at Imagen Awards, Film's Star Talks Sequel Possibilities". Variety. Retrieved August 26, 2018. ^ Sun, Rebecca (November 5, 2019). "Media Access Awards to Honor 'The Good Doctor,' 'The Peanut Butter Falcon' and Nyle DiMarco (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 21, 2022. ^ "Vincitori 2019". Voci nell'Ombra (in Italian). Retrieved July 21, 2022. ^ "Nominees 2019 - Young Artist Academy". youngartistacademy.org. Retrieved July 21, 2022. ^ Behzadi, Sofia (July 19, 2022). "'Euphoria', 'Abbott Elementary' & Apple Among ReFrame Stamp Recipients For Gender-Balanced Hiring; Numbers Down From 2020-2021". Deadline. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ Team, The TV (September 7, 2022). "Presenting the Winners of the 2022 Autostraddle TV Awards!". Autostraddle. Retrieved February 8, 2023. External links Station 19 at IMDb vteSeattle Fire DepartmentFireboats Alki Chief Seattle Duwamish Leschi Marine One Snoqualmie Facilities Fallen Firefighters Memorial Fire Station No. 18 Fire Station No. 23 Fire Station No. 25 Wallingford Fire and Police Station Related Station 19 Episodes vteGrey's AnatomyGrey's AnatomySeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Characters Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Jo Wilson Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Andrew DeLuca Levi Schmitt Atticus Lincoln Adaptations A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela) A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela) Doktorlar (Turkish series) Other Cast members Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private PracticeEpisodes Season 1 2 3 4 "Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King?" 5 6 Characters Addison Montgomery Pete Wilder Naomi Bennett Cooper Freedman Charlotte King Dell Parker Sheldon Wallace Amelia Shepherd Sam Bennett Violet Turner AdaptationsMerhaba Hayat (Turkish series)Station 19Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 "Nothing Seems the Same" 5 6 7 Related Shonda Rhimes Category Portals: Television United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_fiction"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Private Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Practice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Seattle Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"Jaina Lee Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_Lee_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Jason George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Winston_George"},{"link_name":"Grey Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Damon"},{"link_name":"Barrett Doss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Doss"},{"link_name":"Alberto Frezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Frezza"},{"link_name":"Jay Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Okieriete Onaodowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan"},{"link_name":"Danielle Savre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Savre"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Boris Kodjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kodjoe"},{"link_name":"Stefania Spampinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Spampinato"},{"link_name":"Josh Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Randall"},{"link_name":"Merle Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"Pat Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Healy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shonda Rhimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonda_Rhimes"},{"link_name":"Betsy Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Beers"},{"link_name":"Paris Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Barclay"},{"link_name":"Shondaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shondaland"},{"link_name":"ABC Signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Signature"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"Krista Vernoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Vernoff"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6Renewal-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6Premiere-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7Renewal-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriesend-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7Premiere-6"}],"text":"Station 19 is an American action-drama television series created by Stacy McKee that premiered on ABC on March 22, 2018. It is the second spin-off of Grey's Anatomy (after Private Practice). Set in Seattle, the series focuses on the lives of the men and women at Seattle Fire Station 19. It stars Jaina Lee Ortiz, Jason George, Grey Damon, Barrett Doss, Alberto Frezza, Jay Hayden, Okieriete Onaodowan, Danielle Savre, Miguel Sandoval, Boris Kodjoe, Stefania Spampinato, Carlos Miranda, Josh Randall, Merle Dandridge, and Pat Healy.McKee, Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, and Paris Barclay serve as executive producers on the series. It is produced by Shondaland and ABC Signature, with McKee serving as showrunner for its first two seasons, later replaced by Krista Vernoff since season three.In May 2017, the spin-off received a series order from ABC. Ortiz was cast in July 2017, and the cast was filled out by October. Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles. In January 2022, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on October 6, 2022.[1][2] In April 2023, the series was renewed for a seventh season.[3] In December 2023, it was announced that the seventh season will be its final season.[4] The seventh and final season premiered on March 14, 2024.[5] Station 19 concluded on May 30, 2024, after seven seasons and 105 episodes.","title":"Station 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"}],"text":"The series follows a group of firefighters of the Seattle Fire Department at Station 19 from the captain down the ranks to the newest recruit in their personal and professional lives.[6]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Grey Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Damon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Okieriete Onaodowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Boris Kodjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kodjoe"},{"link_name":"Jaina Lee Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_Lee_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Jason George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Winston_George"},{"link_name":"anesthesiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiologist"},{"link_name":"Miranda Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Boris Kodjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kodjoe"},{"link_name":"complex regional pain syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kodjoe1-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kodjoe2-13"},{"link_name":"Grey Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Damon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Barrett Doss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Doss"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Alberto Frezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Frezza"},{"link_name":"Seattle PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Jay Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Okieriete Onaodowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Danielle Savre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Savre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1LeadSheet-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Stefania Spampinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Spampinato"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spampinato-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda_promotion-15"},{"link_name":"Josh Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Randall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-16"},{"link_name":"Merle Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-16"},{"link_name":"Pat Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Healy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-16"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"= Main cast (credited)\n = Recurring cast (3+)\n = Guest cast (1-2)Cast notes^ Credited as ABC Studios through season 3\n\n^ Grey Damon is only credited for episodes in which he appears through season 7\n\n^ Okieriete Onaodowan is credited through the fifth episode of Season 5.\n\n^ Boris Kodjoe is credited as a guest star for the first six episodes of Season 2 before being promoted to series regular in the seventh episode.Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea \"Andy\" Herrera: A Lieutenant at Station 19 and the headstrong daughter of Captain Pruitt Herrera. She was a Co-Acting Captain of Station 19. In the season 2 finale and in season 3, her new love interest is the new captain, Robert Sullivan, whom she marries prior to her father's death.[6][7] She is now the new Captain at Station 19.\nJason George as Dr. Benjamin \"Ben\" Warren, MD: A firefighter and PRT Physician at Station 19 and a former anesthesiologist-turned-surgical-resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He is married to Miranda Bailey.[6][7]\nBoris Kodjoe as Robert Sullivan (seasons 2–7): The new Captain at Station 19 who recently returned to Seattle. In \"Eulogy\", he is promoted to Battalion Chief. Prior to being Captain he was the General at the Academy where Miller and Gibson were training. He was once best friends with Chief Ripley but their friendship faded when Robert moved to Montana after his wife's death. Sullivan suffers from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In the season 2 finale and season 3, he becomes Andy's new love interest.[8][9]\nGrey Damon as Jack Gibson: Lieutenant at Station 19. He is passionate, energetic, and fearless. He was one of Station 19's Co-Acting Captains, along with Herrera.[6][7] In the beginning of season 7, he won't be able to be a firefighter anymore because of his head injury and subsequent CTE diagnosis.\nBarrett Doss as Victoria \"Vic\" Hughes: A younger, big-hearted firefighter at Station 19. Hughes is close friends with her fellow firefighters.[6][7]\nAlberto Frezza as Ryan Tanner (main seasons 1–2, recurring season 3): A police officer at Seattle PD. He and Andy were longtime friends and had a romantic relationship in high school. He was shot in the second episode of season 3, and died in the third episode.[6][7]\nJay Hayden as Travis Montgomery: An openly gay firefighter and the heart of Station 19. Montgomery is a widower, having lost his husband Michael, a fellow firefighter. In season six, he runs for mayor of Seattle against Michael Dixon.[6][7]\nOkieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller (seasons 1–5; guest season 7): A charismatic firefighter at Station 19.[6][7] In season 3, he becomes a dad to a baby girl he names after Cpt. Pruitt Herrera. In season 5, he is mortally wounded following a gas explosion at a call and dies en route to the hospital.\nDanielle Savre as Maya Bishop: A bisexual, Type-A Lieutenant, and later Captain, at Station 19 and a former Olympic athlete. She is Carina's wife.[6][7]\nMiguel Sandoval as Pruitt Herrera (seasons 1–3, guest season 4): Captain at Station 19, Andy's father, and a mentor to her and her coworkers. He steps down from his role in the series premiere, and later dies in season 3 while at the scene of a fire call.[6][7]\nStefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca (seasons 4–7; recurring season 3): An openly bisexual OB/GYN Attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Maya's wife.[10]\nCarlos Miranda as Teodoro “Theo” Ruiz (seasons 5–7; recurring season 4): Lieutenant at Station 23 and Michael Williams' old captain.[11]\nJosh Randall as Fire Captain Sean Beckett (seasons 6–7; recurring season 5): The newly appointed Fire Captain of Station 19. He is smug, chauvinistic, and rather incompetent at his job. He cares more about maintaining a good appearance for the station as he fails to understand the value of Station 19's engine, which was dedicated to Captain Pruitt Herrera, when it was destroyed in a gas fire.[12]\nMerle Dandridge as Fire Chief Natasha Ross (seasons 6–7; recurring season 5): Natasha Ross is the new Fire Chief for the Seattle Fire Department as the replacement for Chief McCallister.[12]\nPat Healy as Fire Chief Michael Dixon (season 6; recurring seasons 3–4; guest season 5): The new Fire Chief for the Seattle Fire Department as the replacement of Lucas Ripley. He returned to be a police officer after he was fired at the end of season 3. In season 6, he announced his candidacy for mayor but he dies at the Firefighter Ball.[12]","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marla Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brett Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ripley-18"},{"link_name":"Brenda Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Song"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Song-19"},{"link_name":"sous chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_chef"},{"link_name":"Dermot Mulroney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Mulroney"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kelly Thiebaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Thiebaud"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lachlan Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"probationary firefighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probationary_firefighter"},{"link_name":"ASL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL"},{"link_name":"Robert Curtis Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Brown"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Sakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Sakata"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Gort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Gort"},{"link_name":"Barbara Eve Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Eve_Harris"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey D. Sams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_D._Sams"},{"link_name":"Rob Heaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Heaps"},{"link_name":"Kiele Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiele_Sanchez"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Marla Gibbs as Edith (season 1): A feisty retirement home retiree who sets up Travis with her grandson, Grant.[13]\nBrett Tucker as Fire Chief Lucas Ripley (seasons 1–2, guest season 3): The Fire Chief for Seattle Fire Department.[14] He dies after a fire and leaves behind his friends and colleagues at the Seattle Fire Department.\nBrenda Song as JJ (seasons 1 & 3): A music reviewer who Dean saves from a fire and later begins to date.[15] In season three, she has a baby with Dean, but she left as she feels incompetent in motherhood.\nSterling Sulieman as Grant (seasons 1–2): The sous chef grandson of Edith who she sets up with Travis.\nDermot Mulroney as Greg Tanner (season 2): Ryan's father.[16]\nBirgundi Baker as Yemi Miller (season 2), Dean's sister.[17]\nRigo Sanchez as Rigo Vasquez (season 3; guest season 6): A firefighter at Station 19. He has problems working with Jack Gibson because he slept with Rigo's wife. The tension between the two comes to a head at the firehouse and while on a call he gets injured during a rescue and before being discharged out of the hospital, he dies.\nKelly Thiebaud as Eva Vasquez (seasons 3, 6): Rigo's wife. She had a sexual relationship with Jack.[18]\nLachlan Buchanan as Emmett Dixon (seasons 3–5, 7): A probationary firefighter at Station 19 and the son of Fire Chief Dixon. He broke up with Travis and left to travel the world in Season 5.\nJayne Taini as Marsha Smith (seasons 3–4; guest seasons 5-6): An elderly woman who becomes a maternal figure for Gibson.\nColleen Foy as Inara (season 4; guest season 3): A friend of Jack after he rescued her and her son from an abusive husband.\nAnsel Sluyter-Obidos as Marcus (season 4; guest season 3): Inara's son who is deaf. He communicates with people through ASL\nRobert Curtis Brown as Paul Montgomery (seasons 4–5): Travis' dad.[19] He was also portrayed by Kenneth Meseroll in season 3 and one episode of season 4.\nJeanne Sakata as Nari Montgomery (season 4; guest season 5): Travis’ mom.\nLindsey Gort as Ingrid Saunders (season 5): a widow whose shop caught fire. She had a crush on Ben Warren until she found out he was married.\nAlain Uy as Captain Pat Aquino (season 5): The Fire Captain of Station 23.\nNatasha Ward as Deja Duval (season 5): A probie firefighter at Station 23 that Andy is mentoring as she's the only other woman there.\nBarbara Eve Harris as Ifeya Miller (season 5; guest seasons 2 & 4): Dean's mom.\nJeffrey D. Sams as Bill Miller (season 5; guest seasons 2 & 4): Dean's dad.\nJennifer Jalene as Luisa Berrol (season 5): Andy's lawyer.\nRob Heaps as Eli Stern (seasons 6–7): Travis’ campaign manager.\nEmerson Brooks as Robel Osman (season 6–7): The new mayor of Seattle.\nTricia O’Kelley as Kitty Dixon (season 6; guest season 5, 7): Dixon’s wife.\nKiele Sanchez as Kate Powell (seasons 6–7): An old friend of Ruiz.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Duffy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Nyle DiMarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bennett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tracie Thoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracie_Thoms"},{"link_name":"Khalilah Joi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilah_Joi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Michael Grant Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Grant_Terry"},{"link_name":"Joel McKinnon Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_McKinnon_Miller"}],"sub_title":"Notable guests","text":"Jee Young Han as Charlotte Dearborn (seasons 1–2): The Fire Lieutenant of Station 12, who competes against Herrera and Gibson for Captain.\nPatrick Duffy as Terry (season 2) who appears in the episode \"Into the Wildfire\".[20]\nNyle DiMarco as Dylan (season 2): A deaf firefighter who appears in the episode \"Into the Wildfire\".[20]\nJonathan Bennett as Michael Williams (seasons 3–4): Travis’ deceased husband[21]\nTracie Thoms as Dr. Diane Lewis (seasons 3–6): A Psychologist and Trauma Specialist who assisted and evaluated professional and personal concerns of the staff at Station 19 have individually.\nKhalilah Joi as Condola Vargas (season 4): a lawyer who has a romantic history with Dean[22]\nMichael Grant Terry as Officer Jones (season 6): a Police Officer who appears in the episode \"We Build Then We Break\".\nJoel McKinnon Miller as Reggie (season 6): a man who comes to the station in \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" after being bit by a black venom spider, who Ben helps.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandra Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Miranda Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premiere-27"},{"link_name":"Ellen Pompeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo"},{"link_name":"Meredith Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Grey"},{"link_name":"General Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Surgery"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premiere-27"},{"link_name":"Jake Borelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Borelli"},{"link_name":"Levi Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Gianniotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Gianniotti"},{"link_name":"Andrew DeLuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_DeLuca"},{"link_name":"Kelly McCreary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_McCreary"},{"link_name":"Maggie Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Cardiothoracic Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiothoracic_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Jesse Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Avery"},{"link_name":"Plastic Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Caterina Scorsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Scorsone"},{"link_name":"Amelia Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"Kevin McKidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McKidd"},{"link_name":"Owen Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Greg Germann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Germann"},{"link_name":"Kim Raver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Raver"},{"link_name":"Teddy Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Altman"},{"link_name":"Alex Landi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Landi"},{"link_name":"Vivian Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Devin Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Way"},{"link_name":"James Pickens Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pickens_Jr."},{"link_name":"Richard Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webber"},{"link_name":"Niko Terho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niko_Terho"},{"link_name":"Harry Shum Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shum_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Grey's Anatomy","text":"Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey (recurring seasons 1, 3, 5–6; guest seasons 2, 4, 7): former Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Ben Warren's wife.[23]\nEllen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey (guest seasons 1, 3 and 6): former Chief of General Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.[23]\nJaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm (guest seasons 3–7): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nBJ Tanner as William George “Tuck” Jones (seasons 1, 3–5): Warren's stepson.\nJake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt (guest seasons 1–4): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nGiacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca (guest seasons 2, 4): A surgical resident, and later attending at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, and the brother of Carina DeLuca.\nKelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce (guest seasons 2–3, 6): Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nJesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery (recurring season 3): Chief of Plastic Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nCaterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd (guest seasons 3–4, 6-7): Chief of Neurosurgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nKevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt (guest seasons 3–5): Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital\nGreg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick (guest season 3): Chief of Hospitals at Catherine Fox Foundation, Attending Neurosurgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nKim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman (guest seasons 3, 5–6): Chief of surgery, Co-Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and former Chief of Trauma Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital\nAlex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim (recurring season 3): Doctor at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Levi's boyfriend.\nAlex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nVivian Nixon as Dr. Hannah Brody (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nDevin Way as Dr. Blake Simms (guest season 3): A resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.\nJames Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber (recurring season 4, guest season 5): Chief Medical Officer, Senior Attending General Surgeon, Director of the Residency Program and former Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He becomes Sullivan's addict recovery sponsor.\nZaiver Sinnett as Dr. Zander Perez (guest season 4)\nNiko Terho as Dr. Lucas Adams (guest season 6)\nAnthony Hill as Dr. Winston Ndugu (guest season 6)\nHarry Shum Jr. as Dr. Benson \"Blue\" Kwan (guest season 6)\nAniela Gumbs as Zola Grey Shepherd (guest season 6)","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backdoor pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Backdoor_pilot_(2018)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_1_(2018)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_2_(2018%E2%80%9319)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_3_(2020)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_4_(2020%E2%80%9321)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_5_(2021%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_6_(2022%E2%80%9323)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Station_19_episodes#Season_7_(2024)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedBackdoor pilotMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)110March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)217October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)May 16, 2019 (2019-05-16)316January 23, 2020 (2020-01-23)May 14, 2020 (2020-05-14)416November 12, 2020 (2020-11-12)June 3, 2021 (2021-06-03)518September 30, 2021 (2021-09-30)May 19, 2022 (2022-05-19)618October 6, 2022 (2022-10-06)May 18, 2023 (2023-05-18)710March 14, 2024 (2024-03-14)May 30, 2024 (2024-05-30)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Channing Dungey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_Dungey"},{"link_name":"upfront presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upfront_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"Shonda Rhimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonda_Rhimes"},{"link_name":"Betsy Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Beers"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeriesOrder-28"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeriesOrder2-29"},{"link_name":"ABC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Studios"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpinoffDiscussions-30"},{"link_name":"Paris Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Barclay"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barclay-31"},{"link_name":"Ellen Pompeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo"},{"link_name":"Meredith Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Grey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PompeoProducer-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeriesTitle-33"},{"link_name":"backdoor pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_pilot"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barclay-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLook-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLook-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Renewal-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Premiere-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Fullorder-37"},{"link_name":"Krista Vernoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Vernoff"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S3Renewal-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S3PremiereDate-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S4renewal-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S4Premiere-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S5Renewal-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S5Premiere-43"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6Renewal-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6Premiere-3"},{"link_name":"Zoanne Clack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoanne_Clack"},{"link_name":"Peter Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paige"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7Renewal-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7Premiere-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriesend-5"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"On May 16, 2017, ABC chief Channing Dungey announced at ABC's upfront presentation that the network had given a straight-to-series order for a second Grey's Anatomy spin-off. Stacy McKee, a long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as showrunner and executive producer, with Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers also serving as executive producers. The series, which would be set in a Seattle firehouse, would follow the lives of a group of firefighters.[24] The order consisted of 10 episodes.[7] When announcing the series, Dungey said, \"No one can interweave the jeopardy firefighters face in the line of duty with the drama in their personal lives quite like Shonda, and Grey's signature Seattle setting is the perfect backdrop for this exciting spinoff.\"[25] Patrick Moran, president at ABC Studios, added that \"We talked [with Shonda] about the elements of Grey's Anatomy that seem to resonate with the audience—emotional storytelling, deep human connection, a high-stakes environment and strong and empowered women—and those elements will carry over to the spinoff.\"[26] In July 2017, Paris Barclay signed on to the series as producing director and executive producer.[27] In January 2018, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo had renewed her contract to portray Meredith Grey through season 16 of Grey's, in addition to becoming a producer on the show and a co-executive producer on the spin-off.[28] Later that month, ABC announced that the series would be titled Station 19.[29]An episode of Grey's Anatomy, originally planned to air in fall 2017 but instead airing in March 2018, served as a backdoor pilot for the series.[27][30] The backdoor pilot episode featured the introduction of the lead character of the spin-off, Andy Herrera, \"as a story within the episode\" and \"showcase a really lovely story for Ben, where we get to just juxtapose his two worlds and see his reaction as he transitions from one world to the next\".[30]On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[31] The second season premiered on October 4, 2018.[32] On October 19, 2018, it was announced that ABC had ordered a full season for the second season.[33] On May 10, 2019, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on January 23, 2020, with Krista Vernoff as showrunner.[34][35] On March 11, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season which premiered on November 12, 2020.[36][37] On May 10, 2021, ABC renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on September 30, 2021.[38][39] On January 11, 2022, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season which premiered on October 6, 2022.[1][2] On April 20, 2023, ABC renewed the series for a seventh season with Zoanne Clack and Peter Paige serving as the new showrunners and executive producers.[3] The seventh season premiered on March 14, 2024.[5] On December 8, 2023, it was announced that the seventh season will be its final season.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaina Lee Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_Lee_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ortiz-44"},{"link_name":"Jason George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_George"},{"link_name":"season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Grey Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Damon"},{"link_name":"Okieriete Onaodowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan"},{"link_name":"Danielle Savre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Savre"},{"link_name":"Barrett Doss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_Doss"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullCast-11"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandoval-47"},{"link_name":"Alberto Frezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Frezza"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frezza-48"},{"link_name":"Boris Kodjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kodjoe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kodjoe1-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kodjoe2-13"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrezzaExit-49"},{"link_name":"Stefania Spampinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Spampinato"},{"link_name":"Pat Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Healy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spampinato-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spampinato-14"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SandovalExit-50"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda_promotion-15"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnaodowanExit-51"},{"link_name":"Josh Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Randall"},{"link_name":"Merle Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-16"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"On July 26, 2017, Jaina Lee Ortiz was cast as the female lead, Andrea \"Andy\" Herrera.[40] In September 2017, it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 of Grey's Anatomy, would be leaving the series to join the spin-off as a series regular. On October 6, 2017, Grey Damon was cast as Lieutenant Jack Gibson, Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery, Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller, Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop, and Barrett Doss as Victoria \"Vic\" Hughes.[41][42][7] They were shortly followed by Miguel Sandoval as Captain Pruitt Herrera,[43] and Alberto Frezza as police officer, Ryan Tanner.[44]For the second season, Boris Kodjoe was cast in a recurring role as Robert Sullivan in July 2018,[8] and was later promoted to a series regular.[9] Frezza made his final appearance in the third season.[45] Also, Stefania Spampinato began appearing as Dr. Carina DeLuca, and Pat Healy began appearing as Michael Dixon.[10][12] In July 2020, Spampinato was promoted to series regular.[10] Sandoval made his final appearance in the fourth season.[46] Carlos Miranda began appearing as Theo Ruiz in the fourth season and became a series regular in the fifth season.[11] Onaodowan left partway through the fifth season after asking to leave.[47] The same season, Josh Randall and Merle Dandridge began recurring as Sean Beckett and Natasha Ross, respectively, and the two actors along with Healy became series regulars in the sixth season.[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmingStart-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLook-34"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleFilming-53"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Filming for the first season began on October 18, 2017,[48] and concluded on April 2, 2018.[citation needed] Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles;[30] additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle. The station in Station 19 is based on Seattle's Station 20, located in its Queen Anne neighborhood.[49]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremiereDate-54"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S3PremiereDate-39"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScheduleMove-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTV-57"},{"link_name":"Sky Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Living"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Broadcast","text":"In the United States, Station 19 began airing on March 22, 2018, in the Thursday 9:00 PM ET timeslot on ABC, following parent series Grey's Anatomy.[50] Starting with the third season, Station 19 moved to the Thursday 8:00 PM ET timeslot.[35] After the COVID-19 pandemic truncated production of Grey's Anatomy, Station 19 was moved to Thursdays at 9:00 PM for the final four episodes of the season.[51] Station 19 resumed its 8:00 PM ET timeslot at the beginning of the fourth season.[52]Outside the United States, CTV acquired the broadcast rights for Canada.[53] Sky Living acquired the rights to air the series in the UK and Ireland.[citation needed] With the show later moving to Disney+,[54] full seasons are available in Canada following their release on the CTV network.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLook-34"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"In early December 2017, Entertainment Weekly released first look images of the series.[30]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"Shondaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shondaland"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-59"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-60"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65% approval rating, with an average rating of 6/10 and based on 17 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"Fans will bask in the familiar glow from Station 19, though anyone who doesn't already indulge in the soapy delights of Shondaland may not feel the spark.\"[55] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[56]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ratings","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (January 11, 2022). \"'Station 19' Renewed For Season 6, Joins 'Grey's Anatomy' On ABC's 2022-23 Schedule\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/01/station-19-renewed-season-6-abc-2022-23-greys-anatomy-1234907959/","url_text":"\"'Station 19' Renewed For Season 6, Joins 'Grey's Anatomy' On ABC's 2022-23 Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (June 16, 2022). \"ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates; Tom McCarthy's New Drama 'Alaska Daily' To Follow 'Grey's Anatomy'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/abc-fall-premiere-dates-2022-2023-season-1235046857/","url_text":"\"ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates; Tom McCarthy's New Drama 'Alaska Daily' To Follow 'Grey's Anatomy'\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Charlie (April 20, 2023). \"Station 19 Renewed for Season 7 — Plus, New Showrunners Named\". TVLine. Retrieved April 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2023/04/20/station-19-renewed-season-7-abc-new-showrunners/","url_text":"\"Station 19 Renewed for Season 7 — Plus, New Showrunners Named\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2023). \"Station 19 To End With Season 7 On ABC\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/station-19-end-season-7-abc-canceled-1235659533/","url_text":"\"Station 19 To End With Season 7 On ABC\""}]},{"reference":"Mitovich, Matt Webb (November 16, 2023). \"ABC Announces Post-Strike Return Dates for Grey's Anatomy, 9-1-1, Abbott Elementary, The Rookie and 10 Others\". TVLine. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/news/abc-premiere-dates-2023-season-delayed-greys-anatomy-abbott-elementary-list-1235081665/","url_text":"\"ABC Announces Post-Strike Return Dates for Grey's Anatomy, 9-1-1, Abbott Elementary, The Rookie and 10 Others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Grey's Anatomy Spinoff Season 1 Lead Sheet\" (Press release). ABC Press. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105052926/http://www.disneyabcpress.com/abc/pressrelease/untitled-greys-anatomy-spinoff-season-1-lead-sheet/","url_text":"\"Untitled Grey's Anatomy Spinoff Season 1 Lead Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC Press"},{"url":"http://www.disneyabcpress.com/abc/pressrelease/untitled-greys-anatomy-spinoff-season-1-lead-sheet/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (October 12, 2017). \"'Grey's Anatomy' Firefighter Spinoff: Here's the Complete Cast (and Who They're Playing)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/greys-anatomy-firefighter-spinoff-all-details-far-1047178","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy' Firefighter Spinoff: Here's the Complete Cast (and Who They're Playing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (July 19, 2018). \"'Station 19' Taps Boris Kodjoe for Season 2\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/station-19-boris-kodjoe-joins-season-2-1128415","url_text":"\"'Station 19' Taps Boris Kodjoe for Season 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Dino-Ray (October 9, 2018). \"Boris Kodjoe Upped To Series Regular On 'Station 19'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/boris-kodjoe-station-19-series-regular-abc-shonda-rhimes-1202478942/","url_text":"\"Boris Kodjoe Upped To Series Regular On 'Station 19'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (July 30, 2020). \"'Grey's Anatomy' Promotes Richard Flood & Anthony Hill To Series Regulars, 'Station 19' Ups Stefania Spampinato\". Deadline Hollywood. 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Miranda will join the cast of ABC's Station 19 as a series regular in the coming season","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/07/lisa-vidal-cam-gigandet-jaina-lee-ortiz-carlos-miranda-sasha-merci-movie-shelter-1234785605/","url_text":"\"'Shelter': Lisa Vidal, Cam Gigandet, Jaina Lee Ortiz, Carlos Miranda & Sasha Merci To Star In Heist Pic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Charlie (August 2, 2022). \"Station 19 Makes Series Regulars of 3 Actors Ahead of Season 6 Premiere\". TVLine. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2022/08/02/station-19-season-6-merle-dandridge-josh-randall-new-series-regulars/","url_text":"\"Station 19 Makes Series Regulars of 3 Actors Ahead of Season 6 Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (March 6, 2018). \"'Station 19': Marla Gibbs Set For Multi-Episode Arc On ABC's 'Grey's Spinoff\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/03/marla-gibbs-station-19-casting-abc-greys-anatomy-spinoff-1202312230/","url_text":"\"'Station 19': Marla Gibbs Set For Multi-Episode Arc On ABC's 'Grey's Spinoff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (March 2, 2018). \"'Station 19': Brett Tucker Set To Recur On ABC's 'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/03/station-19-brett-tucker-recur-abc-greys-anatomy-spinoff-1202308609/","url_text":"\"'Station 19': Brett Tucker Set To Recur On ABC's 'Grey's Anatomy' Spinoff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Natalie (March 9, 2018). \"Station 19 adds Brenda Song for multi-episode arc\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143836/http://ew.com/tv/2018/03/09/station-19-brenda-song/","url_text":"\"Station 19 adds Brenda Song for multi-episode arc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/2018/03/09/station-19-brenda-song/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iannucci, Rebecca (September 4, 2018). \"Station 19: Dermot Mulroney to Appear in Season 2 as [Spoiler]'s Father\". TVLine. Archived from the original on April 30, 2023. 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Retrieved May 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/05/station-19-renewed-season-3-abc-krista-vernoff-new-showrunner-1202605907/","url_text":"\"'Station 19' Renewed For Season 3 By ABC With 'Grey's Anatomy's Krista Vernoff As Showrunner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (November 21, 2019). \"Krista Vernoff On How 'Grey's Anatomy' Fall Finale Tees Off Season 3 Of 'Station 19', Sexier 'Grey's' At 9 PM, \"Messier\" 'Station 19' & \"More Unified Storytelling\"\". Deadline Hollywood. 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Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/09/abc-fall-premiere-dates-for-life-replaces-canceled-stumptown-the-rookie-pushed-1234578966/","url_text":"\"ABC Sets Fall Drama Premiere Dates; 'For Life' Replaces Canceled 'Stumptown' On Schedule, 'The Rookie' Pushed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (May 10, 2021). \"'Grey's Anatomy' Renewed For Season 18 With Ellen Pompeo, Chandra Wilson & James Pickens Jr. Set To Return; 'Station 19' Picked Up For Season 5 By ABC\". Deadline Hollywood. 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Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autostraddle.com/presenting-the-winners-of-the-2022-autostraddle-tv-awards/","url_text":"\"Presenting the Winners of the 2022 Autostraddle TV Awards!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/01/station-19-renewed-season-6-abc-2022-23-greys-anatomy-1234907959/","external_links_name":"\"'Station 19' Renewed For Season 6, Joins 'Grey's Anatomy' On ABC's 2022-23 Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/abc-fall-premiere-dates-2022-2023-season-1235046857/","external_links_name":"\"ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates; Tom McCarthy's New Drama 'Alaska Daily' To Follow 'Grey's Anatomy'\""},{"Link":"https://tvline.com/2023/04/20/station-19-renewed-season-7-abc-new-showrunners/","external_links_name":"\"Station 19 Renewed for Season 7 — Plus, New Showrunners Named\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/station-19-end-season-7-abc-canceled-1235659533/","external_links_name":"\"Station 19 To End With Season 7 On 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesadillas	Quesadilla	["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Original Mexican quesadilla","2.2 United States quesadilla","2.3 Variations","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Mexican dish of tortillas with melted cheese QuesadillaThree quesadillasTypeMexican cuisinePlace of originMexicoRegion or stateNationalMain ingredientsTortillas, cheese; meat, salsa Media: Quesadilla How to make a cheese quesadilla A quesadilla Half quesadillas, bisected to show content A quesadilla (/ˌkeɪsəˈdiːjə/; Spanish: ⓘ; Mexican diminutive of quesada) is a Mexican dish consisting of a tortilla that is filled primarily with cheese, and sometimes meats, spices, and other fillings, and then cooked on a griddle or stove. Traditionally, a corn tortilla is used, but it can also be made with a flour tortilla. History The quesadilla has its origins in colonial Mexico. The quesadilla as a dish has changed and evolved over many years as people have experimented with different variations of it. Quesadillas are frequently sold at Mexican restaurants all over the world. Types Original Mexican quesadilla In the central and southern regions of Mexico, a quesadilla is a flat circle of cooked corn masa, called a tortilla, warmed to soften it enough to be folded in half, and then filled. They are typically filled with Oaxaca cheese (queso Oaxaca), a stringy Mexican cheese made by the pasta filata (stretched-curd) method. The quesadilla is then cooked on a comal until the cheese has completely melted. They are usually cooked without the addition of any oil. Often the quesadillas are served with green or red salsa, and guacamole. While Oaxaca (or string) cheese is the most common filling, other ingredients are also used in addition to the cheese. These can include cooked vegetables, such as potatoes with chorizo, squash blossoms, huitlacoche, and different types of cooked meat, such as chicharron, tinga made of chicken or beef, or cooked pork. In some places, quesadillas are also topped with other ingredients, in addition to the fillings they already have. Avocado or guacamole, chopped onion, tomato, serrano chiles, and cilantro are the most common. Salsas may also be added as a topping. Blue corn quesadillas Mexican quesadillas are traditionally cooked on a comal, which is also used to prepare tortillas. As a variation, the quesadillas can be fried in oil to make quesadillas fritas. The main difference is that, while the traditional ones are prepared by filling the partially cooked tortillas, then cooked until the cheese melts, the fried ones are prepared like a pastry, preparing the uncooked masa in small circles, then topping with the filling and finally folding the quesadilla to form the pastry. It is then immersed into hot oil until the exterior looks golden and crispy. Other variations include the use of wheat flour tortillas instead, especially in Northern Mexico. Wheat dough is most commonly used in place of corn masa. In this case, the flour tortilla is prepared, folded and filled with cheese (mainly Chihuahua cheese or queso menonita, a local cheese made by the Mennonites). The way of preparation is exactly the same as the corn variety. In the cuisine of Mexico City, quesadillas are not assumed to come with cheese unless specifically requested. This is in contrast to the rest of Mexico, where quesadillas are considered to include cheese by definition (quesadilla literally meaning "little cheesy thing" in Spanish). This cultural trend cannot be traced back to a single origin. Sometimes, cheese and ham are sandwiched between two flour tortillas, then cut into wedges to serve what is commonly known as a sincronizada (Spanish for "synchronized") in Mexico. Despite appearing almost the same as a quesadilla, it is considered a completely different dish. Tourists frequently confuse the sincronizada with the quesadilla because it is typically called a quesadilla in most Mexican restaurants outside of Mexico. United States quesadilla Quesadillas served at a Friendly's restaurant in New Jersey The quesadilla is a regional favorite in the southwestern U.S., where it is similar to a grilled cheese sandwich, with the inclusion of local ingredients. A flour tortilla is heated on a griddle, then flipped and sprinkled with a grated, usually high-moisture, melting cheese (queso quesadilla), such as Monterey Jack, Cheddar cheese, or Colby Jack. Once the cheese melts, other ingredients, such as shredded meat, peppers, onions, or guacamole may be added, and it is then folded and served. Another preparation involves cheese and other ingredients sandwiched between two flour tortillas, with the whole package grilled on an oiled griddle and flipped so both sides are cooked and the cheese is melted. This version is often cut into wedges to serve. A home appliance (quesadilla maker) is sold to produce this kind of quesadilla, although it does not use oil and cooks both sides at once. This type is similar to the Mexican sincronizada; but in the United States, they often also have fajita beef or chicken or other ingredients instead of ham. That kind of quesadilla is also Mexican, and it is called "gringa" (the name varies in some regions in Mexico, including a type of quesadilla called "chavindeca"). Regional variations to specific recipes exist throughout the Southwest. Variations Quesadillas have been adapted to many different styles. In the United States, many restaurants serve them as appetizers, after adding their own twist. Some variations use goat cheese, black beans, spinach, zucchini, or tofu. A variation that combines the ingredients and cooking technique of a quesadilla with pizza toppings has been described as a "pizzadilla". Even dessert quesadillas are made, using ingredients such as chocolate, butterscotch, caramel and different fruits. Breakfast quesadillas are also made, using ingredients such as eggs, cheese and bacon. See also food portal Quesadilla Salvadoreña, a pan dulce traditional to Salvadoran cuisine Arepa, similar dish native to northern South America List of maize dishes List of Mexican dishes References ^ "quesadilla \| Etymology, origin and meaning of quesadilla by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "quesadilla, n.", OED Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved November 11, 2021 ^ "quesadilla \| Diccionario del español de México". dem.colmex.mx. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ Kiple, Kenneth F. & Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521402163. OCLC 44541840. ^ "History of Quesadillas". cookingschoolsite (blog). Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2012 – via Google Sites. ^ Montanari, Massimo (1994). The Culture of Food. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631182658. OCLC 29024700. ^ Elkady, Doaa (2008). "Quesadillas". Scholastic Choices. Vol. 23, no. 5. p. 23. ^ Feeney, Kelly (May 28, 2010). "Sand, Surf, and Quesadillas". The New York Times. p. 8. ^ In Mexico City, if you want cheese in your quesadilla, you have to ask ^ Tomky, Naomi. "Where there's no queso in quesadilla". www.bbc.com. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "sincronizada \| Diccionario del español de México". dem.colmex.mx. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ Raichlen, Steven (1998). Salud y sazón: 200 deliciosas recetas de la cocina de mamá : todas bajas en grasa, sal y colesterol! (in Spanish). Rodale. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-87596-474-4. OCLC 39033466. Retrieved March 18, 2011. ^ Raichlen, Steven (2000). Steven Raichlen's Healthy Latin Cooking: 200 Sizzling Recipes from Mexico, Cuba, Caribbean, Brazil, and Beyond. Rodale. ISBN 9780875964980. OCLC 39033464. ^ SR. "Recipe - Delicious Chicken Quesadilla". Cooks.com. Retrieved February 27, 2012. ^ Zaslavsky, Nancy (2006). "30 Minutes". Vegetatrian Times. Vol. 338. pp. 37–40. ^ Shulman, Martha Rose (2011). "Black Bean and Goat Cheese Quesadilla". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ Shulman, Martha Rose (2011). "Spinach and Goat Cheese Quesadilla". The New York Times. p. 1. ^ "BBC Good Food - Pizzadilla". BBC Good Food. 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ Zhou, Naaman (August 26, 2019). "What is this chicken-stuffed deep-fried pizzadilla business, and why is it all over Twitter?". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ DeWan, James P. (May 10, 2016). "How to put anything you can think of into a quesadilla". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 14, 2019. Further reading Gay, Kathlyn (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780874367560. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quesadilla. Look up quesadilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vteCheese dishesDishes Aligot Alivenci Almogrote Älplermagronen Arizona cheese crisp Baked potato Bagel and cream cheese Barfi Beer cheese Bryndzové halušky Calzone Carbonara Cauliflower cheese Cervelle de canut Cheese and crackers Cheese ball Cheese bun Cheese fries Cheese on toast Cheese pudding Cheese puffs Cheese roll Cheese slaw Cheese spread Cheesecake Chèvre chaud Chhena gaja Chhena jalebi Chhena kheeri Chhena poda Chicharron de queso Chile con queso Curd snack Empanada Fondue Frico Fried cheese Frito pie Gougère Gratin Gujia Gulab jamun Hauskyjza Insalata Caprese Jalapeño popper Kaasstengels Kasseropita Khachapuri Khira sagara Lasagna Lazy varenyky Liptauer Macaroni and cheese Macaroni schotel Machas a la parmesana Malakoff Mattar paneer Meatloaf Moretum Mornay sauce Mozzarella sticks Mote de queso Nachos Obatzda Ostkaka Papanași Parmigiana Pască Paskha Pastel (Brazilian version) Pastizz Peda Pepperoni roll Pierogi Pimento 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Category: Street food Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_falsecognate_382022897--Quesadilla_and_tacos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quesadillas1.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˌkeɪsəˈdiːjə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[kesaˈðiʝa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Es-Quesadilla.oga/Es-Quesadilla.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Es-Quesadilla.oga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cuisine"},{"link_name":"tortilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla"},{"link_name":"griddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griddle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"corn tortilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_tortilla"},{"link_name":"flour tortilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_tortilla"}],"text":"Mexican dish of tortillas with melted cheeseHow to make a cheese quesadillaA quesadillaHalf quesadillas, bisected to show contentA quesadilla (/ˌkeɪsəˈdiːjə/; Spanish: [kesaˈðiʝa] ⓘ; Mexican diminutive of quesada[1][2]) is a Mexican dish consisting of a tortilla that is filled primarily with cheese, and sometimes meats, spices, and other fillings, and then cooked on a griddle or stove.[3] Traditionally, a corn tortilla is used, but it can also be made with a flour tortilla.","title":"Quesadilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonial Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-4"},{"link_name":"Mexican restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_restaurant"}],"text":"The quesadilla has its origins in colonial Mexico. The quesadilla as a dish has changed and evolved over many years as people have experimented with different variations of it.[4] Quesadillas are frequently sold at Mexican restaurants all over the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"masa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa"},{"link_name":"tortilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca_cheese"},{"link_name":"pasta filata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta_filata"},{"link_name":"comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_(cookware)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooking_school-5"},{"link_name":"chorizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo"},{"link_name":"squash blossoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabaza#Uses"},{"link_name":"huitlacoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitlacoche"},{"link_name":"chicharron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicharron"},{"link_name":"Avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"guacamole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole"},{"link_name":"Salsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01_Blue_Corn_Quesadillas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_corn"},{"link_name":"comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_(cookware)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quesadillas-7"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sand-8"},{"link_name":"cuisine of Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sincronizada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincronizada"},{"link_name":"synchronized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salud-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raichlen-2000-13"}],"sub_title":"Original Mexican quesadilla","text":"In the central and southern regions of Mexico, a quesadilla is a flat circle of cooked corn masa, called a tortilla, warmed to soften it enough to be folded in half, and then filled. They are typically filled with Oaxaca cheese (queso Oaxaca), a stringy Mexican cheese made by the pasta filata (stretched-curd) method. The quesadilla is then cooked on a comal until the cheese has completely melted. They are usually cooked without the addition of any oil. Often the quesadillas are served with green or red salsa, and guacamole.[5] While Oaxaca (or string) cheese is the most common filling, other ingredients are also used in addition to the cheese. These can include cooked vegetables, such as potatoes with chorizo, squash blossoms, huitlacoche, and different types of cooked meat, such as chicharron, tinga made of chicken or beef, or cooked pork. In some places, quesadillas are also topped with other ingredients, in addition to the fillings they already have. Avocado or guacamole, chopped onion, tomato, serrano chiles, and cilantro are the most common. Salsas may also be added as a topping.[6]Blue corn quesadillasMexican quesadillas are traditionally cooked on a comal, which is also used to prepare tortillas. As a variation, the quesadillas can be fried in oil to make quesadillas fritas. The main difference is that, while the traditional ones are prepared by filling the partially cooked tortillas, then cooked until the cheese melts, the fried ones are prepared like a pastry, preparing the uncooked masa in small circles, then topping with the filling and finally folding the quesadilla to form the pastry. It is then immersed into hot oil until the exterior looks golden and crispy.[7]Other variations include the use of wheat flour tortillas instead, especially in Northern Mexico. Wheat dough is most commonly used in place of corn masa. In this case, the flour tortilla is prepared, folded and filled with cheese (mainly Chihuahua cheese or queso menonita, a local cheese made by the Mennonites). The way of preparation is exactly the same as the corn variety.[8]In the cuisine of Mexico City, quesadillas are not assumed to come with cheese unless specifically requested. This is in contrast to the rest of Mexico, where quesadillas are considered to include cheese by definition (quesadilla literally meaning \"little cheesy thing\" in Spanish).[9] This cultural trend cannot be traced back to a single origin.[10]Sometimes, cheese and ham are sandwiched between two flour tortillas, then cut into wedges to serve what is commonly known as a sincronizada (Spanish for \"synchronized\") in Mexico.[11] Despite appearing almost the same as a quesadilla, it is considered a completely different dish. Tourists frequently confuse the sincronizada with the quesadilla because it is typically called a quesadilla in most Mexican restaurants outside of Mexico.[12][13]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinner_at_Friendlys_restaurant_quesedillas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friendly's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly%27s"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"grilled cheese sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grilled_cheese"},{"link_name":"Monterey Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Jack"},{"link_name":"Cheddar cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"Colby Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_Jack"},{"link_name":"guacamole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooks-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vegetarian-15"},{"link_name":"gringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringas"}],"sub_title":"United States quesadilla","text":"Quesadillas served at a Friendly's restaurant in New JerseyThe quesadilla is a regional favorite in the southwestern U.S., where it is similar to a grilled cheese sandwich, with the inclusion of local ingredients. A flour tortilla is heated on a griddle, then flipped and sprinkled with a grated, usually high-moisture, melting cheese (queso quesadilla), such as Monterey Jack, Cheddar cheese, or Colby Jack. Once the cheese melts, other ingredients, such as shredded meat, peppers, onions, or guacamole may be added, and it is then folded and served.[14]Another preparation involves cheese and other ingredients sandwiched between two flour tortillas, with the whole package grilled on an oiled griddle and flipped so both sides are cooked and the cheese is melted.[15] This version is often cut into wedges to serve. A home appliance (quesadilla maker) is sold to produce this kind of quesadilla, although it does not use oil and cooks both sides at once. This type is similar to the Mexican sincronizada; but in the United States, they often also have fajita beef or chicken or other ingredients instead of ham. That kind of quesadilla is also Mexican, and it is called \"gringa\" (the name varies in some regions in Mexico, including a type of quesadilla called \"chavindeca\").Regional variations to specific recipes exist throughout the Southwest.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackbean-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinach-17"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Good_Food_-_Pizzadilla-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"butterscotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterscotch"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_as_food"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"}],"sub_title":"Variations","text":"Quesadillas have been adapted to many different styles. In the United States, many restaurants serve them as appetizers, after adding their own twist.[16] Some variations use goat cheese, black beans, spinach, zucchini, or tofu.[17] A variation that combines the ingredients and cooking technique of a quesadilla with pizza toppings has been described as a \"pizzadilla\".[18][19]Even dessert quesadillas are made, using ingredients such as chocolate, butterscotch, caramel and different fruits.[20]Breakfast quesadillas are also made, using ingredients such as eggs, cheese and bacon.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000gayk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780874367560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874367560"}],"text":"Gay, Kathlyn (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780874367560.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"How to make a cheese quesadilla"},{"image_text":"A quesadilla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flickr_falsecognate_382022897--Quesadilla_and_tacos.jpg/220px-Flickr_falsecognate_382022897--Quesadilla_and_tacos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Half quesadillas, bisected to show content","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Quesadillas1.jpg/220px-Quesadillas1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue corn quesadillas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/01_Blue_Corn_Quesadillas.jpg/220px-01_Blue_Corn_Quesadillas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quesadillas served at a Friendly's restaurant in New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dinner_at_Friendlys_restaurant_quesedillas.jpg/220px-Dinner_at_Friendlys_restaurant_quesedillas.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Quesadilla Salvadoreña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesadilla_Salvadore%C3%B1a"},{"title":"pan dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_dulce"},{"title":"Salvadoran cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine"},{"title":"Arepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arepa"},{"title":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"title":"List of maize dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maize_dishes"},{"title":"List of Mexican dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_dishes"}]	[{"reference":"\"quesadilla \| Etymology, origin and meaning of quesadilla by etymonline\". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/quesadilla","url_text":"\"quesadilla \| Etymology, origin and meaning of quesadilla by etymonline\""}]},{"reference":"\"quesadilla, n.\", OED Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved November 11, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156330","url_text":"\"quesadilla, n.\""}]},{"reference":"\"quesadilla \| Diccionario del español de México\". dem.colmex.mx. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/quesadilla","url_text":"\"quesadilla \| Diccionario del español de México\""}]},{"reference":"Kiple, Kenneth F. & Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521402163. OCLC 44541840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521402163","url_text":"9780521402163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44541840","url_text":"44541840"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Quesadillas\". cookingschoolsite (blog). Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2012 – via Google Sites.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011064631/https://sites.google.com/site/cookingschoolsite/foods/histories-on-foods/history-of-quesadillas","url_text":"\"History of Quesadillas\""},{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/cookingschoolsite/foods/histories-on-foods/history-of-quesadillas","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sites","url_text":"Google Sites"}]},{"reference":"Montanari, Massimo (1994). The Culture of Food. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631182658. OCLC 29024700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631182658","url_text":"9780631182658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29024700","url_text":"29024700"}]},{"reference":"Elkady, Doaa (2008). \"Quesadillas\". Scholastic Choices. Vol. 23, no. 5. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Feeney, Kelly (May 28, 2010). \"Sand, Surf, and Quesadillas\". The New York Times. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/nyregion/30qbiteNJ.html","url_text":"\"Sand, Surf, and Quesadillas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Tomky, Naomi. \"Where there's no queso in quesadilla\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190529-where-theres-no-queso-in-quesadilla","url_text":"\"Where there's no queso in quesadilla\""}]},{"reference":"\"sincronizada \| Diccionario del español de México\". dem.colmex.mx. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/sincronizada","url_text":"\"sincronizada \| Diccionario del español de México\""}]},{"reference":"Raichlen, Steven (1998). Salud y sazón: 200 deliciosas recetas de la cocina de mamá : todas bajas en grasa, sal y colesterol! [Health and season: 200 delicious recipes from the kitchen of mom, all low in fat, salt and cholesterol!] (in Spanish). Rodale. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-87596-474-4. OCLC 39033466. Retrieved March 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz7mNkLwaOQC&pg=PA246","url_text":"Salud y sazón: 200 deliciosas recetas de la cocina de mamá : todas bajas en grasa, sal y colesterol!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87596-474-4","url_text":"978-0-87596-474-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39033466","url_text":"39033466"}]},{"reference":"Raichlen, Steven (2000). Steven Raichlen's Healthy Latin Cooking: 200 Sizzling Recipes from Mexico, Cuba, Caribbean, Brazil, and Beyond. Rodale. ISBN 9780875964980. OCLC 39033464.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOJ1R9PcWKMC&q=Quesadillas&pg=PA212","url_text":"Steven Raichlen's Healthy Latin Cooking: 200 Sizzling Recipes from Mexico, Cuba, Caribbean, Brazil, and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875964980","url_text":"9780875964980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39033464","url_text":"39033464"}]},{"reference":"SR. \"Recipe - Delicious Chicken Quesadilla\". Cooks.com. Retrieved February 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cooks.com/rec/view/0,2257,157180-227203,00.html","url_text":"\"Recipe - Delicious Chicken Quesadilla\""}]},{"reference":"Zaslavsky, Nancy (2006). \"30 Minutes\". Vegetatrian Times. Vol. 338. pp. 37–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shulman, Martha Rose (2011). \"Black Bean and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151026073741/http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/projects/healthy-recipes/recipes/black-bean-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","url_text":"\"Black Bean and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/projects/healthy-recipes/recipes/black-bean-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shulman, Martha Rose (2011). \"Spinach and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\". The New York Times. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1013513-spinach-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","url_text":"\"Spinach and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Good Food - Pizzadilla\". BBC Good Food. 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/1949637/pizzadilla","url_text":"\"BBC Good Food - Pizzadilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Good_Food","url_text":"BBC Good Food"}]},{"reference":"Zhou, Naaman (August 26, 2019). \"What is this chicken-stuffed deep-fried pizzadilla business, and why is it all over Twitter?\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/aug/26/what-is-this-chicken-stuffed-deep-fried-pizzadilla-business-and-why-is-it-all-over-twitter","url_text":"\"What is this chicken-stuffed deep-fried pizzadilla business, and why is it all over Twitter?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"DeWan, James P. (May 10, 2016). \"How to put anything you can think of into a quesadilla\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/ct-quesadillas-how-to-prep-food-0513-20160510-column.html","url_text":"\"How to put anything you can think of into a quesadilla\""}]},{"reference":"Gay, Kathlyn (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780874367560.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000gayk","url_text":"Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874367560","url_text":"9780874367560"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/quesadilla","external_links_name":"\"quesadilla \| Etymology, origin and meaning of quesadilla by etymonline\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156330","external_links_name":"\"quesadilla, n.\""},{"Link":"https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/quesadilla","external_links_name":"\"quesadilla \| Diccionario del español de México\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44541840","external_links_name":"44541840"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011064631/https://sites.google.com/site/cookingschoolsite/foods/histories-on-foods/history-of-quesadillas","external_links_name":"\"History of Quesadillas\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/cookingschoolsite/foods/histories-on-foods/history-of-quesadillas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29024700","external_links_name":"29024700"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/nyregion/30qbiteNJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Sand, Surf, and Quesadillas\""},{"Link":"https://theworld.org/stories/2018/07/10/if-you-want-cheese-your-quesadilla-mexico-city-you-have-ask","external_links_name":"In Mexico City, if you want cheese in your quesadilla, you have to ask"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190529-where-theres-no-queso-in-quesadilla","external_links_name":"\"Where there's no queso in quesadilla\""},{"Link":"https://dem.colmex.mx/Ver/sincronizada","external_links_name":"\"sincronizada \| Diccionario del español de México\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz7mNkLwaOQC&pg=PA246","external_links_name":"Salud y sazón: 200 deliciosas recetas de la cocina de mamá : todas bajas en grasa, sal y colesterol!"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39033466","external_links_name":"39033466"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOJ1R9PcWKMC&q=Quesadillas&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"Steven Raichlen's Healthy Latin Cooking: 200 Sizzling Recipes from Mexico, Cuba, Caribbean, Brazil, and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39033464","external_links_name":"39033464"},{"Link":"http://www.cooks.com/rec/view/0,2257,157180-227203,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Recipe - Delicious Chicken Quesadilla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151026073741/http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/projects/healthy-recipes/recipes/black-bean-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","external_links_name":"\"Black Bean and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\""},{"Link":"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/projects/healthy-recipes/recipes/black-bean-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1013513-spinach-and-goat-cheese-quesadillas","external_links_name":"\"Spinach and Goat Cheese Quesadilla\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/1949637/pizzadilla","external_links_name":"\"BBC Good Food - Pizzadilla\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/aug/26/what-is-this-chicken-stuffed-deep-fried-pizzadilla-business-and-why-is-it-all-over-twitter","external_links_name":"\"What is this chicken-stuffed deep-fried pizzadilla business, and why is it all over Twitter?\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/recipes/ct-quesadillas-how-to-prep-food-0513-20160510-column.html","external_links_name":"\"How to put anything you can think of into a quesadilla\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000gayk","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs, and Rituals"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024250636","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Cordier	Andrew W. Cordier	["1 Early life","2 United Nations","3 Columbia University","4 Later years","5 Notes"]	American political scientist (1901–1975) Andrew W. Cordier15th President of Columbia UniversityIn office1968–1970Preceded byGrayson L. KirkSucceeded byWilliam J. McGill Personal detailsBorn(1901-03-01)March 1, 1901Canton, Ohio, USDiedJuly 11, 1975(1975-07-11) (aged 74)Manhasset, New York, US Andrew Wellington Cordier (March 1, 1901 – July 11, 1975) was a United Nations official and President of Columbia University. Early life Cordier was born on a farm near Canton, Ohio, and attended high school in Hartville, Ohio where he became quarterback of the football team and valedictorian of his graduating class. He graduated in 1922 from Manchester University and went on to earn a Ph.D. in Medieval History at the University of Chicago in 1927. He married the former Dorothy Butterbaugh in 1924. He studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Switzerland in 1930–1931 where he made surveys of the situations in the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the Chaco War. He returned to Manchester University to teach in the Department of History and Political Science and at Indiana University extension. He became an international security advisor at the U.S. State Department in 1944 and was part of the U.S. delegation to the San Francisco Conference. The State Department sent him to London in 1945 to help organize the United Nations. United Nations From 1946 to 1961, Cordier served as Undersecretary in Charge of General Assembly and Related Affairs and took on assignments as a special representative of the Secretary General in the Korean War and the Suez Canal and Congo crises. Cordier was dubbed a "demon parliamentarian" for his ability to cite the specific rules governing matters of procedure on the spot. Cordier is noted for convincing Dean Rusk and Ambassador Yakov Malik to meet in the basement of his Great Neck, New York home to discuss how to lessen U.S.–Soviet tensions. Cordier was considered responsible for facilitating the first US-supported coup against Congo Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba by closing airports and radio stations to him while his opponents had such facilities available to them. Both Belgian and UN documents show Cordier as doing this purposefully. In 1962, Cordier resigned from his post after the Soviets criticized him for usurping too much of the Secretary General's responsibilities. Columbia University After leaving the U.N., Cordier joined Columbia University as the Dean of the School of International Affairs (SIA). When Grayson L. Kirk resigned in 1968, Cordier assumed the presidency on an interim basis while remaining Dean of SIA. The trustees were sufficiently pleased with his work that they gave him the permanent title in 1969; Cordier accepted on the condition that the search for a new president continue. He was president until 1970, when he was succeeded by William J. McGill. Cordier continued as Dean of SIA after leaving the president's office. As president he enjoyed moderate success in dealing with student unrest and unhappiness by maintaining an open-door policy (facilitated by Ted Van Dyk, brought in the CU by the Trustees), attending student rallies (sponsored by Students for a Restructured University (SRU), led by Neal H. Hurwitz, College grad '66 and Graduate Student/teaching assistant) to listen and respond to student concerns, and speaking out against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Columbia College awarded him its highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Medal, in 1970. Later years Cordier, aged 74, died of cirrhosis of the liver at the Manhasset Medical Center on Long Island. Manchester University, located in North Manchester, named its 1100-seat auditorium after Andrew Cordier. Notes ^ R. Dayal, 1976. Mission for Hammarskjold. Oxford University Press. Pp. 28-42. ^ C. C. O'Brien, 1962. To Katanga and Back. Simon and Schuster ^ Ludo de Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso, pp. 17-22 Academic offices Preceded byGrayson L. Kirk President of Columbia University 1968–1970 Succeeded byWilliam J. McGill vtePresidents of Columbia University S. Johnson (1754–1763) Cooper (1763–1775) B. Moore (1775–1776)* Clinton (1784–1787)* W. Johnson (1787–1800) Wharton (1801) B. Moore (1801–1810) Harris (1811–1829) Duer (1829–1842) N. Moore (1842–1849) King (1849–1863) Barnard (1864–1888) Drisler (1888–1889)* Low (1890–1901) Van Amringe (1899)* Butler (1902–1945) Fackenthal (1945–1948)* Eisenhower (1948–1953) Kirk (1953–1968) Cordier (1969–1970) McGill (1970–1980) Sovern (1980–1993) Rupp (1993–2002) Bollinger (2002–2023) Shafik (2023–) * indicates interim president or chancellor Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Sweden Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"text":"Andrew Wellington Cordier (March 1, 1901 – July 11, 1975) was a United Nations official and President of Columbia University.","title":"Andrew W. Cordier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hartville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Manchester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"Chaco War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_War"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Conference"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"text":"Cordier was born on a farm near Canton, Ohio, and attended high school in Hartville, Ohio where he became quarterback of the football team and valedictorian of his graduating class. He graduated in 1922 from Manchester University and went on to earn a Ph.D. in Medieval History at the University of Chicago in 1927. He married the former Dorothy Butterbaugh in 1924. He studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Switzerland in 1930–1931 where he made surveys of the situations in the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the Chaco War. He returned to Manchester University to teach in the Department of History and Political Science and at Indiana University extension.He became an international security advisor at the U.S. State Department in 1944 and was part of the U.S. delegation to the San Francisco Conference. The State Department sent him to London in 1945 to help organize the United Nations.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Congo crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Dean Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Rusk"},{"link_name":"Yakov Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Malik"},{"link_name":"Great Neck, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Patrice Lumumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"From 1946 to 1961, Cordier served as Undersecretary in Charge of General Assembly and Related Affairs and took on assignments as a special representative of the Secretary General in the Korean War and the Suez Canal and Congo crises. Cordier was dubbed a \"demon parliamentarian\" for his ability to cite the specific rules governing matters of procedure on the spot.Cordier is noted for convincing Dean Rusk and Ambassador Yakov Malik to meet in the basement of his Great Neck, New York home to discuss how to lessen U.S.–Soviet tensions.Cordier was considered responsible[by whom?] for facilitating the first US-supported coup against Congo Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba by closing airports and radio stations to him while his opponents had such facilities available to them.[1][2] Both Belgian and UN documents show Cordier as doing this purposefully.[3]In 1962, Cordier resigned from his post after the Soviets criticized him for usurping too much of the Secretary General's responsibilities.","title":"United Nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Grayson L. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_L._Kirk"},{"link_name":"William J. McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._McGill"}],"text":"After leaving the U.N., Cordier joined Columbia University as the Dean of the School of International Affairs (SIA). When Grayson L. Kirk resigned in 1968, Cordier assumed the presidency on an interim basis while remaining Dean of SIA. The trustees were sufficiently pleased with his work that they gave him the permanent title in 1969; Cordier accepted on the condition that the search for a new president continue. He was president until 1970, when he was succeeded by William J. McGill. Cordier continued as Dean of SIA after leaving the president's office.As president he enjoyed moderate success in dealing with student unrest and unhappiness by maintaining an open-door policy (facilitated by Ted Van Dyk, brought in the CU by the Trustees), attending student rallies (sponsored by Students for a Restructured University (SRU), led by Neal H. Hurwitz, College grad '66 and Graduate Student/teaching assistant) to listen and respond to student concerns, and speaking out against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. \nColumbia College awarded him its highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Medal, in 1970.","title":"Columbia University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Manchester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University"}],"text":"Cordier, aged 74, died of cirrhosis of the liver at the Manhasset Medical Center on Long Island. Manchester University, located in North Manchester, named its 1100-seat auditorium after Andrew Cordier.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Columbia_University_presidents"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Columbia_University_presidents"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia_University_presidents"},{"link_name":"Presidents of Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"S. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Cooper"},{"link_name":"B. 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Dayal, 1976. Mission for Hammarskjold. Oxford University Press. Pp. 28-42.\n\n^ C. C. O'Brien, 1962. To Katanga and Back. Simon and Schuster\n\n^ Ludo de Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso, pp. 17-22vtePresidents of Columbia University\nS. Johnson (1754–1763)\nCooper (1763–1775)\nB. Moore (1775–1776)\nClinton (1784–1787)\nW. Johnson (1787–1800)\nWharton (1801)\nB. Moore (1801–1810)\nHarris (1811–1829)\nDuer (1829–1842)\nN. Moore (1842–1849)\nKing (1849–1863)\nBarnard (1864–1888)\nDrisler (1888–1889)\nLow (1890–1901)\nVan Amringe (1899)\nButler (1902–1945)\nFackenthal (1945–1948)\nEisenhower (1948–1953)\nKirk (1953–1968)\nCordier (1969–1970)\nMcGill (1970–1980)\nSovern (1980–1993)\nRupp (1993–2002)\nBollinger (2002–2023)\nShafik (2023–)\n indicates interim president or chancellorAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nAustralia\nGreece\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1728177/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114798680","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/109332063","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrMwMrM6QCkYM3jb6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90360544","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/172034388","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283298605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92028009","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/31fjr94m068k88j","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35031163","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record221725","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067513271","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568341005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/150246","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/242940","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01902363?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803975","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vd71wf","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/081551193","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_had_a_better_effect_on_the_teacher	James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher	["1 Meaning","2 Usage","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Example sentence "James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher" is an English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of punctuation, which serves as a substitute for the intonation, stress, and pauses found in speech. In human information processing research, the sentence has been used to show how readers depend on punctuation to give sentences meaning, especially in the context of scanning across lines of text. The sentence is sometimes presented as a puzzle, where the solver must add the punctuation. Meaning The sentence refers to two students, James and John, who are required by an English teacher to describe a man who had suffered from a cold in the past. John writes "The man had a cold", which the teacher marks incorrect, while James writes the correct "The man had had a cold". James's answer, being more grammatical, resulted in a better impression on the teacher. The sentence is easier to understand with added punctuation and emphasis: James, while John had had "had", had had "had had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher. In each of the five "had had" word pairs in the above sentence, the first of the pair is in the past perfect form. The italicized instances denote emphasis of intonation, focusing on the differences in the students' answers, then finally identifying the correct one. Alternatively, the sentence can also be read as John's answer being better than James', simply by placing the same punctuation in a different arrangement through the sentence: James, while John had had "had had", had had "had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher. Usage The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle or an item on a test, for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage. The intention was for the reader to add the needed punctuation for the sentence to make grammatical sense. In research showing how people make sense of information in their environment, this sentence was used to demonstrate how seemingly arbitrary decisions can drastically change the meaning, analogous to how changes in the punctuation and quotes in the sentence show that the teacher alternately prefers James's work and John's work (e.g., compare: 'James, while John had had "had", had...' vs. 'James, while John had had "had had", ...'). The sentence is also used to show the semantic vagueness of the word had, as well as to demonstrate the difference between using a word and mentioning a word. It has also been used as an example of the complexities of language, its interpretation, and its effects on a person's perceptions. For the syntactic structure to be clear to a reader, this sentence requires, at a minimum, that the two phrases be separated by using a semicolon, period, en-dash or em-dash. Still, Jasper Fforde's novel The Well of Lost Plots employs a variation of the phrase to illustrate the confusion that may arise even from well-punctuated writing: "Okay," said the Bellman, whose head was in danger of falling apart like a chocolate orange, "let me get this straight: David Copperfield, unlike Pilgrim's Progress, which had had 'had', had had 'had had'. Had 'had had' had TGC's approval?" See also Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den List of linguistic example sentences That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is Antanaclasis References ^ a b Magonet, Jonathan (2004). A rabbi reads the Bible (2nd ed.). SCM-Canterbury Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-334-02952-6. Retrieved 30 April 2009. You may remember an old classroom test in English language. What punctuation marks do you have to add to this sentence so as to make sense of it? ^ a b Dundes, Alan; Pagter, Carl R. (1987). When you're up to your ass in alligators: more urban folklore from the paperwork empire (Illustrated ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 135. ISBN 0-8143-1867-3. Retrieved 30 April 2009. The object of this and similar tests is to make sense of a series of words by figuring out the correct intonation pattern. ^ Hudson, Grover (1999). Essential introductory linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 372. ISBN 0-631-20304-4. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Writing is secondary to speech, in history and in the fact that speech and not writing is fundamental to the human species. ^ van de Velde, Roger G. (1992). Text and thinking: on some roles of thinking in text interpretation (Illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 43. ISBN 3-11-013250-8. Retrieved 30 April 2009. In scanning across lines, readers also make use of the information parts carried along with the punctuation markes : a period, a dash, a colon, a semicolon or a comma may signal different degrees of integration/separation between the groupings. ^ Sterbenz, Christina (8 January 2014). "9 Sentences That Are Perfectly Accurate". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ "Problem C: Operator Jumble". 31st ACM International Collegiate Programming Conference, 2006–2007. ^ Amon, Mike (28 January 2004). "GADFLY". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 April 2009. HAD up to here? So were readers of last week's column, invited to punctuate "Smith where Jones had had had had had had had had had had had the examiners approval." ^ Jackson, Howard (2002). Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 0-415-23170-1. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Finally, verbal humour is often an ingredient of puzzles. As part of an advertising campaign for its educational website <learn.co.uk>, the Guardian (for 3 January 2001) included the following familiar grammatical puzzle. ^ 3802 – Operator Jumble Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Reichenbach, Hans (1947) Elements of Symbolic logic. London: Collier-MacMillan. Exercise 3–4, p. 405; solution p. 417. ^ Weick, Karl E. (2005). Making Sense of the Organization (8th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-631-22319-3. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Once a person has generated/bracketed part of the stream, then the activities of punctuation and connection (parsing) can occur to transform the raw data into information. ^ Lecercle, Jean-Jacques (1990). The violence of language (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0-415-03431-0. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Suppose I decide that I wish to make up a sentence containing eleven occurrences of the word 'had' in a row ... ^ Hollin, Clive R. (1995). Contemporary Psychology: An Introduction (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0-7484-0191-1. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Do readers make use of the ways in which sentences are structured? ^ Fforde, Jasper (2003). The Well of Lost Plots. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781844569212. Retrieved 30 April 2012. External links Listen to this article (4 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 9 December 2023 (2023-12-09), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"lexical ambiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity#Lexical_ambiguity"},{"link_name":"punctuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magonet-1"},{"link_name":"intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dundes-2"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"pauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)#Pause"},{"link_name":"speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hudson-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velde-4"}],"text":"Example sentence\"James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher\" is an English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of punctuation,[1]\nwhich serves as a substitute for the intonation,[2] stress, and pauses found in speech.[3]\nIn human information processing research, the sentence has been used to show how readers depend on punctuation to give sentences meaning, especially in the context of scanning across lines of text.[4] The sentence is sometimes presented as a puzzle, where the solver must add the punctuation.","title":"James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"past perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_perfect"},{"link_name":"intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)"}],"text":"The sentence refers to two students, James and John, who are required by an English teacher to describe a man who had suffered from a cold in the past. John writes \"The man had a cold\", which the teacher marks incorrect, while James writes the correct \"The man had had a cold\". James's answer, being more grammatical, resulted in a better impression on the teacher.[5]The sentence is easier to understand with added punctuation and emphasis:James, while John had had \"had\", had had \"had had\"; \"had had\" had had a better effect on the teacher.[6]In each of the five \"had had\" word pairs in the above sentence, the first of the pair is in the past perfect form. The italicized instances denote emphasis of intonation, focusing on the differences in the students' answers, then finally identifying the correct one.Alternatively, the sentence can also be read as John's answer being better than James', simply by placing the same punctuation in a different arrangement through the sentence:James, while John had had \"had had\", had had \"had\"; \"had had\" had had a better effect on the teacher.","title":"Meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GADFLY-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acmicpc-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magonet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dundes-2"},{"link_name":"punctuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation"},{"link_name":"Hans Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"metalanguage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reichenbach-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weick-11"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"difference between using a word and mentioning a word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lecercle-12"},{"link_name":"perceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollin-13"},{"link_name":"syntactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"semicolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicolon"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(punctuation)"},{"link_name":"en-dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En-dash"},{"link_name":"em-dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em-dash"},{"link_name":"Jasper Fforde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Fforde"},{"link_name":"The Well of Lost Plots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Well_of_Lost_Plots"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fforde-14"},{"link_name":"chocolate orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_orange"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress"}],"text":"The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle[7][8][9] or an item on a test,[1][2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence (\"John where Jack had...\") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage. The intention was for the reader to add the needed punctuation for the sentence to make grammatical sense.[10]In research showing how people make sense of information in their environment, this sentence was used to demonstrate how seemingly arbitrary decisions can drastically change the meaning, analogous to how changes in the punctuation and quotes in the sentence show that the teacher alternately prefers James's work and John's work (e.g., compare: 'James, while John had had \"had\", had...' vs. 'James, while John had had \"had had\", ...').[11]The sentence is also used to show the semantic vagueness of the word had, as well as to demonstrate the difference between using a word and mentioning a word.[12]It has also been used as an example of the complexities of language, its interpretation, and its effects on a person's perceptions.[13]For the syntactic structure to be clear to a reader, this sentence requires, at a minimum, that the two phrases be separated by using a semicolon, period, en-dash or em-dash. Still, Jasper Fforde's novel The Well of Lost Plots employs a variation of the phrase to illustrate the confusion that may arise even from well-punctuated writing:[14]\"Okay,\" said the Bellman, whose head was in danger of falling apart like a chocolate orange, \"let me get this straight: David Copperfield, unlike Pilgrim's Progress, which had had 'had', had had 'had had'. Had 'had had' had TGC's approval?\"","title":"Usage"}]	[{}]	[{"title":"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo"},{"title":"Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-Eating_Poet_in_the_Stone_Den"},{"title":"List of linguistic example sentences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguistic_example_sentences"},{"title":"That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_that_is_is_that_that_is_not_is_not_is_that_it_it_is"},{"title":"Antanaclasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanaclasis"}]	[{"reference":"Magonet, Jonathan (2004). A rabbi reads the Bible (2nd ed.). SCM-Canterbury Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-334-02952-6. Retrieved 30 April 2009. You may remember an old classroom test in English language. 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Writing is secondary to speech, in history and in the fact that speech and not writing is fundamental to the human species.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RB07Jb4tREC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA372","url_text":"Essential introductory linguistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20304-4","url_text":"0-631-20304-4"}]},{"reference":"van de Velde, Roger G. (1992). Text and thinking: on some roles of thinking in text interpretation (Illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 43. ISBN 3-11-013250-8. Retrieved 30 April 2009. In scanning across lines, readers also make use of the information parts carried along with the punctuation markes [sic]: a period, a dash, a colon, a semicolon or a comma may signal different degrees of integration/separation between the groupings.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sa2Ir6WQtcQC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA44","url_text":"Text and thinking: on some roles of thinking in text interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013250-8","url_text":"3-11-013250-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic","url_text":"sic"}]},{"reference":"Sterbenz, Christina (8 January 2014). \"9 Sentences That Are Perfectly Accurate\". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com.au/weird-sentences-2014-1","url_text":"\"9 Sentences That Are Perfectly Accurate\""}]},{"reference":"Amon, Mike (28 January 2004). \"GADFLY\". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 April 2009. HAD up to here? So were readers of last week's column, invited to punctuate \"Smith where Jones had had had had had had had had had had had the examiners approval.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20149031_ITM","url_text":"\"GADFLY\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Howard (2002). Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 0-415-23170-1. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Finally, verbal humour is often an ingredient of puzzles. As part of an advertising campaign for its educational website <learn.co.uk>, the Guardian (for 3 January 2001) included the following familiar grammatical puzzle.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wPq6bSd-CwEC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA123","url_text":"Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23170-1","url_text":"0-415-23170-1"}]},{"reference":"Weick, Karl E. (2005). Making Sense of the Organization (8th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-631-22319-3. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Once a person has generated/bracketed part of the stream, then the activities of punctuation and connection (parsing) can occur to transform the raw data into information.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=agZzW4mqS4wC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA186","url_text":"Making Sense of the Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22319-3","url_text":"0-631-22319-3"}]},{"reference":"Lecercle, Jean-Jacques (1990). The violence of language (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0-415-03431-0. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Suppose I decide that I wish to make up a sentence containing eleven occurrences of the word 'had' in a row ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sNUNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA86","url_text":"The violence of language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03431-0","url_text":"0-415-03431-0"}]},{"reference":"Hollin, Clive R. (1995). Contemporary Psychology: An Introduction (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0-7484-0191-1. Retrieved 30 April 2009. Do readers make use of the ways in which sentences are structured?","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DTpm_oT51aQC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA34","url_text":"Contemporary Psychology: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7484-0191-1","url_text":"0-7484-0191-1"}]},{"reference":"Fforde, Jasper (2003). The Well of Lost Plots. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781844569212. Retrieved 30 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Fforde","url_text":"Fforde, Jasper"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7FBhAt0-kGAC","url_text":"The Well of Lost Plots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844569212","url_text":"9781844569212"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl9qT9T7aRYC&dq=%22Had+had+had+not+not=had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"A rabbi reads the Bible"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=McgoMZSznBgC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"When you're up to your ass in alligators: more urban folklore from the paperwork empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RB07Jb4tREC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA372","external_links_name":"Essential introductory linguistics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sa2Ir6WQtcQC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA44","external_links_name":"Text and thinking: on some roles of thinking in text interpretation"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com.au/weird-sentences-2014-1","external_links_name":"\"9 Sentences That Are Perfectly Accurate\""},{"Link":"http://icpc.amrita.ac.in/2006/Problems-Onsite.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Problem C: Operator Jumble\""},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20149031_ITM","external_links_name":"\"GADFLY\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wPq6bSd-CwEC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA123","external_links_name":"Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students"},{"Link":"http://acmicpc-live-archive.uva.es/nuevoportal/data/problem.php?p=3802","external_links_name":"3802 – Operator Jumble"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013133154/http://acmicpc-live-archive.uva.es/nuevoportal/data/problem.php?p=3802","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=agZzW4mqS4wC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA186","external_links_name":"Making Sense of the Organization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sNUNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"The violence of language"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DTpm_oT51aQC&dq=%22Had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had+had%22&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"Contemporary Psychology: An Introduction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7FBhAt0-kGAC","external_links_name":"The Well of Lost Plots"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Prize_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh	Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh	["1 Cameron Prize Recipients","2 See also","3 References"]	The Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh is awarded by the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine to a person who has made any highly important and valuable addition to practical therapeutics in the previous five years. The prize, which may be awarded biennially, was founded in 1878 by Andrew Robertson Cameron of Richmond, New South Wales, with a sum of £2,000. The University's senatus academicus may require the prizewinner to deliver one or more lectures or to publish an account on the addition made to practical therapeutics. A list of recipients of the prize dates back to 1879. Cameron Prize Recipients Year Image Laureate Institution Interest Ref 1879 Paul Bert Faculty of Sciences, Paris The Sorbonne Decompression sickness, toxicity of high concentrations of oxygen 1880 William Roberts Owens College, Manchester Discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillium moulds, coined the word "enzyme" 1889 Louis Pasteur Pasteur Institute Principles of vaccination, first vaccines for rabies and anthrax, microbial fermentation, pasteurization first resolution of optical isomers 1890 Joseph Lister King's College Hospital, London Pioneer of antiseptic surgery 1891 David Ferrier King's College Hospital, London Cortical localisation 1893 Victor Horsley National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy Developed the Horsley–Clarke apparatus, stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy 1894 Emil von Behring University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Diphtheria antitoxin 1896 William Macewen University of Glasgow Aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, a pioneer of brain surgery and for the development of a number of successful operating techniques and procedures in bone surgery 1897 Thomas Fraser Department of Materia Medica Edinburgh Introduced strophanthus and physostigmine 1898 Sydney Copeman Ministry of Health. UK Authority on vaccination 1899 David Bruce Netley Hospital at Netley, UK Investigated brucellosis and trypanosomes, identifying the cause of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 1900 Waldemar Haffkine Pasteur Institute in Paris Vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague 1901 Patrick Manson The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Discoveries in parasitology and a founder of the field of tropical medicine 1902 Ronald Ross University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom Malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism. Won Nobel Prize in 1902 1904 Niels Ryberg Finsen Copenhagen University Hospital Treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation. Won Nobel Prize in 1903 1910 August Bier Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin Spinal anesthesia using cocaine and intravenous regional anesthesia 1911 Simon Flexner Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Studies into poliomyelitis and the development of serum treatment for meningitis 1914 Paul Ehrlich Frankfurt University, Germany Hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy, discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, concept of a silver bullet. Nobel Prize in 1908 1915 Thomas Lauder Brunton St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London Use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris, dissertation on digitalis 1920 Robert Jones Military orthopaedic hospital at Liverpool Radiography in orthopaedics, described the Jones fracture. 1921 Jules Bordet Université Libre de Bruxelles Development of serological tests for syphilis, isolated Bordetella pertussis in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough. Nobel Prize 1921. 1922 Frederick Hopkins University of Cambridge Discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins, the amino acid tryptophan and the discovery and characterization of glutathione. Nobel Prize 1929. 1923 J J R Macleod University of Toronto Isolation of insulin, Nobel Prize 1923 1924 Harvey Cushing Harvard Medical School Cushing's disease 1925 Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht Diuretic effect of the excretions of the pituitary gland, the reflexes involved in mammal posture, studied the effects of narcotics and poison gasses on the lungs 1926 Henry Hallett Dale National Institute for Medical Research Study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Nobel Prize 1936 1927 Frederick Banting University of Toronto Treated dogs so that they no longer produced trypsin, insulin could then be extracted and used to treat diabetes. Nobel Prize 1923 1928 Constantin Levaditi Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Discovered in the presence of the polio virus in tissues other than nervous and this was the basis for the development of vaccine (by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin) 1929 Leonard Rogers Hospital for Tropical Diseases Effects of hæmostatic and other drugs on the intravascular coagulability of the blood and treatment of cholera with hypertonic saline, worked on Entamoeba histolytica, which he correctly associated with both dysentery and hepatic abscess 1930 George R Minot Harvard University Discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia. Nobel Prize 1934 William P. Murphy Brigham Hospital, Boston Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Minot and George Whipple combined work in devising and treating macrocytic anemia (specifically, pernicious anemia). :iver had been tried on people with pernicious anemia and later were able to isolate Vitamin B12 1931 Marie Curie École Normale Supérieure First woman to win a Nobel Prize with her husband, coined the word "radioactivity", and isolated radium chloride and pure radium. Nobel Prizes 1903 and 1911 1932 Edward Mellanby University of Sheffield Determined that cause of rickets is lack of vitamin D 1933 Gladys Rowena Henry Dick University of Chicago Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test George Frederick Dick University of Chicago Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test 1935 Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer University of Edinburgh Founder of endocrinology, coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus. Schafer's method of artificial respiration, introduced the use of suprarenal extract (containing adrenaline as well as other active substances) 1936 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna Introduced malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica (neurosyphilis) and research on goiter, cretinism, and iodine. Nobel Prize 1927 1937 Carl Hamilton Browning University of Glasgow Worked in Germany with Paul Ehrlich, discovered the therapeutic qualities of acridine dyes 1938 James B Collip McGill University in Montreal Working with the Toronto group that isolated insulin he prepared a pancreatic extract pure enough to be used in clinical trials, pioneering work with parathyroid hormone. Nobel Prize 1923 1938 Karl Landsteiner University of Vienna Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Discovered three human blood groups (O, A, and B), the Rhesus factor, and isolated the polio virus. Nobel Prize 1930 1939 Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal Discoverer of sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) effective against streptococci, eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid. Nobel Prize 1939, lectured in 1954 (forced until then to decline Nobel Prize) 1940 Charles Dodds Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry Pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH, the discovery of stilboestrol, a synthetic and powerfully active non-steroid analogue of the naturally occurring oestrogenic hormone 1944 Otto Loewi New York University College of Medicine Showed Acetylcholine to be released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine, a connection between digitalis and the action of calcium. Invented the mydriatic test in which an experimental form of diabetes in dogs led a change in the response of the eye to adrenaline. Nobel Prize 1936 1945 Alexander Fleming St Mary's Hospital, London Discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928. Nobel Prize 1945 with Florey 1945 Howard Florey University of Oxford Carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941. Nobel Prize 1945 shared with Fleming 1946 Albert Szent-Györgyi National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what became known as the Krebs cycle. Nobel Prize 1937 1947 Neil Hamilton Fairley London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Saved thousands of Allied lives from malaria and other diseases during World War II, researched quinine, sulphonamides, atebrin, plasmoquine, and paludrine 1948 Edwin B. Astwood Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Hormonal control of the mammary gland, the initial rise in uterine weight in response to estrogen could be suppressed by progesterone and the basic mechanisms of thyroid physiology and assessment of relative potency of antithyroid drugs in man, established rational therapeutic regimens for most thyroid diseases, identification of a third pituitary gonadotropin, which he named luteotrophin. 1949 Daniel Bovet University of Rome La Sapienza. Antihistamines discovered succinylcholine to be a depolarizing muscle relaxant. He also synthesized gallamine, the first completely artificial curariform drug to be clinically useful, work on synthetic analogs of bioactive amines and antihistamines. Nobel Prize 1957. 1950 Rudolph Albert Peters Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham British Anti-Lewisite (Dimercaprol) and treatment of post-arsphenamine jaundice researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate 1951 Tadeusz Reichstein Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Basel Synthesized vitamin C by what is now called the Reichstein process, isolated aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex. Nobel Prize 1950 Jointly with Kendall E C Kendall Princeton University Isolation of thyroxine, the active principle of the thyroid gland, the crystallization of glutathione, the hormones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone. Nobel Prize 1950 1954 Russell Claude Brock Guy's and the Brompton hospitals Cardiac surgeon, operated on Fallot's tetralogy patients with pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever, introduced new developments, notably hypothermia and the heart-lung machine 1956 William D.M. Paton University of Oxford Interest in hyperbaric physiology, cholinergic transmission in particular decamethonium and hexamethonium, histamine release by licheniform and other basic substances, mechanism of action of gaseous anaesthetic agents, pharmacology of cannabis, the rate theory of drug action Eleanor J Zaimis The Royal Free Hospital, London muscle relaxants and ganglionic blockers, the structure-activity relationships of methonium compounds 1958 Charles B Huggins University of Chicago Discovered in 1941 that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers, specializing in prostate cancer, castration or estrogen administration led to glandular atrophy, androgen ablation of metastases, development of biomarker based on serum phosphatase. Nobel Prize 1966 1960 John F Enders Children's Hospital Boston In vitro culture of poliovirus, isolated measles virus and began development of measles vaccine and conducted trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in New York City and 4,000 children in Nigeria. Nobel Prize 1954 1962 Alan Sterling Parkes University College, London Reproductive biology, research in low-temperature biology leading to the discovery that glycerol protected spermatozoa against damage during freezing and storage at very low temperatures 1964 Willem J Kolff University of Utah Pioneer of hemodialysis for kidney failure and the development of artificial organs, in particular the artificial heart 1966 Gregory Pincus Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts Confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation, co-inventor the combined oral contraceptive pill, in vitro fertilization in rabbits 1968 Robert Gwyn Macfarlane Oxford University Deciphered the enzymic cascade of blood coagulation and the treatment of haemophilia, studied the venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the Russell's Viper 1970 Georges Mathé Hôpital Paul-Brousse Performed the first bone marrow graft and first successful kidney grafts between unrelated donors, the development of several important immunosuppressant molecules such as acriflavine, bestatine, ellipticine, oxaliplatin, triptoreline and vinorelbine 1972 George H Hitchings Wellcome Research Laboratories, Tuckahoe, New York Work included 2,6-diaminopurine (a compound to treat leukemia) and p-chlorophenoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (a folic acid antagonist), new drug therapies for malaria (pyrimethamine), leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout (allopurinol), organ transplantation (azathioprine) and bacterial infections (co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim) pointed the way that led to major antiviral drugs for herpes infections (acyclovir) and AIDS (zidovudine). Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Black 1974 John Charnley Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire British orthopaedic surgeon pioneered hip replacement, development of the low friction arthroplasty concept, use of bone cement that acted as a grout rather than glue 1976 Norman Shumway Stanford University Human heart transplant operation, pioneered the use of cyclosporine to prevent rejection. 1978 Sune K Bergstrom Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Succeeded in producing pure prostaglandins and determining the chemical structures of two important examples, PGE and PGF, showed that these are formed through the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, used to trigger contractions during childbirth, induce abortions, or reduce the risk of gastric ulcer. Nobel Prize 1982 Shared with John Vane 1980 James Black King's College Hospital Medical School, London Developed propranolol, a beta-blocker that has a calming effect on the heart by blocking the receptor for adrenaline, developed cimetidine that suppresses the formation of gastric acid and is used to fight ulcers. Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Hitchings 1988 Hans W Kosterlitz University of Aberdeen Endorphins, used electrically stimulated strip of guinea pig intestine to assess opiate activity in pig brain homogenates. 1990 Roy Yorke Calne University of Cambridge organ transplantation pioneer, improvement of immunosuppression techniques 1993 Virgil Craig Jordan Georgetown University Discovered the breast cancer prevention properties of tamoxifen, the prevention of multiple diseases in women using his new discovery, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene trial. 1996 Patrick Humphrey Glaxo Pharmacological profile of selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonists, TD-5108, tegaserod, adenosine A1 receptor agonists. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, triptans as the most important breakthrough in headache medicine – Sumatriptan, naratriptan, alosetron, ondansetron, vapiprost and salmeterol 2004 Ravinder Nath Maini Imperial College School of Medicine Identified TNF alpha as a key cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis and discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment Marc Feldmann Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford Discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, infliximab and etanercept, treatments for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 2007 Garret A. FitzGerald University of Pennsylvania Prostanoid research, pharmacological inhibition of COXs versus the microsomal PGE synthase– 1, involved in the interdisciplinary PENTACON consortium, integration of basic and clinical research in yeast, mammalian cells, fish, mice and humans with the objective of predicting NSAID efficacy and cardiovascular hazard in patients 2017 Sally Davies Chief Medical Officer for England Disorders of the blood and bone, sickle cell disease. 2020 Michael Sofia Arbutus Biopharma sofosbuvir, a cure for Hepatitis C. 2022 Katalin Karikó University of Pennsylvania for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 Drew Weissman University of Pennsylvania for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 2023 See also List of medicine awards References ^ "The Cameron Prize Lectures". Lancet. 206 (5332): 979. 1925. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)69072-X. ^ Hart, Ernest, ed. (9 August 1879). "University of Edinburgh:Cameron Prize". British Medical Journal. II. London: 235. ^ "Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Prizes in Medicine". The Edinburgh University Calendar. Edinburgh: James Thin. 1888–1889. p. 421. ^ Hart, Ernest, ed. (6 July 1889). "Edinburgh". British Medical Journal. II (1488). London: 343. ^ Fisher, Richard B. (1977). Joseph Lister, 1827–1912. New York: Stein and Day. p. 292. ISBN 978-0812821567. OCLC 2595463. ^ "Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Prizes in Medicine". The Edinburgh University Calendar. Edinburgh: James Thin. 1893–1894. p. 520. ^ Sandrone, S (2014). "David Ferrier (1843-1928)" (PDF). J Neurol. 261 (6): 1247–1248. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7023-y. hdl:20.500.11850/383939. PMID 23846770. S2CID 2849337. ^ Aminoff, Michael J. (2022). "Measures of the Man". The World's First Neurosurgeon and His Conscience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–104. ^ a b c Schlessinger, Bernard S.; Schlessinger, June H., eds. (1996). "Medicine and physiology". The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 94. ^ "Scotland". The Lancet. II. London: 497. 15 August 1896. ^ "Sir Thomas Richard Fraser, M.D., F.R.S., LL.D.Aberd., Glasg., Edin., Sc.D.Camb., Etc., Emeritus Professor Of Materia Medica And Clinical Medicine In The University Of Edinburgh". The British Medical Journal. 1 (3081): 100–101. 17 January 1920. ISSN 0007-1447. JSTOR 20339801. ^ MacNalty, A. S.; Craigie, J. (1948). "Sydney Arthur Monckton Copeman. 1862-1947". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (17): 37–50. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0018. ISSN 1479-571X. JSTOR 768910. S2CID 162306021. ^ "Major-General Sir David Bruce KCB". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Volumes 118–119. 118–119. Royal Army Medical Corps: 144. 1903. ^ Hawgood, Barbara J (February 2007). "Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" (PDF). Journal of Medical Biography. 15 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59. PMID 17356724. S2CID 42075270. ^ "Bier, August Karl Gustav (1861 - 1949)". Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ Rous, Frances Peyton (November 1949). "Simon Flexner, 1863-1946". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (18): 408–445. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1949.0006. ISSN 1479-571X. S2CID 159733258. ^ Mechnikov, Ilya. "Paul Ehrlich". Nobel Prize. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ American Orthopedic Association; British Orthopædic Association (1920). "News notes". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2. University of Chicago: 483. LCCN 52032149. ^ "Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr Jules J. B. V. Bordet" (PDF). German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina. 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Retrieved 7 January 2023. vteUniversity of EdinburghGovernance Chancellor: Anne, Princess Royal Principal: Sir Peter Mathieson Rector: Simon Fanshawe University Court Senatus Academicus General Council History Academic dress Robert Reid Robert Rollock Edinburgh Seven Plinian Society Polish School of Medicine Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency People List of notable people List of medical people List of professorships Academicdivisions College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Business Economics Edinburgh College of Art Moray House Health in Social Science History, Classics and Archaeology Law Literatures, Languages and Cultures Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences Social and Political Science Centre for Open Learning College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Medical School Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies College of Science and Engineering Chemistry GeoSciences Informatics Physics and Astronomy Sub-units, centres and institutes AIAI CHB CRM CSWC CTPI DCC ECRC EDI EPCC ESALA Euan MacDonald Centre IASH ICMS ISSTI Koestler Parapsychology Unit LFCS MRC HGU Nursing Studies Roslin Institute Scottish Studies UKCA Places 40 George Square Adam House Appleton Tower Bedlam Theatre BioQuarter Bristo Square Deaconess House Forrest Hill Building Informatics Forum Lady Yester's Kirk Lauriston Building Library George Square Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre King's Buildings McEwan Hall New College Old College Pleasance Pollock Halls Potterrow Reid Concert Hall Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Children and Young People Royal Observatory Salisbury Green St Cecilia's Hall St Leonard's Hall St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy Talbot Rice Gallery Teviot Row House Western General Hospital Student life Students' Association Sports Union Men's Football Club Women's Football Club Boat Club Men's Hockey Club Rugby Football Club The Scottish Boat Race The Scottish Varsity Labour Students Meadows Marathon Music Society Royal Medical Society Edinburgh University Theatre Company Socialist Society The Improverts FreshAir (student radio) The Journal (newspaper) The Student (newspaper) University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland Associated Alan Turing Institute Cameron Prize Edinburgh Stanford Link Edinburgh University Press Gifford Lectures James Tait Black Memorial Prize Scotland's Rural College Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute Category Commons Wikinews Wikisource	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cameron Prize Recipients"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of medicine awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medicine_awards"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Cameron Prize Lectures\". 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Craig Jordan, CMG, OBE, PhD, DSc, FMedSci, the 'Father of Tamoxifen,' Recounts a Life of Adventure and Science\""}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, P (2007). \"The discovery of a new drug class for the acute treatment of migraine\". Headache. 47 Suppl 1: S10-19. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00672.x. PMID 17425704. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_exchange	Class-4 telephone switch	["1 Etymology","2 Sector and access tandems","3 History","4 Switching equipment","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Type of U.S. central office telephone switch This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Class-4 telephone switch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A class-4, or tandem, telephone switch is a U.S. telephone company central office telephone exchange used to interconnect local exchange carrier offices for long distance communications in the public switched telephone network. A class-4 switch does not connect directly to telephones; instead, it connects to other class-4 switches and to class-5 telephone switches. The telephones of service subscribers are wired to class-5 switches. When a call is placed to a telephone that is not on the same class-5 switch as the originating subscriber, the call may be routed through one or more class-4 switches to reach its destination. Etymology Tandem derives from the Latin adverb tandem meaning at length, and is used in English to mean a group of two people or machines working together, usually in series. A tandem switch is used to interconnect other switches via trunks. Thus, tandem switches are always part of a series of switches and lines that connect telephone callers to each other. Sector and access tandems A sector tandem switch connects local telephone exchanges (class-5 switches) and carries traffic within the local access and transport area (LATA). An access tandem switch connects local telephone exchanges to long-distance telephone companies (or interexchange carriers, "IXCs"). The point at which an access tandem connects to the IXC's switch is called the point of presence, or POP. Modern tandem switches are often located at the center of the areas they serve, and may act as both sector tandems and access tandems. History Before the Bell System divestiture, class-4 switches in a telephone office that had operators present were called "toll centers." If no operators were present, they were called "toll points." Either type of class-4 switch might be referred to as a "toll switch." These terms were used because long-distance, or "toll," calls had to pass through class-4 switches, where the billing for the calls would be handled. Class-4 switches at that time often had an associated Traffic Service Position System (TSPS) to handle operator-assisted calls. TSPS automated many functions previously handled by the local operator with a "cordboard" telephone switch, such as certain aspects of coin-operated telephone calls. It also allowed the telephone company to route operator calls to remote locations, rather than requiring operators at each switch. After the divestiture, as human operators became less common, the terms changed. Today, a class-4 switch that connects class-5 switches to the long-distance network is called an "access tandem." A class-4 switch that connects class-5 switches to each other, but not to the long-distance network, is called a "local tandem." The majority of class-4 switches in the Bell System during the 1950s and 1960s used crossbar switches, such as the Crossbar Tandem (XBT) variant of the Number One Crossbar Switching System, or 1XB switch. The Number 4 Crossbar ("4XB") tandem switch was used in the North American toll network from 1943 until the 1990s, when it was replaced by more modern digital switching equipment, such as the Lucent 4ESS switch or the Nortel DMS-200. The last 4XB switch in the United States was installed in 1976. During the 1980s, class-4 tandem switches were converted to deal only with high-speed digital four-wire circuit connections: T1, T3, OC-3, etc. The two-wire local line connections to individual telephones were relegated to the class-5 switches. By the dawn of the 21st century, almost all other switches also supported four-wire connections. Modern tandem switches, like other classes of telephone switch, are digital, and use time-division multiplexing (TDM) to carry circuit-switched telephone calls. Tandems were more quickly converted to TDM than the class-5 end-offices were. During the transition to digital switching in the 1980s and 1990s, when both TDM and traditional "space division" switches were in use, American phone company employees often referred tandems as "TDM switches" as a result. In the past, most of the accounting, billing management, and call record-keeping was handled by the tandem switches. During the last third of the 20th century, these tasks were performed by the class-5 end-office switches. Switching equipment The Lucent 4ESS is a digital switch widely used as a class-4 switch in the United States. It was developed by AT&T's Western Electric division, before that division was spun off as Lucent. The first 4ESS was installed in Chicago in 1976. The last 4ESS in the AT&T Long Lines network was installed in 1999. In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the traditional 4ESS switch is slowly being replaced by the Nokia N4E (New 4ESS) switch in the AT&T Long Distance network. The Lucent 5ESS, a class-5 switching system, is sometimes used as a class-4 switch (or as a mixed class-4/5 switch) in markets that are too small to justify a 4ESS switch. The Nortel DMS-250, a larger variant of the DMS-100, is a popular competitor to Lucent's 4ESS, especially among telephone companies that were not previously a part of AT&T. Other DMS switches can also be used as tandems. The Nortel SP1 4-Wire was an early electronic switch used as a class-4 switch. Other class-5 digital switches are often used as class-4 switches for smaller applications. See also Destination routing PSTN network topology Toll switching trunk Trunk vs Toll Footnotes ^ "Space division" is a retronym used to distinguish traditional telephone trunk lines—where a call would fully occupy a set of wires within a "trunk," or bundle of wires, between switches—from the new TDM trunks, where more than one call could be placed on a pair of wires by digitizing the call and sending the data for each call in pre-defined "timeslots" assigned to the call. References ^ The New Oxford American Dictionary (Mac OS X 10.6 Dictionary ed.). tandem. ORIGIN late 18th cent.: humorously from Latin, literally 'at length.' ^ Farley, Tom. "TSPS History". privateline.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2010. ^ Cuccia, Mark (December 20, 2008). "History of the Number 4 Crossbar (#4XB) Tandem Switch & listing of former #4XB switches". Telephone World. Retrieved August 24, 2010. ^ a b "Telephone Switch Timeline". Telephone World. December 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2010. ^ "Nortel (Northern Telecom) Modern Telephone Systems". Telephone World. December 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2010. Further reading General Administration Engineering (November 1956). "8: No. 4A Toll Switching System". Survey of Telephone Switching. San Francisco: Pacific Telephone and Telegraph. Retrieved August 24, 2010. External links Definition of "tandem switch" in PC Magazine Encyclopedia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telephone company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_company"},{"link_name":"telephone exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange"},{"link_name":"local exchange carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_exchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"long distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_calling"},{"link_name":"public switched telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"class-5 telephone switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-5_telephone_switch"}],"text":"A class-4, or tandem, telephone switch is a U.S. telephone company central office telephone exchange used to interconnect local exchange carrier offices for long distance communications in the public switched telephone network.A class-4 switch does not connect directly to telephones; instead, it connects to other class-4 switches and to class-5 telephone switches. The telephones of service subscribers are wired to class-5 switches. When a call is placed to a telephone that is not on the same class-5 switch as the originating subscriber, the call may be routed through one or more class-4 switches to reach its destination.","title":"Class-4 telephone switch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"trunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(telecommunications)"}],"text":"Tandem derives from the Latin adverb tandem meaning at length, and is used in English to mean a group of two people or machines working together, usually in series.[1] A tandem switch is used to interconnect other switches via trunks. Thus, tandem switches are always part of a series of switches and lines that connect telephone callers to each other.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local access and transport area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_access_and_transport_area"},{"link_name":"interexchange carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interexchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"point of presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_presence"}],"text":"A sector tandem switch connects local telephone exchanges (class-5 switches) and carries traffic within the local access and transport area (LATA).An access tandem switch connects local telephone exchanges to long-distance telephone companies (or interexchange carriers, \"IXCs\"). The point at which an access tandem connects to the IXC's switch is called the point of presence, or POP.Modern tandem switches are often located at the center of the areas they serve, and may act as both sector tandems and access tandems.","title":"Sector and access tandems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell System divestiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System_divestiture"},{"link_name":"operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchboard_operator"},{"link_name":"Traffic Service Position System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSPS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"crossbar switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switch"},{"link_name":"Number One Crossbar Switching System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_Crossbar_Switching_System"},{"link_name":"4ESS switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ESS_switch"},{"link_name":"DMS-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex_System"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4XB-history-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phtimeline-4"},{"link_name":"four-wire circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wire_circuit"},{"link_name":"T1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier"},{"link_name":"T3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier"},{"link_name":"OC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OC-3"},{"link_name":"two-wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"time-division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"circuit-switched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit-switched"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCAPS"},{"link_name":"call record-keeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Message_Accounting"}],"text":"Before the Bell System divestiture, class-4 switches in a telephone office that had operators present were called \"toll centers.\" If no operators were present, they were called \"toll points.\" Either type of class-4 switch might be referred to as a \"toll switch.\" These terms were used because long-distance, or \"toll,\" calls had to pass through class-4 switches, where the billing for the calls would be handled.Class-4 switches at that time often had an associated Traffic Service Position System (TSPS) to handle operator-assisted calls. TSPS automated many functions previously handled by the local operator with a \"cordboard\" telephone switch, such as certain aspects of coin-operated telephone calls. It also allowed the telephone company to route operator calls to remote locations, rather than requiring operators at each switch.[2]After the divestiture, as human operators became less common, the terms changed. Today, a class-4 switch that connects class-5 switches to the long-distance network is called an \"access tandem.\" A class-4 switch that connects class-5 switches to each other, but not to the long-distance network, is called a \"local tandem.\"The majority of class-4 switches in the Bell System during the 1950s and 1960s used crossbar switches, such as the Crossbar Tandem (XBT) variant of the Number One Crossbar Switching System, or 1XB switch. The Number 4 Crossbar (\"4XB\") tandem switch was used in the North American toll network from 1943 until the 1990s, when it was replaced by more modern digital switching equipment, such as the Lucent 4ESS switch or the Nortel DMS-200.[3] The last 4XB switch in the United States was installed in 1976.[4]During the 1980s, class-4 tandem switches were converted to deal only with high-speed digital four-wire circuit connections: T1, T3, OC-3, etc. The two-wire local line connections to individual telephones were relegated to the class-5 switches. By the dawn of the 21st century, almost all other switches also supported four-wire connections.Modern tandem switches, like other classes of telephone switch, are digital, and use time-division multiplexing (TDM) to carry circuit-switched telephone calls. Tandems were more quickly converted to TDM than the class-5 end-offices were. During the transition to digital switching in the 1980s and 1990s, when both TDM and traditional \"space division\"[nb 1] switches were in use, American phone company employees often referred tandems as \"TDM switches\" as a result.In the past, most of the accounting, billing management, and call record-keeping was handled by the tandem switches. During the last third of the 20th century, these tasks were performed by the class-5 end-office switches.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4ESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ESS_switch"},{"link_name":"Western Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electric"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phtimeline-4"},{"link_name":"5ESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5ESS_switch"},{"link_name":"DMS-250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex_System"},{"link_name":"DMS-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMS-100"},{"link_name":"SP1 4-Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP-1_switch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ph-nortel-6"}],"text":"The Lucent 4ESS is a digital switch widely used as a class-4 switch in the United States. It was developed by AT&T's Western Electric division, before that division was spun off as Lucent. The first 4ESS was installed in Chicago in 1976. The last 4ESS in the AT&T Long Lines network was installed in 1999.[4] In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the traditional 4ESS switch is slowly being replaced by the Nokia N4E (New 4ESS) switch in the AT&T Long Distance network.\nThe Lucent 5ESS, a class-5 switching system, is sometimes used as a class-4 switch (or as a mixed class-4/5 switch) in markets that are too small to justify a 4ESS switch.\nThe Nortel DMS-250, a larger variant of the DMS-100, is a popular competitor to Lucent's 4ESS, especially among telephone companies that were not previously a part of AT&T. Other DMS switches can also be used as tandems.\nThe Nortel SP1 4-Wire was an early electronic switch used as a class-4 switch.[5]Other class-5 digital switches are often used as class-4 switches for smaller applications.","title":"Switching equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"retronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym"}],"text":"^ \"Space division\" is a retronym used to distinguish traditional telephone trunk lines—where a call would fully occupy a set of wires within a \"trunk,\" or bundle of wires, between switches—from the new TDM trunks, where more than one call could be placed on a pair of wires by digitizing the call and sending the data for each call in pre-defined \"timeslots\" assigned to the call.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Survey of Telephone Switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.telephonetribute.com/switches_survey_chapter_8.html"}],"text":"General Administration Engineering (November 1956). \"8: No. 4A Toll Switching System\". Survey of Telephone Switching. San Francisco: Pacific Telephone and Telegraph. Retrieved August 24, 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Destination routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_routing"},{"title":"PSTN network topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN_network_topology"},{"title":"Toll switching trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_switching_trunk"},{"title":"Trunk vs Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_vs_Toll"}]	[{"reference":"The New Oxford American Dictionary (Mac OS X 10.6 Dictionary ed.). tandem. ORIGIN late 18th cent.: humorously from Latin, literally 'at length.'","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farley, Tom. \"TSPS History\". privateline.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609190414/http://www.privateline.com/circuits/TSPS_history.htm","url_text":"\"TSPS History\""},{"url":"http://www.privateline.com/circuits/TSPS_history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cuccia, Mark (December 20, 2008). \"History of the Number 4 Crossbar (#4XB) Tandem Switch & listing of former #4XB switches\". Telephone World. Retrieved August 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phworld.org/switch/4xb.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Number 4 Crossbar (#4XB) Tandem Switch & listing of former #4XB switches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telephone Switch Timeline\". Telephone World. December 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phworld.org/switch/timeline.htm","url_text":"\"Telephone Switch Timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nortel (Northern Telecom) Modern Telephone Systems\". Telephone World. December 20, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phworld.org/switch/ntess.htm","url_text":"\"Nortel (Northern Telecom) Modern Telephone Systems\""}]},{"reference":"General Administration Engineering (November 1956). \"8: No. 4A Toll Switching System\". Survey of Telephone Switching. San Francisco: Pacific Telephone and Telegraph. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Royal_Danish_Air_Force	Chief of the Royal Danish Air Force	["1 History","2 List of chiefs","2.1 Naval Air Service (1913–1947)","2.2 Army Aviation Troops (1917–1947)","2.3 Combined Army and Naval Air Corps (1947–1950)","2.4 Air Command (1950–1969)","2.5 Air Staff (1970–1990)","2.6 Tactical Air Command (1990–2014)","2.7 Air Staff (2014–2018)","2.8 Air Command (2019–present)","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References"]	Chief of the Air CommandChef for FlyverkommandoenIncumbentMajor General Jan Damsince 15 May 2021 Royal Danish Air ForceMember ofDefence Command of DenmarkReports toChief of DefenceTerm lengthNo fixed lengthPrecursorChief of the Tactical Air CommandFormationFebruary 1913 (historical)1 October 2014 (current)WebsiteOfficial Website The Chief of the Air Command is the topmost authority in the Royal Danish Air Force. It can trace its history back to the creation of the Chief for the Naval Air Service, in 1913. The current chief of the Air Force is Major general Jan Dam. History On 14 December 1911, the Naval Air Service was established. On 25 March 1912, the Royal Danish Navy received its first airplane the Kite, in 1913 the first chief was named. In 1912, the Army Air Corps was established. The first chief was named in 1917. Following the destruction of the air forces during World War II, it was decided that the two forces should be collected under one force. From 1947 till the creation of the RDAF, Torben Ørum served as Combined Army and Naval Air Corps Chief. In 1950, the Air Command and the position of Chief of the Air Force was created. With the creation of the Defence Staff and Chief of Defence, in 1970, the Chief of the Air Force was subjugated to the CoD. In 1982, the title of Chief of the Air Force was changed to become Inspector of the Air Force. Following the 1988 Defence Commission, it was decided that the Air Staff and the positions of Inspector would be removed and then create the Tactical Air Command. Following the Danish Defence Agreement 2013–17, the Tactical Air Command was disbanded and reorganised into the Air Staff. On 1 January 2019, as part of the Danish Defence Agreement 2018–23, the Danish name was changed Air Command. List of chiefs Naval Air Service (1913–1947) No. Picture Chief for the Naval Air Service Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Birck, UlrikUlrik Birch(1883–1913)February 1913October 1913 †8 months 2 Hoeck, AxelFirst lieutenantAxel Hoeck(?–1915)14 April 191427 July 1915 †1 year, 3 months 3 Laub, FrederkFirst lieutenantFrederik W. H. Laub(1887–1945)27 July 1915March 19182 years, 7 months 4 Grandjean, AsgerCommodoreAsger Grandjean(1889–1948)March 191831 October 194123 years, 7 months 5 Scheibel, PovlCommodorePovl Scheibel(1893–?)31 October 19411 December 19476 years, 1 month Army Aviation Troops (1917–1947) No. Picture Chief for the Army Aviation Troops Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Koch, JohanColonelJohan Peter Koch(1870–1928)191713 January 1928 †10–11 years 2 Hansen, HansColonelHans Oluf Hansen(1879–1967)192819323–4 years 3 Førslev, ChristianColonelChristian Førslev (1891–1959)1 November 193219457–8 years 4 Andersen, TageColonelTage Andersen(1899–1965)194519471–2 years Combined Army and Naval Air Corps (1947–1950) No. Picture Chief for the Combined Army and Naval Air Corps Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Ørum, TorbenColonelTorben Ploug Aagesen Ørum(1901–1999)1 December 19471 October 19502 years, 304 days Air Command (1950–1969) No. Picture Chief of the Air Command Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Førslev, ChristianLieutenant generalChristian Førslev (1891–1959)1 October 195031 October 19555 years, 30 days 2 Førslev, ChristianLieutenant generalTage Andersen(1899–1965)1 November 195515 June 19593 years, 226 days 3 Ramberg, KurtLieutenant generalKurt Ramberg (1908–1997)15 June 195930 September 19623 years, 107 days 4 Pagh, HLieutenant generalH. J. Pagh1 October 196231 December 19697 years, 91 days– Air Staff (1970–1990) No. Picture Chief of the Air Staff Took office Left office Time in office Ref. Chief of the Air Force 1 Førslev, ChristianMajor generalNiels Holst-Sørensen(born 1922)1 January 197026 May 198212 years Inspector of the Air Force 2 Thorsen, P.Major generalP. Thorsen26 May 198219841–2 years– 3 Larsens, BentMajor generalBent Vilhelm Larsens(1930–2014)198419905–6 years Tactical Air Command (1990–2014) No. Picture Chief of Tactical Air Command Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Fogh, OleMajor generalOle Fogh (born 1934)199019943–4 years 2 Tophøj, LauritsMajor generalLaurits Tophøj(born 1940)199419972–3 years 3 Rosgaard, KurtMajor generalKurt Ebbe Rosgaard(born 1946)199720002–3 years 4 Simonsen, LeifMajor generalLeif Simonsen (born 1945)200020054–5 years 5 Nielsen, StigMajor generalStig Østergaard Nielsen(born 1954)200520093–4 years 6 Nielsen, StigMajor generalHenrik Røboe Dam200930 September 20144–5 years Air Staff (2014–2018) No. Picture Chief of Air Staff Took office Left office Time in office Ref. 1 Nielsen, MaxMajor generalMax A.L.T. Nielsen(born 1963)1 October 201431 October 20173 years, 30 days 2 Rex, AndersMajor generalAnders Rex(born 1970)1 November 201731 December 20181 year, 60 days Air Command (2019–present) No. Portrait Name(born–died) Term of office Ref. Took office Left office Time in office 1 Major generalAnders Rex(born 1970) 1 January 2019 1 May 2021 2 years, 120 days – Major generalJan Dam(born 1964) 1 May 2021 15 May 2021 14 days 2 15 May 2021 Incumbent 3 years, 33 days See also Chief of Defence (Denmark) Chief of the Royal Danish Army Chief of the Royal Danish Navy Notes ^ a b Died in a plane crash Citations ^ a b Forsvarskommandoen 2021. ^ a b c Probst 1998, p. 5. ^ Schrøder, Hans A. (31 January 2009). "Flyverkommandoen". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Schrøder, Hans A. (31 January 2009). "Flyvevåbnet". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Folketinget (25 April 1990). "1989/1 LSF 189" (in Danish). Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ Danish Defence (1989). "Forsvaret i 90'erne". Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1988 (PDF) (in Danish). Schultz Grafisk A/S. ISBN 978-87-503-8209-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ "Forsvarschefen om implementeringen af Forsvarsforliget". DSM (in Danish). Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019. ^ Probst 1998, p. 8. ^ Balsved, Johnny E. (1 April 2009). "Marinens Flyvevæsen - Søværnets Flyvetjeneste". navalhistory.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Bjerg, Hans Christian (18 July 2011). "Asger Grandjean". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Probst 1998, p. 10. ^ Probst 1998, p. 35. ^ "Hærens Flyvertropper 1912-1943". Flyvevåbnets Historiske Samling (in Danish). Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ "Hærordning 1922 - 1932". arma-dania.dk (in Danish). 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Fogh, Ole (18 July 2011). "Christian Førslev". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ "Blaa Bog 1949" (in Danish). Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Alsøer, Dolleris & Ege 1975, p. 25. ^ Wolff, E. H. (18 July 2011). "T.P.A. Ørum". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Wolff, E. H. "Christian Førslev". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ "Hærloven af 18. Juni 1951". Arma-Dania.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ Hillingsø, Kjeld. "Kurt Ramberg". denstoredanske.dk/ (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ Harding, Merete; Vangdrup, Arne. "Niels Holst-Sørensen". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ "Bent Vilhelm Larsen". gravsted.dk/ (in Danish). Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Pilot med handelstalent". viborg-folkeblad.dk (in Danish). Viborg Stifts Folkeblad. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ "Rundt i morgen". Kristeligt-Dagblad.dk (in Danish). Kristeligt Dagblad. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ "Lieutenant General Kurt Ebbe Rosgaard". nato.int. NATO. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ Stenstrup, Mads (11 April 2005). "40 år som sendt fra himlen". jyllands-posten.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Boddum, Dorte Ipsen (31 August 2014). "Flyverchefen fløj mod nord". jyllands-posten.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ Brøndum, Christian (16 February 2013). "Flyvevåbnets chef stod til degradering". berlingske.dk. Berlingske Media. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). forsvaret.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ "Nye chefer for Marinestaben og Flyverstaben". fmn.dk (in Danish). Forsvarsministeriet. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ a b Rasmussen 2021. References Alsøer, P-E. H.; Dolleris, Å. H.; Ege, L. A. T., eds. (1975). Flyvevåbnet 1950-1975 (in Danish). Chief of the Royal Danish Air Force. Forsvarskommandoen (12 May 2021). "To kommandochefer udnævnt". forsvaret.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 18 May 2021. Probst, Niels M. (1998). Dansk Marineflyvning 1911-1998 (PDF) (in Danish). Orlogsmuseet. ISBN 87-87720-15-9. Retrieved 15 October 2018. Rasmussen, Peter Ernstved (16 May 2021). "Mandag overtager nye chefer ansvaret for henholdsvis Hæren og Flyvevåbnet". olfi.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 18 May 2021. vte Danish Defence Royal Danish Army Royal Danish Navy Royal Danish Air Force Danish Home GuardCommand organisations Defence Command Defence Staff Army Command Naval Command Air Command Joint Arctic Command Home Guard Command Special Operations Command Leadership Chief of Defence Chief of the Defense Staff Army Chief of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Navy Chief of the Navy Master chief petty officer Air Force Chief of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the RDAF Home Guard Chief of the Home Guard Command Sergeant Major of the Home Guard Joint Service Acquisition and Logistics Organization Administration of Conscientious Objector The Ark Project Emergency Management Agency Estates and Infrastructure Organisation Financial Management Agency Health Services Intelligence Service Internal Auditor Judge Advocate Corps Maintenance Service Personnel Service Higher education facilities Royal Danish Defence College Royal Danish Military Academy Royal Danish Naval Academy Royal Danish Air Force Academy UnitsArmy Danish Artillery Regiment Engineer Regiment Guard Hussar Regiment Intelligence Regiment Jutland Dragoon Regiment Royal Life Guards Schleswig Foot Regiment Signal Regiment Logistic Regiment Navy 1st Squadron 2nd Squadron Sirius Dog Sled Patrol Danish Task Group Air Force Air Squadron 515 Air Squadron 660 Air Squadron 690 Air Squadron 721 Air Squadron 722 Air Squadron 723 Air Squadron 724 Air Squadron 727 Air Squadron 730 Mobile Air Control Centre Control and Reporting Centre Karup Combat Support Wing Special Forces Jaeger Corps Frogman Corps Sirius Dog Sled Patrol SSR (Home Guard) Ranks and insignia Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Army Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Navy Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Air Force Ranks and insignia of Home Guard Badges of the Danish Military vteChiefs of the air force by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Former Biafra Bophuthatswana Ciskei British Egypt Ethiopian Empire Rhodesia Transkei Venda Zaire Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of China East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Republic of China (Taiwan) Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Former Democratic Kampuchea Imperial Japan Mengjiang Manchukuo South Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican Former Austria–Hungary Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia Prussia Imperial Germany Nazi Germany East Germany Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Soviet Union Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jan Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Dam_(officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsvarskommandoen2021-1"}],"text":"The Chief of the Air Command is the topmost authority in the Royal Danish Air Force. It can trace its history back to the creation of the Chief for the Naval Air Service, in 1913. The current chief of the Air Force is Major general Jan Dam.[1]","title":"Chief of the Royal Danish Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProbst19985-2"},{"link_name":"Defence Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Command_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Chief of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Air_Command_(Denmark)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Danish Defence Agreement 2013–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence_Agreement_2013%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Command_(Denmark)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danish Defence Agreement 2018–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence_Agreement_2018%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Command_(Denmark)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 14 December 1911, the Naval Air Service was established. On 25 March 1912, the Royal Danish Navy received its first airplane the Kite, in 1913 the first chief was named.[2] In 1912, the Army Air Corps was established. The first chief was named in 1917. Following the destruction of the air forces during World War II, it was decided that the two forces should be collected under one force. From 1947 till the creation of the RDAF, Torben Ørum served as Combined Army and Naval Air Corps Chief. In 1950, the Air Command and the position of Chief of the Air Force was created. With the creation of the Defence Staff and Chief of Defence, in 1970, the Chief of the Air Force was subjugated to the CoD.[3] In 1982, the title of Chief of the Air Force was changed to become Inspector of the Air Force.[4] Following the 1988 Defence Commission, it was decided that the Air Staff and the positions of Inspector would be removed and then create the Tactical Air Command.[5][6] Following the Danish Defence Agreement 2013–17, the Tactical Air Command was disbanded and reorganised into the Air Staff. On 1 January 2019, as part of the Danish Defence Agreement 2018–23, the Danish name was changed Air Command.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Combined Army and Naval Air Corps (1947–1950)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Air Command (1950–1969)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Air Staff (1970–1990)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tactical Air Command (1990–2014)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Air Staff (2014–2018)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Air Command (2019–present)","title":"List of chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dead_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dead_8-1"}],"text":"^ a b Died in a plane crash","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsvarskommandoen2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsvarskommandoen2021_1-1"},{"link_name":"Forsvarskommandoen 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForsvarskommandoen2021"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProbst19985_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProbst19985_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProbst19985_2-2"},{"link_name":"Probst 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFProbst1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Den Store Danske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Milit%C3%A6r/Flyvev%C3%A5bnet/Flyverkommandoen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Den Store Danske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Milit%C3%A6r/Flyvev%C3%A5bnet/Flyvev%C3%A5bnet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Folketinget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"},{"link_name":"\"1989/1 LSF 189\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.retsinformation.dk/eli/ft/198912K00189"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Danish Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence"},{"link_name":"Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181015153312/https://www.foxylex.dk/media/betaenkninger/Forsvareti_90_erne_3.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-87-503-8209-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-503-8209-6"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foxylex.dk/media/betaenkninger/Forsvareti_90_erne_3.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Forsvarschefen om implementeringen af Forsvarsforliget\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190201065259/http://www.dsm-soldat.dk/432562943"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dsm-soldat.dk/432562943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProbst19988_9-0"},{"link_name":"Probst 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFProbst1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Marinens Flyvevæsen - 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1932\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arma-dania.dk/public/historie/perioder_view.php?editid1=95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Dansk Biografisk Leksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Milit%C3%A6re_forhold_og_krigshistorie/Luftkrigshistorie/Christian_F%C3%B8rslev"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Blaa Bog 1949\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rosekamp.dk/BLAA_Bog_1949/A/a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAls%C3%B8erDollerisEge197525_18-0"},{"link_name":"Alsøer, Dolleris & Ege 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAls%C3%B8erDollerisEge1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Dansk Biografisk Leksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=299680"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Dansk Biografisk Leksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/S%C3%B8fart_og_luftfart/Flyver/Christian_F%C3%B8rslev"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Hærloven af 18. Juni 1951\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.arma-dania.dk/public/historie/perioder_view.php?editid1=98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Kurt Ramberg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Milit%C3%A6re_forhold_og_krigshistorie/Biografi/Kurt_Ramberg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Dansk Biografisk Leksikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Forsvar_og_politi/Generalmajor/Niels_Holst-S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Bent Vilhelm Larsen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=bentvlarsen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Pilot med handelstalent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viborg-folkeblad.dk/navne/Pilot-med-handelstalent/artikel/40705"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Rundt i morgen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/mennesker/rundt-i-morgen-1017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Lieutenant General Kurt Ebbe Rosgaard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nato.int/cv/milrep/da/rosgaard-e.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"40 år som sendt fra himlen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE3785592/40-%C3%A5r-som-sendt-fra-himlen/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Flyverchefen fløj mod nord\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jyllands-posten.dk/protected/premium/navne/omtale/article6983809.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Flyvevåbnets chef stod til degradering\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.berlingske.dk/samfund/flyvevaabnets-chef-stod-til-degradering"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.forsvaret.dk/omos/organisation/flyvevaabnet/Documents/CV%20MALT%20-%20DANSK%20med%20vinge%203D.pdf"},{"link_name":"forsvaret.dk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsvaret.dk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Nye chefer for Marinestaben og Flyverstaben\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171107020112/http://www.fmn.dk/nyheder/Pages/nye-chefer-for-marinestaben-og-flyverstaben.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fmn.dk/nyheder/Pages/nye-chefer-for-marinestaben-og-flyverstaben.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERasmussen2021_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERasmussen2021_33-1"},{"link_name":"Rasmussen 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRasmussen2021"}],"text":"^ a b Forsvarskommandoen 2021.\n\n^ a b c Probst 1998, p. 5.\n\n^ Schrøder, Hans A. (31 January 2009). \"Flyverkommandoen\". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Schrøder, Hans A. (31 January 2009). \"Flyvevåbnet\". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Folketinget (25 April 1990). \"1989/1 LSF 189\" (in Danish). Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n\n^ Danish Defence (1989). \"Forsvaret i 90'erne\". Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1988 (PDF) (in Danish). Schultz Grafisk A/S. ISBN 978-87-503-8209-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n\n^ \"Forsvarschefen om implementeringen af Forsvarsforliget\". DSM (in Danish). Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.\n\n^ Probst 1998, p. 8.\n\n^ Balsved, Johnny E. (1 April 2009). \"Marinens Flyvevæsen - Søværnets Flyvetjeneste\". navalhistory.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Bjerg, Hans Christian (18 July 2011). \"Asger Grandjean\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Probst 1998, p. 10.\n\n^ Probst 1998, p. 35.\n\n^ \"Hærens Flyvertropper 1912-1943\". Flyvevåbnets Historiske Samling (in Danish). Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Hærordning 1922 - 1932\". arma-dania.dk (in Danish). 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Fogh, Ole (18 July 2011). \"Christian Førslev\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Blaa Bog 1949\" (in Danish). Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Alsøer, Dolleris & Ege 1975, p. 25.\n\n^ Wolff, E. H. (18 July 2011). \"T.P.A. Ørum\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Wolff, E. H. \"Christian Førslev\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Hærloven af 18. Juni 1951\". Arma-Dania.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ Hillingsø, Kjeld. \"Kurt Ramberg\". denstoredanske.dk/ (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 7 November 2019.\n\n^ Harding, Merete; Vangdrup, Arne. \"Niels Holst-Sørensen\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Bent Vilhelm Larsen\". gravsted.dk/ (in Danish). Retrieved 7 November 2019.\n\n^ \"Pilot med handelstalent\". viborg-folkeblad.dk (in Danish). Viborg Stifts Folkeblad. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Rundt i morgen\". Kristeligt-Dagblad.dk (in Danish). Kristeligt Dagblad. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Lieutenant General Kurt Ebbe Rosgaard\". nato.int. NATO. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ Stenstrup, Mads (11 April 2005). \"40 år som sendt fra himlen\". jyllands-posten.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Boddum, Dorte Ipsen (31 August 2014). \"Flyverchefen fløj mod nord\". jyllands-posten.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ Brøndum, Christian (16 February 2013). \"Flyvevåbnets chef stod til degradering\". berlingske.dk. Berlingske Media. Retrieved 15 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF). forsvaret.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Nye chefer for Marinestaben og Flyverstaben\". fmn.dk (in Danish). Forsvarsministeriet. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n\n^ a b Rasmussen 2021.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chief of Defence (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Denmark)"},{"title":"Chief of the Royal Danish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Royal_Danish_Army"},{"title":"Chief of the Royal Danish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Royal_Danish_Navy"}]	[{"reference":"Schrøder, Hans A. (31 January 2009). \"Flyverkommandoen\". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. 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JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE3785592/40-%C3%A5r-som-sendt-fra-himlen/","url_text":"\"40 år som sendt fra himlen\""}]},{"reference":"Boddum, Dorte Ipsen (31 August 2014). \"Flyverchefen fløj mod nord\". jyllands-posten.dk (in Danish). JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://jyllands-posten.dk/protected/premium/navne/omtale/article6983809.ece","url_text":"\"Flyverchefen fløj mod nord\""}]},{"reference":"Brøndum, Christian (16 February 2013). \"Flyvevåbnets chef stod til degradering\". berlingske.dk. Berlingske Media. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berlingske.dk/samfund/flyvevaabnets-chef-stod-til-degradering","url_text":"\"Flyvevåbnets chef stod til degradering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF). forsvaret.dk (in Danish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna-Britta_Hellbom	Anna-Britta Hellbom	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Swedish anthropologist and Americanist (1919–2004) Anna-Britta Hellbom Anna-Britta Hellbom (25 July 1919 – 22 December 2004) was a Swedish anthropologist and Americanist. She is known for her ethnographic fieldworks in Mesoamerica in Mexico. Biography Born on 25 July 1919 in Uppsala, Sweden, Anna-Britta Hellbom started her university studies in Nordic ethnology but later changed to social anthropology. She graduated from the Stockholm University in 1940. She also studied in Madrid, where she learned Spanish, which helped in her career as an Americanist. After her ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico (1962–1963), she received her Ph.D. from the Stockholm University in 1967. She wrote her doctoral thesis on La Participacion Cultural de las Mujeres Indias y Mestizas en el Mexico PreCortesiano y Postrevulcionario. In the mid-1960s, she started her professional career at the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm. In 1967, she became the Americanist curator of the ethnographical museum in charge of the collections from the Americas, a position she held until her retirement in 1985. She was influenced by the work of her teacher, Sigvald Linné (1899–1986), a Swedish archeologist and ethnographer, known for his excavations at Teotihuacan, an ancient Mesoamerican city, Mexico. She extensively wrote on the role of women in Mexico based on her ethnographic fieldwork in Aztec culture. The Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm houses several collections from her fieldwork. She died in Oscar Parish, Stockholm on 22 December 2004. References ^ Faust, Betty Bernice (2004). Rights, Resources, Culture, and Conservation in the Land of the Maya. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-897-89731-0. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ Linné, Sigvald (26 March 2003). Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-817-35005-5. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ a b c Berdichewsky, Bernardo (1979). Anthropology and Social Change in Rural Areas, Volume 7. Berlin: Mouton. p. 543. ISBN 978-9-027-97810-3. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ Eber, Christine (28 June 2010). Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town: Water of Hope, Water of Sorrow. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-292-78932-6. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ Scott, Sue A. (1993). Teotihuacan Mazapan Figurines and the Xipe Totec Statue: A Link Between the Basin of Mexico and the Valley of Oaxaca. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. p. i. ISBN 978-0-935-46235-7. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ Linné, Sigvald (2003). Mexican Highland Cultures: Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Calpulalpan, and Chalchicomula in 1934–35. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-817-31295-4. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ Rodríguez, Jeanette (5 July 2010). Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-292-78772-8. Retrieved 4 December 2022. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany United States Sweden Australia Netherlands Artists KulturNav Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna-Britta_Hellbom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"Americanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ethnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Anna-Britta HellbomAnna-Britta Hellbom (25 July 1919 – 22 December 2004) was a Swedish anthropologist and Americanist.[1][2] She is known for her ethnographic fieldworks in Mesoamerica in Mexico.[3]","title":"Anna-Britta Hellbom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Stockholm University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_University"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ethnography,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sigvald Linné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigvald_Linn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"archeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologist"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aztec culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oscar Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Parish"}],"text":"Born on 25 July 1919 in Uppsala, Sweden, Anna-Britta Hellbom started her university studies in Nordic ethnology but later changed to social anthropology.[3] She graduated from the Stockholm University in 1940. She also studied in Madrid, where she learned Spanish, which helped in her career as an Americanist.After her ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico (1962–1963), she received her Ph.D. from the Stockholm University in 1967.[3] She wrote her doctoral thesis on La Participacion Cultural de las Mujeres Indias y Mestizas en el Mexico PreCortesiano y Postrevulcionario.[4]In the mid-1960s, she started her professional career at the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm. In 1967, she became the Americanist curator of the ethnographical museum in charge of the collections from the Americas, a position she held until her retirement in 1985.[5]She was influenced by the work of her teacher, Sigvald Linné (1899–1986), a Swedish archeologist and ethnographer, known for his excavations at Teotihuacan, an ancient Mesoamerican city, Mexico.[6]She extensively wrote on the role of women in Mexico based on her ethnographic fieldwork in Aztec culture.[7]The Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm houses several collections from her fieldwork.She died in Oscar Parish, Stockholm on 22 December 2004.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Anna-Britta Hellbom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anna-Britta_Hellbom.jpg/220px-Anna-Britta_Hellbom.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Faust, Betty Bernice (2004). Rights, Resources, Culture, and Conservation in the Land of the Maya. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-897-89731-0. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a38_IO1c7fEC","url_text":"Rights, Resources, Culture, and Conservation in the Land of the Maya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-897-89731-0","url_text":"978-0-897-89731-0"}]},{"reference":"Linné, Sigvald (26 March 2003). Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-817-35005-5. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVP680iD3yUC","url_text":"Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-817-35005-5","url_text":"978-0-817-35005-5"}]},{"reference":"Berdichewsky, Bernardo (1979). Anthropology and Social Change in Rural Areas, Volume 7. Berlin: Mouton. p. 543. ISBN 978-9-027-97810-3. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d8qwAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Anthropology and Social Change in Rural Areas, Volume 7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-97810-3","url_text":"978-9-027-97810-3"}]},{"reference":"Eber, Christine (28 June 2010). Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town: Water of Hope, Water of Sorrow. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-292-78932-6. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IGBICUW1BGoC","url_text":"Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town: Water of Hope, Water of Sorrow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78932-6","url_text":"978-0-292-78932-6"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Sue A. (1993). Teotihuacan Mazapan Figurines and the Xipe Totec Statue: A Link Between the Basin of Mexico and the Valley of Oaxaca. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. p. i. ISBN 978-0-935-46235-7. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5G6BAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Teotihuacan Mazapan Figurines and the Xipe Totec Statue: A Link Between the Basin of Mexico and the Valley of Oaxaca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-46235-7","url_text":"978-0-935-46235-7"}]},{"reference":"Linné, Sigvald (2003). Mexican Highland Cultures: Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Calpulalpan, and Chalchicomula in 1934–35. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-817-31295-4. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mLpVAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Mexican Highland Cultures: Archaeological Researches at Teotihuacan, Calpulalpan, and Chalchicomula in 1934–35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-817-31295-4","url_text":"978-0-817-31295-4"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Jeanette (5 July 2010). Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-292-78772-8. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram	Microgram	["1 Abbreviation and symbol confusion","2 See also","3 References"]	Unit of mass, 1 millionth of a gram "μg" and "ΜG" (Greek letter mu with G) redirect here. For microgravity, see micro-g environment. Not to be confused with MG (in Latin letters) or uG (in Latin letters). MicrogramA nutrition facts label displaying, for example, the amount of folic acid in microgramsGeneral informationUnit systemSIUnit ofmassSymbolμg In the metric system, a microgram or microgramme is a unit of mass equal to one millionth (1×10−6) of a gram. The unit symbol is μg according to the International System of Units (SI); the recommended symbol in the United States and United Kingdom when communicating medical information is mcg. In μg, the prefix symbol for micro- is the Greek letter μ (mu). Abbreviation and symbol confusion When the Greek lowercase "μ" (mu) is typographically unavailable, it is occasionally – although not properly – replaced by the Latin lowercase "u". The United States-based Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend that the symbol μg should not be used when communicating medical information due to the risk that the prefix μ (micro-) might be misread as the prefix m (milli-), resulting in a thousandfold overdose. The ISMP recommends the non-SI symbol mcg instead. However, the abbreviation mcg is also the symbol for an obsolete centimetre–gram–second system of units unit of measure known as millicentigram, which is equal to 10 μg. Gamma (symbol: γ) is a deprecated non-SI unit of mass equal to 1 μg. A fullwidth version of the "microgram" symbol is encoded by Unicode at code point U+338D ㎍ SQUARE MU G for use in CJK contexts. In other contexts, a sequence of the Greek letter mu (U+03BC) and Latin letter g (U+0067) should be used. See also Look up microgram, μg, or mcg in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. List of SI prefixes Orders of magnitude (mass), listing a few items that have a mass of around 1 μg. References ^ "ISMP's List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations". ISMP. Retrieved 2018-03-28. ^ NIST Handbook 133 - 2018, Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement, page 159 (17) ^ Unicode Consortium (2019). "The Unicode Standard 12.0 – CJK Compatibility ❰ Range: 3300—33FF ❱" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.	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Not to be confused with MG (in Latin letters) or uG (in Latin letters).In the metric system, a microgram or microgramme is a unit of mass equal to one millionth (1×10−6) of a gram. The unit symbol is μg according to the International System of Units (SI); the recommended symbol in the United States and United Kingdom when communicating medical information is mcg. In μg, the prefix symbol for micro- is the Greek letter μ (mu).","title":"Microgram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Safe Medication Practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Safe_Medication_Practices"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"μ (micro-)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-"},{"link_name":"m (milli-)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli-"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"centimetre–gram–second system of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS"},{"link_name":"γ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fullwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullwidth"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"CJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unicode-U3300-3"},{"link_name":"mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)"}],"text":"When the Greek lowercase \"μ\" (mu) is typographically unavailable, it is occasionally – although not properly – replaced by the Latin lowercase \"u\".The United States-based Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend that the symbol μg should not be used when communicating medical information due to the risk that the prefix μ (micro-) might be misread as the prefix m (milli-), resulting in a thousandfold overdose. The ISMP recommends the non-SI symbol mcg instead.[1] However, the abbreviation mcg is also the symbol for an obsolete centimetre–gram–second system of units unit of measure known as millicentigram, which is equal to 10 μg.Gamma (symbol: γ) is a deprecated non-SI unit of mass equal to 1 μg.[2]A fullwidth version of the \"microgram\" symbol is encoded by Unicode at code point U+338D ㎍ SQUARE MU G for use in CJK contexts.[3] In other contexts, a sequence of the Greek letter mu (U+03BC) and Latin letter g (U+0067) should be used.","title":"Abbreviation and symbol confusion"}]	[]	[{"title":"microgram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microgram"},{"title":"μg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BCg"},{"title":"mcg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mcg"},{"title":"List of SI prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes"},{"title":"Orders of magnitude (mass)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)#10%E2%88%9212_to_10%E2%88%926_kg"}]	[{"reference":"\"ISMP's List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations\". ISMP. Retrieved 2018-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list","url_text":"\"ISMP's List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations\""}]},{"reference":"Unicode Consortium (2019). \"The Unicode Standard 12.0 – CJK Compatibility ❰ Range: 3300—33FF ❱\" (PDF). Unicode.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath	Wreath	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Ancient Etruscan wreaths","2.2 Ancient Greece and Rome","3 Modern wreaths","3.1 Advent and Christmas wreaths","3.2 Decorative Wreaths","3.3 Corpus Christi wreaths","3.4 Funeral and memorial wreaths","3.5 Harvest wreath","4 Wreaths worn as crowns","4.1 Maypole wreath","4.2 Wreath symbolism in England","4.3 Saint Lucy's Day crown","5 Wreath laying ceremonies","6 References","7 External links"]	Ring-shaped ornament used for decoration and commemoration For wreaths worn on the head, see wreath (attire). For the wreath used in heraldry, see torse. A Christmas wreath on a house door in England. A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian Aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila in the Yambol region of Bulgaria. Mid 4th century BC. A wreath (/riːθ/) is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a ring shape. In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Christmas decoration. They are also used in ceremonial events in many cultures around the globe. They can be worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck. Etymology The word wreath comes from Middle English wrethe and from Old English writha 'band'. History Ancient Etruscan wreaths Wreath with ivy leaves and berries, a satyr's head at either end. Gold sheet, Etruscan artwork, 400–350 BC. From a tomb near Tarquinia. Wreaths were a design used in ancient times in southern Europe. The most well-known are pieces of Etruscan civilization jewelry, made of gold or other precious metals. Symbols from Greek myths often appear in the designs, embossed in precious metal at the ends of the wreath. Ancient Roman writers referred to Etruscan corona sutilis, which were wreaths with their leaves sewn onto a background. These wreaths resemble a diadem, with thin metal leaves being attached to an ornamental band. Wreaths also appear stamped into Etruscan medallions. The plants shown making the wreaths in Etruscan jewelry include ivy, oak, olive leaves, myrtle, laurel, wheat and vines. Wreaths were worn as crowns by Etruscan rulers. The Etruscan symbolism continued to be used in Ancient Greece and Rome. Roman magistrates also wore golden wreaths as crowns, as a symbolic testament to their lineage back to Rome's early Etruscan rulers. Roman magistrates also used several other prominent Etruscan symbols in addition to a golden wreath crown: fasces, a curule chair, a purple toga, and an ivory rod. Ancient Greece and Rome See also: Olive wreath and Laurel wreath A replica bust of Apollo wearing a laurel wreath. In the Greco-Roman world, wreaths were used as an adornment that could represent a person's occupation, rank, their achievements and status. The wreath that was commonly used was the laurel wreath. The use of this wreath comes from the Greek myth involving Apollo, Zeus' son and the god of life and light, who fell in love with the nymph Daphne. When he pursued her she fled and asked the river god Peneus to help her. Peneus turned her into a laurel tree. From that day, Apollo wore a wreath of laurel on his head. Laurel wreaths became associated with what Apollo embodied; victory, achievement and status and would later become one of the most commonly used symbols to address achievement throughout Greece and Rome. Laurel wreaths were used to crown victorious athletes at the original Olympic Games and are still worn in Italy by university students who just graduated. Other types of plants used to make wreath crowns also had symbolic meaning. For example, oak leaves symbolized wisdom, and were associated with Zeus, who according to Greek mythology made his decisions while resting in an oak grove. The Twelve Tables, dating to 450 BC, refer to funeral wreaths as a long-standing tradition. Olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the ancient Olympic Games. Modern wreaths Advent and Christmas wreaths A five-candle Advent wreath in the chancel of a Christian church (top) and a Christmas wreath adorning an American home, with the door chalked for Epiphanytide and the wreath hanger bearing a placard of the Angel Gabriel (bottom) In Christianity, wreaths are used to observe the Advent season, in preparation for Christmastide and Epiphanytide, as well as to celebrate the latter two liturgical seasons. These wreaths, as with other Advent and Christmas decorations, are often set up on the first Sunday of Advent, a custom that is sometimes done liturgically, through a hanging of the greens ceremony. The Advent wreath was first used by Lutherans in Germany in the 16th century, and in 1839, Lutheran priest Johann Hinrich Wichern used a wreath made from a cart wheel to educate children about the meaning and purpose of Christmas, as well as to help them count its approach, thus giving rise to the modern version of the Advent wreath. For every Sunday of Advent, starting with the fourth Sunday before Christmas, he would put a white candle in the wreath and for every day in between he would use a red candle. The use of the Advent wreath has since spread from the Lutheran Church to many Christian denominations, and some of these traditions, such as the Catholic Church and Moravian Church, have introduced unique variations to it. All of the Advent wreaths, however, have four candles, and many of them have a white candle in the centre, the Christ candle, which is lit on Christmas Day. Advent and Christmas wreaths are constructed of evergreens to represent everlasting life brought through Jesus and the circular shape of the wreath represents God, with no beginning and no end. Advent and Christmas wreaths are now a popular symbol in preparation for and to celebrate the coming of Christ, with the former being used to mark the beginning of the Christian Church's liturgical year and both serving as décor during Advent and Christmas festivities. While Advent wreaths are erected on stands or placed on tables, Christmas wreaths are often hung on doors or walls. Within Advent, the Church observes Saint Lucy's Day, the memorial of Saint Lucy, who is said to have brought "food and aid to Christians hiding in the catacombs" using a candle-lit wreath to "light her way and leave her hands free to carry as much food as possible"; as such, on this day, many young Christian girls dress as Saint Lucy, wearing a wreath on their head. Decorative Wreaths Decorative wreaths originated in Ancient Greece, they were used to promote healthy crop harvests, it would be made from the previous years harvest (such as wheat) and would be hung on people's doors in hope for a fruitful harvest in the coming year. In recent years, wreaths have experienced a significant surge in popularity as versatile home decor items. In fact the global market for decorative wreaths is anticipated to reach an annual growth rate of 4.5% from 2022 to 2030, culminating in a market value of $1.2 billion by the conclusion of the forecast period. No longer confined to seasonal displays or special occasions, wreaths are now commonly used year-round to enhance interior and exterior spaces. From vibrant floral wreaths adorning front doors to minimalist greenery wreaths adorning walls, their versatility and customizable nature have captured the attention of interior designers and homeowners alike. The rise of do-it-yourself crafting and online marketplaces has also contributed to the accessibility of wreath-making materials and designs, allowing individuals to express their creativity and personalize their living spaces with these charming and visually appealing accents. Corpus Christi wreaths On the eve of the Feast of Corpus Christi, Christian clergy (chiefly those from the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions) bless Corpus Christi wreaths that are made of flowers. Wreaths and bouquets are often "attached to flags and banners, to houses, and to the arches of green boughs that span the streets." In Christian homes, these wreaths are suspended on walls or displayed on doors and in windows. Corpus Christi wreaths are also "put up in gardens, fields, and pastures, with a prayer for protection and blessing upon the growing harvest." Funeral and memorial wreaths A sculpted wreath on the South African War Memorial, Richmond Cemetery Wreaths laid at war memorials in Australia Wreaths are mounted on frames near the Moscow grave of Russian intellectual Andrei Sakharov, 1990 The symbolism of wreaths has been used at funerals since at least the time of Ancient Greece, to represent a circle of eternal life. Evergreen wreaths were laid at the burial place of early Christian virgin martyrs in Europe, the evergreen representing the victory of the eternal spirit over death. In early modern England, a wreath custom existed for the funerals of "young maidens". A young woman of the same age as the one being mourned would lead the funeral procession, carrying a wreath of white flowers to represent the purity of the deceased, and "that eternal crown of glory reserved for her in heaven". By the Victorian era, the symbolism of flowers had grown to become an elaborate language, and the symbolism of funeral wreaths was no exception. Flowers represented life and resurrection. Specific flowers were used in funeral wreaths to represent particular sentiments. Cypress and willow were used for crafting wreath frames, and were associated with mourning by the Victorians. Wreaths are commonly laid at the tombs of soldiers and at memorial cenotaphs during Memorial Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies. Wreaths may also be laid in memory of persons lost at sea, either from an accident or due to navy action. In a memorial service at sea, the wreath is lowered to the water and set adrift. Funeral wreaths were also commonly adorned with a "wreath sash", a term coined in the World War II era, which was decorated with fringe and embroidered to commemorate life and sacrifice. This practice is still in place today, and wreath sashes now commonly adorn doors of homes to celebrate numerous holidays. Harvest wreath A Scandinavian-style harvest wreath made of woven straw. Harvest wreaths, a common household decoration today, are a custom with ancient roots in Europe. The creation of harvest wreaths in Europe can be traced back to ancient times, and is associated with animistic spiritual beliefs. In Ancient Greece, the harvest wreath was a sacred amulet, using wheat or other harvested plants, woven together with red and white wool thread. The harvest wreath would be hung by the door year-round. Harvest wreaths were an important symbol to the community in Ancient Greece, not merely to the farmer and his family. The festivals devoted to Dionysus, the Oschophoria and Anthesteria, included a ritual procession called the eiresîonê. A harvest wreath was carried to Pyanopsia and Thargelia by young boys, who would sing during the journey. The laurel or olive wreath would be hung at the door, and then offerings were made to Helios and the Hours. It was hoped that this ritual would bring protection against crop failure and plagues. In Poland, the harvest wreath (wieniec) is a central symbol of the Harvest Festival, Dozynki. Wreaths are made of different shapes and sizes, using harvested grain plants, fruit and nuts. The wreath is then brought to a church for a blessing by a priest. The tradition includes a procession to the family home from the church, with a girl or young woman leading the procession and carrying the wreath. The procession is followed with a celebration and feast. Wreaths worn as crowns Main article: Wreath (attire) A wreath may be used as a headdress made from leaves, flowers and branches. It is typically worn in festive occasions and on holy days. Wreaths originally were made for use with pagan rituals in Europe, and were associated with the changing seasons and fertility. Christianity appropriated the symbolism of the wreath based upon its Roman association with honour and moral virtue. During the Middle Ages, Christian art featured depictions of the Virgin Mary and various saints crowned with wreaths, much as figures from Roman and Greek mythology were depicted wearing wreaths, as well as Roman and Greek rulers and heroes. Maypole wreath A Maypole with wreaths, raised for Midsummer celebrations in Östra Insjö, Dalarna, Sweden Wreath customs in Europe have survived over many centuries. The observance of May Day in England includes Maypole festivities, culminating in a race by young unmarried men to climb to the top of the Maypole to capture the May Day wreath perched at the top of the pole. The winner of this contest would wear the wreath as his crown, and would be recognized as the May Day King for the rest of the holiday. Plants traditionally used to make Midsummer wreaths and garlands include white lilies, green birch, fennel, St. John's Wort, wormwood, vervain and flax. The flowers used in making the Midsummer wreath had to be picked early in the morning before the dew had dried; the belief was that once the dew dried, the magical properties of the plants evaporated with the dew. Midsummer celebrations are still observed in Germany and Scandinavia as well, with Maypoles and wreaths playing a prominent role, similar to England. Wreath symbolism in England By the Renaissance period, wreaths became symbols of political and religious alliances in England. Protestant reformers such as the Puritans saw wreaths and the holidays they were associated with, such as May Day, as being pagan corrupting influences that destroyed healthy Christian morality. Soldiers confiscated wreaths in Oxford on May Day of 1648. During the Interregnum following the overthrow of Charles I of England, wreaths symbolized Royalist sympathies. In Bath, Somerset, the coronation of Charles II of England was marked with a procession of 400 maidens in white and green, carrying "gilded crowns, crowns made of flowers, and wreaths made of laurel mixed with tulips", and led by the mayor's wife. Wreath thrown in water on Ivan Kupala Day Feast of St. John the Baptist, in Russia Saint Lucy's Day crown Saint Lucy is traditionally depicted in Christian artwork wearing a wreath as a crown, and on the wreath stand lit candles symbolizing the light of the world represented by Christ. Sweden in particular has a long history of observing Saint Lucy's Day (St. Lucia's Day). "St. Lucia's crowns", made of a brass wreath holding candles, are part of the customs associated with this holiday. Wreath laying ceremonies A laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, May 2008 Group of wreaths laid during the Remembrance Sunday ceremony in London A wreath laying ceremony is a traditional practice during which funeral wreaths are laid at a grave or memorial site. It is done as a formal sign of respect towards a particular tribute (e.g. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier). These are formal ceremonies that involve high ranking dignitaries such as heads of state. Once a wreath is laid, the person who lays the wreath goes a few steps back to bow/salute the memorial. During wreath laying ceremonies of a military nature, bugle calls such as "Last Post", "Taps", or "Sunset" are played. In the Netherlands, wreath laying (Dutch: Kranslegging) is usually held during the National Remembrance Day celebrations on 4 May. During state visits, a wreath is laid out at the National Monument in Amsterdam. In Russia, it is tradition to lay wreaths at war memorials on Days of Military Honour and commemorative military holidays, such as Defender of the Fatherland Day and Victory Day. One of the more notable laying of wreaths takes place at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow's Alexander Garden, where the President of Russia, the Prime Minister of Russia, members of the Federal Assembly, military officers, religious leaders in the Russian Orthodox Church and other dignitaries are led to lay a funeral wreath close to the eternal flame. A moment of silence is then conducted, which is usually followed by a solemn march of an honour guard passes. In the United Kingdom, wreaths, are most notably laid at the Cenotaph during the National Service of Remembrance on Remembrance Day. References ^ a b "Wreath". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-19. ^ Higgins, Reynold Alleyne (1980). Greek and Roman Jewellery. University of California Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-520-03601-7. ^ Deppert-Lippitz, Barbara; Bromberg, Anne R.; Dennis, John (1996). Ancient gold jewelry at the Dallas Museum of Art. Dallas Museum of Art in association with the University of Washington Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-936227-19-1. ^ Hadas, Moses (1952). A History of Latin Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-231-01848-7. ^ a b c Batchen, Geoffrey (2006). Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-56898-619-7. ^ "Crowning glories". Retrieved October 25, 2016. Six graduates of SAIS' Bologna Center joined the long tradition on May 29, when they, too, were crowned with the aromatic green wreaths. ^ "The Laws of the Twelve Tables". Retrieved February 14, 2013. Anyone who has rendered himself deserving of a wreath ... shall have a right to have the said wreath placed upon his dead body ^ "Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού - Αφιερώματα". odysseus.culture.gr. ^ "Advent", Harper's Magazine (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishing, 1896) p. 776 ^ Michelin (2012). Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012-2013. Michelin. p. 73. ISBN 978-2067182110. Advent – The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath. ^ Normark, Helena (1997). Modern Christmas. Graphic Garden. Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent, which is the await for the arrival of Jesus. The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it, and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas. Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent. ^ Rice, Howard L.; Huffstutler, James C. (2001). Reformed Worship. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0664501471. Another popular activity is the "Hanging of the Greens," a service in which the sanctuary is decorated for Christmas. ^ Colbert, Teddy (1996). The Living Wreath. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-0879057008. It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century. ^ Mosteller, Angie (2008). Christmas. Itasca Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1607910084. The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century. However, another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape. Specifically, a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached. ^ Manning, Kathleen (25 November 2015). "Why are Advent candles pink and purple?". U.S. Catholic. Claretians. Retrieved 31 January 2016. The modern Advent wreath, created in 19th-century Germany by Johann Hinrich Wichern, featured red and white candles. While these colors may be more in keeping with traditional Christmas décor, they were most likely used because they were just what was available. A Lutheran pastor, Wichern was actively involved in the Inner Mission movement, which promoted the development of social service organizations for the poor. In 1839 students at a school Wichern established for poor boys in Hamburg kept asking him when Christmas would arrive. Using an old cart wheel, Wichern crafted a wreath of four large white candles, with small red candles between them. The children would light a new candle each day, and a new white candle on each of the four Sundays of Advent. When all the candles had been lit, it was time to celebrate Christmas. ^ Brighenti, Kenneth; Trigilio Jr., John (2007). The Catholicism Answer Book. Sourcebooks. p. 369. ISBN 978-1402232299. Historically, the Advent wreath is a Lutheran custom dating back three hundred years ago. ^ Bower, Peter C. (2003). The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. Geneva Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0664502324. It apparently emanated from the Lutheran tradition, but it has been appropriated by almost all other traditions. ^ Manning, Kathleen (25 November 2015). "Why are Advent candles pink and purple?". U.S. Catholic. Claretians. Retrieved 31 January 2016. Other Christian churches soon adapted the wreath for their own needs and understandings of the season. To reinforce the symbolism of the liturgical vestments worn by priests, Catholics swapped the red candles for three purple candles—the color typically associated with penance—and one pink, the color of rejoicing worn on the third Sunday of Advent. In Orthodox Christian churches, where the observance of Advent lasts 40 days, the wreath has six candles that are green (faith), blue (hope), gold (love), white (peace), purple (penance), and red (communion). Members of the Moravian Church use four plain beeswax candles that can be made at home, reflecting a faith tradition that values simplicity and domestic work. ^ Garrison, Greg (27 November 2010). "Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional". The Birmingham News. Retrieved 31 January 2016. An Advent wreath is traditionally made of evergreens in a circle, symbolizing God's unending love. It includes three purple candles, and the candle for the third week of Advent is pink in most Advent wreaths. It signifies the hope of the coming of Christ, Baker said. "Hope is needed in our culture," Baker said. "People are struggling economically. People are in dire need of hope." For Christians, that hope comes from the birth of Jesus, he said. For the first week, there is one purple candle lit on the Advent wreath every day. Another is added the second week. A pink candle is lit the third week, another purple candle the fourth week. The three purple candles and the pink candle are all lit on the last Sunday before Christmas and throughout that week. A white candle at the center of most Advent wreaths, the Christ candle, is lit on Christmas day, Baker said. ^ Mosteller, Angie (2008). Christmas. Itasca Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1607910084. Wreaths became distinctly Christian in their symbolism. Since their circular shape had no beginning or end, they could serve as a reminder of the 'Eternal God' (Genesis 21:33) and the life without end offered to 'whoever believes in the Son' (John 3:36). Since wreaths were made of evergreens (trees that survive the 'death' of winter), they could symbolize both the immortality of God and the souls of men. Lastly, the light of a wreath could represent Jesus, who said, 'I am the light of the world' (John 8:12). ^ Cook, David C. (2006). The Inspirational Christmas Almanac. Honor Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1562927431. From the earliest days of Christianity, the evergreen wreath has always been an emblem of eternal life and God's faithfulness to all humanity. Holly, with its green leaves, its prickly points, and its red berries, suggested that the Child born in the manger would wear a crown of thorns and shed drops of blood. Mistletoe, long associated in the pre-Christian world with healing, became a symbol of the healing power of Christ. ^ Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2002). Christian Belief and Practice. Heinemann. p. 97. ISBN 978-0435306915. The wreath's circle reminds Christians of God's endless love and mercy. The evergreen leaves represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ. The candles symbolize the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ. ^ Hull, Richard J. (1 July 2001). Advent Conversations. CSS Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9780788018367. Typically, in sanctuary use, the Advent wreath is placed on a stand in or near the chancel. The home wreath usually is placed flat on a table suitable for a home worship center, with the candles upright. ^ Barnhill, Carla. "St. Lucy's Day". Christian History Magazine. No. 103. ^ Hanson, Joelle (13 December 2012). "Santa Lucia Day traditions". ELCA. Retrieved 12 December 2015. Lucia means "light" and Santa Lucia became associated with light. In northern Europe, particularly Scandinavia, her day fell on the shortest day of the year and was celebrated as they turned from the long winter nights and began to look forward to longer days. During the Roman persecutions, Lucia is said to have carried food to the poor in dark tunnels, wearing a wreath of candles on her head. ^ Bommer, Paul (2010). "December 13 St. Lucy's Day". St. Nicholas Center. Retrieved 12 December 2015. This timing, and her name meaning light, is a factor in the particular devotion to St. Lucy in Scandinavian countries, where young girls dress as the saint in honor of the feast. Traditionally the oldest daughter of any household will dress up in a white robe with a red sash and a wreath of evergreens and 12 lighted candles upon her head. Assisted by any siblings she may have, she then serves coffee and a special St Lucia bun (a Lussekatt in Swedish) to her parents and family. The Lussekatter or Lussebollar are spiced buns flavoured with saffron and other spices and traditionally presented in the form shown in the image, an inverted S with two raisins a-top (perhaps representing St Lucy's plucked out eyes!?). ^ "Where did Wreaths Originate From and What do They Symbolize?". Wreaths.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-09-09. ^ Plentisoft (22 June 2023). "Projected Growth in Demand for Decorative Wreaths to Propel Market Value to $1.2 Billion by 2030". Markets Insider (Press release). Retrieved 2023-06-22. ^ a b c d Weiser, Francis X. (1956). The Holyday Book. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 57. ^ Hulme, Frederick Edward (1877). Bards and blossoms; or, The poetry, history, and associations of flowers. Oxford University: Marcus Ward & Co. pp. 50–1. ^ Hastings, James (2003) . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 16. Kessinger Publishing. p. 778. ISBN 978-0-7661-3693-9. ^ Mitchell-Boyask, Robin (2008). Plague and the Athenian imagination: drama, history and the cult of Asclepius. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-87345-1. ^ Zamojska-Hutchins, Danuta (2002). Cooking the Polish Way. Lerner Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8225-4119-6. ^ Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. CUP Archive. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8. ^ Ferreira, Jorge; Janick, Jules (2009). "Data sheet about Artemisia annua" (PDF). Purdue University. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1994). A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. JG Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-57215-000-3. ^ a b Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. CUP Archive. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8. ^ Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1994). A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. JG Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-57215-000-3. ^ Benjamin, Isaac (2014-06-05). Farewell to N?djamena. Author House. ISBN 9781491894521. ^ Damousi, Joy (2001). Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia and Grief in Post-War Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521802185. ^ Wreath Layings – Arlington National Cemetery External links Look up wreath in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wreaths. Saunders, Rev. William. "The History of the Advent Wreath". catholiceducation.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. "The History of Laurel Wreath". liza-kliko.com. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wreath (attire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_(attire)"},{"link_name":"torse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_Wreath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_639554.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odrysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysian"},{"link_name":"Yambol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambol"},{"link_name":"/riːθ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"twigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedict-1"},{"link_name":"Advent and Christmas decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_decoration"},{"link_name":"chaplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland"}],"text":"For wreaths worn on the head, see wreath (attire). For the wreath used in heraldry, see torse.A Christmas wreath on a house door in England.A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian Aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila in the Yambol region of Bulgaria. Mid 4th century BC.A wreath (/riːθ/) is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a ring shape.[1]In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Christmas decoration. They are also used in ceremonial events in many cultures around the globe. They can be worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck.","title":"Wreath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedict-1"}],"text":"The word wreath comes from Middle English wrethe and from Old English writha 'band'.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivy_wreath_BM_2296.jpg"},{"link_name":"satyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr"},{"link_name":"Tarquinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarquinia"},{"link_name":"used in ancient times in southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreaths_and_crowns_in_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Etruscan civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"diadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fasces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces"},{"link_name":"toga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Ancient Etruscan wreaths","text":"Wreath with ivy leaves and berries, a satyr's head at either end. Gold sheet, Etruscan artwork, 400–350 BC. From a tomb near Tarquinia.Wreaths were a design used in ancient times in southern Europe. The most well-known are pieces of Etruscan civilization jewelry, made of gold or other precious metals. Symbols from Greek myths often appear in the designs, embossed in precious metal at the ends of the wreath. Ancient Roman writers referred to Etruscan corona sutilis, which were wreaths with their leaves sewn onto a background.[2] These wreaths resemble a diadem, with thin metal leaves being attached to an ornamental band.[3] Wreaths also appear stamped into Etruscan medallions. The plants shown making the wreaths in Etruscan jewelry include ivy, oak, olive leaves, myrtle, laurel, wheat and vines.Wreaths were worn as crowns by Etruscan rulers. The Etruscan symbolism continued to be used in Ancient Greece and Rome. Roman magistrates also wore golden wreaths as crowns, as a symbolic testament to their lineage back to Rome's early Etruscan rulers. Roman magistrates also used several other prominent Etruscan symbols in addition to a golden wreath crown: fasces, a curule chair, a purple toga, and an ivory rod.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olive wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_wreath"},{"link_name":"Laurel wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_wreath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_with_his_laurel_wreath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_world"},{"link_name":"laurel wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_wreath"},{"link_name":"Greek myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne"},{"link_name":"Peneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peneus"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchen_2006_92-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Twelve Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tables"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Olive wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_wreath"},{"link_name":"ancient Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Ancient Greece and Rome","text":"See also: Olive wreath and Laurel wreathA replica bust of Apollo wearing a laurel wreath.In the Greco-Roman world, wreaths were used as an adornment that could represent a person's occupation, rank, their achievements and status. The wreath that was commonly used was the laurel wreath. The use of this wreath comes from the Greek myth involving Apollo, Zeus' son and the god of life and light, who fell in love with the nymph Daphne. When he pursued her she fled and asked the river god Peneus to help her. Peneus turned her into a laurel tree. From that day, Apollo wore a wreath of laurel on his head. Laurel wreaths became associated with what Apollo embodied; victory, achievement and status and would later become one of the most commonly used symbols to address achievement throughout Greece and Rome. Laurel wreaths were used to crown victorious athletes at the original Olympic Games[5] and are still worn in Italy by university students who just graduated.[6]Other types of plants used to make wreath crowns also had symbolic meaning. For example, oak leaves symbolized wisdom, and were associated with Zeus, who according to Greek mythology made his decisions while resting in an oak grove. The Twelve Tables, dating to 450 BC, refer to funeral wreaths as a long-standing tradition.[7] Olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the ancient Olympic Games.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advent_Wreath_of_Saint_Peter%27s_Catholic_Church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_wreath.jpg"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"door chalked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalking_the_door"},{"link_name":"Angel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"Christmastide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmastide"},{"link_name":"Epiphanytide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanytide"},{"link_name":"liturgical seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"first Sunday of Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michelin2012-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Normark1997-11"},{"link_name":"hanging of the greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_of_the_greens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiceHuffstutler2001-12"},{"link_name":"Advent wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_wreath"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colbert1996-13"},{"link_name":"Johann Hinrich Wichern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hinrich_Wichern"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosteller2008-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Lutheran_Federation"},{"link_name":"Christian denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrighentiJr.2007-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bower2003-17"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Moravian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"everlasting life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosteller-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books2006-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeddesGriffiths2002-22"},{"link_name":"coming of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hull2001-23"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucy's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy"},{"link_name":"catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson2012-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Advent and Christmas wreaths","text":"A five-candle Advent wreath in the chancel of a Christian church (top) and a Christmas wreath adorning an American home, with the door chalked for Epiphanytide and the wreath hanger bearing a placard of the Angel Gabriel (bottom)In Christianity, wreaths are used to observe the Advent season, in preparation for Christmastide and Epiphanytide, as well as to celebrate the latter two liturgical seasons.[9] These wreaths, as with other Advent and Christmas decorations, are often set up on the first Sunday of Advent,[10][11] a custom that is sometimes done liturgically, through a hanging of the greens ceremony.[12] The Advent wreath was first used by Lutherans in Germany in the 16th century,[13] and in 1839, Lutheran priest Johann Hinrich Wichern used a wreath made from a cart wheel to educate children about the meaning and purpose of Christmas, as well as to help them count its approach, thus giving rise to the modern version of the Advent wreath. For every Sunday of Advent, starting with the fourth Sunday before Christmas, he would put a white candle in the wreath and for every day in between he would use a red candle.[14][15] The use of the Advent wreath has since spread from the Lutheran Church to many Christian denominations,[16][17] and some of these traditions, such as the Catholic Church and Moravian Church, have introduced unique variations to it.[18] All of the Advent wreaths, however, have four candles, and many of them have a white candle in the centre, the Christ candle, which is lit on Christmas Day.[19] Advent and Christmas wreaths are constructed of evergreens to represent everlasting life brought through Jesus and the circular shape of the wreath represents God, with no beginning and no end.[20][21][22] Advent and Christmas wreaths are now a popular symbol in preparation for and to celebrate the coming of Christ, with the former being used to mark the beginning of the Christian Church's liturgical year and both serving as décor during Advent and Christmas festivities. While Advent wreaths are erected on stands or placed on tables, Christmas wreaths are often hung on doors or walls.[23] Within Advent, the Church observes Saint Lucy's Day, the memorial of Saint Lucy, who is said to have brought \"food and aid to Christians hiding in the catacombs\" using a candle-lit wreath to \"light her way and leave her hands free to carry as much food as possible\";[24][25] as such, on this day, many young Christian girls dress as Saint Lucy, wearing a wreath on their head.[26]","title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Decorative Wreaths","text":"Decorative wreaths originated in Ancient Greece, they were used to promote healthy crop harvests, it would be made from the previous years harvest (such as wheat)[27] and would be hung on people's doors in hope for a fruitful harvest in the coming year.In recent years, wreaths have experienced a significant surge in popularity as versatile home decor items. In fact the global market for decorative wreaths is anticipated to reach an annual growth rate of 4.5% from 2022 to 2030, culminating in a market value of $1.2 billion by the conclusion of the forecast period.[28] No longer confined to seasonal displays or special occasions, wreaths are now commonly used year-round to enhance interior and exterior spaces. From vibrant floral wreaths adorning front doors to minimalist greenery wreaths adorning walls, their versatility and customizable nature have captured the attention of interior designers and homeowners alike. The rise of do-it-yourself crafting and online marketplaces has also contributed to the accessibility of wreath-making materials and designs, allowing individuals to express their creativity and personalize their living spaces with these charming and visually appealing accents.","title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feast of Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesier1956-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesier1956-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesier1956-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesier1956-29"}],"sub_title":"Corpus Christi wreaths","text":"On the eve of the Feast of Corpus Christi, Christian clergy (chiefly those from the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions) bless Corpus Christi wreaths that are made of flowers.[29] Wreaths and bouquets are often \"attached to flags and banners, to houses, and to the arches of green boughs that span the streets.\"[29] In Christian homes, these wreaths are suspended on walls or displayed on doors and in windows.[29] Corpus Christi wreaths are also \"put up in gardens, fields, and pastures, with a prayer for protection and blessing upon the growing harvest.\"[29]","title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cenotaph,_Richmond_Cemetery_(07).JPG"},{"link_name":"South African War Memorial, Richmond Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial,_Richmond_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_I_Memorial,_Hamilton,_Queensland_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People_gathered_at_the_grave_of_Andrei_Sakharov,_1990.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrei Sakharov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchen_2006_92-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchen_2006_92-5"},{"link_name":"cenotaphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaphs"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"}],"sub_title":"Funeral and memorial wreaths","text":"A sculpted wreath on the South African War Memorial, Richmond CemeteryWreaths laid at war memorials in AustraliaWreaths are mounted on frames near the Moscow grave of Russian intellectual Andrei Sakharov, 1990The symbolism of wreaths has been used at funerals since at least the time of Ancient Greece, to represent a circle of eternal life. Evergreen wreaths were laid at the burial place of early Christian virgin martyrs in Europe, the evergreen representing the victory of the eternal spirit over death.[5]In early modern England, a wreath custom existed for the funerals of \"young maidens\". A young woman of the same age as the one being mourned would lead the funeral procession, carrying a wreath of white flowers to represent the purity of the deceased, and \"that eternal crown of glory reserved for her in heaven\".[30]By the Victorian era, the symbolism of flowers had grown to become an elaborate language, and the symbolism of funeral wreaths was no exception. Flowers represented life and resurrection. Specific flowers were used in funeral wreaths to represent particular sentiments. Cypress and willow were used for crafting wreath frames, and were associated with mourning by the Victorians.[5]Wreaths are commonly laid at the tombs of soldiers and at memorial cenotaphs during Memorial Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies. Wreaths may also be laid in memory of persons lost at sea, either from an accident or due to navy action. In a memorial service at sea, the wreath is lowered to the water and set adrift. Funeral wreaths were also commonly adorned with a \"wreath sash\", a term coined in the World War II era, which was decorated with fringe and embroidered to commemorate life and sacrifice. This practice is still in place today, and wreath sashes now commonly adorn doors of homes to celebrate numerous holidays.","title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvest_Wreath.jpg"},{"link_name":"animistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animistic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Oschophoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschophoria"},{"link_name":"Anthesteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthesteria"},{"link_name":"Pyanopsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyanopsia"},{"link_name":"Thargelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thargelia"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Harvest wreath","text":"A Scandinavian-style harvest wreath made of woven straw.Harvest wreaths, a common household decoration today, are a custom with ancient roots in Europe. The creation of harvest wreaths in Europe can be traced back to ancient times, and is associated with animistic spiritual beliefs. In Ancient Greece, the harvest wreath was a sacred amulet, using wheat or other harvested plants, woven together with red and white wool thread. The harvest wreath would be hung by the door year-round.[31]Harvest wreaths were an important symbol to the community in Ancient Greece, not merely to the farmer and his family. The festivals devoted to Dionysus, the Oschophoria and Anthesteria, included a ritual procession called the eiresîonê. A harvest wreath was carried to Pyanopsia and Thargelia by young boys, who would sing during the journey. The laurel or olive wreath would be hung at the door, and then offerings were made to Helios and the Hours. It was hoped that this ritual would bring protection against crop failure and plagues.[32]In Poland, the harvest wreath (wieniec) is a central symbol of the Harvest Festival, Dozynki. Wreaths are made of different shapes and sizes, using harvested grain plants, fruit and nuts. The wreath is then brought to a church for a blessing by a priest. The tradition includes a procession to the family home from the church, with a girl or young woman leading the procession and carrying the wreath. The procession is followed with a celebration and feast.[33]","title":"Modern wreaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headdress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headdress"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"}],"text":"A wreath may be used as a headdress made from leaves, flowers and branches. It is typically worn in festive occasions and on holy days. Wreaths originally were made for use with pagan rituals in Europe, and were associated with the changing seasons and fertility. Christianity appropriated the symbolism of the wreath based upon its Roman association with honour and moral virtue.[34] During the Middle Ages, Christian art featured depictions of the Virgin Mary and various saints crowned with wreaths, much as figures from Roman and Greek mythology were depicted wearing wreaths, as well as Roman and Greek rulers and heroes.","title":"Wreaths worn as crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maypole.JPG"},{"link_name":"Maypole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"},{"link_name":"Dalarna, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"},{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day"},{"link_name":"Maypole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"St. John's Wort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Wort"},{"link_name":"wormwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"vervain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervain"},{"link_name":"flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Midsummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer"}],"sub_title":"Maypole wreath","text":"A Maypole with wreaths, raised for Midsummer celebrations in Östra Insjö, Dalarna, SwedenWreath customs in Europe have survived over many centuries. The observance of May Day in England includes Maypole festivities, culminating in a race by young unmarried men to climb to the top of the Maypole to capture the May Day wreath perched at the top of the pole. The winner of this contest would wear the wreath as his crown, and would be recognized as the May Day King for the rest of the holiday. Plants traditionally used to make Midsummer wreaths and garlands include white lilies, green birch, fennel, St. John's Wort, wormwood,[35] vervain and flax. The flowers used in making the Midsummer wreath had to be picked early in the morning before the dew had dried; the belief was that once the dew dried, the magical properties of the plants evaporated with the dew.[36]Midsummer celebrations are still observed in Germany and Scandinavia as well, with Maypoles and wreaths playing a prominent role, similar to England.","title":"Wreaths worn as crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goody-37"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goody-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_50.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kupala Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day"}],"sub_title":"Wreath symbolism in England","text":"By the Renaissance period, wreaths became symbols of political and religious alliances in England. Protestant reformers such as the Puritans saw wreaths and the holidays they were associated with, such as May Day, as being pagan corrupting influences that destroyed healthy Christian morality. Soldiers confiscated wreaths in Oxford on May Day of 1648.[37] During the Interregnum following the overthrow of Charles I of England, wreaths symbolized Royalist sympathies. In Bath, Somerset, the coronation of Charles II of England was marked with a procession of 400 maidens in white and green, carrying \"gilded crowns, crowns made of flowers, and wreaths made of laurel mixed with tulips\", and led by the mayor's wife.[37]Wreath thrown in water on Ivan Kupala Day Feast of St. John the Baptist, in Russia","title":"Wreaths worn as crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucy's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Saint Lucy's Day crown","text":"Saint Lucy is traditionally depicted in Christian artwork wearing a wreath as a crown, and on the wreath stand lit candles symbolizing the light of the world represented by Christ. Sweden in particular has a long history of observing Saint Lucy's Day (St. Lucia's Day). \"St. Lucia's crowns\", made of a brass wreath holding candles, are part of the customs associated with this holiday.[38]","title":"Wreaths worn as crowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_Day_Parade_2008-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreaths_at_the_Cenotaph_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier"},{"link_name":"heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_state"},{"link_name":"Last Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Post"},{"link_name":"Taps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taps_(bugle_call)"},{"link_name":"Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_(bugle_call)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Days of Military Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Military_Honour"},{"link_name":"Defender of the Fatherland Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_of_the_Fatherland_Day"},{"link_name":"Victory Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Garden"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Federal Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"military officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"moment of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_silence"},{"link_name":"honour guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_guard"},{"link_name":"Cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph,_Whitehall"},{"link_name":"National Service of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_of_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"}],"text":"A laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, May 2008Group of wreaths laid during the Remembrance Sunday ceremony in LondonA wreath laying ceremony is a traditional practice during which funeral wreaths are laid at a grave or memorial site. It is done as a formal sign of respect towards a particular tribute (e.g. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier). These are formal ceremonies that involve high ranking dignitaries such as heads of state. Once a wreath is laid, the person who lays the wreath goes a few steps back to bow/salute the memorial. During wreath laying ceremonies of a military nature, bugle calls such as \"Last Post\", \"Taps\", or \"Sunset\" are played.[39][40][41]In the Netherlands, wreath laying (Dutch: Kranslegging) is usually held during the National Remembrance Day celebrations on 4 May. During state visits, a wreath is laid out at the National Monument in Amsterdam.In Russia, it is tradition to lay wreaths at war memorials on Days of Military Honour and commemorative military holidays, such as Defender of the Fatherland Day and Victory Day. One of the more notable laying of wreaths takes place at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow's Alexander Garden, where the President of Russia, the Prime Minister of Russia, members of the Federal Assembly, military officers, religious leaders in the Russian Orthodox Church and other dignitaries are led to lay a funeral wreath close to the eternal flame. A moment of silence is then conducted, which is usually followed by a solemn march of an honour guard passes.In the United Kingdom, wreaths, are most notably laid at the Cenotaph during the National Service of Remembrance on Remembrance Day.","title":"Wreath laying ceremonies"}]	[{"image_text":"A Christmas wreath on a house door in England.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Christmas_Wreath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_639554.jpg/220px-Christmas_Wreath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_639554.jpg"},{"image_text":"A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian Aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila in the Yambol region of Bulgaria. Mid 4th century BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/170px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wreath with ivy leaves and berries, a satyr's head at either end. Gold sheet, Etruscan artwork, 400–350 BC. From a tomb near Tarquinia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ivy_wreath_BM_2296.jpg/220px-Ivy_wreath_BM_2296.jpg"},{"image_text":"A replica bust of Apollo wearing a laurel wreath.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Apollo_with_his_laurel_wreath.jpg/170px-Apollo_with_his_laurel_wreath.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sculpted wreath on the South African War Memorial, Richmond Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cenotaph%2C_Richmond_Cemetery_%2807%29.JPG/220px-Cenotaph%2C_Richmond_Cemetery_%2807%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wreaths laid at war memorials in Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/World_War_I_Memorial%2C_Hamilton%2C_Queensland_04.jpg/220px-World_War_I_Memorial%2C_Hamilton%2C_Queensland_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wreaths are mounted on frames near the Moscow grave of Russian intellectual Andrei Sakharov, 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/People_gathered_at_the_grave_of_Andrei_Sakharov%2C_1990.jpg/220px-People_gathered_at_the_grave_of_Andrei_Sakharov%2C_1990.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Scandinavian-style harvest wreath made of woven straw.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Harvest_Wreath.jpg/150px-Harvest_Wreath.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Maypole with wreaths, raised for Midsummer celebrations in Östra Insjö, Dalarna, Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maypole.JPG/170px-Maypole.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wreath thrown in water on Ivan Kupala Day Feast of St. John the Baptist, in Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_50.jpg/220px-Ivan_Kupala_Day_in_Serebryany_bor_2017_50.jpg"},{"image_text":"A laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, May 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-1.jpg/220px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Group of wreaths laid during the Remembrance Sunday ceremony in London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wreaths_at_the_Cenotaph_2016.jpg/220px-Wreaths_at_the_Cenotaph_2016.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wreath\". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wreath","url_text":"\"Wreath\""}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Reynold Alleyne (1980). Greek and Roman Jewellery. University of California Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-520-03601-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03601-7","url_text":"978-0-520-03601-7"}]},{"reference":"Deppert-Lippitz, Barbara; Bromberg, Anne R.; Dennis, John (1996). Ancient gold jewelry at the Dallas Museum of Art. Dallas Museum of Art in association with the University of Washington Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-936227-19-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936227-19-1","url_text":"978-0-936227-19-1"}]},{"reference":"Hadas, Moses (1952). A History of Latin Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-231-01848-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-01848-7","url_text":"978-0-231-01848-7"}]},{"reference":"Batchen, Geoffrey (2006). Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-56898-619-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-619-7","url_text":"978-1-56898-619-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Crowning glories\". Retrieved October 25, 2016. Six graduates of SAIS' Bologna Center joined the long tradition on May 29, when they, too, were crowned with the aromatic green wreaths.","urls":[{"url":"http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2009/08june09/08saisgraduation.html","url_text":"\"Crowning glories\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Laws of the Twelve Tables\". Retrieved February 14, 2013. Anyone who has rendered himself deserving of a wreath ... shall have a right to have the said wreath placed upon his dead body","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps01_1.htm","url_text":"\"The Laws of the Twelve Tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού - Αφιερώματα\". odysseus.culture.gr.","urls":[{"url":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/11/ga115.html","url_text":"\"Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού - Αφιερώματα\""}]},{"reference":"Michelin (2012). Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012-2013. Michelin. p. 73. ISBN 978-2067182110. Advent – The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2067182110","url_text":"978-2067182110"}]},{"reference":"Normark, Helena (1997). Modern Christmas. Graphic Garden. Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent, which is the await for the arrival of Jesus. The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it, and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas. Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rice, Howard L.; Huffstutler, James C. (2001). Reformed Worship. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0664501471. Another popular activity is the \"Hanging of the Greens,\" a service in which the sanctuary is decorated for Christmas.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664501471","url_text":"978-0664501471"}]},{"reference":"Colbert, Teddy (1996). The Living Wreath. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-0879057008. It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/livingwreath0000colb","url_text":"The Living Wreath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879057008","url_text":"978-0879057008"}]},{"reference":"Mosteller, Angie (2008). Christmas. Itasca Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1607910084. The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century. However, another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape. Specifically, a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607910084","url_text":"978-1607910084"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Kathleen (25 November 2015). \"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\". U.S. Catholic. Claretians. Retrieved 31 January 2016. The modern Advent wreath, created in 19th-century Germany by Johann Hinrich Wichern, featured red and white candles. While these colors may be more in keeping with traditional Christmas décor, they were most likely used because they were just what was available. A Lutheran pastor, Wichern was actively involved in the Inner Mission movement, which promoted the development of social service organizations for the poor. In 1839 students at a school Wichern established for poor boys in Hamburg kept asking him when Christmas would arrive. Using an old cart wheel, Wichern crafted a wreath of four large white candles, with small red candles between them. The children would light a new candle each day, and a new white candle on each of the four Sundays of Advent. When all the candles had been lit, it was time to celebrate Christmas.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201511/why-are-advent-candles-pink-and-purple-30471","url_text":"\"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Catholic_(magazine)","url_text":"U.S. Catholic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians","url_text":"Claretians"}]},{"reference":"Brighenti, Kenneth; Trigilio Jr., John (2007). The Catholicism Answer Book. Sourcebooks. p. 369. ISBN 978-1402232299. Historically, the Advent wreath is a Lutheran custom dating back three hundred years ago.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catholicismanswe00revk","url_text":"The Catholicism Answer Book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catholicismanswe00revk/page/n373","url_text":"369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402232299","url_text":"978-1402232299"}]},{"reference":"Bower, Peter C. (2003). The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. Geneva Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0664502324. It apparently emanated from the Lutheran tradition, but it has been appropriated by almost all other traditions.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664502324","url_text":"978-0664502324"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Kathleen (25 November 2015). \"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\". U.S. Catholic. Claretians. Retrieved 31 January 2016. Other Christian churches soon adapted the wreath for their own needs and understandings of the season. To reinforce the symbolism of the liturgical vestments worn by priests, Catholics swapped the red candles for three purple candles—the color typically associated with penance—and one pink, the color of rejoicing worn on the third Sunday of Advent. In Orthodox Christian churches, where the observance of Advent lasts 40 days, the wreath has six candles that are green (faith), blue (hope), gold (love), white (peace), purple (penance), and red (communion). Members of the Moravian Church use four plain beeswax candles that can be made at home, reflecting a faith tradition that values simplicity and domestic work.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201511/why-are-advent-candles-pink-and-purple-30471","url_text":"\"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Catholic_(magazine)","url_text":"U.S. Catholic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians","url_text":"Claretians"}]},{"reference":"Garrison, Greg (27 November 2010). \"Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional\". The Birmingham News. Retrieved 31 January 2016. An Advent wreath is traditionally made of evergreens in a circle, symbolizing God's unending love. It includes three purple candles, and the candle for the third week of Advent is pink in most Advent wreaths. It signifies the hope of the coming of Christ, Baker said. \"Hope is needed in our culture,\" Baker said. \"People are struggling economically. People are in dire need of hope.\" For Christians, that hope comes from the birth of Jesus, he said. For the first week, there is one purple candle lit on the Advent wreath every day. Another is added the second week. A pink candle is lit the third week, another purple candle the fourth week. The three purple candles and the pink candle are all lit on the last Sunday before Christmas and throughout that week. A white candle at the center of most Advent wreaths, the Christ candle, is lit on Christmas day, Baker said.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/living-news/2010/11/birmingham_catholic_bishop_rob.html","url_text":"\"Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. Baker writes Advent devotional\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birmingham_News","url_text":"The Birmingham News"}]},{"reference":"Mosteller, Angie (2008). Christmas. Itasca Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1607910084. Wreaths became distinctly Christian in their symbolism. Since their circular shape had no beginning or end, they could serve as a reminder of the 'Eternal God' (Genesis 21:33) and the life without end offered to 'whoever believes in the Son' (John 3:36). Since wreaths were made of evergreens (trees that survive the 'death' of winter), they could symbolize both the immortality of God and the souls of men. Lastly, the light of a wreath could represent Jesus, who said, 'I am the light of the world' (John 8:12).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607910084","url_text":"978-1607910084"}]},{"reference":"Cook, David C. (2006). The Inspirational Christmas Almanac. Honor Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1562927431. From the earliest days of Christianity, the evergreen wreath has always been an emblem of eternal life and God's faithfulness to all humanity. Holly, with its green leaves, its prickly points, and its red berries, suggested that the Child born in the manger would wear a crown of thorns and shed drops of blood. Mistletoe, long associated in the pre-Christian world with healing, became a symbol of the healing power of Christ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562927431","url_text":"978-1562927431"}]},{"reference":"Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2002). Christian Belief and Practice. Heinemann. p. 97. ISBN 978-0435306915. The wreath's circle reminds Christians of God's endless love and mercy. The evergreen leaves represent the hope of eternal life brought by Jesus Christ. The candles symbolize the light of God coming into the world through the birth of Jesus Christ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)","url_text":"Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0435306915","url_text":"978-0435306915"}]},{"reference":"Hull, Richard J. (1 July 2001). Advent Conversations. CSS Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9780788018367. Typically, in sanctuary use, the Advent wreath is placed on a stand in or near the chancel. The home wreath usually is placed flat on a table suitable for a home worship center, with the candles upright.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788018367","url_text":"9780788018367"}]},{"reference":"Barnhill, Carla. \"St. Lucy's Day\". Christian History Magazine. No. 103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_History","url_text":"Christian History Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Joelle (13 December 2012). \"Santa Lucia Day traditions\". ELCA. Retrieved 12 December 2015. Lucia means \"light\" and Santa Lucia became associated with light. In northern Europe, particularly Scandinavia, her day fell on the shortest day of the year and was celebrated as they turned from the long winter nights and began to look forward to longer days. During the Roman persecutions, Lucia is said to have carried food to the poor in dark tunnels, wearing a wreath of candles on her head.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elca.org/en/Living-Lutheran/Blogs/2012/12/121213","url_text":"\"Santa Lucia Day traditions\""}]},{"reference":"Bommer, Paul (2010). \"December 13 St. Lucy's Day\". St. Nicholas Center. Retrieved 12 December 2015. This timing, and her name meaning light, is a factor in the particular devotion to St. Lucy in Scandinavian countries, where young girls dress as the saint in honor of the feast. Traditionally the oldest daughter of any household will dress up in a white robe with a red sash and a wreath of evergreens and 12 lighted candles upon her head. Assisted by any siblings she may have, she then serves coffee and a special St Lucia bun (a Lussekatt in Swedish) to her parents and family. The Lussekatter or Lussebollar are spiced buns flavoured with saffron and other spices and traditionally presented in the form shown in the image, an inverted S with two raisins a-top (perhaps representing St Lucy's plucked out eyes!?).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/advent13/","url_text":"\"December 13 St. Lucy's Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where did Wreaths Originate From and What do They Symbolize?\". Wreaths.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://wreaths.co.uk/blogs/articles/where-did-wreaths-originate-from-and-what-do-they-symbolize","url_text":"\"Where did Wreaths Originate From and What do They Symbolize?\""}]},{"reference":"Plentisoft (22 June 2023). \"Projected Growth in Demand for Decorative Wreaths to Propel Market Value to $1.2 Billion by 2030\". Markets Insider (Press release). Retrieved 2023-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/projected-growth-in-demand-for-decorative-wreaths-to-propel-market-value-to-1-2-billion-by-2030-1032403259","url_text":"\"Projected Growth in Demand for Decorative Wreaths to Propel Market Value to $1.2 Billion by 2030\""}]},{"reference":"Weiser, Francis X. (1956). The Holyday Book. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hulme, Frederick Edward (1877). Bards and blossoms; or, The poetry, history, and associations of flowers. Oxford University: Marcus Ward & Co. pp. 50–1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bardsandblossom00hulmgoog","url_text":"Bards and blossoms; or, The poetry, history, and associations of flowers"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, James (2003) [1916]. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 16. Kessinger Publishing. p. 778. ISBN 978-0-7661-3693-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3693-9","url_text":"978-0-7661-3693-9"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell-Boyask, Robin (2008). Plague and the Athenian imagination: drama, history and the cult of Asclepius. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-87345-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/plagueathenianim00mitc","url_text":"Plague and the Athenian imagination: drama, history and the cult of Asclepius"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/plagueathenianim00mitc/page/n65","url_text":"50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87345-1","url_text":"978-0-521-87345-1"}]},{"reference":"Zamojska-Hutchins, Danuta (2002). Cooking the Polish Way. Lerner Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8225-4119-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cookingpolishway00zamo_286","url_text":"Cooking the Polish Way"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cookingpolishway00zamo_286/page/n16","url_text":"16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4119-6","url_text":"978-0-8225-4119-6"}]},{"reference":"Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. CUP Archive. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000good/page/201","url_text":"The Culture of Flowers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000good/page/201","url_text":"201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41441-8","url_text":"978-0-521-41441-8"}]},{"reference":"Ferreira, Jorge; Janick, Jules (2009). \"Data sheet about Artemisia annua\" (PDF). Purdue University. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/artemisia.pdf","url_text":"\"Data sheet about Artemisia annua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University","url_text":"Purdue University"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1994). A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. JG Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-57215-000-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldofwreaths00adel/page/17","url_text":"A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldofwreaths00adel/page/17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57215-000-3","url_text":"978-1-57215-000-3"}]},{"reference":"Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. CUP Archive. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000good/page/202","url_text":"The Culture of Flowers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000good/page/202","url_text":"202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41441-8","url_text":"978-0-521-41441-8"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1994). A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. JG Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-57215-000-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldofwreaths00adel/page/69","url_text":"A world of wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldofwreaths00adel/page/69","url_text":"69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57215-000-3","url_text":"978-1-57215-000-3"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Isaac (2014-06-05). Farewell to N?djamena. Author House. ISBN 9781491894521.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AfDIAwAAQBAJ&q=Wreath+Laying&pg=PA230","url_text":"Farewell to N?djamena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491894521","url_text":"9781491894521"}]},{"reference":"Damousi, Joy (2001). Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia and Grief in Post-War Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521802185.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u_YPsv-GXu4C&q=Wreath+Laying&pg=PA11","url_text":"Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia and Grief in Post-War Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521802185","url_text":"978-0521802185"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Rev. William. \"The History of the Advent Wreath\". catholiceducation.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018095011/https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0132.html","url_text":"\"The History of the Advent Wreath\""},{"url":"http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0132.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Laurel Wreath\". liza-kliko.com. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427182343/http://www.liza-kliko.com/laurel-wreath/","url_text":"\"The History of Laurel Wreath\""},{"url":"http://www.liza-kliko.com/laurel-wreath/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wreath","external_links_name":"\"Wreath\""},{"Link":"http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2009/08june09/08saisgraduation.html","external_links_name":"\"Crowning glories\""},{"Link":"http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps01_1.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Laws of the Twelve Tables\""},{"Link":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/11/ga115.html","external_links_name":"\"Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού - Αφιερώματα\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/livingwreath0000colb","external_links_name":"The Living Wreath"},{"Link":"http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201511/why-are-advent-candles-pink-and-purple-30471","external_links_name":"\"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catholicismanswe00revk","external_links_name":"The Catholicism Answer Book"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catholicismanswe00revk/page/n373","external_links_name":"369"},{"Link":"http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201511/why-are-advent-candles-pink-and-purple-30471","external_links_name":"\"Why are Advent candles pink and purple?\""},{"Link":"http://blog.al.com/living-news/2010/11/birmingham_catholic_bishop_rob.html","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham Catholic Bishop Robert J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante	Svante	["1 Others","2 See also","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Svante" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Svante is the shortening for the Swedish male first name Svantepolk. It originates from Slavic ancestors of first prominent Svantes in Sweden. The Slavic languages have the name which is rendered as Sviatopolk in Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian, Swiãtopôłk in Kashubian, Świętopełk in Polish and Svatopluk/Svätopluk in Czech and Slovakian. Also Svjatopluk and so forth in other renditions. In the 13th century, Svantepolk of Viby (d 1310) settled in Sweden. He was a valued ancestor, well-remembered in his noble Swedish descendants' pedigrees and family lore, and the name Svante was given to many of his descendants. Svante Bosson (Sture), uncle of the regent Svante (see below) Svante, Regent of Sweden (1460–1512), leader of the Swedish government between 1504 and 1512 Svante Sture, Count of Stegeholm (1517–67), his grandson Svante Arrhenius a Swedish chemist Svante Stenbock (1578–1632) Svante Bielke, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 1602-1609 Svante Larsson Sparre, Governor of Uppland 1649-1652 Svante Banér (1584–1628) Svante Svantesson Banér (1624–74), Governor of Uppland 1652-54 Others Svante Larsson (born 1955), Swedish footballer Svante Lundkvist (1919–1991), Swedish politician Svante Thunberg (born 1969), Swedish actor, manager, and producer See also Świętopełk: Polish version Sviatopolk: Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian version Zwentibold: German version Svatopluk: Czech version Svätopluk: Slovak version References ^ "Svante". Behind the Name. Retrieved January 2, 2023.	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The Slavic languages have the name which is rendered as Sviatopolk in Ukrainian, Russian and Bulgarian, Swiãtopôłk in Kashubian, Świętopełk in Polish and Svatopluk/Svätopluk in Czech and Slovakian. Also Svjatopluk and so forth in other renditions.In the 13th century, Svantepolk of Viby (d 1310) settled in Sweden. He was a valued ancestor, well-remembered in his noble Swedish descendants' pedigrees and family lore, and the name Svante was given to many of his descendants.Svante Bosson (Sture), uncle of the regent Svante (see below)\nSvante, Regent of Sweden (1460–1512), leader of the Swedish government between 1504 and 1512\nSvante Sture, Count of Stegeholm (1517–67), his grandson\nSvante Arrhenius a Swedish chemist\nSvante Stenbock (1578–1632)\nSvante Bielke, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 1602-1609\nSvante Larsson Sparre, Governor of Uppland 1649-1652\nSvante Banér (1584–1628)\nSvante Svantesson Banér (1624–74), Governor of Uppland 1652-54","title":"Svante"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Svante Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Svante Lundkvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Lundkvist"},{"link_name":"Svante Thunberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Thunberg"}],"text":"Svante Larsson (born 1955), Swedish footballer\nSvante Lundkvist (1919–1991), Swedish politician\nSvante Thunberg (born 1969), Swedish actor, manager, and producer","title":"Others"}]	[]	[{"title":"Świętopełk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tope%C5%82k_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Sviatopolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatopolk_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Zwentibold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwentibold"},{"title":"Svatopluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatopluk_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Svätopluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4topluk_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Svante\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceros	Black rhinoceros	["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Subspecies","1.2 Evolution","2 Description","3 Distribution","3.1 Prehistorical range","3.2 Historical and extant range","4 Behavior","4.1 Diet","4.2 Communication","4.3 Reproduction","5 Conservation","6 Threats","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Species of mammal Black rhinoceros orhook-lipped rhinocerosTemporal range: Pliocene - Recent 3.6–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ A south-central black rhinoceros (D. b. minor) in South Africa Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Rhinocerotidae Genus: Diceros Species: D. bicornis Binomial name Diceros bicornis(Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies Diceros bicornis bicornis † Diceros bicornis brucii † Diceros bicornis chobiensis Diceros bicornis ladoensis Diceros bicornis longipes † Diceros bicornis michaeli Diceros bicornis minor Diceros bicornis occidentalis Historical black rhinoceros range (ca. 1700 A.D.). Hatched: Possible historical range in West Africa. Current black rhinoceros range Extant, resident Extinct Extant & Reintroduced (resident) Extant & Assisted Colonisation (resident) Synonyms Rhinoceros bicornis Linnaeus, 1758 The black rhinoceros, black rhino or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern Africa and southern Africa, including Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Although the species is referred to as black, its colours vary from brown to grey. It is the only extant species of the genus Diceros. The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The word "white" in the name "white rhinoceros" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the Afrikaans word wyd (Dutch wijd) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros. The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the south-western black rhinoceros is classified as near threatened) and is threatened by multiple factors including poaching and habitat reduction. Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011. The IUCN estimates that there are 3,142 mature individuals remaining in the wild. Taxonomy The species was first named Rhinoceros bicornis by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae in 1758. The name means "double-horned rhinoceros". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned India as origin of this species. However he also referred to reports from early travellers about a double-horned rhino in Africa and when it emerged that there is only one, single-horned species of rhino in India, Rhinoceros bicornis was used to refer to the African rhinos (the white rhino only became recognised in 1812). In 1911 this was formally fixed and the Cape of Good Hope officially declared the type locality of the species. Subspecies The intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros has been discussed by various authors and is not finally settled. The most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies, of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the brink of extinction: Southern black rhinoceros or Cape black rhinoceros (D. b. bicornis) – Extinct. Once abundant from the Cape of Good Hope to Transvaal, South Africa and probably into the south of Namibia, this was the largest subspecies. It became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850. North-eastern black rhinoceros (D. b. brucii) – Extinct. Formerly central Sudan, Eritrea, northern and southeastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern and southeastern Somalia. Relict populations in northern Somalia vanished during the early 20th century. Chobe black rhinoceros (D. b. chobiensis) – A local subspecies restricted to the Chobe Valley in southeastern Angola, Namibia (Zambezi Region) and northern Botswana. Nearly extinct, possibly only one surviving specimen in Botswana. Uganda black rhinoceros (D. b. ladoensis) – Former distribution from South Sudan, across Uganda into western Kenya and southwesternmost Ethiopia. Black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear. Probably surviving in Kenyan reserves. Western black rhinoceros (D. b. longipes) – Extinct. Once lived in South Sudan, northern Central African Republic, southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. The range possibly stretched west to the Niger River in western Niger, though this is unconfirmed. The evidence from Liberia and Burkina Faso mainly rests upon the existence of indigenous names for the rhinoceros. A far greater former range in West Africa as proposed earlier is doubted by a 2004 study. The last known wild specimens lived in northern Cameroon. In 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in Cameroon failed to locate any, leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild. On 10 November 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhinoceros extinct. Eastern black rhinoceros (D. b. michaeli) – Had a historical distribution from South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, down through Kenya into north-central Tanzania. Today, its range is limited primarily to Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. In addition, its population is in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park. South-central black rhinoceros (D. b. minor) – Most widely distributed subspecies, characterised by a compact body, proportionally large head and prominent skin-folds. Ranged from north-eastern South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) to northeastern Tanzania and southeastern Kenya. Preserved in reserves throughout most of its former range but probably extinct in eastern Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and possibly Mozambique. Extinct but reintroduced in Malawi, Botswana, and Zambia. It also ranges in parts of Namibia and inhabit national parks in South Africa. South-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) – A small subspecies, adapted to survival in desert and semi-desert conditions. Originally distributed in north-western Namibia and southwestern Angola, today restricted to wildlife reserves in Namibia with sporadic sightings in Angola. These populations are often referred to D. b. bicornis or D. b. minor, but some experts consider them a subspecies in their own right. The most widely adopted alternative scheme only recognizes five subspecies or "eco-types": D. b. bicornis, D. b. brucii, D. b. longipes, D. b. michaeli, and D. b. minor. This concept is also used by the IUCN, listing three surviving subspecies and recognizing D. b. brucii and D. b. longipes as extinct. The most important difference to the above scheme is the inclusion of the extant southwestern subspecies from Namibia in D. b. bicornis instead of in its own subspecies, whereupon the nominal subspecies is considered extant. Evolution The rhinoceros originated in the Eocene about fifty million years ago alongside other members of Perissodactyla. Ancestors of the black and the white rhinoceros were present in Africa by the end of the Late Miocene about ten million years ago. The two species evolved from the common ancestral species Ceratotherium neumayri during this time. The clade comprising the genus Diceros is characterised by an increased adaptation to browsing. Between four and five million years ago, the black rhinoceros diverged from the white rhinoceros. After this split, the direct ancestor of Diceros bicornis, Diceros praecox was present in the Pliocene of East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania). D. bicornis evolved from this species during the Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene, with the oldest definitive record at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary c. 2.5 million years ago at Koobi Fora, Kenya. A cladogram showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al., 2021: Elasmotheriinae †Elasmotherium sibiricum Rhinocerotinae White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) † Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) † Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis) Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Description A black rhinoceros skull with restored horn An adult black rhinoceros stands 132–180 cm (52–71 in) high at the shoulder and is 2.8–3.75 m (9.2–12.3 ft) in length. An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400 kg (1,760 to 3,090 lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,896 kg (6,385 lb). The cows are smaller than the bulls. Two horns on the skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 135.9 cm (53.5 in). The longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length. Sometimes a third, smaller horn may develop. These horns are used for defense, intimidation, and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding. The black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and close in size to the Javan rhino of Indonesia. It has a pointed and prehensile upper lip, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding, whereas the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass. The black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size, smaller skull, and ears; and by the position of the head, which is held higher than the white rhinoceros, since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer. Black rhinoceros female, with an oxpecker and scratches on skin, in Nairobi National Park Their thick-layered skin helps to protect black rhinos from thorns and sharp grasses. Their skin harbors external parasites, such as mites and ticks, which may be eaten by oxpeckers and egrets. Such behaviour was originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead, feeding on rhino blood. It is commonly assumed that black rhinos have poor eyesight, relying more on hearing and smell. However, studies have shown that their eyesight is comparatively good, at about the level of a rabbit. Their ears have a relatively wide rotational range to detect sounds. An excellent sense of smell alerts rhinos to the presence of predators. Distribution Prehistorical range As with many other components of the African large mammal fauna, black rhinos probably had a wider range in the northern part of the continent in prehistoric times than today. However this seems to have not been as extensive as that of the white rhino. Unquestionable fossil remains have not yet been found in this area and the abundant petroglyphs found across the Sahara desert are often too schematic to unambiguously decide whether they depict black or white rhinos. Petroglyphs from the Eastern Desert of southeastern Egypt relatively convincingly show the occurrence of black rhinos in these areas in prehistoric times. Historical and extant range The natural range of the black rhino included most of southern and eastern Africa, except the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforest areas along the Bight of Benin, the Ethiopian Highlands, and the Horn of Africa. Its former native occurrence in the extremely dry parts of the Kalahari desert of southwestern Botswana and northwestern South Africa is uncertain. It was abundant in an area stretching from Eritrea and Sudan through South Sudan to southeastern Niger, especially around Lake Chad. Its occurrence further to the west is questionable, although this is often claimed in literature. Today it is found only in protected nature reserves, having vanished from many countries in which it once thrived, especially in the west and north of its former range. The remaining populations are highly scattered. Some specimens have been relocated from their habitat to better protected locations, sometimes across national frontiers. The black rhino has been successfully reintroduced to Malawi since 1993, where it became extinct in 1990. Similarly it was reintroduced to Zambia (North Luangwa National Park) in 2008, where it had become extinct in 1998, and to Botswana (extinct in 1992, reintroduced in 2003). In May 2017, 18 eastern black rhinos were translocated from South Africa to the Akagera National Park in Rwanda. The park had around 50 rhinos in the 1970s but the numbers dwindled to zero by 2007. In September 2017, the birth of a calf raised the population to 19. The park has dedicated rhino monitoring teams to protect the animals from poaching. In October 2017, The governments of Chad and South Africa reached an agreement to transfer six black rhinos from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad. Once established, this will be the northernmost population of the species. The species was wiped out from Chad in the 1970s and is under severe pressure from poaching in South Africa. The agreement calls for South African experts to assess the habitat, local management capabilities, security and the infrastructure before the transfer can take place. Behavior A cow with calf Black rhino at Moringa waterhole, Etosha National Park Black rhinos are generally thought to be solitary, with the only strong bond between a mother and her calf. In addition, bulls and cows have a consort relationship during mating, also subadults and young adults frequently form loose associations with older individuals of either sex. They are not very territorial and often intersect other rhino territories. Home ranges vary depending on season and the availability of food and water. Generally they have smaller home ranges and larger density in habitats that have plenty of food and water available, and vice versa if resources are not readily available. Sex and age of an individual black rhino influence home range and size, with ranges of cows larger than those of bulls, especially when accompanied by a calf. In the Serengeti home ranges are around 70 to 100 km2 (27 to 39 sq mi), while in the Ngorongoro it is between 2.6 to 58.0 km2 (1.0 to 22.4 sq mi). Black rhinos have also been observed to have a certain area they tend to visit and rest frequently called "houses" which are usually on a high ground level. These "home" ranges can vary from 2.6 km2 to 133 km2 with smaller home ranges having more abundant resources than larger home ranges. Black rhinos in captivity and reservations sleep patterns have been recently studied to show that males sleep longer on average than females by nearly double the time. Other factors that play a role in their sleeping patterns is the location of where they decide to sleep. Although they do not sleep any longer in captivity, they do sleep at different times due to their location in captivity, or section of the park. Black rhinos have a reputation for being extremely aggressive, and charge readily at perceived threats. They have even been observed to charge tree trunks and termite mounds. Black rhinos will fight each other, and they have the highest rates of mortal combat recorded for any mammal: about 50 percent of males and 30 percent of females die from combat-related injuries. Adult rhinos normally have no natural predators, due to their imposing size, thick skin, and deadly horns. However, adult black rhinos have fallen prey to crocodiles in exceptional circumstances. Calves and, very seldom, small sub-adults may be preyed upon by lions as well. Black rhinos follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes. They also use smaller trails when they are browsing. They are very fast and can get up to speeds of 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) running on their toes. While it was assumed all rhinoceros are short-sighted, a study involving black rhinoceros retinas suggests they have better eyesight than previously assumed. Diet Chewing on plants Black rhinos are herbivorous browsers that eat leafy plants, twigs, branches, shoots, thorny wood bushes, small trees, legumes, fruit, and grass. The optimum habitat seems to be one consisting of thick scrub and bushland, often with some woodland, which supports the highest densities. Their diet can reduce the number of woody plants, which may benefit grazers (who focus on leaves and stems of grass), but not competing browsers (who focus on leaves, stems of trees, shrubs or herbs). It has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants. They have a significantly restricted diet with a preference for a few key plant species and a tendency to select leafy species in the dry season. The plant species they seem to be most attracted to when not in dry season are the woody plants. There are 18 species of woody plants known to the diet of the black rhinoceros, and 11 species that could possibly be a part of their diet too. Black rhinos also have a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity, where researchers find more populations in areas where the food has better quality. Black rhinos show a preference for Acacia species, as well as plants in the family Euphorbiaceae. In accordance with their feeding habit, adaptations of the chewing apparatus have been described for rhinos. The black rhinoceros has a two phased chewing activity with a cutting ectoloph and more grinding lophs on the lingual side. The black rhinoceros can also be considered a more challenging herbivore to feed in captivity compared to its grazing relatives. They can live up to 5 days without water during drought. Black rhinos live in several habitats including bushlands, Riverine woodland, marshes, and their least favorable, grasslands. Habitat preferences are shown in two ways, the amount of sign found in the different habitats, and the habitat content of home ranges and core areas. Habitat types are also identified based on the composition of dominant plant types in each area. Different subspecies live in different habitats including Vachellia and Senegalia savanna, Euclea bushlands, Albany thickets, and even desert. They browse for food in the morning and evening. They are selective browsers but, studies done in Kenya show that they do add the selection material with availability in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements. In the hottest part of the day they are most inactive- resting, sleeping, and wallowing in mud. Wallowing helps cool down body temperature during the day and protects against parasites. When black rhinos browse they use their lips to strip the branches of their leaves. Competition with elephants is causing the black rhinoceros to shift its diet. The black rhinoceros alters its selectivity with the absence of the elephant. There is some variance in the exact chemical composition of rhinoceros horns. This variation is directly linked to diet and can be used as a means of rhino identification. Horn composition has helped scientists pinpoint the original location of individual rhinos, allowing for law enforcement to more accurately and more frequently identify and penalize poachers. Communication A male south-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia Black rhinos use several forms of communication. Due to their solitary nature, scent marking is often used to identify themselves to other black rhinos. Urine spraying occurs on trees and bushes, around water holes and feeding areas. Cows urine spray more often when receptive for breeding. Defecation sometimes occurs in the same spot used by different black rhinos, such as around feeding stations and watering tracks. Coming upon these spots, rhinos will smell to see who is in the area and add their own marking. When presented with adult feces, bulls and cows respond differently than when they are presented with subadult feces. The urine and feces of one black rhinoceros helps other black rhinoceroses to determine its age, sex, and identity. Less commonly they will rub their heads or horns against tree trunks to scent-mark. The black rhino has powerful tube-shaped ears that can freely rotate in all directions. This highly developed sense of hearing allows black rhinos to detect sound over vast distances. Reproduction Mother and calf in Lewa, central Kenya The adults are solitary in nature, coming together only for mating. Mating does not have a seasonal pattern but births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in more arid environments. When in season the cows will mark dung piles. Bulls will follow cows when they are in season; when she defecates he will scrape and spread the dung, making it more difficult for rival adult bulls to pick up her scent trail. Courtship behaviors before mating include snorting and sparring with the horns among males. Another courtship behavior is called bluff and bluster, where the black rhino will snort and swing its head from side to side aggressively before running away repeatedly. Breeding pairs stay together for 2–3 days and sometimes even weeks. They mate several times a day over this time and copulation lasts for a half-hour. The gestation period for a black rhino is 15 months. The single calf weighs about 35–50 kilograms (80–110 lb) at birth, and can follow its mother around after just three days. Weaning occurs at around 2 years of age for the offspring. The mother and calf stay together for 2–3 years until the next calf is born; female calves may stay longer, forming small groups. The young are occasionally taken by hyenas and lions. Sexual maturity is reached from 5 to 7 years old for females, and 7 to 8 years for males. The life expectancy in natural conditions (without poaching pressure) is from 35 to 50 years. Conservation Black rhino in the Maasai Mara For most of the 20th century the continental black rhino was the most numerous of all rhino species. Around 1900 there were probably several hundred thousand living in Africa. During the latter half of the 20th century their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 in the late 1960s to only 10,000 to 15,000 in 1981. In the early 1990s the number dipped below 2,500, and in 2004 it was reported that only 2,410 black rhinos remained. According to the International Rhino Foundation—housed in Yulee, Florida at White Oak Conservation, which breeds black rhinos—the total African population had recovered to 4,240 by 2008 (which suggests that the 2004 number was low). By 2009 the population of 5,500 was either steady or slowly increasing. In 1992, nine black rhinos were brought from Chete National Park, Zimbabwe to Australia via Cocos Island. After the natural deaths of the males in the group, four males were brought in from United States and have since adapted well to captivity and new climate. Calves and some subadults are preyed on by lions, but predation is rarely taken into account in managing the black rhinoceros. This is a major flaw because predation should be considered when attributing cause to the poor performance of the black rhinoceros population. In 2002 only ten western black rhinos remained in Cameroon, and in 2006 intensive surveys across its putative range failed to locate any, leading to fears that this subspecies had become extinct. In 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhino extinct. There was a conservation effort in which black rhinos were translocated, but their population did not improve, as they did not like to be in an unfamiliar habitat. Under CITES Appendix I all international commercial trade of the black rhino horn is prohibited since 1977. China though having joined CITES since 8 April 1981 is the largest importer of black rhino horns. However, this is a trade in which not only do the actors benefit, but so do the nation states ignoring them as well. Nevertheless, people continue to remove the rhino from its natural environment and allow for a dependence on human beings to save them from endangerment. Parks and reserves have been made for protecting the rhinos with armed guards keeping watch, but even still many poachers get through and harm the rhinos for their horns. Many have considered extracting rhino horns in order to deter poachers from slaughtering these animals or potentially bringing them to other breeding grounds such as the US and Australia. This method of extracting the horn, known as dehorning, consists of tranquilizing the rhino then sawing the horn almost completely off to decrease initiative for poaching, although the effectiveness of this in reducing poaching is not known and rhino mothers are known to use their horns to fend off predators. The only rhino subspecies that has recovered somewhat from the brink of extinction is the southern white rhinoceros, whose numbers now are estimated around 14,500, up from fewer than 50 in the first decade of the 20th century. But there seems to be hope for the black rhinoceros in recovering their gametes from dead rhinos in captivity. This shows promising results for producing black rhinoceros embryos, which can be used for testing sperm in vitro. A January 2014 auction for a permit to hunt a black rhinoceros in Namibia sold for $350,000 at a fundraiser hosted by the Dallas Safari Club. The auction drew considerable criticism as well as death threats directed towards members of the club and the man who purchased the permit. This permit was issued for 1 of 18 black rhinoceros specifically identified by Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism as being past breeding age and considered a threat to younger rhinos. The $350,000 that the hunter paid for the permit was used by the Namibian government to fund anti-poaching efforts in the country. In 2022 South Africa granted permits to hunt 10 black rhinos, stating that the population is growing. Threats A black rhinoceros in the Savanna Bush diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum Today, there are various threats posed to black rhinos including habitat changes, illegal poaching, and competing species. Civil disturbances, such as war, have made mentionably negative effects on the black rhinoceros populations in since the 1960s in countries including, but not limited to, Chad, Cameroon, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Somalia. In the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is posing slight concern involving the black rhinoceroses who also inhabit the area. Both animals are browsers; however, the elephant's diet consists of a wider variety of foraging capacity, while the black rhinoceros primarily sticks to dwarf shrubs. The black rhinoceros has been found to eat grass as well; however, the shortening of its range of available food could be potentially problematic. Black rhinos face problems associated with the minerals they ingest. They have become adjusted to ingesting less iron in the wild due to their evolutionary progression, which poses a problem when placed in captivity. These rhinoceroses can overload on iron, which leads to build up in the lungs, liver, spleen and small intestine. Not only do these rhinoceros face threats being in the wild, but in captivity too. Black rhinoceros have become more susceptible to disease in captivity with high rates of mortality. Illegal poaching for the international rhino horn trade is the main and most detrimental threat. The killing of these animals is not unique to modern-day society. The Chinese have maintained reliable documents of these happenings dating back to 1200 B.C. The ancient Chinese often hunted rhino horn for the making of wine cups, as well as the rhino's skin to manufacture imperial crowns, belts and armor for soldiers. A major market for rhino horn has historically been in the Middle East nations to make ornately carved handles for ceremonial daggers called jambiyas. Demand for these exploded in the 1970s, causing the black rhinoceros population to decline 96% between 1970 and 1992. The horn is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, and is said by herbalists to be able to revive comatose patients, facilitate exorcisms and various methods of detoxification, and cure fevers. It is also hunted for the Chinese superstitious belief that the horns allow direct access to Heaven due to their unique location and hollow nature. The purported effectiveness of the use of rhino horn in treating any illness has not been confirmed, or even suggested, by medical science. 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Retrieved 27 August 2015. ^ a b c d RRC: China and the rhino Archived 4 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Rhinoresourcecenter.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013. ^ Patte, David (26 June 2007). "Portland Man Pleads Guilty to Selling Black Rhino Horn". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Further reading Emslie, R. & Brooks, M. (1999). African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0502-9. Rookmaaker, L. C. (2005). "Review of the European perception of the African rhinoceros". Journal of Zoology. 265 (4): 365–376. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006436. S2CID 86237288. External links Wikispecies has information related to Diceros bicornis. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diceros bicornis. Black rhinoceros at Curlie Black Rhino Info & Black Rhino Pictures on the Rhino Resource Center website. "Black Rhinoceros" (PDF). Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007. WildLifeNow Website for the Tony Fitzjohn/George Adamson African Wildlife Preservation Trust, supporting the Mkomazi Game Reserve and Mkomazi Rhino Sanctuary in Tanzania U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust dedicated to black rhino conservation in Zimbabwe A Radiolab interview with the man that won the auction to hunt a black rhino vteExtant Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) species by suborder Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria HippomorphaEquidae(Horse family)Equus(including Zebras) Subgenus Equus: Wild horse (E. ferus) Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii) Domestic horse (E. caballus) Subgenus Asinus: African wild ass (E. africanus) Donkey (E. asinus) Onager (E. hemionus) Kiang (E. kiang) Subgenus Hippotigris: Plains zebra (E. quagga) Mountain zebra (E. zebra) Grévy's zebra (E. grevyi) CeratomorphaRhinocerotidae(Rhinoceroses)Rhinoceros Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis) Javan rhinoceros (R. sondaicus) Dicerorhinus Sumatran rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis) Ceratotherium White rhinoceros (C. simum) Diceros Black rhinoceros (D. bicornis) Tapiridae (Tapirs)Tapirus Baird's tapir (T. bairdii) Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque) South American tapir (T. terrestris) Malayan tapir (T. indicus) Category Taxon identifiersDiceros bicornis Wikidata: Q95036 Wikispecies: Diceros bicornis BOLD: 211166 CoL: 35JVB ECOS: 1234 EoL: 311501 EPPO: DKRSBI GBIF: 5220111 iNaturalist: 43350 IRMNG: 10227003 ITIS: 625003 IUCN: 6557 MDD: 1006113 MSW: 14100059 NCBI: 9805 Observation.org: 79418 Open Tree of Life: 1034204 Paleobiology Database: 197764 Species+: 6656 TSA: 5971 Rhinoceros bicornis Wikidata: Q109647457 CoL: 4S849 GBIF: 5847026 ITIS: 926151 ZooBank: 0E6C16BD-CAAA-4C90-AE92-F07B8FCA47F8 Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"eastern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africa"},{"link_name":"southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Diceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceros"},{"link_name":"white rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaan"},{"link_name":"wyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyd#Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"wijd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wijd#Dutch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"south-western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"near threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-threatened_species"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucnWestern-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"}],"text":"The black rhinoceros, black rhino or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern Africa and southern Africa, including Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Although the species is referred to as black, its colours vary from brown to grey. It is the only extant species of the genus Diceros.The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The word \"white\" in the name \"white rhinoceros\" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the Afrikaans word wyd (Dutch wijd) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros.[6]The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the south-western black rhinoceros is classified as near threatened) and is threatened by multiple factors including poaching and habitat reduction. Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011.[7][8] The IUCN estimates that there are 3,142 mature individuals remaining in the wild.[2]","title":"Black rhinoceros"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_naturae"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"white rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rookmaaker2005-9"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas1911-10"}],"text":"The species was first named Rhinoceros bicornis by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae in 1758. The name means \"double-horned rhinoceros\". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned India as origin of this species. However he also referred to reports from early travellers about a double-horned rhino in Africa and when it emerged that there is only one, single-horned species of rhino in India, Rhinoceros bicornis was used to refer to the African rhinos (the white rhino only became recognised in 1812).[9] In 1911 this was formally fixed and the Cape of Good Hope officially declared the type locality of the species.[10]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookmaker1982-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groves1967-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groves&grubb2011-13"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"Southern black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Province"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rookmaaker&groves1978-14"},{"link_name":"North-eastern black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-eastern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Chobe black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chobe_Rhinoceros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chobe Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_River"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Zambezi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_Region"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groves&grubb2011-13"},{"link_name":"Uganda black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookmaker2004-5"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emslie&brooks1999-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookmaker2004-5"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucnWestern-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-16"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucnWestern-7"},{"link_name":"Eastern black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Addo Elephant National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park"},{"link_name":"South-central black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-central_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South-western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groves&grubb2011-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutoit1987-17"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies","text":"The intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros has been discussed by various authors and is not finally settled.[11] The most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies,[4][12][13] of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the brink of extinction:Southern black rhinoceros or Cape black rhinoceros (D. b. bicornis) – Extinct. Once abundant from the Cape of Good Hope to Transvaal, South Africa and probably into the south of Namibia, this was the largest subspecies. It became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850.[14]\nNorth-eastern black rhinoceros (D. b. brucii) – Extinct. Formerly central Sudan, Eritrea, northern and southeastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern and southeastern Somalia. Relict populations in northern Somalia vanished during the early 20th century.\nChobe black rhinoceros (D. b. chobiensis) – A local subspecies restricted to the Chobe Valley in southeastern Angola, Namibia (Zambezi Region) and northern Botswana. Nearly extinct, possibly only one surviving specimen in Botswana.[13]\nUganda black rhinoceros (D. b. ladoensis) – Former distribution from South Sudan, across Uganda into western Kenya and southwesternmost Ethiopia. Black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear. Probably surviving in Kenyan reserves.\nWestern black rhinoceros (D. b. longipes) – Extinct. Once lived in South Sudan, northern Central African Republic, southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. The range possibly stretched west to the Niger River in western Niger, though this is unconfirmed. The evidence from Liberia and Burkina Faso mainly rests upon the existence of indigenous names for the rhinoceros.[5] A far greater former range in West Africa as proposed earlier[15] is doubted by a 2004 study.[5] The last known wild specimens lived in northern Cameroon. In 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in Cameroon failed to locate any, leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild.[7][16] On 10 November 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhinoceros extinct.[7]\nEastern black rhinoceros (D. b. michaeli) – Had a historical distribution from South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, down through Kenya into north-central Tanzania. Today, its range is limited primarily to Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. In addition, its population is in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park.\nSouth-central black rhinoceros (D. b. minor) – Most widely distributed subspecies, characterised by a compact body, proportionally large head and prominent skin-folds. Ranged from north-eastern South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) to northeastern Tanzania and southeastern Kenya. Preserved in reserves throughout most of its former range but probably extinct in eastern Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and possibly Mozambique. Extinct but reintroduced in Malawi, Botswana, and Zambia. It also ranges in parts of Namibia and inhabit national parks in South Africa.\nSouth-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) – A small subspecies, adapted to survival in desert and semi-desert conditions. Originally distributed in north-western Namibia and southwestern Angola, today restricted to wildlife reserves in Namibia with sporadic sightings in Angola. These populations are often referred to D. b. bicornis or D. b. minor, but some experts consider them a subspecies in their own right.[13]The most widely adopted alternative scheme only recognizes five subspecies or \"eco-types\": D. b. bicornis, D. b. brucii, D. b. longipes, D. b. michaeli, and D. b. minor.[17] This concept is also used by the IUCN, listing three surviving subspecies and recognizing D. b. brucii and D. b. longipes as extinct. The most important difference to the above scheme is the inclusion of the extant southwestern subspecies from Namibia in D. b. bicornis instead of in its own subspecies, whereupon the nominal subspecies is considered extant.[2]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Perissodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-18"},{"link_name":"Late Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-18"},{"link_name":"Ceratotherium neumayri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratotherium_neumayri"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"browsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammals-18"},{"link_name":"Diceros praecox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceros_praecox"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Late Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Early Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geraads2005-19"},{"link_name":"Koobi Fora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobi_Fora"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Elasmotherium sibiricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmotherium_sibiricum"},{"link_name":"White Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Woolly rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Merck's rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck%27s_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Sumatran rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Javan rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"}],"sub_title":"Evolution","text":"The rhinoceros originated in the Eocene about fifty million years ago alongside other members of Perissodactyla.[18] Ancestors of the black and the white rhinoceros were present in Africa by the end of the Late Miocene about ten million years ago.[18] The two species evolved from the common ancestral species Ceratotherium neumayri during this time. The clade comprising the genus Diceros is characterised by an increased adaptation to browsing. Between four and five million years ago, the black rhinoceros diverged from the white rhinoceros.[18] After this split, the direct ancestor of Diceros bicornis, Diceros praecox was present in the Pliocene of East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania). D. bicornis evolved from this species during the Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene,[19] with the oldest definitive record at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary c. 2.5 million years ago at Koobi Fora, Kenya.[20]A cladogram showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al., 2021:[21]Elasmotheriinae\n\n\n†Elasmotherium sibiricum\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhinocerotinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhite Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlack rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJavan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diceros_bicornis_MNHN.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkive-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diversity-22"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EllisNTB-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FortWorthZoo-25"},{"link_name":"white rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhino"},{"link_name":"Javan rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhino"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EllisNTB-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_rhino_female_nairobi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nairobi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles"},{"link_name":"grasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"ticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick"},{"link_name":"oxpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxpecker"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"mutualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"oxpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxpecker"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parasite-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pettigrew2008-28"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"}],"text":"A black rhinoceros skull with restored hornAn adult black rhinoceros stands 132–180 cm (52–71 in) high at the shoulder and is 2.8–3.75 m (9.2–12.3 ft) in length.[4][22][23] An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400 kg (1,760 to 3,090 lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,896 kg (6,385 lb).[4][22] The cows are smaller than the bulls. Two horns on the skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 135.9 cm (53.5 in).[4]The longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length.[24] Sometimes a third, smaller horn may develop.[25] These horns are used for defense, intimidation, and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding. The black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and close in size to the Javan rhino of Indonesia. It has a pointed and prehensile upper lip, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding,[24] whereas the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass. The black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size, smaller skull, and ears; and by the position of the head, which is held higher than the white rhinoceros, since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer.Black rhinoceros female, with an oxpecker and scratches on skin, in Nairobi National ParkTheir thick-layered skin helps to protect black rhinos from thorns and sharp grasses. Their skin harbors external parasites, such as mites and ticks, which may be eaten by oxpeckers and egrets.[26] Such behaviour was originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead, feeding on rhino blood.[27] It is commonly assumed that black rhinos have poor eyesight, relying more on hearing and smell. However, studies have shown that their eyesight is comparatively good, at about the level of a rabbit.[28] Their ears have a relatively wide rotational range to detect sounds. An excellent sense of smell alerts rhinos to the presence of predators.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyphs"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"Eastern Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Desert"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osborn&osbornova1998-29"}],"sub_title":"Prehistorical range","text":"As with many other components of the African large mammal fauna, black rhinos probably had a wider range in the northern part of the continent in prehistoric times than today. However this seems to have not been as extensive as that of the white rhino. Unquestionable fossil remains have not yet been found in this area and the abundant petroglyphs found across the Sahara desert are often too schematic to unambiguously decide whether they depict black or white rhinos. Petroglyphs from the Eastern Desert of southeastern Egypt relatively convincingly show the occurrence of black rhinos in these areas in prehistoric times.[29]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congo Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basin"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"Bight of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"Kalahari desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_desert"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithers1971-30"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Lake Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookmaker2004-5"},{"link_name":"nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserves"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patton2011-31"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"North Luangwa National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Luangwa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zgf2008-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildenesstrust-33"},{"link_name":"Akagera National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akagera_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Zakouma National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Historical and extant range","text":"The natural range of the black rhino included most of southern and eastern Africa, except the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforest areas along the Bight of Benin, the Ethiopian Highlands, and the Horn of Africa.[4] Its former native occurrence in the extremely dry parts of the Kalahari desert of southwestern Botswana and northwestern South Africa is uncertain.[30] It was abundant in an area stretching from Eritrea and Sudan through South Sudan to southeastern Niger, especially around Lake Chad. Its occurrence further to the west is questionable, although this is often claimed in literature.[5]\nToday it is found only in protected nature reserves, having vanished from many countries in which it once thrived, especially in the west and north of its former range. The remaining populations are highly scattered. Some specimens have been relocated from their habitat to better protected locations, sometimes across national frontiers.[2] The black rhino has been successfully reintroduced to Malawi since 1993, where it became extinct in 1990.[31] Similarly it was reintroduced to Zambia (North Luangwa National Park) in 2008, where it had become extinct in 1998,[32] and to Botswana (extinct in 1992, reintroduced in 2003).[33]In May 2017, 18 eastern black rhinos were translocated from South Africa to the Akagera National Park in Rwanda. The park had around 50 rhinos in the 1970s but the numbers dwindled to zero by 2007. In September 2017, the birth of a calf raised the population to 19. The park has dedicated rhino monitoring teams to protect the animals from poaching.[34][35]In October 2017, The governments of Chad and South Africa reached an agreement to transfer six black rhinos from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad. Once established, this will be the northernmost population of the species. The species was wiped out from Chad in the 1970s and is under severe pressure from poaching in South Africa. The agreement calls for South African experts to assess the habitat, local management capabilities, security and the infrastructure before the transfer can take place.[36]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Rhinos_(Diceros_bicornis_bicornis)_female_and_young_..._(32573821475).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spitzmaulnashorn_in_Namibia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Etosha National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatman2000-37"},{"link_name":"territorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Serengeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti"},{"link_name":"Ngorongoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatman2000-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillma994-4"},{"link_name":"browsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"A cow with calfBlack rhino at Moringa waterhole, Etosha National ParkBlack rhinos are generally thought to be solitary, with the only strong bond between a mother and her calf. In addition, bulls and cows have a consort relationship during mating, also subadults and young adults frequently form loose associations with older individuals of either sex.[37] They are not very territorial and often intersect other rhino territories. Home ranges vary depending on season and the availability of food and water. Generally they have smaller home ranges and larger density in habitats that have plenty of food and water available, and vice versa if resources are not readily available. Sex and age of an individual black rhino influence home range and size, with ranges of cows larger than those of bulls, especially when accompanied by a calf.[38] In the Serengeti home ranges are around 70 to 100 km2 (27 to 39 sq mi), while in the Ngorongoro it is between 2.6 to 58.0 km2 (1.0 to 22.4 sq mi).[37] Black rhinos have also been observed to have a certain area they tend to visit and rest frequently called \"houses\" which are usually on a high ground level.[citation needed] These \"home\" ranges can vary from 2.6 km2 to 133 km2 with smaller home ranges having more abundant resources than larger home ranges.[39]Black rhinos in captivity and reservations sleep patterns have been recently studied to show that males sleep longer on average than females by nearly double the time. Other factors that play a role in their sleeping patterns is the location of where they decide to sleep. Although they do not sleep any longer in captivity, they do sleep at different times due to their location in captivity, or section of the park.[40]Black rhinos have a reputation for being extremely aggressive, and charge readily at perceived threats. They have even been observed to charge tree trunks and termite mounds.[citation needed] Black rhinos will fight each other, and they have the highest rates of mortal combat recorded for any mammal: about 50 percent of males and 30 percent of females die from combat-related injuries.[41] Adult rhinos normally have no natural predators, due to their imposing size, thick skin, and deadly horns.[42] However, adult black rhinos have fallen prey to crocodiles in exceptional circumstances.[43] Calves and, very seldom, small sub-adults may be preyed upon by lions as well.[4]Black rhinos follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes. They also use smaller trails when they are browsing. They are very fast and can get up to speeds of 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) running on their toes.[44][45]While it was assumed all rhinoceros are short-sighted, a study involving black rhinoceros retinas suggests they have better eyesight than previously assumed.[46]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Meeting_monsters.jpg"},{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"browsers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diet-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Euphorbiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-48"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Vachellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia"},{"link_name":"Senegalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia"},{"link_name":"Euclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclea"},{"link_name":"Albany thickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_thickets"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatman2000-37"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"Chewing on plantsBlack rhinos are herbivorous browsers that eat leafy plants, twigs, branches, shoots, thorny wood bushes, small trees, legumes, fruit, and grass.[47][48] The optimum habitat seems to be one consisting of thick scrub and bushland, often with some woodland, which supports the highest densities. Their diet can reduce the number of woody plants, which may benefit grazers (who focus on leaves and stems of grass), but not competing browsers (who focus on leaves, stems of trees, shrubs or herbs). It has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants. They have a significantly restricted diet with a preference for a few key plant species and a tendency to select leafy species in the dry season.[49] The plant species they seem to be most attracted to when not in dry season are the woody plants. There are 18 species of woody plants known to the diet of the black rhinoceros, and 11 species that could possibly be a part of their diet too.[50] Black rhinos also have a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity, where researchers find more populations in areas where the food has better quality.[51] Black rhinos show a preference for Acacia species, as well as plants in the family Euphorbiaceae.[48]In accordance with their feeding habit, adaptations of the chewing apparatus have been described for rhinos. The black rhinoceros has a two phased chewing activity with a cutting ectoloph and more grinding lophs on the lingual side. The black rhinoceros can also be considered a more challenging herbivore to feed in captivity compared to its grazing relatives.[52] They can live up to 5 days without water during drought. Black rhinos live in several habitats including bushlands, Riverine woodland, marshes, and their least favorable, grasslands. Habitat preferences are shown in two ways, the amount of sign found in the different habitats, and the habitat content of home ranges and core areas. Habitat types are also identified based on the composition of dominant plant types in each area. Different subspecies live in different habitats including Vachellia and Senegalia savanna, Euclea bushlands, Albany thickets, and even desert.[37]\nThey browse for food in the morning and evening. They are selective browsers but, studies done in Kenya show that they do add the selection material with availability in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements.[53] In the hottest part of the day they are most inactive- resting, sleeping, and wallowing in mud. Wallowing helps cool down body temperature during the day and protects against parasites. When black rhinos browse they use their lips to strip the branches of their leaves. Competition with elephants is causing the black rhinoceros to shift its diet. The black rhinoceros alters its selectivity with the absence of the elephant.[54]There is some variance in the exact chemical composition of rhinoceros horns. This variation is directly linked to diet and can be used as a means of rhino identification. Horn composition has helped scientists pinpoint the original location of individual rhinos, allowing for law enforcement to more accurately and more frequently identify and penalize poachers.[55]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diceros_bicornis_-_profile_-_Etosha_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"south-western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Etosha National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"scent marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraying_(animal_behavior)"},{"link_name":"Urine spraying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_spraying"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Communication","text":"A male south-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) in Etosha National Park, NamibiaBlack rhinos use several forms of communication. Due to their solitary nature, scent marking is often used to identify themselves to other black rhinos. Urine spraying occurs on trees and bushes, around water holes and feeding areas. Cows urine spray more often when receptive for breeding. Defecation sometimes occurs in the same spot used by different black rhinos, such as around feeding stations and watering tracks. Coming upon these spots, rhinos will smell to see who is in the area and add their own marking. When presented with adult feces, bulls and cows respond differently than when they are presented with subadult feces. The urine and feces of one black rhinoceros helps other black rhinoceroses to determine its age, sex, and identity.[56] Less commonly they will rub their heads or horns against tree trunks to scent-mark.The black rhino has powerful tube-shaped ears that can freely rotate in all directions. This highly developed sense of hearing allows black rhinos to detect sound over vast distances.[57]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Rhinos_Kenya.jpg"},{"link_name":"hyenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAZA-58"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"Mother and calf in Lewa, central KenyaThe adults are solitary in nature, coming together only for mating. Mating does not have a seasonal pattern but births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in more arid environments.When in season the cows will mark dung piles. Bulls will follow cows when they are in season; when she defecates he will scrape and spread the dung, making it more difficult for rival adult bulls to pick up her scent trail.Courtship behaviors before mating include snorting and sparring with the horns among males. Another courtship behavior is called bluff and bluster, where the black rhino will snort and swing its head from side to side aggressively before running away repeatedly. Breeding pairs stay together for 2–3 days and sometimes even weeks. They mate several times a day over this time and copulation lasts for a half-hour.The gestation period for a black rhino is 15 months. The single calf weighs about 35–50 kilograms (80–110 lb) at birth, and can follow its mother around after just three days. Weaning occurs at around 2 years of age for the offspring. The mother and calf stay together for 2–3 years until the next calf is born; female calves may stay longer, forming small groups. The young are occasionally taken by hyenas and lions. Sexual maturity is reached from 5 to 7 years old for females, and 7 to 8 years for males. The life expectancy in natural conditions (without poaching pressure) is from 35 to 50 years.[58]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_rhino_maasai_marai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maasai Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_Mara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panda-59"},{"link_name":"International Rhino Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rhino_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Yulee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"White Oak Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Oak_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRF-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dispatch1-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-16"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-65"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-39"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHINO-66"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.american.edu-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.american.edu-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagheera-68"},{"link_name":"southern white rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatGeo-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoops,_M.A._2011-70"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Black rhino in the Maasai MaraFor most of the 20th century the continental black rhino was the most numerous of all rhino species. Around 1900 there were probably several hundred thousand[2] living in Africa. During the latter half of the 20th century their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000[59] in the late 1960s to only 10,000 to 15,000 in 1981. In the early 1990s the number dipped below 2,500, and in 2004 it was reported that only 2,410 black rhinos remained. According to the International Rhino Foundation—housed in Yulee, Florida at White Oak Conservation, which breeds black rhinos[60]—the total African population had recovered to 4,240 by 2008 (which suggests that the 2004 number was low).[61] By 2009 the population of 5,500 was either steady or slowly increasing.[62]In 1992, nine black rhinos were brought from Chete National Park, Zimbabwe to Australia via Cocos Island. After the natural deaths of the males in the group, four males were brought in from United States and have since adapted well to captivity and new climate.[63] Calves and some subadults are preyed on by lions, but predation is rarely taken into account in managing the black rhinoceros.[citation needed] This is a major flaw because predation should be considered when attributing cause to the poor performance of the black rhinoceros population.[64] In 2002 only ten western black rhinos remained in Cameroon, and in 2006 intensive surveys across its putative range failed to locate any, leading to fears that this subspecies had become extinct.[16] In 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhino extinct.[65] There was a conservation effort in which black rhinos were translocated, but their population did not improve, as they did not like to be in an unfamiliar habitat.Under CITES Appendix I all international commercial trade of the black rhino horn is prohibited since 1977.[39] China though having joined CITES since 8 April 1981 is the largest importer of black rhino horns.[66][citation needed] However, this is a trade in which not only do the actors benefit, but so do the nation states ignoring them as well. Nevertheless, people continue to remove the rhino from its natural environment and allow for a dependence on human beings to save them from endangerment.[67] Parks and reserves have been made for protecting the rhinos with armed guards keeping watch, but even still many poachers get through and harm the rhinos for their horns. Many have considered extracting rhino horns in order to deter poachers from slaughtering these animals or potentially bringing them to other breeding grounds such as the US and Australia.[67] This method of extracting the horn, known as dehorning, consists of tranquilizing the rhino then sawing the horn almost completely off to decrease initiative for poaching, although the effectiveness of this in reducing poaching is not known and rhino mothers are known to use their horns to fend off predators.[68]The only rhino subspecies that has recovered somewhat from the brink of extinction is the southern white rhinoceros, whose numbers now are estimated around 14,500, up from fewer than 50 in the first decade of the 20th century.[69]\nBut there seems to be hope for the black rhinoceros in recovering their gametes from dead rhinos in captivity. This shows promising results for producing black rhinoceros embryos, which can be used for testing sperm in vitro.[70]A January 2014 auction for a permit to hunt a black rhinoceros in Namibia sold for $350,000 at a fundraiser hosted by the Dallas Safari Club. The auction drew considerable criticism as well as death threats directed towards members of the club and the man who purchased the permit.[71] This permit was issued for 1 of 18 black rhinoceros specifically identified by Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism as being past breeding age and considered a threat to younger rhinos. The $350,000 that the hunter paid for the permit was used by the Namibian government to fund anti-poaching efforts in the country.[72]In 2022 South Africa granted permits to hunt 10 black rhinos, stating that the population is growing.[73]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_February_2023_29_(Africa--Eastern_Africa--Savanna_Bush,_black_rhinoceros).jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Public Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Addo Elephant National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Loxodonta africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxodonta_africana"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoops,_M.A._2011-70"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-76"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"jambiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambiya"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"herbalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalist"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-76"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregonian-77"}],"text":"A black rhinoceros in the Savanna Bush diorama at the Milwaukee Public MuseumToday, there are various threats posed to black rhinos including habitat changes, illegal poaching, and competing species. Civil disturbances, such as war, have made mentionably negative effects on the black rhinoceros populations in since the 1960s in countries including, but not limited to, Chad, Cameroon, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Somalia.[2] In the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is posing slight concern involving the black rhinoceroses who also inhabit the area. Both animals are browsers; however, the elephant's diet consists of a wider variety of foraging capacity, while the black rhinoceros primarily sticks to dwarf shrubs. The black rhinoceros has been found to eat grass as well; however, the shortening of its range of available food could be potentially problematic.[74]Black rhinos face problems associated with the minerals they ingest. They have become adjusted to ingesting less iron in the wild due to their evolutionary progression, which poses a problem when placed in captivity. These rhinoceroses can overload on iron, which leads to build up in the lungs, liver, spleen and small intestine.[75]\nNot only do these rhinoceros face threats being in the wild, but in captivity too. Black rhinoceros have become more susceptible to disease in captivity with high rates of mortality.[70]Illegal poaching for the international rhino horn trade is the main and most detrimental threat.[2] The killing of these animals is not unique to modern-day society. The Chinese have maintained reliable documents of these happenings dating back to 1200 B.C.[76] The ancient Chinese often hunted rhino horn for the making of wine cups, as well as the rhino's skin to manufacture imperial crowns, belts and armor for soldiers.[76] A major market for rhino horn has historically been in the Middle East nations to make ornately carved handles for ceremonial daggers called jambiyas. Demand for these exploded in the 1970s, causing the black rhinoceros population to decline 96% between 1970 and 1992. The horn is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, and is said by herbalists to be able to revive comatose patients, facilitate exorcisms and various methods of detoxification, and cure fevers.[76] It is also hunted for the Chinese superstitious belief that the horns allow direct access to Heaven due to their unique location and hollow nature.[76] The purported effectiveness of the use of rhino horn in treating any illness has not been confirmed, or even suggested, by medical science. In June 2007, the first-ever documented case of the medicinal sale of black rhino horn in the United States (confirmed by genetic testing of the confiscated horn) occurred at a traditional Chinese medicine supply store in Portland, Oregon's Chinatown.[77]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-8317-0502-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8317-0502-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0952836905006436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836905006436"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"86237288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86237288"}],"text":"Emslie, R. & Brooks, M. (1999). African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0502-9.\nRookmaaker, L. C. (2005). \"Review of the European perception of the African rhinoceros\". Journal of Zoology. 265 (4): 365–376. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006436. S2CID 86237288.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A black rhinoceros skull with restored horn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Diceros_bicornis_MNHN.jpg/220px-Diceros_bicornis_MNHN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black rhinoceros female, with an oxpecker and scratches on skin, in Nairobi National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Black_rhino_female_nairobi.jpg/220px-Black_rhino_female_nairobi.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cow with calf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_Rhinos_%28Diceros_bicornis_bicornis%29_female_and_young_..._%2832573821475%29.jpg/220px-Black_Rhinos_%28Diceros_bicornis_bicornis%29_female_and_young_..._%2832573821475%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black rhino at Moringa waterhole, Etosha National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Spitzmaulnashorn_in_Namibia.jpg/220px-Spitzmaulnashorn_in_Namibia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chewing on plants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Meeting_monsters.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Meeting_monsters.jpg"},{"image_text":"A male south-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Diceros_bicornis_-_profile_-_Etosha_2014.jpg/220px-Diceros_bicornis_-_profile_-_Etosha_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mother and calf in Lewa, central Kenya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Black_Rhinos_Kenya.jpg/220px-Black_Rhinos_Kenya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black rhino in the Maasai Mara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Black_rhino_maasai_marai.jpg/220px-Black_rhino_maasai_marai.jpg"},{"image_text":"A black rhinoceros in the Savanna Bush diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_February_2023_29_%28Africa--Eastern_Africa--Savanna_Bush%2C_black_rhinoceros%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_February_2023_29_%28Africa--Eastern_Africa--Savanna_Bush%2C_black_rhinoceros%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Grubb, P. (2005). \"Order Perissodactyla\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 635–636. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grubb_(zoologist)","url_text":"Grubb, P."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14100059","url_text":"\"Order Perissodactyla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA635%E2%80%93636","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Emslie, R. (2020). \"Diceros bicornis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6557A152728945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6557/152728945","url_text":"\"Diceros bicornis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices \| CITES\". cites.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices \| CITES\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205014647/https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hillman-Smith, A.K.K. & Groves, C.P. (1994). \"Diceros bicornis\" (PDF). Mammalian Species (455): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504292. JSTOR 3504292. S2CID 253955264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-455-01-0001.pdf","url_text":"\"Diceros bicornis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_Species","url_text":"Mammalian Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504292","url_text":"10.2307/3504292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3504292","url_text":"3504292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253955264","url_text":"253955264"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051030171257/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-455-01-0001.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rookmaaker, L.C. (2004). \"Historical distribution of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in West Africa\" (PDF). African Zoology. 39 (1): 63–70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175862484.pdf","url_text":"\"Historical distribution of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in West Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Zoology","url_text":"African Zoology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525105840/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175862484.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Emslie, R. (2020). \"Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39319/45814470","url_text":"\"Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en"}]},{"reference":"Rookmaaker, L.C. (2005). \"Review of the European perception of the African Rhinoceros\" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 265 (4): 365–376. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006436. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175861747.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of the European perception of the African Rhinoceros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology","url_text":"Journal of Zoology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836905006436","url_text":"10.1017/S0952836905006436"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525075447/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175861747.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, O. (1911). \"The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus: an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species\". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1: 120–158. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165239209","url_text":"\"The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus: an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Zoological_Society_of_London","url_text":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220204161231/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165239209","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rookmaaker, L.C. (1982). \"Die Unterarten des Spitzmaulnashorns (Diceros bicornis) und ihre Zucht in Menschenobhut\" (PDF). Internationales Zuchtbuch für afrikanische Nashörner (2). Zoologischer Garten Berlin: 41–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175861470.pdf","url_text":"\"Die Unterarten des Spitzmaulnashorns (Diceros bicornis) und ihre Zucht in Menschenobhut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin","url_text":"Zoologischer Garten Berlin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525125615/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175861470.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Groves, C.P. (1967). \"Geographic variation in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linnaeus, 1758)\". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde (32): 267–276.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC","url_text":"Ungulate Taxonomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore","url_text":"Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"The Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0093-8","url_text":"978-1-4214-0093-8"}]},{"reference":"Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1978). \"The extinct Cape Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)\" (PDF). Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen. 26 (2): 117–126. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175858121.pdf","url_text":"\"The extinct Cape Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525083442/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175858121.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Emslie, R.H.; Brooks, M. (1999). African Rhinos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland and Cambridge: IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. pp. x+92. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175863242.pdf","url_text":"African Rhinos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN","url_text":"IUCN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425120051/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175863242.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meldrum, Andrew (12 July 2006). \"West African black rhino feared extinct\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson	Lady Bird Johnson	["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Marriage and family","4 Early politics","5 Business career","6 Second Lady of the United States","7 First Lady of the United States","8 Later life","8.1 Health problems and death","9 Historical assessments","10 Honors","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	First Lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 Lady Bird JohnsonOfficial portrait, 1967First Lady of the United StatesIn roleNovember 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969PresidentLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byJacqueline KennedySucceeded byPat NixonSecond Lady of the United StatesIn roleJanuary 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963Vice PresidentLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byPat NixonSucceeded byMuriel Humphrey Personal detailsBornClaudia Alta Taylor(1912-12-22)December 22, 1912Karnack, Texas, U.S.DiedJuly 11, 2007(2007-07-11) (aged 94)West Lake Hills, Texas, U.S.Resting placeJohnson Family CemeteryPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse Lyndon B. Johnson (m. 1934; died 1973)ChildrenLyndaLuciEducationSt. Mary's Episcopal College for WomenUniversity of Texas, Austin (BA, BJ)Signature Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson (née Taylor; December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was the first lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 as the wife of former president Lyndon B. Johnson. She served as the second lady from 1961 to 1963 when her husband was vice president. Notably well educated for a woman of her era, Lady Bird proved a capable manager and a successful investor. After marrying Lyndon Johnson in 1934 when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign and then ran his office while he served in the Navy. As First Lady, Johnson broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour. She advocated beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope"). The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as "Lady Bird's Bill". She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1984, the highest honors bestowed upon a U.S. civilian. Johnson has been consistently ranked in occasional Siena College Research Institute surveys as one of the most highly regarded American first ladies per historians' assessments. Early life A photo of Lady Bird Taylor at around age three The Brick House, Lady Bird Johnson's birthplace and childhood home in Karnack, Texas Claudia Alta Taylor was born on December 22, 1912, in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County, near the eastern state line with Louisiana. Her birthplace was "The Brick House", an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She was a descendant of English Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor II. She was named for her mother's brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as "pretty as a ladybird". Opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a "ladybug" in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life. Her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her since she reportedly was not fond of the name. Nearly all of her maternal and paternal immigrant ancestors arrived in the Virginia Colony during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely as indentured servants as were most early settlers in the colony. Her father, a native of Alabama, had primarily English ancestry and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother, also a native of Alabama, was of English and Scottish descent. Her father, Thomas Jefferson Jonson Taylor (August 29, 1874 – October 22, 1960), was a sharecropper's son. He became a wealthy businessman and owned 15,000 acres (6,070 ha) of cotton and two general stores. "My father was a very strong character, to put it mildly", his daughter once said. "He lived by his own rules. It was a whole feudal way of life, really." Her mother, born Minnie Lee Pattillo (1874–1918), loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack; she was often in "poor emotional and physical health". When Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant. She died of complications of miscarriage in 1918. In a profile of Lady Bird Johnson, Time magazine described Lady Bird's mother as "a tall, eccentric woman from an old and aristocratic Alabama family, liked to wear long white dresses and heavy veils fussed over food fads, played grand opera endlessly on the phonograph, loved to read the classics aloud to tiny Lady Bird scandalized people for miles around by entertaining Negroes in her home, and once even started to write a book about Negro religious practices, called Bio Baptism." Her husband, however, tended to see black people as nothing more than "hewers of wood and drawers of water", according to his younger son Anthony. Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. (1901–1959) and Antonio, also known as Tony (1904–1986). Her widowed father married twice more. His second wife was Beulah Taylor, a bookkeeper at a general store. His third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. Lady Bird was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sister's death. She also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, "Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me. With Aunt Effie, we would board the train in Marshall and ride to the part of the world that meant watermelon cuttings, picnics at the creek, and a lot of company every Sunday." According to Lady Bird, her Aunt Effie "opened my spirit to beauty, but she neglected to give me any insight into the practical matters a girl should know about, such as how to dress or choose one's friends or learning to dance." Lady Bird was a shy and quiet girl who spent much of her youth alone outdoors. "People always look back at it now and assume it was lonely," she once said about her childhood. "To me it definitely was not. ... I spent a lot of time just walking and fishing and swimming." She developed her lifelong love of the outdoors as a child growing up in the tall pines and bayous of East Texas, where she watched the wildflowers bloom each spring. Education Claudia Taylor's graduation When it came time to enter high school, Lady Bird had to move away and live with another family during weekdays in the town of Jefferson, Texas, since there was no high school in the Karnack area. (Her brothers were sent to boarding schools in New York.) She graduated third in her class at the age of 15 from Marshall Senior High School in the nearby county seat. Despite her young age, her father gave her a car so that she could drive herself to school, a distance of 15 miles (24 km) each way. She said of that time, "t was an awful chore for my daddy to delegate some person from his business to take me in and out." During her senior year, when she realized that she had the highest grades in her class, she "purposely allowed her grades to slip" so that she would not have to give the valedictorian or salutatorian speech. After graduating from high school in May 1928, Lady Bird entered the University of Alabama for the summer session, where she took her first journalism course. But, homesick for Texas, she stayed home and did not return for the fall term at Alabama. Instead, she and a high school friend enrolled at St. Mary's Episcopal College for Women, an Episcopal boarding junior college for women in Dallas. It influenced her to "convert to the Episcopal faith", although she waited five years for confirmation. After graduating from St. Mary's in May 1930, Lady Bird toyed with returning to Alabama. Another friend from Marshall was going to the University of Texas, so she chartered a plane to Austin to join her. As the plane landed, she was awed by the sight of a field covered with bluebonnets and instantly fell in love with the city. Lady Bird received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history with honors in 1933 and a second bachelor's degree in journalism cum laude in 1934. She was active on campus in different organizations, including Texas Orange Jackets, a women's honorary service organization, and believed in student leadership. Her goal was to become a reporter, but she also earned a teaching certificate. The summer after her second graduation, she and a girlfriend traveled to New York City and Washington, where they peered through the fence at the White House. Dallek described Lady Bird as having undergone a boost in her self-confidence through her years at the college. Her time there marked a departure from her timid behavior in her youth. Marriage and family A friend in Austin introduced her to Lyndon Baines Johnson, a 26-year-old Congressional aide with political aspirations, working for Congressman Richard Kleberg. Lady Bird recalled having felt "like a moth drawn to a flame". Biographer Randall B. Woods attributed Johnson's "neglect of his legal studies" to his courting of Lady Bird. On their first date, at the Driskill Hotel, Lyndon proposed. Lady Bird did not want to rush into marriage, but he was persistent and did not want to wait. Ten weeks later, Lady Bird accepted his proposal. The couple married on November 17, 1934, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in San Antonio, Texas. After she suffered three miscarriages, the couple had two daughters together: Lynda Bird (born 1944) and Luci Baines (born 1947). The couple and their two daughters all shared the initials LBJ. Their daughters lived in the White House during their teenage years, under media scrutiny. Lynda Bird married Charles S. Robb in a White House ceremony. He was later elected governor of Virginia and U.S. Senator. Luci Baines married Pat Nugent in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and, later, Ian Turpin. Lady Bird had seven grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren at the time of her death. Their marriage, however, suffered due to Lyndon's numerous affairs—in particular, the relationship between Lyndon and Alice Glass. This relationship was on and off between 1939 and the early years of his presidency and was eventually ended due to Glass's opposition to the Vietnam War. Lady Bird Johnson's awareness of these infidelities was included in her 2007 obituary, noting that Lady Bird "was openly humiliated". Her husband would even brag that he had slept with more women than his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. Early politics When Lyndon decided to run for Congress from Austin's 10th district, Lady Bird provided the money to launch his campaign. She took $10,000 of her inheritance from her mother's estate to help start his political career. The couple settled in Washington, D.C., after Lyndon was elected to Congress. After he enlisted in the Navy at the outset of the Second World War, Lady Bird ran his congressional office. Lady Bird sometimes served as a mediating force between her wilful husband and those he encountered. On one occasion after Lyndon had clashed with Dan Rather, then a young Houston, Texas, reporter, Lady Bird followed Rather in her car. Stopping him, she invited him to return and have some punch, explaining, "That's just the way Lyndon sometimes is." During the years of the Johnson presidency, Lyndon, in one incident, yelled at the White House photographer who failed to show up for a photo shoot with the First Lady. She consoled the photographer afterward, who said that, despite his feelings against President Johnson, he "would walk over hot coals for Lady Bird." Business career In January–February 1943, during World War II, Lady Bird Johnson spent $17,500 of her inheritance to purchase KTBC, an Austin radio station. She bought the radio station from a three-man partnership that included Robert B. Anderson, a future U.S. Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and Texas oilman and rancher Wesley West. She served as president of the LBJ Holding Co., and her husband negotiated an agreement with the CBS radio network. Despite Lyndon's objections, Lady Bird expanded by buying a television station in 1952. She reminded him that she could do as she wished with her inheritance. The station, KTBC-TV/7 (then affiliated with CBS as well), was Austin's monopoly VHF franchise and generated revenues that made the Johnsons millionaires. Over the years, journalists have revealed that Lyndon used his influence in the Senate to influence the Federal Communications Commission into granting the monopoly license, which was in Lady Bird's name. LBJ Holding also had two small banks; they failed and were closed in 1991 by the FDIC. But the core Johnson radio properties survived and prospered. Emmis Communications bought KLBJ-AM, KLBJ-FM, KGSR, and three other stations from LBJ Holding in 2003 for $105 million. Eventually, Lady Bird's initial $41,000 investment turned into more than $150 million for the LBJ Holding Company. She was the first president's wife to have become a millionaire in her own right before her husband was elected to office. She remained involved with the company until she was in her eighties. Second Lady of the United States Johnson circa 1962 John F. Kennedy chose Lyndon Johnson as his running mate for the 1960 election. At Kennedy's request, Lady Bird took an expanded role during the campaign, as his wife Jacqueline was pregnant with their second child. Over 71 days, Lady Bird traveled 35,000 miles (56,000 km) through 11 states and appeared at 150 events. Kennedy and Johnson won the election that November, with Lady Bird helping the Democratic ticket carry seven Southern states. Reflecting later, Lady Bird said that the years her husband served as vice president and she as Second Lady were "a very different period of our lives." Nationally, the two had a kind of celebrity, but they both found the office of Vice President to lack power. As the Vice President's wife, Lady Bird often served as a substitute for Jacqueline Kennedy at official events and functions. Within her first year as Second Lady, she had substituted for Mrs. Kennedy at more than 50 events, roughly one per week. This experience prepared Lady Bird for the following challenges of her unexpected years as First Lady. On November 22, 1963, the Johnsons were accompanying the Kennedys in Dallas when President Kennedy was assassinated; they were two cars behind the President in his motorcade. Lyndon was sworn in as president on Air Force One two hours after Kennedy died, with Lady Bird and Jacqueline Kennedy by his side. Afterward, Lady Bird created a tape on which she recorded her memories of the assassination, saying it was "primarily as a form of therapy to help me over the shock and horror of the experience." She submitted a transcript of the tape to the Warren Commission as testimony. LBJ advisor Abe Fortas had made notations on her document to add detail. In their plans for their trip to Texas, the Johnsons had intended to entertain the Kennedys that night at their ranch. In the days following the assassination, Lady Bird worked with Jacqueline Kennedy on the transition of her husband to the White House. While having great respect for Jacqueline and finding her strong in the aftermath of the murder, Lady Bird believed from the start of her tenure as First Lady that she would be unfavorably compared to her immediate predecessor. On her last day in the White House, Jacqueline Kennedy left Lady Bird a note in which she promised she would "be happy" there. First Lady of the United States Johnson working in her office As First Lady and trusted presidential confidant, Lady Bird Johnson helped establish the public environmental movement in the 1960s. She worked to beautify Washington D.C. by planting thousands of flowers, set up the White House Natural Beauty Conference, and lobbied Congress for the president's full range of environmental initiatives. In 1965, she took the lead in calling for passage of the Highway Beautification Act. The act called for control of outdoor advertising, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing Interstate Highway System and the existing federal-aid primary highway system. It also required certain junkyards along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development. According to Secretary of Interior Stewart Udall, she single-handedly, "influenced the president to demand-and support-more far-sighted conservation legislation." Her capital beautification project turned the national capital into a showcase for the nation. It was intended to improve physical conditions in Washington, D.C. for residents and tourists by planting millions of flowers, many of them on National Park Service land along roadways around the capital. She said, "Where flowers bloom, so does hope." She worked extensively with the American Association of Nurserymen (AAN) executive Vice President Robert F. Lederer to protect wildflowers and promoted planting them along highways. Her efforts inspired similar programs throughout the country. She became the first president's wife to advocate actively for legislation when she was instrumental in promoting the Highway Beautification Act, which was nicknamed "Lady Bird's Bill". It was developed to beautify the nation's highway system by limiting billboards and by planting roadside areas. She was also an advocate of the Head Start program to give children from lower-income families a step up in school readiness. Lady Bird created the modern structure of the First Lady's office: she was the first in this role to have a press secretary and chief of staff of her own, and an outside liaison with Congress. Her press secretary from 1963 to 1969 was Liz Carpenter, a fellow alumna of the University of Texas. As a mark of changing times, Carpenter was the first professional newswoman to become press secretary to a First Lady; she also served as Lady Bird's staff director. Lady Bird's tenure as First Lady marked the beginning of hiring employees in the East Wing to work specifically on the First Lady's projects. President Johnson had initially said he would turn down the Democratic Party nomination for president in 1964, having been unhappy during his service in President Kennedy's administration and believing the party did not want him. Although aides could not sway him, the First Lady convinced him otherwise, reassuring him of his worthiness and saying that if he dropped out, the Republicans would likely take the White House. Johnson plants a cherry tree. During the 1964 campaign, Lady Bird traveled through eight Southern states from October 6 to 9 in a chartered train, the Lady Bird Special, at one point giving 45 speeches over four days. It was the first solo whistle-stop tour by a First Lady. In the same month, Lady Bird continued her campaign tour by airplane, with stops in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Indiana, and Kentucky. In the November 1964 presidential election, Johnson won a landslide victory over his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater. At the ceremony to swear in the new president, Lady Bird held the Bible as her husband took the oath of office on January 20, 1965, starting a tradition which continues. On September 22, 1965, Lady Bird dedicated a Peoria, Illinois, landscape plaza, with the president of the Peoria City Beautification Association, Leslie Kenyon, saying during the ceremony that Lady Bird was the first presidential spouse "who has visited our city as an official guest in our 140 years of existence." On September 22, 1966, Lady Bird dedicated the Glen Canyon Dam in northern Arizona, fulfilling a goal that both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had sought to accomplish. She said the dam belonged to all Americans amid an increasing concern for water that affected every American "no matter whether he lives in New York or Page, Arizona." In late-August 1967, Lady Bird traveled to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to attend the Expo 67, a White House aide saying she had been urged by the President to travel there since his own trip three months prior. In mid-September 1967, Lady Bird began touring the Midwestern United States as part of a trip that one White House described as "mostly agriculture during the day and culture at night." President Johnson was then declining in support by farmers, months before a planned re-election bid. Speaking to a crowd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on September 20, Lady Bird said problems within American cities were creating crime. Lady Bird Johnson at the signing of the Highway Beautification Act, also referred to as "Lady Bird's Bill" In January 1968 at a White House luncheon, Eartha Kitt, when asked by the First Lady what her views were on the Vietnam War, replied: "You send the best of this country off to be shot and maimed. No wonder the kids rebel and take pot." Kitt's anti-war remarks reportedly angered Lyndon and Mrs. Johnson, and this resulted in the derailment of Kitt's professional career. Toward the end of Johnson's first term, Lady Bird was anxious for her husband to leave office. In September 1967, Lady Bird voiced her concerns that a second term would be detrimental to his health. Health concerns may have been one of the reasons why President Johnson decided not to seek re-election. In 1970, Lady Bird published A White House Diary, her intimate, behind-the-scenes account of her husband's presidency spanning November 22, 1963, to January 20, 1969. Beginning with President Kennedy's assassination, she recorded the momentous events of her times, including the Great Society's War on Poverty; the national civil rights and social protest movements; her activism on behalf of the environment; and the Vietnam War. Johnson was acquainted with a long span of fellow First Ladies, from Eleanor Roosevelt to Laura Bush. She was protected by the United States Secret Service for 44 years. Biographer Betty Boyd Caroli said in 2015 of Johnson that She really invented the job of the modern first lady. She was the first one to have a big staff, the first one to have a comprehensive program in her own name, the first one to write a book about the White House years, when she leaves. She had an important role in setting up an enduring role for her husband with the LBJ Library. She's the first one to campaign extensively on her own for her husband. Writing in 1986, William H. Inman observed that Johnson was considered by some "the most effective First Lady since Eleanor Roosevelt", citing her battles against highway billboard forests, auto heaps, and junk piles as well as her support for American public landscapes maintaining beauty and sanity. Later life Johnson at a Lyndon B. Johnson Foundation Board Meeting Former President Johnson died of a heart attack in 1973, four years after leaving office. When he suffered the heart attack, Lady Bird was in a meeting, and the former president had died when she reached him. She arranged for the body to lie in state at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum the following day, and the body was laid to rest two days later. The couple's elder daughter, Lynda, said that God "knew what he was doing" when her father died ahead of her mother; she thought her father would not have been able to live without Lady Bird. After his death, Lady Bird took time to travel and spent more time with her daughters. She remained in the public eye, honoring her husband and other presidents. She entertained the wives of governors at the LBJ Presidential Library. In the 1970s, Johnson focused her attention on the Austin riverfront area through her involvement in the Town Lake Beautification Project. From 1971 to 1978, she served on the board of regents for the University of Texas System. She also served on the National Park Service Advisory Board, and was the first woman to serve on National Geographic Society's board of trustees. President Nixon mentioned her as a possible ambassador in a circulated memo, but never nominated her for office. In December 1973, after President Nixon established the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac, he notified Johnson via a telephone call. In August 1975, after First Lady Betty Ford made comments on sex, Johnson expressed sympathy: "I know the pressures of being a First Lady, and I think maybe she got asked one question too quick." During the 1976 United States presidential election, Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter apologized to Johnson over comments he made about her husband during an interview in which he stated he would not follow trends of "lying, cheating, and distorting the truth" set forth by former Presidents Nixon and Johnson. Johnson (right) together at the 1977 National Women's Conference with First Lady Rosalynn Carter (left) and fellow former first lady Betty Ford (center) In November 1977, Johnson spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary. Johnson alongside president Jimmy Carter in September 1977 On March 12, 1980, Johnson returned to the White House and attended a reception commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the Head Start program. In his remarks, President Carter expressed gratitude for her attending as he stated "she personifies too, as you know, the essence of what this great man did with those who worked around him", referring to her late husband. In June 1981, officials of Dartmouth College stated that Johnson and former President Gerald Ford would serve as co-chairs of the fundraising committee for the Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences. Johnson later attended the dedication of the center in September 1983. In 1982, Johnson and actress Helen Hayes founded the National Wildflower Research Center west of Austin, Texas, as a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving and reintroducing native plants in planned landscapes. In 1994, the center opened a new facility southwest of Austin; they officially renamed it the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in 1995 in acknowledgment of her having raised $10 million for the facility. In 2006, the center was incorporated into the University of Texas at Austin. Johnson with philanthropist Enid A. Haupt in 1988 In 1988, Johnson convened with three other former first ladies—Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, and Pat Nixon—at the "Women and the Constitution" conference at The Carter Center to assess that document's impact on women. The conference featured over 150 speakers and 1,500 attendees from all 50 states and 10 foreign countries. The conference was meant to promote awareness on sexual inequality in other countries, and fight against it in America.Johnson c. 1989In September 1991, Johnson unveiled a new line of English porcelain flower sculpture that drew influence from American wildflowers in the Corrigan's Jewelry at NorthPark Center in Dallas. For 20 years, Johnson spent her summers on the Massachusetts island of Martha's Vineyard, renting the home of Charles Guggenheim for many of those years. She said she had greatly appreciated the island's natural beauty and flowers. In August 1984, Johnson publicly stated her support for the vice-presidential nomination of Geraldine Ferraro in that year's presidential election while admitting the difficulty the Mondale-Ferraro ticket faced in winning Texas. Johnson returned to the White House for the twenty-fifth-anniversary celebration of her husband's inauguration on April 6, 1990. Incumbent President George H. W. Bush praised her for her support of her husband and work toward beautifying landscapes. On October 13, 2006, Johnson made a rare public appearance at the renovation announcement of the LBJ Library and Museum. Health problems and death Johnson with her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb and First Lady Laura Bush on October 19, 2005 Funeral service for Lady Bird Johnson; Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter, Jimmy Carter, Laura Bush, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, (second row) Caroline Kennedy, Barbara Bush, Susan Ford Bales, (third row) Maria Shriver, and Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox attended, representing eight other presidents In 1986, 13 years after her husband's death, Johnson's health began to fail. She suffered her first fainting spell that year while attending a funeral, and entered St. David's Community Hospital for observation. She also injured her left knee in a fall the day before her hospitalization. In August 1993, she suffered a stroke and became legally blind due to macular degeneration. In 1999, she was hospitalized for a second fainting spell. In 2002, she suffered a second, more severe, stroke, which prevented her from speaking normally or walking without assistance. In 2005, she spent a few days in an Austin hospital for treatment of bronchitis. In February 2006, Lynda Johnson Robb told a gathering at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri, that her mother was totally blind and was "not in very good health". In June 2007, she spent six days in Seton Hospital in Austin after suffering from a low-grade fever. Lady Bird Johnson died at home on July 11, 2007, at 4:18 p.m. (CDT) from natural causes at the age of 94, attended by family members and Catholic priest Father Robert Scott. At the funeral service, her daughter, Luci Baines Johnson, gave a eulogy, saying, "A few weeks before Mother died, I was taking visiting relatives to the extraordinary Blanton Art Museum ... Mother was on IV antibiotics, a feeding tube, and oxygen, but she wasn't gonna let little things like that deter her from discovering another great art museum. What a picture we were—literally rolling through the museum like a mobile hospital." Three weeks before Johnson's death, the rector of St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Fredericksburg, her second home for over 50 years, had announced to his parishioners that she had given $300,000 to pay off the church's mortgage. Johnson's funeral was a public event. On July 15, 2007, a ceremonial cortège left the Texas State Capitol. The public was invited to line the route through downtown Austin on Congress Avenue and along the shores of Lady Bird Lake to pay their respects. The public part of the funeral procession ended in Johnson City. The family had a private burial at the Johnson family cemetery in Stonewall, where she was buried next to her husband, who had died 34 years earlier. Unlike previous funerals for first ladies, the pallbearers came from members of the armed forces. Historical assessments Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Johnson has ranked among the seven-most highly regarded first ladies in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Johnson has been ranked: 3rd-best of 42 in 1982 6th-best of 37 in 1993 7th-best of 38 in 2003 5th-best of 38 in 2008 7th-best of 39 in 2014 In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Johnson was ranked in the top five for six out of the ten criteria, ranking the 5th highest in background, 5th highest in intelligence, 5th highest in value to the country, 5th highest in integrity, 4th highest in her accomplishments, and 5th highest in leadership. In additional questions asked in the 2014 survey, among 20th- and 21st-century American first ladies, historians assessed Johnson as the 5th easiest to imagine serving as president herself, having had the 5th-greatest public service after leaving the White House, and having been the 5th best in creating a lasting legacy. In the 2014 survey, Johnson and her husband were also ranked the 10th highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple". Honors On August 27, 1969, President Richard Nixon dedicated a 300-acre (120 ha) grove of redwood trees as the "Lady Bird Johnson Grove" due to her efforts as First Lady toward preserving national resources for Americans. The grove is located just north of Orick, California, and is part of Redwood National Park. Lady Bird attended the dedication with former President Johnson. Lady Bird Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford on January 10, 1977. The citation for her medal read: One of America's great First Ladies, she claimed her own place in the hearts and history of the American people. In councils of power or in homes of the poor, she made government human with her unique compassion and her grace, warmth and wisdom. Her leadership transformed the American landscape and preserved its natural beauty as a national treasure. She received the Congressional Gold Medal in 1988, becoming the first wife of a president to receive the honor. In a 1982 poll taken of historians ranking the most influential and important First Ladies, Lady Bird was ranked third—behind Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt—primarily for her work as a conservation activist. In 1995, the National Wildflower Research Center, near Austin, Texas, was renamed the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. She and actress Helen Hayes founded the center in 1982. In 1966, she was awarded the National Institute of Social Sciences Gold Medal for Services to Humanity. In 1995, Lady Bird received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In November 1968, Columbia Island, in Washington, D.C., was renamed Lady Bird Johnson Park in honor of her campaign as First Lady to beautify the capital. In 1976, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on Columbia Island. Lady Bird declined many overtures to name Austin's Town Lake in her honor after she had led a campaign to clean up the lake and add trails to its shoreline; following her death, Austin Mayor Will Wynn's office said it was a "foregone conclusion that Town Lake is going to be renamed" in honor of Lady Bird Johnson. The lake was renamed Lady Bird Lake on July 26, 2007. In April 2008, the "Lady Bird Johnson Memorial Cherry Blossom Grove" was dedicated to Marshfield, Missouri. The dedication took place during the city's annual cherry blossom festival. Johnson had supported the rural community and their initiative to plant ornamental cherry trees. In 1995, she received an Honor Award from the National Building Museum for her lifetime leadership in beautification and conservation campaigns. She was also named the honorary chairwoman of the Head Start program. Lady Bird held honorary degrees from many universities: Boston University; the University of Alabama; George Washington University; Johns Hopkins University; State University of New York; Southern Methodist University; Texas Woman's University; Middlebury College; Williams College, Southwestern University; Texas State University–San Marcos; Washington College; and St. Edward's University. On June 7, 2008, Texas honored Lady Bird by renaming the state convention's Blue Star Breakfast as the 'Lady Bird Breakfast'. In January 2009, St. Edward's University in Austin completed a new residence hall for upperclassmen bearing the name of Lady Bird Johnson Hall, or "LBJ Hall" for short. On August 28, 2008, Lady Bird Johnson High School was opened in her name in San Antonio, Texas, a part of the North East Independent School District. On October 22, 2012, the United States Postal Service announced the issue of a souvenir Forever stamp sheet honoring Lady Bird Johnson as a tribute to her legacy of beautifying the nation's roadsides, urban parks and trails. Five of the six stamps feature adaptations of stamps originally issued in the 1960s to promote planting in public spaces. The sixth stamp features her official White House portrait, a painting of the First Lady in a yellow gown, by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. The stamps were dedicated on November 30, 2012, at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center of The University of Texas at Austin. In 2013, Lady Bird was posthumously awarded the prestigious Rachel Carson Award. The award, presented by Audubon's Women in Conservation, was accepted by her daughter Lynda. References ^ a b Hylton, Hilary (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson dies in Texas at age 94". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b c d e Simnacher, Joe (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b c "Vibrant spirit takes Lady Bird from a small town to UT" Archived June 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The Palm Beach Post. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Holley, Joe (July 12, 2007). "Champion of Conservation, Loyal Force Behind LBJ". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved July 21, 2007. ^ a b c Lady Bird Johnson: The Early Years. PBS. ^ "Obituary: Lady Bird Johnson". BBC Online. July 12, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ "The White House: The First Lady Bird". Time. August 28, 1964. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b "The White House: The First Lady Bird". Time. August 28, 1964. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ "TSHA \| Taylor, Thomas Jefferson II". ^ a b "The White House: The First Lady Bird". Time. August 28, 1964. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ The Time magazine article mistakenly uses "Bio" instead of "Bayou" in this title ^ 1930 United States Federal Census ^ Mark Odintz: Taylor, Thomas Jefferson II from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved December 24, 2008. ^ "So Glad, So Glad". Time. April 3, 1964. ^ a b c B., Henry (September 10, 1967). "A Talk With the First Lady". The New York Times. ^ Wilson, Janet. "East Texas wildflower," Austin American-Statesman. July 13, 2007. p.2 (Lady Bird Johnson Commemorative Section) ^ a b c d e Wilson, Janet (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2007. ^ Russell, Jan Jarboe, Lady Bird, A Biography of Mrs. Johnson, 1999, New York: Scribner, pp. 69–70 ^ Murphy, DuBose (November 1, 1995). "St. Mary's College". tshaonline.org. Retrieved December 3, 2023. ^ Russell (1999), pp. 70–71 ^ Russell (1999), pp. 71–72 ^ University of Texas, Austin, Yearbook 1933 ^ Russell (1999), p. 83 ^ Russell (1999), p. 88 ^ Dallek, Robert (2005). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0195159219. ^ Duke, Armando (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson, the First Lady a Nation Mourns". Axcess News. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ Brennan, Patricia (December 11, 2001). "Lady Bird Johnson Was LBJ's Anchor In Troubled Times". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ^ Woods, Randall Bennett (2007). LBJ: Architect of American Ambition. Harvard University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0674026995. ^ Nemy, Enid (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson, 94, Dies; Eased a Path to Power". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2023. ^ Little, Becky. "Historic Presidential Affairs That Never Made it To the Tabloids". History. Retrieved November 22, 2022. ^ Dallek, Robert (April 1, 1998). "Three New Revelations About LBJ". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 22, 2022. ^ Wilson, Janet. "Wife, mother, partner," The Austin American-Statesman, July 13, 2007, p.3 (Lady Bird Johnson Commemorative Section) ^ a b Feldman, Claudia (July 11, 2007). "Green first lady planted a movement; Former first lady Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 16, 2014. ^ a b NPR "Former First Lady 'Lady Bird' Johnson Dead at 94" July 12, 2007 ^ Mawajdeh, Hady Karl (November 30, 2015). "How Lady Bird Shaped LBJ's Presidency". KERA News. ^ a b c d e f "Lady Bird Johnson". The Daily Telegraph. London. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2010. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 27. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. ^ Caro, Robert A. (December 18, 1989). "The Johnson Years: Buying and Selling". The New Yorker. ^ O'Donnell, Lawrence (2017). Playing with Fire – The 1968 Elections and the Transformation of American Politics (1st ed.). Penguin Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-3995-6314-0. ^ Hawkins, Lori (July 16, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson: Shrewd Work Made Her a Multimillionaire". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved April 24, 2011. ^ a b c d e Gerhart, Ann (July 12, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson Gave America A Big Bouquet". The Washington Post. ^ a b Gillette, Michael L. (December 6, 2012). Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0199908080. ^ ""... to leave this splendor for our grandchildren": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire". Organization of American Historians. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. ^ Hendricks, Nancy (2015). America's First Ladies: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House. ABC-CLIO. pp. 305–306. ^ a b "Lady Bird Johnson: The Assassination of President Kennedy". PBS. ^ Onion, Rebecca (November 18, 2013). ""It All Began So Beautifully": Lady Bird's Emotional Memories of November 22, 1963". Slate.com. ^ Dallek, Robert (1999). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0195132380. ^ Woods, Randall Bennett (2007). LBJ: Architect of American Ambition. Harvard University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0674026995. ^ "How the Highway Beautification Act Became a Law". U.S. Department of Transportation. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Lewis L. Gould, Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady (UP of Kansas, 1999) p. 36. ^ "Showcase for the Nation: The Story of Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson's Beautification Program". Texas Archive of the Moving Image. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (October 9, 2015). "We should pay more attention to the candidates' spouses. They have more power than we realize". The Washington Post. ^ Hindley, Meredith (May–June 2013). "Lady Bird Special". Humanities. 34 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2021. ^ "50th Anniversary of Lady Bird Johnson's 1964 Whistle Stop Tour of the South Oct 01, 2014". LBJ Library. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021. ^ "Whistlestop Campaign". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2013. ^ Young, Robert (January 21, 1965). "Wife Holds Bible as President Takes Oath". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Lady Bird Dedicates Peoria's Courthouse". Chicago Tribune. September 23, 1965. ^ Hutchinson, Louise (September 23, 1966). "Lady Bird Attends Dam Rights". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Expo 67 'Great': Mrs. Johnson". Chicago Tribune. August 21, 1967. ^ Hutchinson, Louise (September 18, 1967). "Lady Bird Set for Midwest Tour". Chicago Tribune. ^ Hutchinson, Louise (September 20, 1967). "Mrs. Johnson Tours, Urges Life on Farm". Chicago Tribune. ^ Buck, Stephanie (March 13, 2017). "The black actress who made Lady Bird Johnson cry: The truth hurts". timeline.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019. ^ Amorosi, A. D. (February 27, 1997). "Eartha Kitt". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. ^ James, Frank (December 26, 2008). "Eartha Kitt versus the LBJs". The Swamp. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. ^ Hoerburger, Rob (December 25, 2008). "Eartha Kitt, a Seducer of Audiences, Dies at 81". The New York Times. ^ Inman, William H. "Claudia Taylor 'Lady Bird' Johnson: 'A front row seat to history'". UPI Archives. No. August 17, 1986. United Press International. Retrieved November 13, 2019. ^ Dallek, Robert (1999). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. p. 523. ISBN 978-0195132380. ^ Dallek, Robert (2005). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0195159219. ^ Feldman, Claudia (July 13, 2007). "Dozens of agents to join in mourning Lady Bird". Houston Chronicle. ^ Moffitt, Kelly (November 9, 2015). "'She really invented the job': Lady Bird Johnson and the rise of the modern first lady". St. Louis Public Radio. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ Inman, William H. (August 17, 1986). "Claudia Taylor 'Lady Bird' Johnson 'A front row seat to history'". UPI. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson: Winding Down". pbs.org. ^ Smith, Wendy (December 23, 2015). "Claire Underwood Could Learn a Lot From Lady Bird Johnson". The Daily Beast. ^ Godbold, E. Stanly Jr. (2010). "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years, 1924–1974". Oxford University Press. p. 237. ^ DeBard, Amanda; Philip Jankowski (July 12, 2007). "A former first lady leaves us her legacy". The Daily Texan. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. ^ 373 – Statement on Signing a Bill Establishing the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac. (December 28, 1973) ^ "Ford Regrets Misunderstanding About His Wife's Comments". The New York Times. August 26, 1975. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Gets Carter Apology For Comment On Husband". Toledo Blade. September 23, 1976. ^ "1977 National Women's Conference: A Question of Choices," November 21, 1977, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting ^ 15th Anniversary of Project Head Start Remarks at a White House Reception. (March 12, 1980) ^ "Dartmouth College officials say former President Gerald Ford and ..." UPI. June 25, 1981. ^ "Dartmouth Remembers Nelson Rockefeller ('30)". The New York Times. September 25, 1983. ^ "About Us – Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center". Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ a b "The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at a Glance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ Carter, Jimmy (2008). Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-1416558811. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson accepts gift for Wildflower Center". UPI. September 29, 1991. ^ "Former First Lady Visited Vineyard". Vineyard Gazette. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson 'Proud'". The New York Times. August 3, 1984. ^ "Remarks at the 25th Anniversary Celebration of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Inauguration". George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. April 6, 1990. And I think those who know Lyndon better than I would say that she was his anchor and his strength. And she never failed him. And she was always there. And as she has once again today, Lady Bird brought to the White House dignity and warmth and grace. And she was never on stage, never acting out some part, always the same genuine lady no matter what the setting. Her gift of language is a combination of both elegance and simplicity, a vivid imagery that charms our country to this very day. Mrs. Johnson, you, too, have left this nation a very important legacy. Barbara reminds me of that every single day. And those who travel by car along the banks of the Potomac, or who walk or bicycle along its paths, are each day struck by the wonder of your gift. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson, Suffering From Fatigue, Is in Hospital". The New York Times. February 8, 1986. ^ "Recalling life in the mansion" ^ Lady Bird Johnson released from hospital June 28, 2007. Reuters @ MSNBC.com ^ "Lady Bird Johnson, Former First Lady, Dies at 94", The New York Times, Associated Press, July 11, 2007 ^ 4:18 (CDT) Former First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson Dies at 94 Archived July 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Fox News ^ Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, July 13, 2007, p. 29 ^ Baines Johnson, Luci (July 16, 2007). "Lady Bird Johnson Funeral – Luci Baines Johnson Eulogy PT 2". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2015. ^ Episcopal Life Online – Diocesan Digest Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Shannon, Kelley (July 15, 2009). "Lady Bird Johnson laid to rest in Texas". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Retrieved July 28, 2010. ^ Waychoff, Staff Sgt. Madelyn (July 19, 2007). "Ceremonial Guardsmen lay Lady Bird Johnson to rest". The Bolling Aviator. U.S. Air Force Honor Guard Public Affairs. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. This is the second funeral this year in which the Honor Guard has buried a member of a Presidential family. ^ a b c d e f g "Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022. ^ "Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022. ^ "2014 Power Couple Score" (PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ Young, Robert (August 28, 2017). "Nixon Names Grove in Lady Bird's Honor". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ Raskin, Amy (July 27, 2007). "Austin renaming Town Lake for Lady Bird". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Brozan, Nadine (June 10, 1995). "Chronicle". The New York Times. ^ Moritz, John; Root, Jay (June 6, 2008). "Texas Dems ready to put differences aside". Star-Telegram. ^ "Residence Hall Construction Moves Ahead". St. Edward's University. May 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2015. ^ Bolen, Robert (October 22, 2012). "Environmentalist Lady Bird Johnson to be Featured on Forever Stamp". USPS.com. ^ Weinreich, Regina (August 1, 2013). "Lady Bird Johnson, Rachel Carson and Women Conservationists Honored at the National Audubon Society Luncheon". HuffPost. Retrieved January 26, 2019. Further reading Gillette, Michael L. (2012). Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-990808-0. Gould, Lewis L. (June 1, 1986). "First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s". Environmental Review. 10 (2): 76–92. doi:10.2307/3984559. ISSN 0147-2496. JSTOR 3984559. Gould, Lewis L. (1999). Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0992-5. Houk, Rose (2006). A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty. Western National Parks Association. ISBN 978-1-58369-061-1. Koman, Rita G. (2001). ""... To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire". OAH Magazine of History. 15 (3): 30–34. doi:10.1093/maghis/15.3.30. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163440. Russell, Jan Jarboe (2004) . Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 1-58979-097-9. Sweig, Julia (2021). Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight. Random House. ISBN 9780812995909. OCLC 1138997551. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lady Bird Johnson. Lady Bird Johnson, Former First Lady, Dies at 94 Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library Tribute Site Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center FBI files on Lady Bird Johnson Redwood National Park – Lady Bird Johnson Grove Oral History Interviews with Lady Bird Johnson, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library "Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson". Presidential First Lady. Find a Grave. August 9, 2003. Retrieved August 18, 2011. Norwood, Arlisha. "Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson". National Women's History Museum. 2017. In Plain Sight: Lady Bird Johnson – a podcast Lady Bird – a podcast Appearances on C-SPAN Lady Bird Johnson at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image Honorary titles Preceded byPat Nixon Second Lady of the United States 1961–1963 VacantTitle next held byMuriel Humphrey Preceded byJacqueline Kennedy First Lady of the United States 1963–1969 Succeeded byPat Nixon vteFirst ladies of the United States Martha Washington Abigail Adams Martha Jefferson Randolph Dolley Madison Elizabeth Monroe Louisa Adams Emily Donelson Sarah Jackson Angelica Van Buren Anna Harrison Jane Harrison Letitia Tyler Priscilla Tyler Julia Tyler Sarah Polk Margaret Taylor Abigail Fillmore Jane Pierce Harriet Lane Mary Todd Lincoln Eliza Johnson Julia Grant Lucy Hayes Lucretia Garfield Mary McElroy Rose Cleveland Frances Cleveland Caroline Harrison Mary Harrison Frances Cleveland Ida McKinley Edith Roosevelt Helen Taft Ellen Wilson Margaret Wilson Edith Wilson Florence Harding Grace Coolidge Lou Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Truman Mamie Eisenhower Jacqueline Kennedy Lady Bird Johnson Pat Nixon Betty Ford Rosalynn Carter Nancy Reagan Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton tenure Laura Bush Michelle Obama Melania Trump Jill Biden First Lady of the United States bibliographies families firsts memoirs National Historic Site Category vteSecond ladies and gentlemen of the United States Abigail Adams Ann Gerry Hannah Tompkins Floride Calhoun Letitia Tyler Sophia Dallas Abigail Fillmore Mary Cyrene Breckinridge Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin Eliza Johnson Ellen Maria Colfax Eliza Hendricks Anna Morton Letitia Stevenson Jennie Tuttle Hobart Edith Roosevelt Cornelia Cole Fairbanks Carrie Babcock Sherman Lois Irene Marshall Grace Coolidge Caro Dawes Mariette Rheiner Garner Ilo Wallace Bess Truman Jane Hadley Barkley Pat Nixon Lady Bird Johnson Muriel Humphrey Judy Agnew Betty Ford Happy Rockefeller Joan Mondale Barbara Bush Marilyn Quayle Tipper Gore Lynne Cheney Jill Biden Karen Pence Douglas Emhoff vteTexas Women's Hall of Fame1980s1984 Christia Adair Kate Atkinson Bell Vivian Castleberry Lila Cockrell Clotilde Pérez García Jeane Porter Hester Oveta Culp Hobby Mary Evelyn Blagg Huey Sarah T. Hughes Lady Bird Johnson Barbara Jordan Amy Freeman Lee 1985 Benjy Frances Brooks Patricia Happ Buffler Liz Carpenter Grace Woodruff Cartwright Helen Farabee Maria Elena Flood Willie Lee Glass Lydia Mendoza Jenny Lind Porter Louise Raggio Ann Richards Edna Gardner Whyte 1986 Anne Armstrong Mary Kay Ash Caro Crawford Brown Alicia Chacon Jody Conradt Margaret Cousins Wilhelmina Ruth Delco Frances Goff Mary Lavinia Griffith May Owen Sally Ride Ada Simond Hermine Tobolowsky 1987 Lucy G. Acosta Ruth Sharp Altshuler Margaret Harris Amsler Johnnie Benson Tommie Clack Kim Dawson Lillian Dunlap Elithe Hamilton Kirkland Donna Lopiano Katie Sherrod Donnya Stephens Dora Dougherty Strother Mary Nan West 1988 Nancy Brinker Margaret Pease Harper Ninfa Laurenzo Lane Murray Louise Ritter Ruth Taubert Seeger Bert Kruger Smith Eleanor Tinsley 1989 Barbara Bush Judith Craven Gussie Nell Davis Margaret Swan Forbes L. Ruth Guy Terry Hershey Lucia Rede Madrid Jane Wetzel 1990s1993 Linda Louise Craft Ernestine Glossbrenner Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Eleanor Montague Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce Gloria G. Rodriguez Annette Strauss 1994 Rosa Ramirez Guerrero Irma Rangel Mary Beth Rogers Bess Whitehead Scott Hallie Stillwell Francie Larrieu Smith Alvia Wardlaw Martha Wong Eleanor Anne Young 1996 Ebby Halliday Acers Rita Crocker Clements Zina Garrison Sybil Harrington Kay Bailey Hutchison Vassar Miller Helen Oujesky Ruby Lee Piester Dian Graves Stai S. Eva Singletary 1998 Norma Lea Beasley Shirley Thompson Carter Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist Kay Granger Dixie Melillo Diana Natalicio Marsha Sharp 2000s2000 Tillie Burgin Carol Dinkins Anna Maria Farias Juliet V. García Glenna Goodacre Wendy Harpham Jinger L. Heath Dealey Herndon Mamie L. McKnight Jo Stewart Randel Judy Rankin 2002 Karen Hughes Mae Jemison Angela Murdaugh Ann Williams 2004 Susan Combs Trinidad Mendenhall Mary Meyers Rosenfield Sheryl Swoopes 2006 Amanda Dunbar Kathleen Foster Shirley Neeley Ellen Vitetta 2008 Elsa Murano Sandra Day O'Connor Carolyn Peterson Louise Hopkins Underwood Huda Zoghbi 2010s2010 Nancy W. Dickey Erma Johnson Hadley Teresa Lozano Long Judy Castle Scott Pamela Willeford 2012 Barbara Smith Conrad Anne Corn Nina Godiwalla Harriet O'Neill Mary Saunders 2014 Nandita Berry Joanne Herring Kim Olson Anita Perry Ann Stuart Senfronia Thompson Deborah Tucker Carolyn Wright 2016 Emma Carter Browning Susie Hitchcock-Hall Ginger Kerrick Renu Khator Selena 2018 Simone Biles Laura Bush Vikki Carr Susan Dell Tammie Jo Shults Elizabeth Anne Sueltenfuss Judith Zaffirini 2020s2021 Lauren Anderson Charlye O. Farris Dawn Ferrell Ofelia Vasquez-Philo Kendra Scott Elaine Stolte 2023 Leta Andrews Mary Horn Val LaMantia Opal Lee Lavinia Masters Antonietta Quigg Charlotte Sharp Elizabeth Suarez vteLyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX–10 (1937–1949) Presidency(timeline) 1963 inauguration Let Us Continue 1965 inauguration White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Nixon transition Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Meritorious Service Medal Foreign policy Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "Credibility gap" Glassboro Summit Outer Space Treaty Operation CHAOS Domestic policy Administrative Conference of the United States (1964) Cannabis policy Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Executive Order 11246 (1965) Flood Control Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Child Nutrition Act 1966; School Breakfast Program Uniform Time Act (1966) White House Conference on Civil Rights (1966) Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Executive Order 11375 (1967) Civil Rights Act of 1968 Gun Control Act of 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Economic policy Revenue Act of 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Coinage Act of 1965 Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965) Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1966) Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (1966) National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966) Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967 U.S. Department of Transportation (1967) Wholesome Meat Act (1967) Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Ginnie Mae National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 National Flood Insurance Program Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 Williams Act (1968) Environmentalpolicy Wilderness Act (1964) Land and Water Conservation Fund (1965) Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 Clean Waters Restoration Act (1966) National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 Air Quality Act of 1967 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968) Great Society/War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Community Action Agencies Head Start Job Corps Office of Economic Opportunity Food Stamp Act of 1964 Food Stamp Program AmeriCorps VISTA (1965) Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Higher Education Act of 1965 FAFSA Federal Family Education Loan Program Federal Work-Study Program Pell Grant Stafford Loan Student loans in the United States Teacher Corps TRIO Upward Bound National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities 1965; National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Older Americans Act (1965) Administration on Aging Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 Economic Development Administration Social Security Amendments of 1965 Medicare Medicaid Model Cities Program (1966) National Historic Preservation Act 1966; National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmark State Historic Preservation Office Bilingual Education Act (1967) Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Corporation for Public Broadcasting PBS NPR Life Early years and career 1956 Southern Manifesto Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad Legacy andmemorials Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Elections United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937 1938 United States House of Representatives elections 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections, 1941 1948 United States Senate elections 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 campaign 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 1960 United States presidential election 1964 Public image Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way (2012 play, 2016 film) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film) Family Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → ← Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey → Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"first lady of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"second lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Highway Beautification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act"},{"link_name":"Presidential Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Siena College Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute"}],"text":"Claudia Alta \"Lady Bird\" Johnson (née Taylor; December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was the first lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 as the wife of former president Lyndon B. Johnson. She served as the second lady from 1961 to 1963 when her husband was vice president.Notably well educated for a woman of her era, Lady Bird proved a capable manager and a successful investor. After marrying Lyndon Johnson in 1934 when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign and then ran his office while he served in the Navy.As First Lady, Johnson broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour. She advocated beautifying the nation's cities and highways (\"Where flowers bloom, so does hope\"). The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as \"Lady Bird's Bill\". She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1984, the highest honors bestowed upon a U.S. civilian. Johnson has been consistently ranked in occasional Siena College Research Institute surveys as one of the most highly regarded American first ladies per historians' assessments.","title":"Lady Bird Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_bird_1915.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrews-Taylor_House_in_Karnack,_Texas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karnack, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnack,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_alertnet-1"},{"link_name":"antebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South"},{"link_name":"plantation house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas_news-2"},{"link_name":"Rowland Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbsearly-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-6"},{"link_name":"ladybird beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinellidae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_one-8"},{"link_name":"Virginia Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Colony"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sharecropper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbsearly-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbp-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbp-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_two-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_two-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Autauga County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autauga_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time_one-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TalkWith-15"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"A photo of Lady Bird Taylor at around age threeThe Brick House, Lady Bird Johnson's birthplace and childhood home in Karnack, TexasClaudia Alta Taylor was born on December 22, 1912, in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County, near the eastern state line with Louisiana.[1] Her birthplace was \"The Brick House\", an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth.[2] She was a descendant of English Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor II.She was named for her mother's brother Claud.[3] \nDuring her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle,[4][5] \nsaid that she was as \"pretty as a ladybird\".[6]\nOpinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a \"ladybug\" in North America.[4] The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life. Her father and siblings called her Lady,[7] and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her since she reportedly was not fond of the name.[8]Nearly all of her maternal and paternal immigrant ancestors arrived in the Virginia Colony during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely as indentured servants as were most early settlers in the colony. Her father, a native of Alabama, had primarily English ancestry and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother, also a native of Alabama, was of English and Scottish descent.[citation needed]Her father, Thomas Jefferson Jonson Taylor[9] (August 29, 1874 – October 22, 1960), was a sharecropper's son. He became a wealthy businessman and owned 15,000 acres (6,070 ha) of cotton and two general stores. \"My father was a very strong character, to put it mildly\", his daughter once said. \"He lived by his own rules. It was a whole feudal way of life, really.\"[5]Her mother, born Minnie Lee Pattillo (1874–1918), loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack; she was often in \"poor emotional and physical health\".[3] When Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant. She died of complications of miscarriage in 1918.[3] In a profile of Lady Bird Johnson, Time magazine described Lady Bird's mother as \"a tall, eccentric woman from an old and aristocratic Alabama family, [who] liked to wear long white dresses and heavy veils [...] fussed over food fads, played grand opera endlessly on the phonograph, loved to read the classics aloud to tiny Lady Bird [... and who] scandalized people for miles around by entertaining Negroes in her home, and once even started to write a book about Negro religious practices, called Bio Baptism.\"[10][11] Her husband, however, tended to see black people as nothing more than \"hewers of wood and drawers of water\", according to his younger son Anthony.[10]Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. (1901–1959) and Antonio, also known as Tony (1904–1986). Her widowed father married twice more. His second wife was Beulah Taylor, a bookkeeper at a general store.[12] His third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937.[13]Lady Bird was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sister's death. She also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, \"Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me. With Aunt Effie, we would board the train in Marshall and ride to the part of the world that meant watermelon cuttings, picnics at the creek, and a lot of company every Sunday.\"[14] According to Lady Bird, her Aunt Effie \"opened my spirit to beauty, but she neglected to give me any insight into the practical matters a girl should know about, such as how to dress or choose one's friends or learning to dance.\"[8]Lady Bird was a shy and quiet girl who spent much of her youth alone outdoors. \"People always look back at it now and assume it was lonely,\" she once said about her childhood. \"To me it definitely was not. ... I spent a lot of time just walking and fishing and swimming.\"[15] She developed her lifelong love of the outdoors as a child growing up in the tall pines and bayous of East Texas, where she watched the wildflowers bloom each spring.[16]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_(Lady_Bird)_Taylor%27s_graduation.tif"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TalkWith-15"},{"link_name":"Jefferson, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausstatesman-17"},{"link_name":"Marshall Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TalkWith-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECUSA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"bluebonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_texensis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Claudia Taylor's graduationWhen it came time to enter high school,[15] Lady Bird had to move away and live with another family during weekdays in the town of Jefferson, Texas,[17] since there was no high school in the Karnack area. (Her brothers were sent to boarding schools in New York.) She graduated third in her class at the age of 15 from Marshall Senior High School in the nearby county seat. Despite her young age, her father gave her a car so that she could drive herself to school, a distance of 15 miles (24 km) each way. She said of that time, \"[I]t was an awful chore for my daddy to delegate some person from his business to take me in and out.\"[15] During her senior year, when she realized that she had the highest grades in her class, she \"purposely allowed her grades to slip\" so that she would not have to give the valedictorian or salutatorian speech.[4]After graduating from high school in May 1928, Lady Bird entered the University of Alabama for the summer session, where she took her first journalism course. But, homesick for Texas, she stayed home and did not return for the fall term at Alabama.[18] Instead, she and a high school friend enrolled at St. Mary's Episcopal College for Women,[19] an Episcopal boarding junior college for women in Dallas. It influenced her to \"convert to the Episcopal faith\", although she waited five years for confirmation.[20]After graduating from St. Mary's in May 1930, Lady Bird toyed with returning to Alabama. Another friend from Marshall was going to the University of Texas, so she chartered a plane to Austin to join her. As the plane landed, she was awed by the sight of a field covered with bluebonnets and instantly fell in love with the city.[21] Lady Bird received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history[22] with honors in 1933[23] and a second bachelor's degree in journalism cum laude in 1934.[24] She was active on campus in different organizations, including Texas Orange Jackets, a women's honorary service organization, and believed in student leadership. Her goal was to become a reporter, but she also earned a teaching certificate.[4]The summer after her second graduation, she and a girlfriend traveled to New York City and Washington, where they peered through the fence at the White House.[4] Dallek described Lady Bird as having undergone a boost in her self-confidence through her years at the college. Her time there marked a departure from her timid behavior in her youth.[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon Baines Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-axcess-26"},{"link_name":"Richard Kleberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Driskill Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driskill_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbsearly-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Episcopal_Church_(San_Antonio,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"Lynda Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb"},{"link_name":"Luci Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Robb"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"A friend in Austin introduced her to Lyndon Baines Johnson, a 26-year-old Congressional aide with political aspirations,[26] working for Congressman Richard Kleberg.[4] Lady Bird recalled having felt \"like a moth drawn to a flame\".[27] Biographer Randall B. Woods attributed Johnson's \"neglect of his legal studies\" to his courting of Lady Bird.[28]On their first date, at the Driskill Hotel,[5] Lyndon proposed. Lady Bird did not want to rush into marriage, but he was persistent and did not want to wait. Ten weeks later, Lady Bird accepted his proposal.[4] The couple married on November 17, 1934, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in San Antonio, Texas.After she suffered three miscarriages,[4] the couple had two daughters together: Lynda Bird (born 1944) and Luci Baines (born 1947).[29] The couple and their two daughters all shared the initials LBJ. Their daughters lived in the White House during their teenage years, under media scrutiny.Lynda Bird married Charles S. Robb in a White House ceremony. He was later elected governor of Virginia and U.S. Senator. Luci Baines married Pat Nugent in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and, later, Ian Turpin. Lady Bird had seven grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren at the time of her death.[4]Their marriage, however, suffered due to Lyndon's numerous affairs[30]—in particular, the relationship between Lyndon and Alice Glass. This relationship was on and off between 1939 and the early years of his presidency and was eventually ended due to Glass's opposition to the Vietnam War. Lady Bird Johnson's awareness of these infidelities was included in her 2007 obituary, noting that Lady Bird \"was openly humiliated\". Her husband would even brag that he had slept with more women than his predecessor, John F. Kennedy.[31]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron94-33"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron94-33"},{"link_name":"Dan Rather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rather"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr94-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"When Lyndon decided to run for Congress from Austin's 10th district, Lady Bird provided the money to launch his campaign. She took $10,000 of her inheritance from her mother's estate to help start his political career.[32] The couple settled in Washington, D.C., after Lyndon was elected to Congress.[33] After he enlisted in the Navy at the outset of the Second World War, Lady Bird ran his congressional office.[33]Lady Bird sometimes served as a mediating force between her wilful husband and those he encountered. On one occasion after Lyndon had clashed with Dan Rather, then a young Houston, Texas, reporter, Lady Bird followed Rather in her car. Stopping him, she invited him to return and have some punch, explaining, \"That's just the way Lyndon sometimes is.\"[34]During the years of the Johnson presidency, Lyndon, in one incident, yelled at the White House photographer who failed to show up for a photo shoot with the First Lady. She consoled the photographer afterward, who said that, despite his feelings against President Johnson, he \"would walk over hot coals for Lady Bird.\"[35]","title":"Early politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas_news-2"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Wesley West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_West"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"KTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTBC_(TV)"},{"link_name":"monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'70s-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_yorker-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fire-39"},{"link_name":"FDIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDIC"},{"link_name":"Emmis Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmis_Communications"},{"link_name":"KLBJ-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KLBJ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBJ-FM"},{"link_name":"KGSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGSR"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman16july07-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostbouquet-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas_news-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"}],"text":"In January–February 1943, during World War II, Lady Bird Johnson spent $17,500 of her inheritance to purchase KTBC, an Austin radio station.[2] She bought the radio station from a three-man partnership that included Robert B. Anderson, a future U.S. Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and Texas oilman and rancher Wesley West.She served as president of the LBJ Holding Co., and her husband negotiated an agreement with the CBS radio network. Despite Lyndon's objections, Lady Bird expanded by buying a television station in 1952. She reminded him that she could do as she wished with her inheritance.[4] The station, KTBC-TV/7 (then affiliated with CBS as well), was Austin's monopoly VHF franchise and generated revenues that made the Johnsons millionaires.[36] Over the years, journalists have revealed that Lyndon used his influence in the Senate to influence the Federal Communications Commission into granting the monopoly license, which was in Lady Bird's name.[37][38][39]LBJ Holding also had two small banks; they failed and were closed in 1991 by the FDIC. But the core Johnson radio properties survived and prospered. Emmis Communications bought KLBJ-AM, KLBJ-FM, KGSR, and three other stations from LBJ Holding in 2003 for $105 million.[40]Eventually, Lady Bird's initial $41,000 investment turned into more than $150 million for the LBJ Holding Company.[41] She was the first president's wife to have become a millionaire in her own right before her husband was elected to office.[2] She remained involved with the company until she was in her eighties.[4]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson,_bw_photo_ca1962.jpg"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillette334-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oah-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendricks305-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillette334-42"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination"},{"link_name":"Air Force One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbsassass-45"},{"link_name":"Warren Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission"},{"link_name":"Abe Fortas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Fortas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbsassass-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Johnson circa 1962John F. Kennedy chose Lyndon Johnson as his running mate for the 1960 election. At Kennedy's request, Lady Bird took an expanded role during the campaign, as his wife Jacqueline was pregnant with their second child. Over 71 days, Lady Bird traveled 35,000 miles (56,000 km) through 11 states and appeared at 150 events.[4] Kennedy and Johnson won the election that November, with Lady Bird helping the Democratic ticket carry seven Southern states.[4]Reflecting later, Lady Bird said that the years her husband served as vice president and she as Second Lady were \"a very different period of our lives.\" Nationally, the two had a kind of celebrity, but they both found the office of Vice President to lack power.[42]As the Vice President's wife, Lady Bird often served as a substitute for Jacqueline Kennedy at official events and functions.[43] Within her first year as Second Lady, she had substituted for Mrs. Kennedy at more than 50 events, roughly one per week.[44] This experience prepared Lady Bird for the following challenges of her unexpected years as First Lady.[42]On November 22, 1963, the Johnsons were accompanying the Kennedys in Dallas when President Kennedy was assassinated; they were two cars behind the President in his motorcade. Lyndon was sworn in as president on Air Force One two hours after Kennedy died, with Lady Bird and Jacqueline Kennedy by his side.[45] Afterward, Lady Bird created a tape on which she recorded her memories of the assassination, saying it was \"primarily as a form of therapy to help me over the shock and horror of the experience.\" She submitted a transcript of the tape to the Warren Commission as testimony. LBJ advisor Abe Fortas had made notations on her document to add detail.[46] In their plans for their trip to Texas, the Johnsons had intended to entertain the Kennedys that night at their ranch.[47]In the days following the assassination, Lady Bird worked with Jacqueline Kennedy on the transition of her husband to the White House. While having great respect for Jacqueline and finding her strong in the aftermath of the murder, Lady Bird believed from the start of her tenure as First Lady that she would be unfavorably compared to her immediate predecessor.[45] On her last day in the White House, Jacqueline Kennedy left Lady Bird a note in which she promised she would \"be happy\" there.[48]","title":"Second Lady of the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson_working_in_her_office.tif"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Highway Beautification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act"},{"link_name":"outdoor advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_advertising"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"federal-aid primary highway system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-aid_primary_highway_system"},{"link_name":"junkyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyards"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostbouquet-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas_news-2"},{"link_name":"Highway Beautification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"billboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"Head Start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_(education)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas_news-2"},{"link_name":"press secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_secretary"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostbouquet-41"},{"link_name":"Liz Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson_planting_a_cherry_tree.tif"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostbouquet-41"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr94-34"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whistlestop-55"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Peoria, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Glen Canyon Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Page, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_signing_of_the_Highway_Beautification_Act.tif"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Eartha Kitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartha_Kitt"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"anti-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallek523-67"},{"link_name":"decided not to seek re-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"A White House Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_White_House_Diary"},{"link_name":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"link_name":"War on Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Poverty"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"United States Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Betty Boyd Caroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Johnson working in her officeAs First Lady and trusted presidential confidant, Lady Bird Johnson helped establish the public environmental movement in the 1960s. She worked to beautify Washington D.C. by planting thousands of flowers, set up the White House Natural Beauty Conference, and lobbied Congress for the president's full range of environmental initiatives. In 1965, she took the lead in calling for passage of the Highway Beautification Act. The act called for control of outdoor advertising, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing Interstate Highway System and the existing federal-aid primary highway system. It also required certain junkyards along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development.[49] According to Secretary of Interior Stewart Udall, she single-handedly, \"influenced the president to demand-and support-more far-sighted conservation legislation.\"[50]Her capital beautification project turned the national capital into a showcase for the nation.[51] It was intended to improve physical conditions in Washington, D.C. for residents and tourists by planting millions of flowers, many of them on National Park Service land along roadways around the capital.[41] She said, \"Where flowers bloom, so does hope.\"She worked extensively with the American Association of Nurserymen (AAN) executive Vice President Robert F. Lederer to protect wildflowers and promoted planting them along highways. Her efforts inspired similar programs throughout the country. She became the first president's wife to advocate actively for legislation[2] when she was instrumental in promoting the Highway Beautification Act, which was nicknamed \"Lady Bird's Bill\".[4] It was developed to beautify the nation's highway system by limiting billboards and by planting roadside areas. She was also an advocate of the Head Start program to give children from lower-income families a step up in school readiness.[2]Lady Bird created the modern structure of the First Lady's office: she was the first in this role to have a press secretary and chief of staff of her own, and an outside liaison with Congress.[41] Her press secretary from 1963 to 1969 was Liz Carpenter, a fellow alumna of the University of Texas. As a mark of changing times, Carpenter was the first professional newswoman to become press secretary to a First Lady; she also served as Lady Bird's staff director. Lady Bird's tenure as First Lady marked the beginning of hiring employees in the East Wing to work specifically on the First Lady's projects.[36]President Johnson had initially said he would turn down the Democratic Party nomination for president in 1964, having been unhappy during his service in President Kennedy's administration and believing the party did not want him. Although aides could not sway him, the First Lady convinced him otherwise, reassuring him of his worthiness and saying that if he dropped out, the Republicans would likely take the White House.[52]Johnson plants a cherry tree.During the 1964 campaign, Lady Bird traveled through eight Southern states from October 6 to 9 in a chartered train, the Lady Bird Special, at one point giving 45 speeches over four days.[36][41][53][54] It was the first solo whistle-stop tour by a First Lady.[34] In the same month, Lady Bird continued her campaign tour by airplane, with stops in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Indiana, and Kentucky.[55]In the November 1964 presidential election, Johnson won a landslide victory over his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater. At the ceremony to swear in the new president, Lady Bird held the Bible as her husband took the oath of office on January 20, 1965, starting a tradition which continues.[56]On September 22, 1965, Lady Bird dedicated a Peoria, Illinois, landscape plaza, with the president of the Peoria City Beautification Association, Leslie Kenyon, saying during the ceremony that Lady Bird was the first presidential spouse \"who has visited our city as an official guest in our 140 years of existence.\"[57]On September 22, 1966, Lady Bird dedicated the Glen Canyon Dam in northern Arizona, fulfilling a goal that both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had sought to accomplish. She said the dam belonged to all Americans amid an increasing concern for water that affected every American \"no matter whether he lives in New York or Page, Arizona.\"[58]In late-August 1967, Lady Bird traveled to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to attend the Expo 67, a White House aide saying she had been urged by the President to travel there since his own trip three months prior.[59]In mid-September 1967, Lady Bird began touring the Midwestern United States as part of a trip that one White House described as \"mostly agriculture during the day and culture at night.\" President Johnson was then declining in support by farmers, months before a planned re-election bid.[60] Speaking to a crowd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on September 20, Lady Bird said problems within American cities were creating crime.[61]Lady Bird Johnson at the signing of the Highway Beautification Act, also referred to as \"Lady Bird's Bill\"In January 1968 at a White House luncheon,[62] Eartha Kitt, when asked by the First Lady what her views were on the Vietnam War, replied: \"You send the best of this country off to be shot and maimed. No wonder the kids rebel and take pot.\" Kitt's anti-war remarks reportedly angered Lyndon and Mrs. Johnson, and this resulted in the derailment of Kitt's professional career.[63][64][65][66]Toward the end of Johnson's first term, Lady Bird was anxious for her husband to leave office.[67] In September 1967, Lady Bird voiced her concerns that a second term would be detrimental to his health. Health concerns may have been one of the reasons why President Johnson decided not to seek re-election.[68]In 1970, Lady Bird published A White House Diary, her intimate, behind-the-scenes account of her husband's presidency spanning November 22, 1963, to January 20, 1969. Beginning with President Kennedy's assassination, she recorded the momentous events of her times, including the Great Society's War on Poverty; the national civil rights and social protest movements; her activism on behalf of the environment; and the Vietnam War.Johnson was acquainted with a long span of fellow First Ladies, from Eleanor Roosevelt to Laura Bush. She was protected by the United States Secret Service for 44 years.[69]Biographer Betty Boyd Caroli said in 2015 of Johnson thatShe really invented the job of the modern first lady. She was the first one to have a big staff, the first one to have a comprehensive program in her own name, the first one to write a book about the White House years, when she leaves. She had an important role in setting up an enduring role for her husband with the LBJ Library. She's the first one to campaign extensively on her own for her husband.[70]Writing in 1986, William H. Inman observed that Johnson was considered by some \"the most effective First Lady since Eleanor Roosevelt\", citing her battles against highway billboard forests, auto heaps, and junk piles as well as her support for American public landscapes maintaining beauty and sanity.[71]","title":"First Lady of the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Foundation_Board_Meeting.tif"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Town Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake"},{"link_name":"board of regents for the University of Texas System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_System#Board_of_Regents"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"President Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytelegraph-36"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Betty Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalynn_Carter_with_Betty_Ford_and_Ladybird_Johnson_at_the_National_Womens_Conference._-_NARA_-_176935_(1).tif"},{"link_name":"1977 National Women's Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rosalynn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter"},{"link_name":"Betty Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford"},{"link_name":"1977 National Women's Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rosalynn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter"},{"link_name":"Betty Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford"},{"link_name":"Bella Abzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Abzug"},{"link_name":"Barbara Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Burciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Burciaga"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"Lenore Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Jean O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_escorts_Ladybird_Johnson_to_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty_Dinner._-_NARA_-_176107.tif"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Wildflower_Center"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataglance-84"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostbouquet-41"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataglance-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enid_Haupt_and_Lady_Bird_Johnson.JPG"},{"link_name":"Enid A. Haupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_A._Haupt"},{"link_name":"first ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Betty Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford"},{"link_name":"Rosalynn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter"},{"link_name":"Pat Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon"},{"link_name":"The Carter Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carter_Center"},{"link_name":"awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness"},{"link_name":"sexual inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lady_Bird_Johnson.tif"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Charles Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vineyard-87"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Ferraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro"},{"link_name":"Mondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"Johnson at a Lyndon B. Johnson Foundation Board MeetingFormer President Johnson died of a heart attack in 1973, four years after leaving office.[36] When he suffered the heart attack, Lady Bird was in a meeting, and the former president had died when she reached him. She arranged for the body to lie in state at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum the following day, and the body was laid to rest two days later. The couple's elder daughter, Lynda, said that God \"knew what he was doing\" when her father died ahead of her mother; she thought her father would not have been able to live without Lady Bird.[72]\nAfter his death, Lady Bird took time to travel and spent more time with her daughters.[73] She remained in the public eye, honoring her husband and other presidents. She entertained the wives of governors at the LBJ Presidential Library.[74]In the 1970s, Johnson focused her attention on the Austin riverfront area through her involvement in the Town Lake Beautification Project. From 1971 to 1978, she served on the board of regents for the University of Texas System.[75] She also served on the National Park Service Advisory Board, and was the first woman to serve on National Geographic Society's board of trustees.[36] President Nixon mentioned her as a possible ambassador in a circulated memo, but never nominated her for office.[36]In December 1973, after President Nixon established the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac, he notified Johnson via a telephone call.[76]In August 1975, after First Lady Betty Ford made comments on sex, Johnson expressed sympathy: \"I know the pressures of being a First Lady, and I think maybe she got asked one question too quick.\"[77]During the 1976 United States presidential election, Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter apologized to Johnson over comments he made about her husband during an interview in which he stated he would not follow trends of \"lying, cheating, and distorting the truth\" set forth by former Presidents Nixon and Johnson.[78]Johnson (right) together at the 1977 National Women's Conference with First Lady Rosalynn Carter (left) and fellow former first lady Betty Ford (center)In November 1977, Johnson spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary.[79]Johnson alongside president Jimmy Carter in September 1977On March 12, 1980, Johnson returned to the White House and attended a reception commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the Head Start program. In his remarks, President Carter expressed gratitude for her attending as he stated \"she personifies too, as you know, the essence of what this great man did with those who worked around him\", referring to her late husband.[80]In June 1981, officials of Dartmouth College stated that Johnson and former President Gerald Ford would serve as co-chairs of the fundraising committee for the Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences.[81] Johnson later attended the dedication of the center in September 1983.[82]In 1982, Johnson and actress Helen Hayes founded the National Wildflower Research Center west of Austin, Texas, as a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving and reintroducing native plants in planned landscapes.[83] In 1994, the center opened a new facility southwest of Austin; they officially renamed it the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in 1995[84] in acknowledgment of her having raised $10 million for the facility.[41] In 2006, the center was incorporated into the University of Texas at Austin.[84]Johnson with philanthropist Enid A. Haupt in 1988In 1988, Johnson convened with three other former first ladies—Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, and Pat Nixon—at the \"Women and the Constitution\" conference at The Carter Center to assess that document's impact on women. The conference featured over 150 speakers and 1,500 attendees from all 50 states and 10 foreign countries. The conference was meant to promote awareness on sexual inequality in other countries, and fight against it in America.[85]Johnson c. 1989In September 1991, Johnson unveiled a new line of English porcelain flower sculpture that drew influence from American wildflowers in the Corrigan's Jewelry at NorthPark Center in Dallas.[86]For 20 years, Johnson spent her summers on the Massachusetts island of Martha's Vineyard, renting the home of Charles Guggenheim for many of those years. She said she had greatly appreciated the island's natural beauty and flowers.[87]In August 1984, Johnson publicly stated her support for the vice-presidential nomination of Geraldine Ferraro in that year's presidential election while admitting the difficulty the Mondale-Ferraro ticket faced in winning Texas.[88]Johnson returned to the White House for the twenty-fifth-anniversary celebration of her husband's inauguration on April 6, 1990. Incumbent President George H. W. Bush praised her for her support of her husband and work toward beautifying landscapes.[89]On October 13, 2006, Johnson made a rare public appearance at the renovation announcement of the LBJ Library and Museum.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_bird_2005-10-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lynda Johnson Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_service_for_Lady_Bird_Johnson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Rosalynn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Caroline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bush"},{"link_name":"Susan Ford Bales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Ford"},{"link_name":"Maria Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Shriver"},{"link_name":"Patricia \"Tricia\" Nixon Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"legally blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_blind"},{"link_name":"macular degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration"},{"link_name":"bronchitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis"},{"link_name":"Truman Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Library"},{"link_name":"Independence, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Seton Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Blanton Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanton_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Texas State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Congress Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Johnson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Health problems and death","text":"Johnson with her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb and First Lady Laura Bush on October 19, 2005Funeral service for Lady Bird Johnson; Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter, Jimmy Carter, Laura Bush, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, (second row) Caroline Kennedy, Barbara Bush, Susan Ford Bales, (third row) Maria Shriver, and Patricia \"Tricia\" Nixon Cox attended, representing eight other presidentsIn 1986, 13 years after her husband's death, Johnson's health began to fail. She suffered her first fainting spell that year while attending a funeral, and entered St. David's Community Hospital for observation. She also injured her left knee in a fall the day before her hospitalization.[90] In August 1993, she suffered a stroke and became legally blind due to macular degeneration. In 1999, she was hospitalized for a second fainting spell. In 2002, she suffered a second, more severe, stroke, which prevented her from speaking normally or walking without assistance. In 2005, she spent a few days in an Austin hospital for treatment of bronchitis. In February 2006, Lynda Johnson Robb told a gathering at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri, that her mother was totally blind and was \"not in very good health\".[91] In June 2007, she spent six days in Seton Hospital in Austin after suffering from a low-grade fever.[92]Lady Bird Johnson died at home on July 11, 2007, at 4:18 p.m. (CDT) from natural causes at the age of 94, attended by family members and Catholic priest Father Robert Scott.[93][94][95]At the funeral service, her daughter, Luci Baines Johnson, gave a eulogy, saying, \"A few weeks before Mother died, I was taking visiting relatives to the extraordinary Blanton Art Museum ... Mother was on IV antibiotics, a feeding tube, and oxygen, but she wasn't gonna let little things like that deter her from discovering another great art museum. What a picture we were—literally rolling through the museum like a mobile hospital.\"[96]Three weeks before Johnson's death, the rector of St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Fredericksburg, her second home for over 50 years, had announced to his parishioners that she had given $300,000 to pay off the church's mortgage.[97]Johnson's funeral was a public event. On July 15, 2007, a ceremonial cortège left the Texas State Capitol. The public was invited to line the route through downtown Austin on Congress Avenue and along the shores of Lady Bird Lake to pay their respects. The public part of the funeral procession ended in Johnson City. The family had a private burial at the Johnson family cemetery in Stonewall, where she was buried next to her husband, who had died 34 years earlier.[98] Unlike previous funerals for first ladies, the pallbearers came from members of the armed forces.[98][99]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siena College Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Siena-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2014-100"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Johnson has ranked among the seven-most highly regarded first ladies in these surveys.[100] In terms of cumulative assessment, Johnson has been ranked:3rd-best of 42 in 1982[100]\n6th-best of 37 in 1993[100]\n7th-best of 38 in 2003[100]\n5th-best of 38 in 2008[100]\n7th-best of 39 in 2014[100]In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Johnson was ranked in the top five for six out of the ten criteria, ranking the 5th highest in background, 5th highest in intelligence, 5th highest in value to the country, 5th highest in integrity, 4th highest in her accomplishments, and 5th highest in leadership.[101] In additional questions asked in the 2014 survey, among 20th- and 21st-century American first ladies, historians assessed Johnson as the 5th easiest to imagine serving as president herself, having had the 5th-greatest public service after leaving the White House, and having been the 5th best in creating a lasting legacy.[100] In the 2014 survey, Johnson and her husband were also ranked the 10th highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a \"power couple\".[102]","title":"Historical assessments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Orick, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orick,_California"},{"link_name":"Redwood National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Presidential Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausstatesman-17"},{"link_name":"Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters_alertnet-1"},{"link_name":"Abigail Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Wildflower_Center"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Columbia Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Island_(District_of_Columbia)#Lady_Bird_Johnson_Park"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Park"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpostchamp-4"},{"link_name":"Will Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Wynn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausstatesman-17"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron_20070726-105"},{"link_name":"Marshfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Honor Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Award"},{"link_name":"National Building Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Building_Museum"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honor_Award-106"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausstatesman-17"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Texas Woman's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Woman%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Middlebury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Southwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Texas State University–San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_University%E2%80%93San_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Washington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_College"},{"link_name":"St. Edward's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Edward%27s_University"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausstatesman-17"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"St. Edward's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Edward%27s_University"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_High_School"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"North East Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Shoumatoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Shoumatoff"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Wildflower_Center"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Rachel Carson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson_Award"},{"link_name":"Audubon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"On August 27, 1969, President Richard Nixon dedicated a 300-acre (120 ha) grove of redwood trees as the \"Lady Bird Johnson Grove\" due to her efforts as First Lady toward preserving national resources for Americans. The grove is located just north of Orick, California, and is part of Redwood National Park. Lady Bird attended the dedication with former President Johnson.[103]Lady Bird Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford on January 10, 1977. The citation for her medal read:One of America's great First Ladies, she claimed her own place in the hearts and history of the American people. In councils of power or in homes of the poor, she made government human with her unique compassion and her grace, warmth and wisdom. Her leadership transformed the American landscape and preserved its natural beauty as a national treasure.[17]She received the Congressional Gold Medal in 1988, becoming the first wife of a president to receive the honor.[1] In a 1982 poll taken of historians ranking the most influential and important First Ladies, Lady Bird was ranked third—behind Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt—primarily for her work as a conservation activist.[4]In 1995, the National Wildflower Research Center, near Austin, Texas, was renamed the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. She and actress Helen Hayes founded the center in 1982.In 1966, she was awarded the National Institute of Social Sciences Gold Medal for Services to Humanity.In 1995, Lady Bird received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[104]In November 1968, Columbia Island, in Washington, D.C., was renamed Lady Bird Johnson Park in honor of her campaign as First Lady to beautify the capital. In 1976, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on Columbia Island.[4]Lady Bird declined many overtures to name Austin's Town Lake in her honor after she had led a campaign to clean up the lake and add trails to its shoreline; following her death, Austin Mayor Will Wynn's office said it was a \"foregone conclusion that Town Lake is going to be renamed\" in honor of Lady Bird Johnson.[17] The lake was renamed Lady Bird Lake on July 26, 2007.[105]In April 2008, the \"Lady Bird Johnson Memorial Cherry Blossom Grove\" was dedicated to Marshfield, Missouri. The dedication took place during the city's annual cherry blossom festival. Johnson had supported the rural community and their initiative to plant ornamental cherry trees.[citation needed]In 1995, she received an Honor Award from the National Building Museum for her lifetime leadership in beautification and conservation campaigns.[106] She was also named the honorary chairwoman of the Head Start program.[17]Lady Bird held honorary degrees from many universities: Boston University; the University of Alabama; George Washington University; Johns Hopkins University; State University of New York; Southern Methodist University; Texas Woman's University; Middlebury College; Williams College, Southwestern University; Texas State University–San Marcos; Washington College; and St. Edward's University.[17]On June 7, 2008, Texas honored Lady Bird by renaming the state convention's Blue Star Breakfast as the 'Lady Bird Breakfast'.[107] In January 2009, St. Edward's University in Austin completed a new residence hall for upperclassmen bearing the name of Lady Bird Johnson Hall, or \"LBJ Hall\" for short.[108]On August 28, 2008, Lady Bird Johnson High School was opened in her name in San Antonio, Texas, a part of the North East Independent School District.On October 22, 2012, the United States Postal Service announced the issue of a souvenir Forever stamp sheet honoring Lady Bird Johnson as a tribute to her legacy of beautifying the nation's roadsides, urban parks and trails. Five of the six stamps feature adaptations of stamps originally issued in the 1960s to promote planting in public spaces. The sixth stamp features her official White House portrait, a painting of the First Lady in a yellow gown, by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. The stamps were dedicated on November 30, 2012, at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center of The University of Texas at Austin.[109]In 2013, Lady Bird was posthumously awarded the prestigious Rachel Carson Award. The award, presented by Audubon's Women in Conservation, was accepted by her daughter Lynda.[110]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ladybirdjohnsono0000gill/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-990808-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990808-0"},{"link_name":"\"First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3984559"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3984559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3984559"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0147-2496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2496"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3984559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3984559"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-0992-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0992-5"},{"link_name":"A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/biographyofladyb0000houk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58369-061-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58369-061-1"},{"link_name":"\"\"... To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25163440"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/maghis/15.3.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F15.3.30"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0882-228X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-228X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25163440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25163440"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ladybird00janj/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58979-097-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58979-097-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780812995909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812995909"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1138997551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1138997551"}],"text":"Gillette, Michael L. (2012). Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-990808-0.\nGould, Lewis L. (June 1, 1986). \"First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s\". Environmental Review. 10 (2): 76–92. doi:10.2307/3984559. ISSN 0147-2496. JSTOR 3984559.\nGould, Lewis L. (1999). Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0992-5.\nHouk, Rose (2006). A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty. Western National Parks Association. ISBN 978-1-58369-061-1.\nKoman, Rita G. (2001). \"\"... To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\". OAH Magazine of History. 15 (3): 30–34. doi:10.1093/maghis/15.3.30. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163440.\nRussell, Jan Jarboe (2004) [1999]. Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 1-58979-097-9.\nSweig, Julia (2021). Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight. Random House. ISBN 9780812995909. OCLC 1138997551.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A photo of Lady Bird Taylor at around age three","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lady_bird_1915.jpg/220px-Lady_bird_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Brick House, Lady Bird Johnson's birthplace and childhood home in Karnack, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Andrews-Taylor_House_in_Karnack%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Andrews-Taylor_House_in_Karnack%2C_Texas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Claudia Taylor's graduation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Claudia_%28Lady_Bird%29_Taylor%27s_graduation.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Claudia_%28Lady_Bird%29_Taylor%27s_graduation.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson circa 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lady_Bird_Johnson%2C_bw_photo_ca1962.jpg/220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson%2C_bw_photo_ca1962.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson working in her office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lady_Bird_Johnson_working_in_her_office.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_working_in_her_office.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson plants a cherry tree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lady_Bird_Johnson_planting_a_cherry_tree.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_planting_a_cherry_tree.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lady Bird Johnson at the signing of the Highway Beautification Act, also referred to as \"Lady Bird's Bill\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_signing_of_the_Highway_Beautification_Act.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_signing_of_the_Highway_Beautification_Act.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson at a Lyndon B. Johnson Foundation Board Meeting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Foundation_Board_Meeting.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Lady_Bird_Johnson_at_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Foundation_Board_Meeting.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson (right) together at the 1977 National Women's Conference with First Lady Rosalynn Carter (left) and fellow former first lady Betty Ford (center)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rosalynn_Carter_with_Betty_Ford_and_Ladybird_Johnson_at_the_National_Womens_Conference._-_NARA_-_176935_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Rosalynn_Carter_with_Betty_Ford_and_Ladybird_Johnson_at_the_National_Womens_Conference._-_NARA_-_176935_%281%29.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson alongside president Jimmy Carter in September 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jimmy_Carter_escorts_Ladybird_Johnson_to_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty_Dinner._-_NARA_-_176107.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jimmy_Carter_escorts_Ladybird_Johnson_to_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty_Dinner._-_NARA_-_176107.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson with philanthropist Enid A. Haupt in 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Enid_Haupt_and_Lady_Bird_Johnson.JPG/220px-Enid_Haupt_and_Lady_Bird_Johnson.JPG"},{"image_text":"Johnson c. 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portrait_of_Lady_Bird_Johnson.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Portrait_of_Lady_Bird_Johnson.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson with her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb and First Lady Laura Bush on October 19, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lady_bird_2005-10-19.jpg/170px-Lady_bird_2005-10-19.jpg"},{"image_text":"Funeral service for Lady Bird Johnson; Nancy Reagan, Rosalynn Carter, Jimmy Carter, Laura Bush, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, (second row) Caroline Kennedy, Barbara Bush, Susan Ford Bales, (third row) Maria Shriver, and Patricia \"Tricia\" Nixon Cox attended, representing eight other presidents","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Funeral_service_for_Lady_Bird_Johnson.jpg/220px-Funeral_service_for_Lady_Bird_Johnson.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hylton, Hilary (July 12, 2007). \"Lady Bird Johnson dies in Texas at age 94\". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121194524/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N11219716.htm","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson dies in Texas at age 94\""},{"url":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N11219716.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simnacher, Joe (July 12, 2007). \"Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94\". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175630/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/071207dntexjohnsonobit.663b1dc9.html","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94\""},{"url":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holley, Joe (July 12, 2007). \"Champion of Conservation, Loyal Force Behind LBJ\". The Washington Post. p. A1. 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Axcess News. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://axcessnews.com/national/breaking-national/lady-bird-johnson-first-lady-nation-mourns_1620/","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, the First Lady a Nation Mourns\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Patricia (December 11, 2001). \"Lady Bird Johnson Was LBJ's Anchor In Troubled Times\". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230944/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-12-11/lifestyle/0112100301_1_lady-bird-johnson-lyndon-baines-johnson-first-lady","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson Was LBJ's Anchor In Troubled Times\""},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-12-11/lifestyle/0112100301_1_lady-bird-johnson-lyndon-baines-johnson-first-lady","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Randall Bennett (2007). LBJ: Architect of American Ambition. Harvard University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0674026995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674026995","url_text":"978-0674026995"}]},{"reference":"Nemy, Enid (July 12, 2007). \"Lady Bird Johnson, 94, Dies; Eased a Path to Power\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/washington/12johnson.html","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, 94, Dies; Eased a Path to Power\""}]},{"reference":"Little, Becky. \"Historic Presidential Affairs That Never Made it To the Tabloids\". History. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/news/presidential-affairs-jfk-lbj-fdr-harding-clinton-trump","url_text":"\"Historic Presidential Affairs That Never Made it To the Tabloids\""}]},{"reference":"Dallek, Robert (April 1, 1998). \"Three New Revelations About LBJ\". The Atlantic. 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Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025063950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F07%2F13%2Fdb1302.xml","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2007/07/13/db1302.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 27. 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Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0199908080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199908080","url_text":"978-0199908080"}]},{"reference":"\"\"... to leave this splendor for our grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\". Organization of American Historians. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127221256/http://oah.org/pubs/magazine/firstladies/koman.html","url_text":"\"\"... to leave this splendor for our grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians","url_text":"Organization of American Historians"},{"url":"http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/firstladies/koman.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hendricks, Nancy (2015). 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September 25, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/25/us/dartmouth-remembers-nelson-rockefeller-30.html","url_text":"\"Dartmouth Remembers Nelson Rockefeller ('30)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us – Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center\". Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wildflower.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Us – Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at a Glance\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014141641/http://www.wildflower.org/newsroom/basic_facts.pdf","url_text":"\"The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at a Glance\""},{"url":"http://www.wildflower.org/newsroom/basic_facts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Jimmy (2008). Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-1416558811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter","url_text":"Carter, Jimmy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beyondwhitehouse00cart","url_text":"Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beyondwhitehouse00cart/page/233","url_text":"233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416558811","url_text":"978-1416558811"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Bird Johnson accepts gift for Wildflower Center\". UPI. September 29, 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/09/29/Lady-Bird-Johnson-accepts-gift-for-Wildflower-Center/9737686116800/","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson accepts gift for Wildflower Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former First Lady Visited Vineyard\". Vineyard Gazette. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729224429/http://www.mvgazette.com/news/2007/07/13/lady_bird_johnson.php","url_text":"\"Former First Lady Visited Vineyard\""},{"url":"http://www.mvgazette.com/news/2007/07/13/lady_bird_johnson.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Bird Johnson 'Proud'\". The New York Times. August 3, 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/us/lady-bird-johnson-proud.html","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson 'Proud'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks at the 25th Anniversary Celebration of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Inauguration\". George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. April 6, 1990. And I think those who know Lyndon better than I would say that she was his anchor and his strength. And she never failed him. And she was always there. And as she has once again today, Lady Bird brought to the White House dignity and warmth and grace. And she was never on stage, never acting out some part, always the same genuine lady no matter what the setting. Her gift of language is a combination of both elegance and simplicity, a vivid imagery that charms our country to this very day. Mrs. Johnson, you, too, have left this nation a very important legacy. Barbara reminds me of that every single day. And those who travel by car along the banks of the Potomac, or who walk or bicycle along its paths, are each day struck by the wonder of your gift.","urls":[{"url":"https://bush41library.tamu.edu/archives/public-papers/1735","url_text":"\"Remarks at the 25th Anniversary Celebration of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Inauguration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, Suffering From Fatigue, Is in Hospital\". The New York Times. February 8, 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/08/us/lady-bird-johnson-suffering-from-fatigue-is-in-hospital.html","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, Suffering From Fatigue, Is in Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Baines Johnson, Luci (July 16, 2007). \"Lady Bird Johnson Funeral – Luci Baines Johnson Eulogy PT 2\". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiHMimdoNj4","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson Funeral – Luci Baines Johnson Eulogy PT 2\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/hiHMimdoNj4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Kelley (July 15, 2009). \"Lady Bird Johnson laid to rest in Texas\". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Retrieved July 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6382846?source=rss","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson laid to rest in Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Waychoff, Staff Sgt. Madelyn (July 19, 2007). \"Ceremonial Guardsmen lay Lady Bird Johnson to rest\". The Bolling Aviator. U.S. Air Force Honor Guard Public Affairs. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. This is the second funeral this year in which the Honor Guard has buried a member of a Presidential family.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130121151222/http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/071907/aviator_28073.shtml","url_text":"\"Ceremonial Guardsmen lay Lady Bird Johnson to rest\""},{"url":"http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/071907/aviator_28073.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings\" (PDF). scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th\" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf","url_text":"\"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Power Couple Score\" (PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 Power Couple Score\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Robert (August 28, 2017). \"Nixon Names Grove in Lady Bird's Honor\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/08/28/page/8/article/nixon-names-grove-in-lady-birds-honor","url_text":"\"Nixon Names Grove in Lady Bird's Honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"Raskin, Amy (July 27, 2007). \"Austin renaming Town Lake for Lady Bird\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Austin-renaming-Town-Lake-for-Lady-Bird-1810748.php","url_text":"\"Austin renaming Town Lake for Lady Bird\""}]},{"reference":"Brozan, Nadine (June 10, 1995). \"Chronicle\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/10/style/chronicle-761196.html","url_text":"\"Chronicle\""}]},{"reference":"Moritz, John; Root, Jay (June 6, 2008). \"Texas Dems ready to put differences aside\". Star-Telegram.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.star-telegram.com/news/story/685634.html","url_text":"\"Texas Dems ready to put differences aside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Residence Hall Construction Moves Ahead\". St. Edward's University. May 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080531065323/http://www.stedwards.edu/changeisgood/residencehallupdates.htm","url_text":"\"Residence Hall Construction Moves Ahead\""},{"url":"https://www.stedwards.edu/changeisgood/residencehallupdates.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bolen, Robert (October 22, 2012). \"Environmentalist Lady Bird Johnson to be Featured on Forever Stamp\". USPS.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2012/pr12_117.htm","url_text":"\"Environmentalist Lady Bird Johnson to be Featured on Forever Stamp\""}]},{"reference":"Weinreich, Regina (August 1, 2013). \"Lady Bird Johnson, Rachel Carson and Women Conservationists Honored at the National Audubon Society Luncheon\". HuffPost. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/regina-weinreich/lady-bird-johnson-rachel_b_3371852.html","url_text":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, Rachel Carson and Women Conservationists Honored at the National Audubon Society Luncheon\""}]},{"reference":"Gillette, Michael L. (2012). Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-990808-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ladybirdjohnsono0000gill/","url_text":"Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-990808-0","url_text":"978-0-19-990808-0"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Lewis L. (June 1, 1986). \"First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s\". Environmental Review. 10 (2): 76–92. doi:10.2307/3984559. ISSN 0147-2496. JSTOR 3984559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3984559","url_text":"\"First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984559","url_text":"10.2307/3984559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2496","url_text":"0147-2496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984559","url_text":"3984559"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Lewis L. (1999). Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0992-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0992-5","url_text":"978-0-7006-0992-5"}]},{"reference":"Houk, Rose (2006). A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty. Western National Parks Association. ISBN 978-1-58369-061-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/biographyofladyb0000houk","url_text":"A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58369-061-1","url_text":"978-1-58369-061-1"}]},{"reference":"Koman, Rita G. (2001). \"\"... To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\". OAH Magazine of History. 15 (3): 30–34. doi:10.1093/maghis/15.3.30. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163440.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163440","url_text":"\"\"... To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren\": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F15.3.30","url_text":"10.1093/maghis/15.3.30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-228X","url_text":"0882-228X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163440","url_text":"25163440"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Jan Jarboe (2004) [1999]. Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 1-58979-097-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ladybird00janj/","url_text":"Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58979-097-9","url_text":"1-58979-097-9"}]},{"reference":"Sweig, Julia (2021). Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight. Random House. ISBN 9780812995909. OCLC 1138997551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812995909","url_text":"9780812995909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1138997551","url_text":"1138997551"}]},{"reference":"\"Claudia Alta \"Lady Bird\" Taylor Johnson\". Presidential First Lady. Find a Grave. August 9, 2003. Retrieved August 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7748421","url_text":"\"Claudia Alta \"Lady Bird\" Taylor Johnson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121194524/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N11219716.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson dies in Texas at age 94\""},{"Link":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N11219716.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175630/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/071207dntexjohnsonobit.663b1dc9.html","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94\""},{"Link":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/content/shared/news/stories/ladybird/0711BIRDPAGE2.html","external_links_name":"\"Vibrant spirit takes Lady Bird from a small town to UT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110617020720/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/content/shared/news/stories/ladybird/0711BIRDPAGE2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/11/AR2007071102146_pf.html","external_links_name":"\"Champion of Conservation, Loyal Force Behind LBJ\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/ladybird/earlyyears/earlyyears_index.html","external_links_name":"Lady Bird Johnson: The Early Years"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2281304.stm","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Lady Bird Johnson\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-5,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The White House: The First Lady Bird\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124213612/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-5,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-4,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The White House: The First Lady Bird\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125002910/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-4,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/taylor-thomas-jefferson-ii","external_links_name":"\"TSHA \| Taylor, Thomas Jefferson II\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-3,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The White House: The First Lady Bird\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124200048/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876083-3,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fta26","external_links_name":"Taylor, Thomas Jefferson II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041057/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939432,00.html","external_links_name":"\"So Glad, So Glad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219191918/http://www.statesman.com/news/content/shared/news/stories/ladybird/0711ladybird.html","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson dies at 94\""},{"Link":"http://www.statesman.com/news/content/shared/news/stories/ladybird/0711ladybird.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/st-marys-college","external_links_name":"\"St. Mary's College\""},{"Link":"http://axcessnews.com/national/breaking-national/lady-bird-johnson-first-lady-nation-mourns_1620/","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, the First Lady a Nation Mourns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230944/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-12-11/lifestyle/0112100301_1_lady-bird-johnson-lyndon-baines-johnson-first-lady","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson Was LBJ's Anchor In Troubled Times\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-12-11/lifestyle/0112100301_1_lady-bird-johnson-lyndon-baines-johnson-first-lady","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/washington/12johnson.html","external_links_name":"\"Lady Bird Johnson, 94, Dies; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Genovese	Vito Genovese	["1 Early life","2 Criminal career","2.1 Castellammarese War","2.2 Boccia murder and flight to Italy","2.3 Return to New York","2.4 Pursuit of power","2.5 Apalachin meeting and prison","3 Death","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Italian-American mobster (1897–1969) Vito GenoveseGenovese c. 1959Born(1897-11-21)November 21, 1897Risigliano, Tufino, ItalyDiedFebruary 14, 1969(1969-02-14) (aged 71)Springfield, Missouri, U.S.Resting placeSaint John CemeteryOther names"Don Vitone"OccupationCrime bossPredecessorFrank CostelloSuccessorPhilip LombardoSpouses Donata Ragone (her death) Anna Genovese (m. 1932) RelativesMichael Genovese (cousin)AllegianceGenovese crime familyConviction(s)Conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws (1959)Criminal penalty15 years imprisonment (1959) Vito Genovese (Italian: ; November 21, 1897 – February 14, 1969) was an Italian-born American mobster of the American Mafia. A long-time associate and childhood friend of Lucky Luciano, Genovese took part in the Castellammarese War and helped shape the rise of the Mafia as a major force in organized crime in the United States. He would later lead Luciano's crime family, which was later renamed the Genovese crime family in his honor. Along with Luciano, Genovese helped the expansion of the heroin trade to an international level. He fled to Italy in 1937, and for a brief period during World War II he supported Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime for fear of being deported back to the U.S. to face murder charges. After returning to the U.S. in 1945, Genovese served as mentor to Vincent "the Chin" Gigante, the future boss of the Genovese family. In 1957, Genovese vied for the boss of bosses title by ordering the murder of Albert Anastasia and the botched hit of Frank Costello. Immediately following this, he called a mafia summit to consolidate his power, but the meeting was raided by police. In 1959, Genovese's reign was cut short as he was convicted on narcotics conspiracy charges and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. While he and his underling Joe Valachi were in prison together, Valachi killed an inmate he thought to be a hitman sent by Genovese. Valachi then became a government witness. Genovese died in prison on February 14, 1969. Early life Vito Genovese was born on November 21, 1897, in Risigliano, a frazione in the comune of Tufino, in the Province of Naples, Italy. His father was Frances Felice Genovese and his mother Nunziata Aluotto. Vito had a sister, Giovanna Jennie (m. Richard Prisco), along with two brothers, Michael and Carmine, who later joined Genovese's crime family. His cousin, Michael, became boss of the Pittsburgh crime family. As a child in Italy, Genovese completed school only to the American equivalent of the fifth grade. In 1913, when Genovese was aged 15, his family immigrated to the United States onboard the SS Taormina and took up residence in New York City's Little Italy. Genovese was 5 ft 7 in (170 cm). He and his family lived a quiet life in a house in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. Criminal career Genovese started his criminal career stealing merchandise from pushcart vendors and running errands for mobsters. He later collected money from people who played illegal lotteries. At 19, Genovese spent a year in prison for illegal possession of a firearm. By the 1920s, Genovese started working for Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria, the boss of a powerful Manhattan gang that would evolve into the family he would eventually lead. Charlie Luciano and his close associates started working for gambler Arnold "The Brain" Rothstein, who immediately saw the potential windfall from Prohibition and educated Luciano on running bootleg alcohol as a business. Luciano, Frank Costello, and Genovese started their own bootlegging operation with financing from Rothstein. In 1930, Genovese was indicted on counterfeiting charges when police found $1 million of counterfeit US currency in a Bath Beach, Brooklyn, workshop. Later in 1930, Genovese allegedly murdered Gaetano Reina, the leader of a Bronx-based gang. Reina had been a Masseria ally, but Masseria decided to kill him after he began to suspect him of secretly helping Masseria's archrival, Brooklyn gang leader Salvatore Maranzano. On February 26, 1930, Genovese allegedly ambushed Reina as he was leaving his mistress's house in the Bronx and shot him in the back of the head with a shotgun. Masseria then took direct control of the Reina gang. Castellammarese War In early 1930, the Castellammarese War broke out between Masseria and Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command. On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel; Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel. Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss. In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano had received word that Maranzano was planning to kill him and Genovese, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Meyer Lansky and Siegel. Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime. In 1931, Genovese's first wife, Donata Ragone, died of tuberculosis and he quickly announced his intention to marry Anna Petillo, who was already married to Gerard Vernotico. On March 16, 1932, Vernotico was found strangled to death on a Manhattan rooftop, and on March 28, 1932, Genovese married his widow, Anna, who was Genovese's cousin via her mother, Concetta y Cassini Genovese. Boccia murder and flight to Italy In 1934, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Ferdinand Boccia. Genovese and Boccia had conspired to cheat a wealthy gambler out of $150,000 in a high-stakes card game. After the game, Boccia demanded a share of $35,000 because he had introduced the victim to Genovese. Rather than pay Boccia anything, Genovese decided to have him murdered. On September 19, 1934, Genovese and five associates allegedly shot and killed Boccia in a coffee shop in Brooklyn. On June 18, 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison as a result of his conviction on pandering. With Luciano's imprisonment, Genovese became acting boss of the Luciano crime family. On November 25, 1936, Genovese became a naturalized United States citizen in New York City. In 1937, fearing prosecution for the Boccia murder, Genovese fled to Italy with $750,000 cash and settled in the city of Nola, near Naples. With Genovese's departure, Costello became acting boss. After bribing some fascist party members, Genovese became a friend of Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini's son-in-law; it is believed Genovese provided Ciano with cocaine. Genovese donated nearly $4 million to Mussolini's fascist party by the end of World War II. He was also awarded the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and made a commendatore, after he participated in helping create a new fascist party headquarters in Nola. In 1943, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Carlo Tresca, the publisher of an anarchist newspaper in New York and an enemy of Mussolini. Genovese allegedly facilitated the murder as a favor to the Italian government. On January 11, 1943, a gunman shot and killed Tresca outside his newspaper office in Manhattan. The shooter was later alleged to be Carmine Galante, a member of the Bonanno crime family. No one was ever charged in the Tresca murder. Return to New York When the Allies invaded Italy in September 1943, Genovese switched sides and quickly offered his services to the U.S. Army. Former New York governor Charles Poletti, then attached to the U.S. Army, accepted a 1938 Packard Sedan as a personal gift from Genovese. Genovese was appointed to a position of interpreter/liaison officer in the U.S. Army headquarters in Naples and quickly became one of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories' (AMGOT) most trusted employees. Poletti and the entire AMGOT department were completely unaware of his history. Genovese established one of the largest black market operations in southern Italy, together with the Italian gangster Calogero Vizzini. Vizzini sent truck caravans loaded with all the basic food commodities necessary for the Italian diet rolling northward to hungry Naples, where their cargoes were distributed by Genovese's organization. All of the trucks were issued passes and export papers by the AMGOT administration in Naples and Sicily, and some corrupt American army officers even made contributions of gasoline and trucks to the operation. According to Luke Monzelli, a lieutenant in the Carabinieri assigned to follow Genovese during his time in Italy: "Truckloads of food supplies were shipped from Vizzini to Genovese — all accompanied by the proper documents which had been certified by men in authority, Mafia members in the service of Vizzini and Genovese." In the summer of 1944 in New York, Genovese was implicated in the Boccia murder by mobster Ernest "The Hawk" Rupolo, a former Genovese associate. Facing a murder conviction, Rupolo had decided to become a government witness. On August 27, 1944, U.S. military police arrested Genovese in Italy during an investigation into his running of a black market ring. It was revealed that Genovese had been stealing trucks, flour, and sugar from the Army. When Agent Orange C. Dickey of the Criminal Investigation Division examined Genovese's background, he discovered that Genovese was a fugitive wanted for the 1934 Boccia killing. However, there was seemingly little interest from the Army or the federal government in pursuing Genovese. After months of frustration, Dickey was finally able to make preparations to ship Genovese back to New York to face trial, but came under increasing pressure. Genovese personally offered Dickey a $250,000 bribe to release him, then threatened Dickey when the offer was refused. Dickey was even instructed by his superiors in the military chain of command to refrain from pursuing Genovese, but refused to be dissuaded. On June 2, 1945, after arriving in New York by ship the day before, Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty. On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey. Earlier, another witness, Peter LaTempa, was found dead in a cell where he had been held in protective custody. Without anyone to corroborate Rupolo's testimony, the government's case collapsed, and the charges against Genovese were dismissed on June 10, 1946. In making his decision, Judge Samuel Leibowitz commented: I cannot speak for the jury, but I believe that if there were even a shred of corroborating evidence, you would have been condemned to the (electric) chair. Pursuit of power With his release from custody in 1946, Genovese was able to rejoin the Luciano family in New York; however, neither Costello nor his underboss Willie Moretti was willing to return power to him. In 1946, Lansky called a meeting of the heads of the major crime families in Havana that December. The three topics which would come under discussion were the heroin trade, Cuban gambling, and what to do about Bugsy Siegel and the floundering Flamingo Hotel project in Las Vegas. The conference took place at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba and lasted a little more than a week. On December 20, during the conference, Luciano had a private meeting with Genovese in Luciano's hotel suite. Unlike Costello, Luciano had never trusted Genovese. In the meeting, Genovese tried to convince Luciano to become a titular boss of bosses and let Genovese run everything. Luciano calmly rejected Genovese's suggestion: There is no Boss of Bosses. I turned it down in front of everybody. If I ever change my mind, I will take the title. But it won't be up to you. Right now you work for me and I ain't in the mood to retire. Don't you ever let me hear this again, or I'll lose my temper. Genovese was now a capo of his former Greenwich Village Crew. However, on October 4, 1951, Moretti was assassinated by order of the Mafia Commission; the mob bosses were unhappy with his testimony during the Kefauver Hearings, and were worried, with the syphilis now affecting his brain, he might start talking to the press. Costello appointed Genovese as the new underboss. In December 1952, Anna Genovese sued her husband for financial support, and later divorce in 1953, as well as testifying to Vito's involvement in criminal rackets, an unheard-of action by the wife of a mob figure. Two years earlier, she had moved out of the family home in New Jersey. She asked the judge for $350 per week. Vito filed a counter-suit for divorce on the grounds of desertion. According to Anna Genovese, Vito Genovese ruled the Italian lottery in New York and New Jersey, bringing in over $1 million per year, owned four Greenwich Village night clubs, a dog track in Virginia, and other legitimate businesses. Both claims were ultimately dismissed in the New Jersey Superior Court appellate division, in 1954. In 1953, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Steven Franse. Genovese had tasked Franse with supervising Anna while he hid in Italy. Outraged over Anna's potential love affairs and her lawsuit against him, Genovese ordered Joseph Valachi to set up Franse's murder. On June 18, 1953, Valachi lured Franse to his restaurant in the Bronx, where Franse was strangled to death by Pasquale Pagano and Fiore Siano (Valachi's nephew). During the mid-1950s, Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the Commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia crime family. Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino, Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia. In early 1957, Genovese decided the time to move on Costello had come. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building. Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman, however, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder. Genovese now became boss of what is known as the Genovese crime family and promoted his longtime lieutenant, Anthony Strollo, to underboss. In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed him. Witnesses were unable to identify any of the gunmen, and competing theories exist today as to their identities. Apalachin meeting and prison Genovese at the time of his arrest August 2, 1958, in New York City Another one of Genovese's mugshots In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. Genovese selected Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino to organize the meeting; he in turn chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements for it. Cuba was one of the topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the agenda. The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the agenda. On November 14, 1957, powerful mafiosi from the United States and Italy convened at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York. The meeting agenda included the resolution of open questions on illegal gambling and narcotics dealing, particularly in the New York City area. State trooper Edgar D. Croswell had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home. That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house. When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock. When the mobsters discovered the police presence, they started fleeing the gathering by car and by foot. Many Mafiosi escaped through the woods surrounding the Barbara estate. The police stopped a car driven by Bufalino, whose passengers included Genovese and three other men, at a roadblock as they left the estate; Bufalino said that he had come to visit his sick friend, Barbara. Genovese said he was just there for a barbecue and to discuss business with Barbara. The police let him go. On June 2, 1958, Genovese testified under subpoena in the U.S. Senate McClellan Hearings on organized crime. Genovese refused to answer any questions, citing the Fifth Amendment rights under the U.S. Constitution 150 separate times. Luciano allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal. On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics. The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him. On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws. On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, where he tried to run his crime family from prison. In his book, Five Families, longtime New York Times organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab wrote that a number of detectives, lawyers and organized crime experts have questioned the legitimacy of Genovese's conviction. For instance, longtime NYPD detective Ralph Salerno argued that "anyone who understands the protocol and insulation procedures" of the Mafia would find it "almost unbelievable" that a crime boss would be directly involved in a drug operation. In September 1959, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Anthony Carfano. Angered at the murder attempt on Costello, Carfano had skipped the Apalachin meeting in protest. In response, Genovese decided to murder him. On September 25, 1959, Carfano and a female companion were found shot to death in his Cadillac automobile on a residential street in Jackson Heights, Queens. In April 1962, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Anthony Strollo after concluding that Strollo was part of the plot that put him in prison. On April 8, Strollo left his house to go for a walk and was never seen again. His body was never recovered. In 1962, an alleged murder threat from Genovese propelled mobster Joseph Valachi into the public spotlight. In June, Genovese supposedly accused Valachi, also imprisoned in Atlanta, of being an informer and gave Valachi the kiss of death. In July, Valachi supposedly mistook another inmate for a mob hitman and killed him. A $100,000 bounty for Valachi's death had been placed by Genovese. After receiving a life sentence for that murder, Valachi decided to become a government witness. On August 24, 1964, Ernest Rupolo's body was recovered from Jamaica Bay, Queens. His killers had attached two concrete blocks to his legs and tied his hands. It was widely assumed that Genovese had ordered Rupolo's murder for testifying against him in the 1944 Boccia murder trial. Death Genovese died of a heart attack at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, on February 14, 1969. He is buried in Saint John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens. In popular culture Genovese is portrayed in the 1972 film The Valachi Papers by Lino Ventura. Genovese is portrayed in the 1974 film Crazy Joe by Eli Wallach. Genovese is portrayed in the 1991 film Bugsy by Don Carrara. Genovese is portrayed in the 1999 film Lansky by Robert Miano. Genovese is portrayed in the 1999 television movie Bonanno: A Godfather's Story by Emidio Michetti. Genovese is portrayed in the 2001 television movie Boss of Bosses by Steven Bauer. Genovese features in the sixth episode of UK television channel Yesterday's documentary series Mafia's Greatest Hits. Genovese is portrayed in the 2015 television series The Making of the Mob: New York by Craig Thomas Rivela. Genovese is portrayed in the 2019 film Mob Town by Robert Davi. Genovese is portrayed in the upcoming film Alto Knights by Robert De Niro. References ^ DeVico, Peter J. "The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra". (p. 186) Archived April 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Dom Frasca (1963). Vito Genovese: King of Crime. Avon Books. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. ^ Gil Reavill (2013). Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250021106. 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Retrieved October 2, 2019. ^ Litchtenstein, Grace (April 4, 1971). "Held Nation in Thrall" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ "Body of Informer, Tied to Concrete, Pulled from Bay" (PDF). New York Times. August 25, 1964. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ "Mafia kingpin dies while serving time". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. February 14, 1969. p. 4A. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. ^ "The Valachi Papers". Internet Movie Database. January 6, 1972. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "Crazy Joe". Internet Movie Database. February 8, 1974. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "Bugsy". December 20, 1991. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2019 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Lansky". February 27, 1999. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Bonanno: A Godfather's Story (TV Movie 1999) - IMDb". IMDb. July 25, 1999. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2018. ^ "Boss of Bosses". Internet Movie Database. July 19, 2005. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "The Making of the Mob". June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Mob Town". December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019 – via www.imdb.com. Further reading Biography portal Lewis, Norman (1978). Naples '44. New York: Carol & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1438-4. External links The Mob Museum – Vito Genovese Vito Genovese at Find a Grave American Mafia Preceded byLucky Luciano Genovese crime familyUnderboss 1931–1936 Succeeded byFrank "Chee" Gusage Preceded byLucky Lucianoas boss Genovese crime familyActing boss 1936–1937 Succeeded byFrank Costello Preceded byWillie Moretti Genovese crime familyUnderboss 1951–1957 Succeeded byGerardo "Gerry" Catena Preceded byFrank Costello Genovese crime familyBoss 1957–1969 Succeeded byPhilip "Benny Squint" Lombardo Preceded byFrank Costello Capo di tutti capiBoss of bosses 1957–1959 Succeeded byJoseph Bonannoas chairman of the commission vteGenovese crime familyBosses Giuseppe Morello Nicholas Morello Vincenzo Terranova Giuseppe Masseria Lucky Luciano Frank Costello Vito Genovese Philip Lombardo Vincent Gigante Current members Anthony Antico John Barbato Liborio Bellomo Mikey Coppola Lawrence Dentico Louis DiNapoli Albert Gallo Rosario Gangi James Ida Daniel Leo Alan Longo Alphonse Malangone Louis Manna Daniel Pagano Ernest Varacalli Past membersMade men Joe Adonis Vincent Alo John Ardito Richard Boiardo Adolfo Bruno Dominick Canterino Anthony Carfano Gerardo Catena Dominick Cirillo Michael Clemente Michael Coppola Angelo DeCarlo Peter DeFeo John DiGilio Vincent DiNapoli Thomas Eboli Albert Facchiano Anthony Federici Tino Fiumara Joseph Galizia Mario Gigante Federico Giovanelli Matthew Ianniello Frank Illiano Joseph Lanza Ignazio Lupo Venero Mangano Carlo Mastrototaro Michele Miranda Willie Moretti James Napoli Joseph Luco Pagano Gerard Pappa Tomasso Petto Angelo Prisco Anthony Provenzano Nunzio Provenzano Joseph Rao Lawrence Ricci Carmine Romano Anthony Russo Anthony Salerno Rudolph Santobello Saverio Santora Anthony Strollo Ciro Terranova Frank Tieri Charles Tuzzo Frankie Yale Associates Evsei Agron Thomas Andretta Attilio Bitondo James Galante Fotios Geas Louis Gigante Bumpy Johnson Phillip Kastel Meyer Lansky Peter LaTempa Angelo Ponte Bugsy Siegel Informants Vincent Cafaro Frank Lucas Ernest Rupolo Joseph Valachi Factions and crewsActive New Jersey faction 116th Street Crew Greenwich Village Crew Defunct Broadway Mob East Harlem Purple Gang Family eventsHearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Scheme French Connection (1960s–1970s) Trials Mafia Commission Trial (1986) Window Case (1991) Wars Mafia-Camorra War (1914–1917) Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Relation to other groupsAllies Lucchese family Gambino family Bonanno family Colombo family Philadelphia family The Bugs-Meyer gang Murder, Inc. Rivals Westies vteMurder, IncorporatedAdministrationBosses Benjamin Siegel Lepke Buchalter Albert Anastasia Joe Adonis Adviser Louis Capone Lieutenants Tommy Lucchese Martin Goldstein Jacob Shapiro Emanuel Weiss Lou Kravitz Past membersOfficial Members Harry Greenberg Harry Strauss Joe Valachi Abe Reles Louis Cohen Hyman Holtz Albert Tannenbaum Philip Kovolick Aniello Dellacroce Seymour Magoon Harry Maione Frank Abbandando Frankie Carbo Red Levine Associate(s) Meyer Lansky Frank Costello Lucky Luciano Vito Genovese Dutch Schultz Family eventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference Havana Conference Wars Castellammarese War Relation to other groupsAllies Chicago Outfit Las Vegas crime family Anastasia crime family Gagliano crime family Profaci crime family Luciano crime family Shapiro Brothers Rivals Louis Amberg Joseph C. Amberg Thomas E. Dewey Waxey Gordon vteItalian-American Mafia List of Mafia crime families Mafia bibliography FamiliesFive Families ofNew York CityBonanno Calabrian group Motion Lounge crew New Springville Boys Sicilian group ColomboColomboGambino Baltimore Crew Ozone Park Boys Genovese 116th Street Crew Broadway Mob Greenwich Village Crew New Jersey faction Lucchese Brooklyn faction New Jersey faction Tanglewood Boys East Coast Buffalo DeCavalcante (Northern New Jersey) Patriarca (New England) (Angiulo's Boston crew) Philadelphia (10th & Oregon Crew) Midwestern/Western Chicago Detroit Kansas City Los Angeles Mostly defunct Bufalino (Northeastern Pennsylvania) Cleveland Colorado Dallas Genna (Chicago) Lanzetta (Philadelphia) Morello (Italian Harlem) D'Aquila (Little Italy, Manhattan) New Orleans Milwaukee Pittsburgh Rochester San Francisco San Jose St. Louis Trafficante (Tampa) StructureChain of command The Commission Boss Underboss Consigliere Caporegime Soldato Associate Members (made men) List of Italian-American mobsters List of Italian-American mobsters by organization Terms Initiation ritual Made man Bagman Black Hand Black Hand in Chicago Vendetta Capo dei capi (boss of bosses) Mustache Pete Omertà One-way ride Sixth Family Zips EventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference (1929) Havana Conference (1946) Apalachin meeting (1957) Palermo Mafia summit (1957) Hearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Wars Mafia–Camorra War (1914–1917) Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Trials Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1987) Mafia Commission Trial (1985–1986) Closely relatedand affiliatedorganizationsActive Camorra Colacurcio Organization Commisso 'ndrina Cotroni crime family Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Inzerillo Mafia clan Jewish Mafia Luppino crime family Musitano crime family 'Ndrangheta Papalia crime family Philadelphia Greek Mob Rizzuto crime family Sacra Corona Unita Sicilian Mafia Siderno Group Stidda Velentzas Organization Defunct Broadway Mob Bugs and Meyer Mob Bumpy Johnson gang New York Camorra The Corporation The Council Dutch Schultz Mob East Harlem Purple Gang Five Points Gang Forty-Two Gang Italian-American National Union Maceo Organization Marat Balagula gang Murder, Inc. National Crime Syndicate New Springville Boys Rudaj Organization South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Unione Corse Westies Winter Hill Gang Other topicsGovernmentoperations Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia Operation Family Secrets Operation Old Bridge Operation Solare Operation Underworld Operation Wasteland Crimes French Connection Hired Truck Program Lufthansa heist Saint Valentine's Day Massacre Related articles Barrel murder Buster from Chicago Cement shoes Shotgun Man Category Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈviːto dʒenoˈveːze, -eːse]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"mobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobster"},{"link_name":"American Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"Castellammarese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammarese_War"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Fascist regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922-1943)"},{"link_name":"Vincent \"the Chin\" Gigante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Gigante"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"boss of bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_di_tutti_capi"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"mafia summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachin_meeting"},{"link_name":"Joe Valachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Valachi"}],"text":"Vito Genovese (Italian: [ˈviːto dʒenoˈveːze, -eːse]; November 21, 1897 – February 14, 1969) was an Italian-born American mobster of the American Mafia. A long-time associate and childhood friend of Lucky Luciano, Genovese took part in the Castellammarese War and helped shape the rise of the Mafia as a major force in organized crime in the United States. He would later lead Luciano's crime family, which was later renamed the Genovese crime family in his honor.Along with Luciano, Genovese helped the expansion of the heroin trade to an international level. He fled to Italy in 1937, and for a brief period during World War II he supported Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime for fear of being deported back to the U.S. to face murder charges. After returning to the U.S. in 1945, Genovese served as mentor to Vincent \"the Chin\" Gigante, the future boss of the Genovese family.[1]In 1957, Genovese vied for the boss of bosses title by ordering the murder of Albert Anastasia and the botched hit of Frank Costello. Immediately following this, he called a mafia summit to consolidate his power, but the meeting was raided by police. In 1959, Genovese's reign was cut short as he was convicted on narcotics conspiracy charges and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. While he and his underling Joe Valachi were in prison together, Valachi killed an inmate he thought to be a hitman sent by Genovese. Valachi then became a government witness. Genovese died in prison on February 14, 1969.","title":"Vito Genovese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Tufino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufino"},{"link_name":"Province of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_James_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_dies-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mafia,_Secret_File-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas-6"},{"link_name":"SS Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Taormina_(1908)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taormina-7"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Little Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genovese_height-9"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Highlands,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Vito Genovese was born on November 21, 1897, in Risigliano, a frazione in the comune of Tufino, in the Province of Naples, Italy.[2][3] His father was Frances Felice Genovese and his mother Nunziata Aluotto. Vito had a sister, Giovanna Jennie (m. Richard Prisco), along with two brothers, Michael and Carmine, who later joined Genovese's crime family. His cousin, Michael, became boss of the Pittsburgh crime family.[4][5]As a child in Italy, Genovese completed school only to the American equivalent of the fifth grade.[6] In 1913, when Genovese was aged 15, his family immigrated to the United States onboard the SS Taormina[7] and took up residence in New York City's Little Italy.[8]Genovese was 5 ft 7 in (170 cm).[9] He and his family lived a quiet life in a house in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_dies-4"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe \"Joe the Boss\" Masseria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Masseria"},{"link_name":"Charlie Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Lucania"},{"link_name":"Arnold \"The Brain\" Rothstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stolberg119-11"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stolberg119-11"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeiting"},{"link_name":"Bath Beach, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Beach,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisoner_story-12"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Reina"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Maranzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Maranzano"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milhorn_p._221-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sifakis-15"}],"text":"Genovese started his criminal career stealing merchandise from pushcart vendors and running errands for mobsters. He later collected money from people who played illegal lotteries. At 19, Genovese spent a year in prison for illegal possession of a firearm.[4]By the 1920s, Genovese started working for Giuseppe \"Joe the Boss\" Masseria, the boss of a powerful Manhattan gang that would evolve into the family he would eventually lead. Charlie Luciano and his close associates started working for gambler Arnold \"The Brain\" Rothstein, who immediately saw the potential windfall from Prohibition and educated Luciano on running bootleg alcohol as a business.[11] Luciano, Frank Costello, and Genovese started their own bootlegging operation with financing from Rothstein.[11]In 1930, Genovese was indicted on counterfeiting charges when police found $1 million of counterfeit US currency in a Bath Beach, Brooklyn, workshop.[12] Later in 1930, Genovese allegedly murdered Gaetano Reina, the leader of a Bronx-based gang. Reina had been a Masseria ally, but Masseria decided to kill him after he began to suspect him of secretly helping Masseria's archrival, Brooklyn gang leader Salvatore Maranzano. On February 26, 1930, Genovese allegedly ambushed Reina as he was leaving his mistress's house in the Bronx and shot him in the back of the head with a shotgun.[13][14] Masseria then took direct control of the Reina gang.[15]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castellammarese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammarese_War"},{"link_name":"rackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-16"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slain-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-16"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Joe Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Adonis"},{"link_name":"Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_Terranova"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dec._7,_1998-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen-23"},{"link_name":"The Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_(mafia)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-24"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abadinsky-25"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maas-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Castellammarese War","text":"In early 1930, the Castellammarese War broke out between Masseria and Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command.[16] On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island.[17][16] While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel;[18] Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.[19][20][21] Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss.In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano had received word that Maranzano was planning to kill him and Genovese, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Meyer Lansky and Siegel.[22][23] Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime.[24]In 1931, Genovese's first wife, Donata Ragone, died of tuberculosis and he quickly announced his intention to marry Anna Petillo, who was already married to Gerard Vernotico.[6][25]On March 16, 1932, Vernotico was found strangled to death on a Manhattan rooftop, and on March 28, 1932, Genovese married his widow, Anna, who was Genovese's cousin via her mother, Concetta y Cassini Genovese.[6][26]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand Boccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Boccia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fugitive_miranda-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_aide-28"},{"link_name":"pandering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l_trial-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luciano_sentence-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucania_sentenced-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mafia,_Secret_File-5"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Nola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sifakis-15"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Galeazzo Ciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_dies-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"commendatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(order)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Carlo Tresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Tresca"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slays_tresca-35"},{"link_name":"Carmine Galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Galante"},{"link_name":"Bonanno crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obscure_gangster-36"}],"sub_title":"Boccia murder and flight to Italy","text":"In 1934, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Ferdinand Boccia. Genovese and Boccia had conspired to cheat a wealthy gambler out of $150,000 in a high-stakes card game. After the game, Boccia demanded a share of $35,000 because he had introduced the victim to Genovese. Rather than pay Boccia anything, Genovese decided to have him murdered. On September 19, 1934, Genovese and five associates allegedly shot and killed Boccia in a coffee shop in Brooklyn.[27][28]On June 18, 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison as a result of his conviction on pandering.[29][30] With Luciano's imprisonment, Genovese became acting boss of the Luciano crime family.[31]On November 25, 1936, Genovese became a naturalized United States citizen in New York City.[5] In 1937, fearing prosecution for the Boccia murder, Genovese fled to Italy with $750,000 cash and settled in the city of Nola, near Naples.[15] With Genovese's departure, Costello became acting boss.After bribing some fascist party members, Genovese became a friend of Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini's son-in-law; it is believed Genovese provided Ciano with cocaine.[4] Genovese donated nearly $4 million to Mussolini's fascist party by the end of World War II. He was also awarded the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and made a commendatore, after he participated in helping create a new fascist party headquarters in Nola.[32][33][34]In 1943, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Carlo Tresca, the publisher of an anarchist newspaper in New York and an enemy of Mussolini. Genovese allegedly facilitated the murder as a favor to the Italian government. On January 11, 1943, a gunman shot and killed Tresca outside his newspaper office in Manhattan.[35] The shooter was later alleged to be Carmine Galante, a member of the Bonanno crime family. No one was ever charged in the Tresca murder.[36]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Poletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Poletti"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Military_Government_for_Occupied_Territories"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCoy8-37"},{"link_name":"Calogero Vizzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calogero_Vizzini"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCoy8-37"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark215-39"},{"link_name":"Ernest \"The Hawk\" Rupolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rupolo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisoner_story-12"},{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150_times-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark1-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denies_guilt-42"},{"link_name":"Norwood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gang_ride-43"},{"link_name":"Peter LaTempa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_LaTempa"},{"link_name":"(electric) chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_freed-44"}],"sub_title":"Return to New York","text":"When the Allies invaded Italy in September 1943, Genovese switched sides and quickly offered his services to the U.S. Army. Former New York governor Charles Poletti, then attached to the U.S. Army, accepted a 1938 Packard Sedan as a personal gift from Genovese. Genovese was appointed to a position of interpreter/liaison officer in the U.S. Army headquarters in Naples and quickly became one of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories' (AMGOT) most trusted employees. Poletti and the entire AMGOT department were completely unaware of his history.[37]Genovese established one of the largest black market operations in southern Italy, together with the Italian gangster Calogero Vizzini. Vizzini sent truck caravans loaded with all the basic food commodities necessary for the Italian diet rolling northward to hungry Naples, where their cargoes were distributed by Genovese's organization. All of the trucks were issued passes and export papers by the AMGOT administration in Naples and Sicily, and some corrupt American army officers even made contributions of gasoline and trucks to the operation.[37] According to Luke Monzelli, a lieutenant in the Carabinieri assigned to follow Genovese during his time in Italy: \"Truckloads of food supplies were shipped from Vizzini to Genovese — all accompanied by the proper documents which had been certified by men in authority, Mafia members in the service of Vizzini and Genovese.\"[38][39]In the summer of 1944 in New York, Genovese was implicated in the Boccia murder by mobster Ernest \"The Hawk\" Rupolo, a former Genovese associate. Facing a murder conviction, Rupolo had decided to become a government witness.[12]On August 27, 1944, U.S. military police arrested Genovese in Italy during an investigation into his running of a black market ring. It was revealed that Genovese had been stealing trucks, flour, and sugar from the Army. When Agent Orange C. Dickey of the Criminal Investigation Division examined Genovese's background, he discovered that Genovese was a fugitive wanted for the 1934 Boccia killing. However, there was seemingly little interest from the Army or the federal government in pursuing Genovese.[40]After months of frustration, Dickey was finally able to make preparations to ship Genovese back to New York to face trial, but came under increasing pressure. Genovese personally offered Dickey a $250,000 bribe to release him, then threatened Dickey when the offer was refused.[41] Dickey was even instructed by his superiors in the military chain of command to refrain from pursuing Genovese, but refused to be dissuaded.[40]On June 2, 1945, after arriving in New York by ship the day before, Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty.[42] On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey.[43] Earlier, another witness, Peter LaTempa, was found dead in a cell where he had been held in protective custody.Without anyone to corroborate Rupolo's testimony, the government's case collapsed, and the charges against Genovese were dismissed on June 10, 1946. In making his decision, Judge Samuel Leibowitz commented:I cannot speak for the jury, but I believe that if there were even a shred of corroborating evidence, you would have been condemned to the (electric) chair.[44]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willie Moretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Moretti"},{"link_name":"Havana that December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Conference"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village_Crew"},{"link_name":"Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_(mafia)"},{"link_name":"Kefauver Hearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefauver_Hearings"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moretti_buried-46"},{"link_name":"Anna Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Genovese"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wife_suing-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newspapers3-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newspapers3-50"},{"link_name":"Italian lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lottery"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newspapers3-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sifakis_pp._172-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sifakis_pp._172-52"},{"link_name":"Joseph Valachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachi"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valachi_pp.8-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valachi_pp.8-53"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Anastasia crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gambino"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fights-55"},{"link_name":"Vincent Gigante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Gigante"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costello_shot-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt191205-57"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Anthony Strollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Strollo"},{"link_name":"Park Central Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Central_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Pursuit of power","text":"With his release from custody in 1946, Genovese was able to rejoin the Luciano family in New York; however, neither Costello nor his underboss Willie Moretti was willing to return power to him. In 1946, Lansky called a meeting of the heads of the major crime families in Havana that December. The three topics which would come under discussion were the heroin trade, Cuban gambling, and what to do about Bugsy Siegel and the floundering Flamingo Hotel project in Las Vegas. The conference took place at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba and lasted a little more than a week.On December 20, during the conference, Luciano had a private meeting with Genovese in Luciano's hotel suite. Unlike Costello, Luciano had never trusted Genovese. In the meeting, Genovese tried to convince Luciano to become a titular boss of bosses and let Genovese run everything. Luciano calmly rejected Genovese's suggestion:There is no Boss of Bosses. I turned it down in front of everybody. If I ever change my mind, I will take the title. But it won't be up to you. Right now you work for me and I ain't in the mood to retire. Don't you ever let me hear this again, or I'll lose my temper.[45]Genovese was now a capo of his former Greenwich Village Crew. However, on October 4, 1951, Moretti was assassinated by order of the Mafia Commission; the mob bosses were unhappy with his testimony during the Kefauver Hearings, and were worried, with the syphilis now affecting his brain, he might start talking to the press. Costello appointed Genovese as the new underboss.[46]In December 1952, Anna Genovese sued her husband for financial support, and later divorce in 1953, as well as testifying to Vito's involvement in criminal rackets, an unheard-of action by the wife of a mob figure.[47] Two years earlier, she had moved out of the family home in New Jersey.[48][49] She asked the judge for $350 per week.[50] Vito filed a counter-suit for divorce on the grounds of desertion.[50] According to Anna Genovese, Vito Genovese ruled the Italian lottery in New York and New Jersey, bringing in over $1 million per year, owned four Greenwich Village night clubs, a dog track in Virginia, and other legitimate businesses.[51] Both claims were ultimately dismissed in the New Jersey Superior Court appellate division, in 1954.[50] In 1953, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Steven Franse.[52] Genovese had tasked Franse with supervising Anna while he hid in Italy.[52] Outraged over Anna's potential love affairs and her lawsuit against him, Genovese ordered Joseph Valachi to set up Franse's murder.[53] On June 18, 1953, Valachi lured Franse to his restaurant in the Bronx, where Franse was strangled to death by Pasquale Pagano and Fiore Siano (Valachi's nephew).[53]During the mid-1950s, Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the Commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia crime family. Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino, Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia.[54][55]In early 1957, Genovese decided the time to move on Costello had come. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building.[56] Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman, however, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder.[57] Genovese now became boss of what is known as the Genovese crime family and promoted his longtime lieutenant, Anthony Strollo, to underboss.In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed him. Witnesses were unable to identify any of the gunmen, and competing theories exist today as to their identities.[58]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vito_Genovese_1958.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vito_Genovese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luciano crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stefano \"The Undertaker\" Magaddino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Magaddino"},{"link_name":"Joseph Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbara_(mobster)"},{"link_name":"Russell Bufalino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Bufalino"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niagara-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Apalachin, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachin,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"meeting agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"illegal gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_gambling"},{"link_name":"narcotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotics"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ralph-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croswell-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Host-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croswell-65"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mafia-news1-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apalachin_visit-69"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"McClellan Hearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Hearings"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination"},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150_times-41"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-narcotics_plot-71"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-16"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_guilty-72"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Federal Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Federal_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15_years-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jersey_mafia-74"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Selwyn Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwyn_Raab"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-16"},{"link_name":"Anthony Carfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Carfano"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pisano_witnesses-75"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-little_augie-76"},{"link_name":"Anthony Strollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Strollo"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sifakis_38-77"},{"link_name":"Joseph Valachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachi"},{"link_name":"kiss of death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_death_(mafia)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelly-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"bounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(reward)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-held_nation-82"},{"link_name":"Ernest Rupolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rupolo"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Bay"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-body_informer-83"}],"sub_title":"Apalachin meeting and prison","text":"Genovese at the time of his arrest August 2, 1958, in New York CityAnother one of Genovese's mugshotsIn November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. Genovese selected Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member Stefano \"The Undertaker\" Magaddino to organize the meeting; he in turn chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements for it.[59] Cuba was one of the topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the agenda.[60] The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the agenda.[61]On November 14, 1957, powerful mafiosi from the United States and Italy convened at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York.[62][63] The meeting agenda included the resolution of open questions on illegal gambling and narcotics dealing, particularly in the New York City area. State trooper Edgar D. Croswell had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home.[64][65] That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house.[66] When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock.[65] When the mobsters discovered the police presence, they started fleeing the gathering by car and by foot. Many Mafiosi escaped through the woods surrounding the Barbara estate.[67] The police stopped a car driven by Bufalino, whose passengers included Genovese and three other men, at a roadblock as they left the estate; Bufalino said that he had come to visit his sick friend, Barbara.[68] Genovese said he was just there for a barbecue and to discuss business with Barbara. The police let him go.[69]On June 2, 1958, Genovese testified under subpoena in the U.S. Senate McClellan Hearings on organized crime. Genovese refused to answer any questions, citing the Fifth Amendment rights under the U.S. Constitution 150 separate times.[41]Luciano allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal.[70] On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics.[71] The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him.[16] On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws.[72] On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, where he tried to run his crime family from prison.[73][74] In his book, Five Families, longtime New York Times organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab wrote that a number of detectives, lawyers and organized crime experts have questioned the legitimacy of Genovese's conviction. For instance, longtime NYPD detective Ralph Salerno argued that \"anyone who understands the protocol and insulation procedures\" of the Mafia would find it \"almost unbelievable\" that a crime boss would be directly involved in a drug operation.[16]In September 1959, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Anthony Carfano. Angered at the murder attempt on Costello, Carfano had skipped the Apalachin meeting in protest. In response, Genovese decided to murder him.[75] On September 25, 1959, Carfano and a female companion were found shot to death in his Cadillac automobile on a residential street in Jackson Heights, Queens.[76]In April 1962, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Anthony Strollo after concluding that Strollo was part of the plot that put him in prison. On April 8, Strollo left his house to go for a walk and was never seen again. His body was never recovered.[77]In 1962, an alleged murder threat from Genovese propelled mobster Joseph Valachi into the public spotlight. In June, Genovese supposedly accused Valachi, also imprisoned in Atlanta, of being an informer and gave Valachi the kiss of death.[78][79][80] In July, Valachi supposedly mistook another inmate for a mob hitman and killed him. A $100,000 bounty for Valachi's death had been placed by Genovese.[81] After receiving a life sentence for that murder, Valachi decided to become a government witness.[82]On August 24, 1964, Ernest Rupolo's body was recovered from Jamaica Bay, Queens. His killers had attached two concrete blocks to his legs and tied his hands. It was widely assumed that Genovese had ordered Rupolo's murder for testifying against him in the 1944 Boccia murder trial.[83]","title":"Criminal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfkpdwst-84"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genovese_dies-4"},{"link_name":"Saint John Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Cemetery_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"Middle Village, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Village,_Queens"}],"text":"Genovese died of a heart attack at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, on February 14, 1969.[84][4] He is buried in Saint John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Valachi Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valachi_Papers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lino Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino_Ventura"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valachi_papers-85"},{"link_name":"Crazy Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Joe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy_joe-86"},{"link_name":"Bugsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugsy-87"},{"link_name":"Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansky_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Miano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Miano"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lansky-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonanno_story-89"},{"link_name":"Boss of Bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_of_Bosses"},{"link_name":"Steven Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bauer"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boss_bosses-90"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"The Making of the Mob: New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Mob:_New_York"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Mob Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_Town_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Davi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davi"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mob_town-92"},{"link_name":"Alto Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Knights"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"}],"text":"Genovese is portrayed in the 1972 film The Valachi Papers by Lino Ventura.[85]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 1974 film Crazy Joe by Eli Wallach.[86]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 1991 film Bugsy by Don Carrara.[87]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 1999 film Lansky by Robert Miano.[88]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 1999 television movie Bonanno: A Godfather's Story by Emidio Michetti.[89]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 2001 television movie Boss of Bosses by Steven Bauer.[90]\nGenovese features in the sixth episode of UK television channel Yesterday's documentary series Mafia's Greatest Hits.\nGenovese is portrayed in the 2015 television series The Making of the Mob: New York by Craig Thomas Rivela.[91]\nGenovese is portrayed in the 2019 film Mob Town by Robert Davi.[92]\nGenovese is portrayed in the upcoming film Alto Knights by Robert De Niro.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7867-1438-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1438-4"}],"text":"Biography portalLewis, Norman (1978). Naples '44. New York: Carol & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1438-4.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Genovese at the time of his arrest August 2, 1958, in New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Vito_Genovese_1958.jpg/170px-Vito_Genovese_1958.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another one of Genovese's mugshots","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vito_Genovese.jpg/250px-Vito_Genovese.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Dom Frasca (1963). Vito Genovese: King of Crime. Avon Books. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xrOoHAAACAAJ&q=1897","url_text":"Vito Genovese: King of Crime"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021805/https://books.google.com/books?id=xrOoHAAACAAJ&q=1897","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gil Reavill (2013). Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob. Macmillan. ISBN 9781250021106. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps_04cWxKz4C&q=vito+genovese+November+21%2C+1897&pg=PA233","url_text":"Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250021106","url_text":"9781250021106"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021805/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps_04cWxKz4C&q=vito+genovese+November+21%2C+1897&pg=PA233","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grutzner, Charles (February 16, 1959). \"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2011. Vito Genovese's throne, from which he ruled as \"Boss of All Bosses\" of the Mafia in the New York area, rested on the coffins of several predecessors -- in whose murders he is believed to have conspired. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/15/archives/ruled-family-of-450-genovese-dies-in-prison-at-71-boss-of-bosses-of.html?sq=%2522Vito%2520Genovese%2522&scp=6&st=cse","url_text":"\"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626193750/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/15/archives/ruled-family-of-450-genovese-dies-in-prison-at-71-boss-of-bosses-of.html?sq=%2522Vito%2520Genovese%2522&scp=6&st=cse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maas, Peter (2003). The Valachi papers (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. p. 130. ISBN 0-06-050742-X. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mn_uRpQsfrsC&q=%22Genovese+married%22&pg=PA129","url_text":"The Valachi papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050742-X","url_text":"0-06-050742-X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021807/https://books.google.com/books?id=mn_uRpQsfrsC&q=%22Genovese+married%22&pg=PA129","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New York, U.S., Naturalization Records, 1882-1944 for Vito Genovese, Petition No. 256403\". Ancestry.com. Retrieved December 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2499/images/31301_168396-00450?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=9fc31976f935147b036b3535e865ad01&usePUB=true&_phsrc=FGp170&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.255213640.1340933630.1638812427-1576792713.1638812427&pId=4298705","url_text":"\"New York, U.S., Naturalization Records, 1882-1944 for Vito Genovese, Petition No. 256403\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com","url_text":"Ancestry.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Prisoner's Story Breaks 4 Murders by Brooklyn Ring\" (PDF). New York Times. August 9, 1944. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/08/09/87461501.pdf","url_text":"\"Prisoner's Story Breaks 4 Murders by Brooklyn Ring\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163200/https://timesmachine/1944/08/09/87461501.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sifakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3. ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 277. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&q=genovese+reina&pg=PA277","url_text":"The Mafia encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5694-3","url_text":"0-8160-5694-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021145931/https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\" (PDF). New York Times. April 16, 1931. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2011. It took ten years and a lot of shooting to kill Giuseppe Masseria—he was Joe the Boss to the underworld—but his enemies found him with his back turned yesterday in a little Italian restaurant in Coney Island, and when they walked out into","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/04/16/96193033.pdf","url_text":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163201/https://timesmachine/1931/04/16/96193033.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pollak, Michael (June 29, 2012). \"Coney Island's Big Hit\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/nyregion/answer-to-a-question-about-a-mobsters-death-in-coney-island.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Coney Island's Big Hit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023517/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/nyregion/answer-to-a-question-about-a-mobsters-death-in-coney-island.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin A. Gosch; Richard Hammer; Lucky Luciano (1975). The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano. Little, Brown. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-316-32140-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","url_text":"The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","url_text":"130–132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-32140-2","url_text":"978-0-316-32140-2"}]},{"reference":"Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York, N.Y.: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw-Pd-CmoW0C&q=%22Albert+Anastasia%22&pg=PA56","url_text":"Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-109184-7","url_text":"0-06-109184-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021807/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw-Pd-CmoW0C&q=%22Albert+Anastasia%22&pg=PA56","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-375-70547-3. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj1P520aEcoC&q=Genovese+maranzano&pg=PA65","url_text":"Tough Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70547-3","url_text":"0-375-70547-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021808/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj1P520aEcoC&q=Genovese+maranzano&pg=PA65","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Commission's Origins\". The New York Times. 1986. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html","url_text":"\"The Commission's Origins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102922/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abadinsky, Howard (2010). Organized crime (9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-495-59966-1. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UcrWRVykMgEC&q=%22Genovese+married%22&pg=PA97","url_text":"Organized crime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-59966-1","url_text":"978-0-495-59966-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021806/https://books.google.com/books?id=UcrWRVykMgEC&q=%22Genovese+married%22&pg=PA97","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sudol, Valerie (April 23, 2012). \"The Gangster's Garden\". nj. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2012/04/the_gangsters_garden.html","url_text":"\"The Gangster's Garden\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023180035/https://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/2012/04/the_gangsters_garden.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fugitive Miranda Gives Up\" (PDF). New York Times. September 17, 1946. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/09/17/102267077.pdf","url_text":"\"Fugitive Miranda Gives Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMG Aide in Italy Held in Murder Here\" (PDF). New York Times. November 25, 1944. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/11/25/84010077.pdf","url_text":"\"AMG Aide in Italy Held in Murder Here\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luciano Trial Website\". Archived from the original on January 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131202519/http://www.lucianotrial1936.com/codef.html","url_text":"\"Luciano Trial Website\""},{"url":"http://www.lucianotrial1936.com/codef.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucania Sentenced to 30 to 50 Years; Court Warns Ring\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 19, 1936. Retrieved June 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/06/19/93521980.pdf","url_text":"\"Lucania Sentenced to 30 to 50 Years; Court Warns Ring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucania Sentenced to 30 to 50 Years; Court Warns Ring\" (PDF). New York Times. June 19, 1936. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/06/19/93521980.pdf","url_text":"\"Lucania Sentenced to 30 to 50 Years; Court Warns Ring\""}]},{"reference":"Martone, Eric (December 12, 2016). Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9781610699952. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&q=vito+genovese+benito+mussolini+donated&pg=PA96","url_text":"Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610699952","url_text":"9781610699952"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021808/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&q=vito+genovese+benito+mussolini+donated&pg=PA96","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mafia Summit. Gil Reavil. January 22, 2013. ISBN 9781250021106. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps_04cWxKz4C&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA51","url_text":"Mafia Summit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250021106","url_text":"9781250021106"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021839/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps_04cWxKz4C&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA51","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957. Michael Newton. 2012. ISBN 9780786489862. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JSht36wh7BkC&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA60","url_text":"The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786489862","url_text":"9780786489862"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925140239/https://books.google.com/books?id=JSht36wh7BkC&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA60","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Assassin Slays Tresca, Radical, In Fifth Avenue\". New York Times. January 12, 1943.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Franks, Lucinda (February 20, 1977). \"Obscure Gangster Emerging as Mafia Chief in New York\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/02/20/356484032.pdf","url_text":"\"Obscure Gangster Emerging as Mafia Chief in New York\""}]},{"reference":"Loftus, Joseph A. (July 3, 1958). \"Genovese Invokes the Fifth 150 Times in Mafia Study\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/03/83416225.pdf","url_text":"\"Genovese Invokes the Fifth 150 Times in Mafia Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genovese Denies Guit\" (PDF). New York Times. June 3, 1945. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/06/03/305170302.pdf","url_text":"\"Genovese Denies Guit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gang-Ride Victim Thrown in Brush\" (PDF). New York Times. June 9, 1946. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/06/10/93128831.pdf","url_text":"\"Gang-Ride Victim Thrown in Brush\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genovese is Freed of Murder Charge\" (PDF). New York Times. June 11, 1946. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/06/11/100998990.pdf","url_text":"\"Genovese is Freed of Murder Charge\""}]},{"reference":"Conklin, William R. (October 9, 1951). \"Moretti is Buried in Gangster Style\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/10/09/87326536.pdf","url_text":"\"Moretti is Buried in Gangster Style\""}]},{"reference":"\"1953-Anna Genovese testifies against husband Vito\". February 23, 1969. p. 131. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=25988311&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjE0MDEyMTg2NywiaWF0IjoxNTcxODU1NjA2LCJleHAiOjE1NzE5NDIwMDZ9.jUXByDfX773ZMKWSrYEtOS6J2nE3C7udXgO3pkBSyK4","url_text":"\"1953-Anna Genovese testifies against husband Vito\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023110654/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=25988311&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjE0MDEyMTg2NywiaWF0IjoxNTcxODU1NjA2LCJleHAiOjE1NzE5NDIwMDZ9.jUXByDfX773ZMKWSrYEtOS6J2nE3C7udXgO3pkBSyK4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wife Suing Genovese\" (PDF). New York Times. December 10, 1952. Retrieved January 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/10/84376796.pdf","url_text":"\"Wife Suing Genovese\""}]},{"reference":"\"1954-Vito Genovese faces divorce and deportation case\". Asbury Park Press. January 28, 1954. p. 17. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8339647/1954vito_genovese_faces_divorce_and/","url_text":"\"1954-Vito Genovese faces divorce and deportation case\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023180038/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8339647/1954vito_genovese_faces_divorce_and/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Higher court upholds ruling on Genovese\". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, New Jersey. January 28, 1954. p. 17. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8339647/1954vito_genovese_faces_divorce_and/","url_text":"\"Higher court upholds ruling on Genovese\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023180038/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8339647/1954vito_genovese_faces_divorce_and/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fred J. Cook (1966). \"The secret rulers: criminal syndicates and how they control the U.S. underworld\". Duell, Sloan & Pearce. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_J._Cook","url_text":"Fred J. Cook"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zyQiAAAAMAAJ&q=lottery","url_text":"\"The secret rulers: criminal syndicates and how they control the U.S. underworld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=zyQiAAAAMAAJ&q=lottery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McHugh, Ray (August 26, 1963). \"Federal Attack, Internal Fights Trouble Crime Clan\". Lodi News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. 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Croswell, 77, Sergeant Who Upset '57 Mob Meeting, Dies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315024332/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/21/obituaries/edgar-d-croswell-77-sergeant-who-upset-57-mob-meeting-dies.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Host To Hoodlum Meet Dies Of Heart Attack\". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. June 18, 1959. p. 7. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OcswAAAAIBAJ&pg=4958,4554355&dq=apalachin+meeting","url_text":"\"Host To Hoodlum Meet Dies Of Heart Attack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210811073059/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OcswAAAAIBAJ&pg=4958,4554355&dq=apalachin+meeting","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United States of America, Appellee, v. Russell A. Bufalino, Ignatius Cannone, Paul C. Castellano, Joseph F. Civello, Frank A. DeSimone, Natale Evola, Louis A. Larasso, Carmine Lombardozzi, Joseph Magliocco, Frank T. Majuri, Michele Miranda, John C. Montana, John Ormento, James Osticco, Joseph Profaci, Anthony P. Riela, John T. Scalish, Angelo J. Sciandra, Simone Scozzari and Pasquale Turrigiano, Defendants-appellants, 285 F.2d 408 (2d Cir. 1960)\". Justia Law. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/285/408/161203/","url_text":"\"United States of America, Appellee, v. Russell A. Bufalino, Ignatius Cannone, Paul C. Castellano, Joseph F. Civello, Frank A. DeSimone, Natale Evola, Louis A. Larasso, Carmine Lombardozzi, Joseph Magliocco, Frank T. Majuri, Michele Miranda, John C. Montana, John Ormento, James Osticco, Joseph Profaci, Anthony P. Riela, John T. Scalish, Angelo J. Sciandra, Simone Scozzari and Pasquale Turrigiano, Defendants-appellants, 285 F.2d 408 (2d Cir. 1960)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715053459/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/285/408/161203/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perlmutter, Emanuel (June 17, 1959). \"Genovese Depicts Apalchin Visit\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/06/17/80584854.pdf","url_text":"\"Genovese Depicts Apalchin Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. July Indicts Genovese, Gigante, in Narcotics Plot\" (PDF). New York Times. July 8, 1958. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/08/83417186.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. July Indicts Genovese, Gigante, in Narcotics Plot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genovese Guilty in Narcotics Plot\" (PDF). The New York Times. April 4, 1959. 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Sciandra, Simone Scozzari and Pasquale Turrigiano, Defendants-appellants, 285 F.2d 408 (2d Cir. 1960)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715053459/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/285/408/161203/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/06/17/80584854.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genovese Depicts Apalchin Visit\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/08/83417186.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. July Indicts Genovese, Gigante, in Narcotics Plot\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/04/04/91418997.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genovese Guilty in Narcotics Plot\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/04/18/80770381.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Genovese is Given 15 Years in Prison in Narcotics Case\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/12/25/76924531.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jersey Mafia Guided From Prison by Genovese\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/24/105226222.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pisano Witnesses Changing Stories\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/09/26/81502466.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Little Augie Pisano is Slain With Woman in Auto Here\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U0tfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5954,3500619&dq=the+commission+vito+genovese&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Valachi To Tell Of Gang War For Power\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924181836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U0tfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5954,3500619&dq=the+commission+vito+genovese&hl=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WUlujIu-T2oC&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"41"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iNwIGHFhCQ8C&pg=PT201","external_links_name":"188–189"},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/2011/10/09/the-rat-who-started-it-all-for-40-years-joe-valachi-has-been-in-a-lewiston-cemetery-a-quiet-end-for-the-mobster-who-blew-the-lid-off-cosa-nostra-when-he-testified-before-congress-in-1963/","external_links_name":"\"The rat who started it all; For 40 years, Joe Valachi has been in a Lewiston cemetery, a quiet end for the mobster who blew the lid off 'Cosa Nostra' when he testified before Congress in 1963\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191002211335/https://buffalonews.com/2011/10/09/the-rat-who-started-it-all-for-40-years-joe-valachi-has-been-in-a-lewiston-cemetery-a-quiet-end-for-the-mobster-who-blew-the-lid-off-cosa-nostra-when-he-testified-before-congress-in-1963/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/04/04/93612438.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Held Nation in Thrall\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/08/25/106982170.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Body of Informer, Tied to Concrete, Pulled from Bay\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pjVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534%2C2735688","external_links_name":"\"Mafia kingpin dies while serving time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021847/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pjVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534%2C2735688","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068341/","external_links_name":"\"The Valachi Papers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181104004432/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068341/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071369/","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Joe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723054505/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071369/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101516/","external_links_name":"\"Bugsy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200122101134/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101516/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0173974/","external_links_name":"\"Lansky\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190727205544/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0173974/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179804/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"\"Bonanno: A Godfather's Story (TV Movie 1999) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017021902/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179804/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0205782/","external_links_name":"\"Boss of Bosses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412204054/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0205782/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4484722/","external_links_name":"\"The Making of the Mob\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180331042911/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4484722/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8722440","external_links_name":"\"Mob Town\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225080944/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8722440/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://themobmuseum.org/notable_names/vito-genovese/","external_links_name":"The Mob Museum"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/386","external_links_name":"Vito Genovese"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/447203/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63345043","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxmm7Q7fb6kxVvMGgMyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99284550","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b3088v","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/254697208","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninkaanportti	Kuninkaanportti	["1 External links"]	Coordinates: 60°08′24″N 24°59′24″E / 60.140°N 24.990°E / 60.140; 24.990Entrance to Suomenlinna fortress Kuninkaanportti. Kuninkaanportti or Kungsporten (Finnish and Swedish respectively for "the king's gate") is the principal entrance to the fortress Suomenlinna (Swedish: Sveaborg) outside Helsinki. It is on the southernmost island of Suomenlinna, in front of the Kustaanmiekka strait, and is considered the main symbol of Suomenlinna. The gate was constructed from 1753 to 1754 at the place where King Adolf Frederick of Sweden anchored his ship when he was coming to inspect the construction of the fortress. The name "the king's gate" comes from this. The gate is a typical fortress gate with cannon openings. There are wide stairs leading to the gate, but in front of the gate is a drawbridge and a wide pit at both sides, to hinder climbing into the fortress. The gate was featured in the 1000 Finnish mark note in the last series, from 1986 to 2001. Augustin Ehrensvärd's famous inscription. As a decoration, the sides of the gate feature four stone tablets which were written by the designer of the fortress, Augustin Ehrensvärd, in Swedish: Här har konung Fredrik låtit läggs den första sten år 1748 ("Here laid King Frederick the first stone in the year 1748") Och konung Gustaf har lagt den sista sten år .. ("And here laid King Gustav the last stone in the year", the year is left unwritten, because Gustav III never arrived to lay the last stone) Sveaborg som rörer hafvet på den ena sidan och stranden på den andra, giver den kloke herravälde på både haf och land ("Sveaborg (Suomenlinna), which touches the sea on one side and the shore on the other, gives the wise control both on sea and on land.") Ifrån ödemarker äro desse Vargskiärsholmar ombytte till ett Sveaborg. Eftervard, stå här på egen botn, och lita icke på främmande hielp. ("From desolate lands, these Wolf Islands have been transformed into a Sveaborg (Suomenlinna). Progeny, stand here on your own foundation, and do not rely on foreign help.") External links Kuninkaanportti at the Suomenlinna home page Kuninkaanportti at the Finnish ministry of education 60°08′24″N 24°59′24″E / 60.140°N 24.990°E / 60.140; 24.990	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuninkaanportin_laituri.JPG"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Suomenlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomenlinna"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Kustaanmiekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustaanmiekka"},{"link_name":"Adolf Frederick of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"drawbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbridge"},{"link_name":"Finnish mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suomenlinna_inscription_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Augustin Ehrensvärd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Ehrensv%C3%A4rd"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gustav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden"}],"text":"Entrance to Suomenlinna fortressKuninkaanportti.Kuninkaanportti or Kungsporten (Finnish and Swedish respectively for \"the king's gate\") is the principal entrance to the fortress Suomenlinna (Swedish: Sveaborg) outside Helsinki. It is on the southernmost island of Suomenlinna, in front of the Kustaanmiekka strait, and is considered the main symbol of Suomenlinna.The gate was constructed from 1753 to 1754 at the place where King Adolf Frederick of Sweden anchored his ship when he was coming to inspect the construction of the fortress. The name \"the king's gate\" comes from this.The gate is a typical fortress gate with cannon openings. There are wide stairs leading to the gate, but in front of the gate is a drawbridge and a wide pit at both sides, to hinder climbing into the fortress.The gate was featured in the 1000 Finnish mark note in the last series, from 1986 to 2001.Augustin Ehrensvärd's famous inscription.As a decoration, the sides of the gate feature four stone tablets which were written by the designer of the fortress, Augustin Ehrensvärd, in Swedish:Här har konung Fredrik låtit läggs den första sten år 1748 (\"Here laid King Frederick the first stone in the year 1748\")\nOch konung Gustaf har lagt den sista sten år .. (\"And here laid King Gustav the last stone in the year\", the year is left unwritten, because Gustav III never arrived to lay the last stone)\nSveaborg som rörer hafvet på den ena sidan och stranden på den andra, giver den kloke herravälde på både haf och land (\"Sveaborg (Suomenlinna), which touches the sea on one side and the shore on the other, gives the wise control both on sea and on land.\")\nIfrån ödemarker äro desse Vargskiärsholmar ombytte till ett Sveaborg. Eftervard, stå här på egen botn, och lita icke på främmande hielp. (\"From desolate lands, these Wolf Islands have been transformed into a Sveaborg (Suomenlinna). Progeny, stand here on your own foundation, and do not rely on foreign help.\")","title":"Kuninkaanportti"}]	[{"image_text":"Kuninkaanportti.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kuninkaanportin_laituri.JPG/200px-Kuninkaanportin_laituri.JPG"},{"image_text":"Augustin Ehrensvärd's famous inscription.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Suomenlinna_inscription_2.jpg/200px-Suomenlinna_inscription_2.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuninkaanportti&params=60.140_N_24.990_E_source:fiwiki","external_links_name":"60°08′24″N 24°59′24″E / 60.140°N 24.990°E / 60.140; 24.990"},{"Link":"http://www.suomenlinna.fi/index.php?menuid=36&lang=fin","external_links_name":"Kuninkaanportti at the Suomenlinna home page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132808/http://www.edu.fi/oppimateriaalit/suomenlinna/Finnish/Rasti1/taustaa.htm","external_links_name":"Kuninkaanportti at the Finnish ministry of education"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuninkaanportti&params=60.140_N_24.990_E_source:fiwiki","external_links_name":"60°08′24″N 24°59′24″E / 60.140°N 24.990°E / 60.140; 24.990"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flock-1	Flock-1	["1 Launch","2 Mission","3 References","4 External links"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Flock-1" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) Flock-1Mission typeEarth imagingOperatorPlanet LabsWebsitewww.planet.com/flock1/ Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraft typeCubeSatBusDoveLaunch mass5 kg (11 lb)Dimensions10 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm(3.9 in × 3.9 in × 11.8 in) (3U)Power20 watts Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitInclination51.66° Flock-1 is a CubeSat satellite constellation launched on 9 January 2014. The satellite is built in a CubeSat bus, and each constellation consists of 28 satellites. All instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the spacecraft body, along with triple-folded wings, providing approximately 20 watts at maximal power. Launch Flock-1 constellation was launched from Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0, Wallops Island, on 9 January 2014 by an Antares 120 rocket. The satellites were deployed from the International Space Station (ISS) from 11 February 2014 to 28 February 2014. Another Flock start in January 2015 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Mission The satellite is intended for commercial Earth observation service. For this purpose, each satellite is equipped with a camera capable of 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) ground resolution. Details of intended service by individual satellites were never released publicly and are largely unknown. References Spaceflight portal ^ "Flock-1, -1b, -1c, -1d, -1d', -1e, -1f, -2b, -2e, -2e', -2k, -2p, -3m, -3p, -3p', -3r, -3s, -4a, -4e, -4e', -4p, -4s, -4v, -4x". External links Flock-1 Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine vte← 2013Orbital launches in 20142015 →January GSAT-14 Thaicom 6 CRS Orb-1 (Flock-1 × 28, ArduSat-2, Lituanica SAT-1, LitSat-1, SkyCube, UAPSat-1) TDRS-L February Progress M-22M ABS-2, Athena-Fidus Türksat 4A USA-248 GPM Core, Ginrei, KSAT-2, INVADER, OPUSAT, STARS-II, TeikyoSat-3, ITF-1 March Ekspress AT1, Ekspress AT2 Astra 5B, Amazonas 4A Kosmos 2494 Soyuz TMA-12M Shijian XI-06 April USA-249 / DMSP-5D3 F19 Sentinel-1A IRNSS-1B Progress M-23M Ofek-10 USA-250 EgyptSat 2 SpaceX CRS-3 (KickSat) Luch 5V, KazSat-3 May Kosmos 2495 Ekspress AM4R USA-251 USA-252 Kosmos 2496, Kosmos 2497, Kosmos 2498, Kosmos 2499 ALOS-2, Raijin-2, UNIFORM-1, SOCRATES, SPROUT Eutelsat 3B Soyuz TMA-13M June Kosmos 2500 / GLONASS-M 755 AprizeSat 9, AprizeSat 10, BRITE-Montreal, BRITE-Toronto, BugSat 1, Deimos-2, Hodoyoshi 3, Hodoyoshi 4, KazEOSat 2, Perseus-M1, Perseus-M2, SaudiSat-4, TabletSat-Aurora, UniSat-6 (Lemur-1, Tigrisat), Flock-1c × 11 SPOT 7, CanX-4, CanX-5 July OCO-2 Gonets-M × 3 Meteor-M No.2 O3b × 4 CRS Orb-2 (Flock-1b × 28, TechEdSat-4) Orbcomm-OG2 × 6 Foton-M No.4 Progress M-24M USA-253 / GSSAP 1, USA-254 / GSSAP 2, USA-255 / ANGELS Georges Lemaître ATV August USA-256 AsiaSat 8 Yaogan 20 A, B, C WorldView-3 Gaofen 2, Heweliusz Galileo FOC-1, Galileo FOC-2 September Chuangxin 1-04, Lingqiao AsiaSat 6 Yaogan 21, Tiantuo 2 MEASAT 3b, Optus 10 USA-257 SpaceX CRS-4 Soyuz TMA-14M Olimp-K Shijian XI-07 October Himawari 8 IRNSS-1C ARSAT-1, Intelsat 30 Yaogan 22 Ekspress AM6 Chang'e 5-T1, 4M Shijian 11-08 Cygnus CRS Orb-3† (Arkyd-3†, Flock-1d × 26†) Progress M-25M USA-258 / GPS IIF 8 Meridian 7 November Sasuke, Hodoyoshi 1, Kinshachi 1, Tsukushi, TSUBAME Yaogan 23 Yaogan 24 Kuaizhou 2 Soyuz TMA-15M Kosmos 2501 December Hayabusa2, PROCYON, Shinen 2, DESPATCH Orion EFT-1 DirecTV-14, GSAT-16 CBERS-4 Yaogan 25 A, B, C USA-259 Yamal-401 O3b × 4 (FM9 to FM12) Kondor-E No.2 IPM Kosmos 2502 Resurs-P No.2 Yaogan 26 Astra 2G Fengyun 2-08 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses). This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CubeSat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat"},{"link_name":"satellite constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_constellation"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"CubeSat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat"},{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"}],"text":"Flock-1 is a CubeSat satellite constellation launched on 9 January 2014. The satellite is built in a CubeSat bus, and each constellation consists of 28 satellites.\nAll instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the spacecraft body, along with triple-folded wings, providing approximately 20 watts at maximal power.","title":"Flock-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport_Launch_Pad_0"},{"link_name":"Wallops Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Island"},{"link_name":"Antares 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Falcon 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"}],"text":"Flock-1 constellation was launched from Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0, Wallops Island, on 9 January 2014 by an Antares 120 rocket. The satellites were deployed from the International Space Station (ISS) from 11 February 2014 to 28 February 2014.[1]Another Flock start in January 2015 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle.","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth observation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation"}],"text":"The satellite is intended for commercial Earth observation service. For this purpose, each satellite is equipped with a camera capable of 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) ground resolution. Details of intended service by individual satellites were never released publicly and are largely unknown.","title":"Mission"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Flock-1, -1b, -1c, -1d, -1d', -1e, -1f, -2b, -2e, -2e', -2k, -2p, -3m, -3p, -3p', -3r, -3s, -4a, -4e, -4e', -4p, -4s, -4v, -4x\".","urls":[{"url":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/flock-1.htm","url_text":"\"Flock-1, -1b, -1c, -1d, -1d', -1e, -1f, -2b, -2e, -2e', -2k, -2p, -3m, -3p, -3p', -3r, -3s, -4a, -4e, -4e', -4p, -4s, -4v, -4x\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flock-1&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flock-1%22","external_links_name":"\"Flock-1\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flock-1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flock-1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flock-1%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flock-1%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flock-1%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.planet.com/flock1/","external_links_name":"www.planet.com/flock1/"},{"Link":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/flock-1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Flock-1, -1b, -1c, -1d, -1d', -1e, -1f, -2b, -2e, -2e', -2k, -2p, -3m, -3p, -3p', -3r, -3s, -4a, -4e, -4e', -4p, -4s, -4v, -4x\""},{"Link":"https://www.planet.com/flock1/","external_links_name":"Flock-1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430025341/https://www.planet.com/flock1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flock-1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Grey	Johnny Grey	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Early kitchen design","2.2 Johnny Grey Studios","2.3 Design innovations","3 Author","4 Education and teaching","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	British architect (born 1951) For other uses and other people with similar names, see John Grey (disambiguation) and Johnny Gray (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains paid contributions. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Johnny Grey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Johnny Grey (born 1951) is a British interior designer, author and educator, known for his work in kitchen design. Early life and education Grey studied architecture at the Architectural Association from 1970 to 1976 (AA Dip Arch), with tutors Jeremy Dixon and Mike Gold. One of the first kitchens he designed was for the food writer Elizabeth David, his aunt. Career Early kitchen design Whilst studying architecture, Grey focused on craft aspects of historic buildings. He also dealt in and restored 18th-century furniture alongside his brother. After graduating, he made furniture and kitchens in his family's barn in Sussex. His career took off after the publication of a Sunday Times article in 1980, titled "Why this Awful Fixation with Fitted Kitchens?". Johnny Grey Studios This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Johnny Grey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Grey ran a showroom and studio at the San Francisco Design Center from 1990 to 1997. Over thirty projects by Johnny Grey Studios have been installed across the country, including showcase houses in San Francisco and New York. With a focus now on socially aware design projects for corporate and charitable organizations, Grey is currently working with the 4G Kitchen Consortium and the National Innovation Centre for Ageing (NICA) and Newcastle University. Design innovations In the late 1970s Grey adapted the end-grain butchers’ block for domestic use, incorporating it into a piece of furniture, often with a drawer or two. He launched the Unfitted Kitchen concept in 1984. Made from freestanding furniture, this was an unorthodox idea for its time. The now-widespread use of willow baskets as drawers has been attributed to Grey's Unfitted Kitchen concept. Willow baskets in cabinetry were registered for copyright by Grey jointly with Smallbone in 1987, though Mark Wilkinson objected that basketry can be traced to historical African applications. Grey includes a central island in his designs wherever possible. Grey incorporated Alexander Technique theory in kitchen design, with individually customized dimensions for counter tops and sink and dishwasher placement. Dedicated work surfaces, or task-driven areas, further this approach. Low-level counters for smaller appliances (and children's cooking) and raised-height dishwashers are now widespread in kitchens. 'Soft Geometry' describes Grey's move towards curved furniture inspired by the relationship between peripheral vision and body movement. In the mid 2000s, his meeting with neuroscientist and sociologist John Zeisel focused on making kitchens into 'happy spaces'. 'The living room in which you cook' (2014) restricts the culinary zone to leave room for other sociable activities. Eye contact as key to design was another neuroscience-inspired idea, alongside the identification of each kitchen's 'sweet spot' as the location for a key piece of furniture such as the central island. Author Grey's first book The Art of Kitchen Design, published in 1994, includes the social history of the kitchen. In 1997 Cassell published The Hardworking House, a collection of essays on the history of home design. In 1997 The Kitchen Workbook was also published in a series of home design books for Dorling Kindersley, later incorporated into DK’s The Complete Home Design Workbook (1998). Grey's Kitchen Culture was published in 2004 with English, American, Russian and Asian editions. Education and teaching In 2012 Grey became Visiting Professor of Design and Kitchen Culture at Buckinghamshire New University. He resigned from the university in October 2020. In 2017, Grey collaborated with Sevra Davis, director of education at the Royal Society of Arts, and Professor Peter Gore and Patrick Bonnet from the National Innovation Centre for Ageing in Newcastle, to extend accessible design education into kitchen design and assist with changing the language of disability and ageing design to focus on multi-generational design. They developed the Student Design Challenge: Eat, Share, Live. Awards In September 2021, Grey was awarded a Special Achievement Award at the Kbbreview Retail & Design Awards. References ^ KOENENN, CONNIE (8 June 2000). "'Unfitted' Kitchens Create Home Around the Range". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Nooks for cooks". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "The Hoosier Cabinet in Kitchen History". Indiana University Press. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Meet Johnny Grey". ELLE Decor. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ KOENENN, CONNIE (8 June 2000). "How to 'Unfit'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Five questions for: Johnny Grey". Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ The center of the home: The kitchen island, retrieved 20 February 2017 ^ Salant, Katherine. "Katherine Salant: Room-by-Room - Kitchen". www.katherinesalant.com. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Johnny Grey's top 10 tips for kitchen design". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "A modern country kitchen - Country - Kitchen - Hampshire - by Johnny Grey Studios". Houzz. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ a b Salant, Katherine (11 April 2009). "Kitchens Where Every Last Detail Is Weighed and Measured". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ parts, KATHERINE SALANT Correspondent / Second of two. "Well-designed kitchen is welcoming for kids". Sarasota Herald. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ Landis, Dylan (2 December 1993). "'Soft Geometry' In Kitchen Design". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Kitchen of the Week: Sinuous Curves in an Unusual Kitchen Design". Houzz. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Johnny Grey: Intelligent design - Arkitexture". Arkitexture. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "'Happy space' the final frontier of design". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ Wilkinson, Tara Loader (3 December 2010). "A Kitchen to Comfort Your Soul". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Adare Manor five-bed with a Johnny Grey kitchen for €2.1m". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Interiors: Don't worry, be happy; In association with smart newhomes.com Adding colour and curves to your home can lift your spirits. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "How to plan a kitchen". Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Who won at the kbbreview Retail & Design Awards 2021?". 15 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Grey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Gray (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Gray_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"For other uses and other people with similar names, see John Grey (disambiguation) and Johnny Gray (disambiguation).Johnny Grey (born 1951) is a British interior designer, author and educator, known for his work in kitchen design.","title":"Johnny Grey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremy Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Dixon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Grey studied architecture at the Architectural Association from 1970 to 1976 (AA Dip Arch), with tutors Jeremy Dixon and Mike Gold.[citation needed] One of the first kitchens he designed was for the food writer Elizabeth David, his aunt.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Early kitchen design","text":"Whilst studying architecture, Grey focused on craft aspects of historic buildings. He also dealt in and restored 18th-century furniture alongside his brother. After graduating, he made furniture and kitchens in his family's barn in Sussex. His career took off after the publication of a Sunday Times article in 1980, titled \"Why this Awful Fixation with Fitted Kitchens?\".[1][2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"}],"sub_title":"Johnny Grey Studios","text":"Grey ran a showroom and studio at the San Francisco Design Center from 1990 to 1997. Over thirty projects by Johnny Grey Studios have been installed across the country, including showcase houses in San Francisco and New York.With a focus now on socially aware design projects for corporate and charitable organizations, Grey is currently working with the 4G Kitchen Consortium and the National Innovation Centre for Ageing (NICA) and Newcastle University.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wilkinson_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alexander Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Technique"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x13-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x13-11"}],"sub_title":"Design innovations","text":"In the late 1970s Grey adapted the end-grain butchers’ block for domestic use, incorporating it into a piece of furniture, often with a drawer or two. He launched the Unfitted Kitchen concept in 1984. Made from freestanding furniture, this was an unorthodox idea for its time.[3][4][5] The now-widespread use of willow baskets as drawers has been attributed to Grey's Unfitted Kitchen concept. Willow baskets in cabinetry were registered for copyright by Grey jointly with Smallbone in 1987, though Mark Wilkinson objected that basketry can be traced to historical African applications.[6]Grey includes a central island in his designs wherever possible.[7]Grey incorporated Alexander Technique theory in kitchen design, with individually customized dimensions for counter tops and sink and dishwasher placement.[8] Dedicated work surfaces, or task-driven areas, further this approach.[9][10] Low-level counters for smaller appliances (and children's cooking) and raised-height dishwashers are now widespread in kitchens.[11][12]'Soft Geometry' describes Grey's move towards curved furniture inspired by the relationship between peripheral vision and body movement.[13][14] In the mid 2000s, his meeting with neuroscientist and sociologist John Zeisel focused on making kitchens into 'happy spaces'.[15][16][17] 'The living room in which you cook' (2014) restricts the culinary zone to leave room for other sociable activities.[18] Eye contact as key to design was another neuroscience-inspired idea, alongside the identification of each kitchen's 'sweet spot' as the location for a key piece of furniture such as the central island.[19][20][11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorling Kindersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Grey's first book The Art of Kitchen Design, published in 1994, includes the social history of the kitchen. In 1997 Cassell published The Hardworking House, a collection of essays on the history of home design. In 1997 The Kitchen Workbook was also published in a series of home design books for Dorling Kindersley, later incorporated into DK’s The Complete Home Design Workbook (1998). Grey's Kitchen Culture was published in 2004 with English, American, Russian and Asian editions.[citation needed]","title":"Author"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire New University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2012 Grey became Visiting Professor of Design and Kitchen Culture at Buckinghamshire New University. He resigned from the university in October 2020.[citation needed]In 2017, Grey collaborated with Sevra Davis, director of education at the Royal Society of Arts, and Professor Peter Gore and Patrick Bonnet from the National Innovation Centre for Ageing in Newcastle, to extend accessible design education into kitchen design and assist with changing the language of disability and ageing design to focus on multi-generational design. They developed the Student Design Challenge: Eat, Share, Live.[citation needed]","title":"Education and teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Award_Winners_2021-21"}],"text":"In September 2021, Grey was awarded a Special Achievement Award at the Kbbreview Retail & Design Awards.[21]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"KOENENN, CONNIE (8 June 2000). \"'Unfitted' Kitchens Create Home Around the Range\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube-connected_cycles	Cube-connected cycles	["1 Definition","2 Properties","3 Parallel processing application","4 Notes","5 References"]	Undirected cubic graph derived from a hypercube graph The cube-connected cycles of order 3, arranged geometrically on the vertices of a truncated cube. In graph theory, the cube-connected cycles is an undirected cubic graph, formed by replacing each vertex of a hypercube graph by a cycle. It was introduced by Preparata & Vuillemin (1981) for use as a network topology in parallel computing. Definition The cube-connected cycles of order n (denoted CCCn) can be defined as a graph formed from a set of n2n nodes, indexed by pairs of numbers (x, y) where 0 ≤ x < 2n and 0 ≤ y < n. Each such node is connected to three neighbors: (x, (y + 1) mod n), (x, (y − 1) mod n), and (x ⊕ 2y, y), where "⊕" denotes the bitwise exclusive or operation on binary numbers. This graph can also be interpreted as the result of replacing each vertex of an n-dimensional hypercube graph by an n-vertex cycle. The hypercube graph vertices are indexed by the numbers x, and the positions within each cycle by the numbers y. Properties The cube-connected cycles of order n is the Cayley graph of a group that acts on binary words of length n by rotation and flipping bits of the word. The generators used to form this Cayley graph from the group are the group elements that act by rotating the word one position left, rotating it one position right, or flipping its first bit. Because it is a Cayley graph, it is vertex-transitive: there is a symmetry of the graph mapping any vertex to any other vertex. The diameter of the cube-connected cycles of order n is 2n + ⌊n/2⌋ − 2 for any n ≥ 4; the farthest point from (x, y) is (2n − x − 1, (y + n/2) mod n). Sýkora & Vrťo (1993) showed that the crossing number of CCCn is ((1/20) + o(1)) 4n. According to the Lovász conjecture, the cube-connected cycle graph should always contain a Hamiltonian cycle, and this is now known to be true. More generally, although these graphs are not pancyclic, they contain cycles of all but a bounded number of possible even lengths, and when n is odd they also contain many of the possible odd lengths of cycles. Parallel processing application Cube-connected cycles were investigated by Preparata & Vuillemin (1981), who applied these graphs as the interconnection pattern of a network connecting the processors in a parallel computer. In this application, cube-connected cycles have the connectivity advantages of hypercubes while only requiring three connections per processor. Preparata and Vuillemin showed that a planar layout based on this network has optimal area × time2 complexity for many parallel processing tasks. Notes ^ Akers & Krishnamurthy (1989); Annexstein, Baumslag & Rosenberg (1990). ^ Friš, Havel & Liebl (1997). ^ Germa, Heydemann & Sotteau (1998). References Akers, Sheldon B.; Krishnamurthy, Balakrishnan (1989), "A group-theoretic model for symmetric interconnection networks", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 38 (4): 555–566, doi:10.1109/12.21148. Annexstein, Fred; Baumslag, Marc; Rosenberg, Arnold L. (1990), "Group action graphs and parallel architectures", SIAM Journal on Computing, 19 (3): 544–569, doi:10.1137/0219037. Friš, Ivan; Havel, Ivan; Liebl, Petr (1997), "The diameter of the cube-connected cycles", Information Processing Letters, 61 (3): 157–160, doi:10.1016/S0020-0190(97)00013-6. Germa, Anne; Heydemann, Marie-Claude; Sotteau, Dominique (1998), "Cycles in the cube-connected cycles graph", Discrete Applied Mathematics, 83 (1–3): 135–155, doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(98)80001-2, MR 1622968. Preparata, Franco P.; Vuillemin, Jean (1981), "The cube-connected cycles: a versatile network for parallel computation", Communications of the ACM, 24 (5): 300–309, doi:10.1145/358645.358660, hdl:2142/74219, S2CID 8538576. Sýkora, Ondrej; Vrťo, Imrich (1993), "On crossing numbers of hypercubes and cube connected cycles", BIT Numerical Mathematics, 33 (2): 232–237, doi:10.1007/BF01989746, hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-92E4-9, S2CID 15913153.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cube-connected_cycles.svg"},{"link_name":"truncated cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_cube"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"undirected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undirected_graph"},{"link_name":"cubic graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_graph"},{"link_name":"vertex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"hypercube graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube_graph"},{"link_name":"cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_graph"},{"link_name":"Preparata & Vuillemin (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPreparataVuillemin1981"},{"link_name":"network topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology"},{"link_name":"parallel computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"}],"text":"The cube-connected cycles of order 3, arranged geometrically on the vertices of a truncated cube.In graph theory, the cube-connected cycles is an undirected cubic graph, formed by replacing each vertex of a hypercube graph by a cycle. It was introduced by Preparata & Vuillemin (1981) for use as a network topology in parallel computing.","title":"Cube-connected cycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bitwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation"},{"link_name":"exclusive or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or"}],"text":"The cube-connected cycles of order n (denoted CCCn) can be defined as a graph formed from a set of n2n nodes, indexed by pairs of numbers (x, y) where 0 ≤ x < 2n and 0 ≤ y < n. Each such node is connected to three neighbors: (x, (y + 1) mod n), (x, (y − 1) mod n), and (x ⊕ 2y, y), where \"⊕\" denotes the bitwise exclusive or operation on binary numbers.This graph can also be interpreted as the result of replacing each vertex of an n-dimensional hypercube graph by an n-vertex cycle. The hypercube graph vertices are indexed by the numbers x, and the positions within each cycle by the numbers y.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayley graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_shift"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vertex-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sýkora & Vrťo (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFS%C3%BDkoraVr%C5%A5o1993"},{"link_name":"crossing number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_number_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"Lovász conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C3%A1sz_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_cycle"},{"link_name":"pancyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancyclic_graph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The cube-connected cycles of order n is the Cayley graph of a \ngroup that acts on binary words of length n by rotation and flipping bits of the word.[1] The generators used to form this Cayley graph from the group are the group elements that act by rotating the word one position left, rotating it one position right, or flipping its first bit. Because it is a Cayley graph, it is vertex-transitive: there is a symmetry of the graph mapping any vertex to any other vertex.The diameter of the cube-connected cycles of order n is 2n + ⌊n/2⌋ − 2 for any n ≥ 4; the farthest point from (x, y) is (2n − x − 1, (y + n/2) mod n).[2] Sýkora & Vrťo (1993) showed that the crossing number of CCCn is ((1/20) + o(1)) 4n.According to the Lovász conjecture, the cube-connected cycle graph should always contain a Hamiltonian cycle, and this is now known to be true. More generally, although these graphs are not pancyclic, they contain cycles of all but a bounded number of possible even lengths, and when n is odd they also contain many of the possible odd lengths of cycles.[3]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preparata & Vuillemin (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPreparataVuillemin1981"},{"link_name":"interconnection pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking"},{"link_name":"parallel computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"}],"text":"Cube-connected cycles were investigated by Preparata & Vuillemin (1981), who applied these graphs as the interconnection pattern of a network connecting the processors in a parallel computer. In this application, cube-connected cycles have the connectivity advantages of hypercubes while only requiring three connections per processor. Preparata and Vuillemin showed that a planar layout based on this network has optimal area × time2 complexity for many parallel processing tasks.","title":"Parallel processing application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Akers & Krishnamurthy (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAkersKrishnamurthy1989"},{"link_name":"Annexstein, Baumslag & Rosenberg (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnnexsteinBaumslagRosenberg1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Friš, Havel & Liebl (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFri%C5%A1HavelLiebl1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Germa, Heydemann & Sotteau (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGermaHeydemannSotteau1998"}],"text":"^ Akers & Krishnamurthy (1989); Annexstein, Baumslag & Rosenberg (1990).\n\n^ Friš, Havel & Liebl (1997).\n\n^ Germa, Heydemann & Sotteau (1998).","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The cube-connected cycles of order 3, arranged geometrically on the vertices of a truncated cube.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cube-connected_cycles.svg/300px-Cube-connected_cycles.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Akers, Sheldon B.; Krishnamurthy, Balakrishnan (1989), \"A group-theoretic model for symmetric interconnection networks\", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 38 (4): 555–566, doi:10.1109/12.21148","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F12.21148","url_text":"10.1109/12.21148"}]},{"reference":"Annexstein, Fred; Baumslag, Marc; Rosenberg, Arnold L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_M._Chu	Jon M. Chu	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Upcoming projects","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Films","4.2 Short films","4.3 Documentary films","4.4 Television","5 References","6 External links"]	American filmmaker (born 1979) "Jon Chu" redirects here. For other people with similar names, see Jonathan Chu (disambiguation). Jon M. ChuChu in March 2013BornJonathan Murray Chu (1979-11-02) November 2, 1979 (age 44)Palo Alto, California, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Southern California (BFA)OccupationsFilm directorfilm producerscreenwriterYears active2001–presentSpouse Kristin Hodge (m. 2018)Children2 Jonathan Murray Chu (born November 2, 1979) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known as the director of 2018's Crazy Rich Asians, the first film by a major Hollywood studio to feature a majority cast of Asian descent in a modern setting since The Joy Luck Club in 1993. The films that he has directed often include musical elements, including the dance films Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) and Step Up 3D (2010), musicals Jem and the Holograms (2015) and In the Heights (2021), and the live concert films Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) and Justin Bieber's Believe (2013). Chu is an alumnus of the USC School of Cinematic Arts. Early life Chu was born in Palo Alto, California and grew up in nearby Los Altos. He attended Pinewood School from kindergarten through 12th grade. Chu is the youngest of five children. He began making movies in fifth grade, when his mother gifted him a video camera to document their family vacations. Chu instead began making home movies starring his siblings. His mother, Ruth Chu, was born in Taiwan; his father, Lawrence Chu, was born in Sichuan. His family owns the restaurant Chef Chu's. Chu obtained a BFA in Film & Television Production from University of Southern California in 2003, where he was a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. He won the Princess Grace Award, the Kodak Student Filmmaker Award, the Dore Schary Award presented by the Anti-Defamation League, the Jack Nicholson directing award, and was recognized as an honoree for the IFP/West program Project: Involve. Career After making his student short, When the Kids Are Away, Chu was signed to William Morris Agency and attached to several high-profile projects. Chu was hired by Sony Pictures to direct their feature Bye Bye Birdie, but Sony never green lit the film due to budget concerns. Sony re-hired Chu to direct their updated version of The Great Gatsby, which did not pan out as the project was purchased by Warner Bros. Pictures for their 2013 film. He is in a dance crew called AC/DC or Adam/Chu Dance crew. In an interview, Chu addressed a question he is often asked, "Why do all of your films have dance?" He responded, "I don't know why. It seems so obvious. But there's something about the dancers that motivate me the most. I don't know if it's just dance, but I do think that the dancers are amazing artists, and every time I meet a new dancer, that triggers something in my brain, and I'm more creative than I could ever be. When I feel that creativity burst, I go with it." In 2013, Chu was awarded the Visionary Award by East West Players (EWP), the longest-running theater of color in the United States, for his contributions to the Asian Pacific American (APA) community. In an online Q&A, Chu revealed that he had attended EWP's productions as a child and was excited "to push boundaries with them in the future." In 2013, Chu directed a pre-flight safety video for Virgin America. The video was structured like a musical number that incorporated multiple styles and high-energy dance. The video was played before flights through 2018, when Virgin America was folded into Alaska Airlines. Chu directed Crazy Rich Asians, which was the highest-grossing film over the August 17, 2018 weekend, earned over $35M at the US box office during its first five days, and received a 93% rating from Rotten Tomatoes. Within a week of the film's release, Variety reported that a sequel was already in development by Warner Bros. with Chu scheduled to direct. Director Chu is part of Rachel Chu's family in the book, as a distant cousin. Chu directed In the Heights, based on the Broadway musical of the same name for Warner Bros. Pictures. It was previously set for a June 26, 2020 release, though it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was released on June 10, 2021. In October 2020, it was announced that Chu would be directing the pilot for the Disney+ series Willow, based on the film of the same name, with Warwick Davis returning as the title character. The following month, Chu entered talks with Disney to direct a live-action adaptation of Lilo & Stitch, which he ultimately passed on due to other obligations. In January 2021, Chu left directorial duties on Willow due to production delays and personal reasons with the birth of his next child. The following month, it was announced that Chu would direct the two-part film adaptation of Wicked for Universal Pictures, with both parts set for November 2024 and 2025 releases. Upcoming projects Chu will direct an adaptation of Dr. Seuss's Oh, The Places You'll Go!, produced by the Warner Animation Group alongside Dr. Seuss Enterprises and Bad Robot Productions. In March 2022, it was announced that Chu would be producing (and possibly directing) an animated film based on the children’s modeling compound Play-Doh. It will be produced by Entertainment One and Hasbro. In April 2023, it was revealed that Chu will direct and co-produce a feature film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, a passion project he had been hoping to make for some time, for Amazon MGM Studios and the Really Useful Group. It will be produced by Scott Sanders and Mara Jacobs, reuniting with Chu after working with him on In the Heights. Personal life Chu is married to Kristin Hodge. Their daughter, Willow Chu, was born in 2017; she is named after the 1988 fantasy film Willow. Their son, Jonathan Heights Chu, was born in 2019. His middle name comes from the film, In the Heights, which Chu was in the middle of directing at the time. Filmography Films Year Title Director Producer 2008 Step Up 2: The Streets Yes No 2010 Step Up 3D Yes No 2013 G.I. Joe: Retaliation Yes No 2015 Jem and the Holograms Yes Yes 2016 Now You See Me 2 Yes No 2018 Crazy Rich Asians Yes No 2021 In the Heights Yes No 2024 Wicked Yes No 2025 Wicked Part Two Yes No 2027 Oh, the Places You'll Go! Yes No Producer Dance Camp (2016) Step Up: Year of the Dance (2019) Executive producer Step Up: Revolution (2012) Step Up: All In (2014) Short films Year Title Director ExecutiveProducer Writer Notes 2001 Silent Beats Yes Yes Yes Also sound and production designer 2002 When the Kids Are Away Yes Yes Yes Gwai Lo: The Little Foreigner Yes Yes Yes Documentary films Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) Justin Bieber's Believe (2013) Television Year Title Director ExecutiveProducer Writer Notes 2010–2011 The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers Yes Yes Yes Creator;Also editor 2019 Ken Jeong: You Complete Me, Ho Yes Yes No TV special 2019–present Good Trouble Yes Yes No Pilot 2020–present Home Before Dark Yes Yes No 2022 Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration No Yes No TV special 2023 The Company You Keep No Yes No References ^ Chu, Jon M. (November 2, 2014). "Please dont wish me a happy 35th birthday today! Just help me reach my goal by..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-22 – via Twitter. ^ Ho, Karen K. (August 15, 2018). "'Crazy Rich Asians' Is Going to Change Hollywood. It's About Time". Time. Retrieved 2020-05-05. ^ "Pinewood Alum Jon Chu Debuts in Movie Theaters Everywhere". Pinewood School. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ a b "USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03". Retrieved 2019-11-14. ^ "USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03". Retrieved 2021-09-23. ^ Yamato, Jen (August 10, 2018). "'Crazy Rich Asians': Director Jon M. Chu hopes to inspire other storytellers, open Hollywood's doors". Los Angeles Times. My mom's from Taiwan. My dad's from mainland China. They came over when they were 19, 20 years old. ^ Yang, Jeff (September 10, 2018). "The legendary Silicon Valley restaurant behind Crazy Rich Asians". Inkstone News. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ "Lawrence Chu and Chef Chu's – Los Altos, CA". Great Chefs. ^ "'Crazy Rich Asians' director grew up around dad's world-famous Bay Area Chinese restaurant". 3 August 2018. ^ "'The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers' Creator Jon M. Chu to Receive Pioneer Prize at International Digital Emmy® Awards at MIPTV 2011". www.businesswire.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2021-09-23. ^ Halbfinger, David (February 18, 2008). "Director's Reward: A Second First Chance". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2010. ^ Close, Jordan (2010-09-15). "Filmmaker "Born from a Boombox": An interview with Jon M. Chu". Asia Pacific Arts. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-09-22. ^ "Jon M. Chu \| East West Players tells all". Retrieved 2019-07-23. ^ Graser, Marc (29 October 2013). "Virgin America Turns Pre-Flight Safety Videos into Entertainment". Variety. Retrieved 18 October 2023. ^ McClintock, Pamela (19 August 2018). "Weekend Box Office: 'Crazy Rich Asians' Wins With $26.5M for $35M Five-Day Launch". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 August 2018. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (2018-08-22). "'Crazy Rich Asians' Sequel in Works With Jon M. Chu to Direct". Variety. Retrieved 2018-08-22. ^ Guerrasio, Jason (15 August 2018). "How the director of 'Crazy Rich Asians' found redemption after a string of uninspiring studio movies". Business Insider. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 21, 2020). "'In The Heights' Dances Into Summer 2021". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 21, 2020. ^ McNary, Dave (June 7, 2018). "Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Sets Summer 2020 Release". Variety. Retrieved January 2, 2019. ^ Galuppo, Mia (May 17, 2018). "Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Lands at Warner Bros". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 2, 2019. ^ Galuppo, Mia (March 24, 2020). "Warner Bros. Delays Release of 'In the Heights,' 'Scoob!' Due to Coronavirus". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2020. ^ "Jon M Chu To Direct Lucasfilm's Willow Series for Disney". Lucasfilm. October 20, 2020. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020. ^ Thorne, Will (2020-10-20). "'Willow' Sequel Series Officially a Go at Disney Plus, Jon M. Chu to Direct". Variety. Retrieved 2020-10-20. ^ Kit, Borys (November 13, 2020). Jon M. Chu in Talks to Direct Live-Action 'Lilo & Stitch' Movie (Exclusive). Retrieved November 13, 2020. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Ridgely, Charlie. "Jon M. Chu Steps Away From Directing Disney's Willow". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2021-01-11. ^ Galuppo, Mia (February 2, 2021). "Jon M. Chu Set to Direct 'Wicked' Musical". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 2, 2021. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 26, 2022). "Universal Releasing 'Wicked' Musical In Two Parts". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2022. ^ "Jon M. Chu Tapped To Direct Adaptation of Dr. Seuss' 'Oh, The Places You'll Go!' For Warner Bros Animation Group And Dr. Seuss Enterprises; Bad Robot Producing". Deadline. 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ Jackson, Angelique (2022-03-17). "Play-Doh Animated Movie in the Works from Emily V. Gordon and Jon M. Chu". Variety. Retrieved 2022-03-19. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2022-03-17). "'Play-Doh': Emily V. Gordon To Write, Jon M. Chu Circling To Direct Animated Pic For eOne & Hasbro About Colorful Clay". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-03-19. ^ "'Wicked' Filmmaker Jon M. Chu to Direct Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' for Amazon Studios". 12 April 2023. ^ Barsanti, Sam (October 20, 2020). "Disney+ orders Willow sequel series from Jon M. Chu, with Warwick Davis returning". Yahoo Sports. The AV Club. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020. ^ D'Zurilla, Christie (January 6, 2020). "'Crazy Rich Asians' director has the sweetest reaction to Awkwafina's Globes win". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2020. External links Jon M. Chu at IMDb Jon M. Chu on X Jon M. Chu on Facebook vteFilms directed by Jon M. Chu Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) Step Up 3D (2010) Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) Justin Bieber's Believe (2013) Jem and the Holograms (2015) Now You See Me 2 (2016) Crazy Rich Asians (2018) In the Heights (2021) Wicked (2024) Wicked Part Two (2025) vteHip hop danceHistory of hip hop dancePrimary influences Breaking Locking Popping Derivative styles Krumping Jerkin' Turfing Memphis Jookin' Lyrical hip-hop Film Balttle of the Year Beat Street Beat the World Breakin Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo Honey Honey 2 Honey 3: Dare to Dance Battlefield America Step Up Step Up 2: The Streets Step Up 3D Step Up Revolution Step Up: All In Bouncing Cats Planet B-Boy Rize Save the Last Dance Save the Last Dance 2 Feel the Noise StreetDance 3D StreetDance 2 Beat This: A Hip-Hop History Saigon Electric Neukölln Unlimited ABCD: Any Body Can Dance ABCD 2 Make Your Move B-Girl Wild Style You Got Served Television Soul Train The Grind The Party Machine with Nia Peeples Dance Fever Dance 360 The Wade Robson Project America's Best Dance Crew Dance on Sunset Shake It Up Step Up People Jeffrey Daniel Crazy Legs DJ Kool Herc Lil' C Ken Swift James Brown Salah Toni Basil Dave Scott Frosty Freeze Luca Patuelli Darrin Henson Ashley Banjo Hong 10 Mr. Wiggles Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo George Sampson Shane Sparks Mona Berntsen Harry Shum Jr. Laurieann Gibson Detlef Soost Fever One Alyson Stoner Adil Khan Jon M. Chu Haspop Nam Hyun-joon Sofia Boutella Adam G. Sevani Lilou Shaun Evaristo Columbus Short Les Twins Roxrite Lil Buck Akai Osei Cloud Twist and Pulse Sisco Gomez Shantanu Maheshwari Theater In the Heights Into the Hoods Hamilton Events Breakin' Convention Hip Hop International United Dance Organisation World of Dance Rock the Spot Urban Street Jam UK B-Boy Championships Red Bull BC One Related topics African-American dance Street dance House dance Funk Flexing (dance) Electro dance Hip-hop theater Bounce Streetdance Company So You Think You Can Dance The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers World of Dance The Hip Hop Dance Experience Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Chu (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Chu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Crazy Rich Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film)"},{"link_name":"major Hollywood studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studio"},{"link_name":"The Joy Luck Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_Luck_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Step Up 2: The Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up_2:_The_Streets"},{"link_name":"Step Up 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up_3D"},{"link_name":"Jem and the Holograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_and_the_Holograms_(film)"},{"link_name":"In the Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heights_(film)"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber: Never Say Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber:_Never_Say_Never"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber's Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber%27s_Believe"},{"link_name":"USC School of Cinematic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_School_of_Cinematic_Arts"}],"text":"\"Jon Chu\" redirects here. For other people with similar names, see Jonathan Chu (disambiguation).Jonathan Murray Chu (born November 2, 1979)[1] is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known as the director of 2018's Crazy Rich Asians, the first film by a major Hollywood studio to feature a majority cast of Asian descent in a modern setting since The Joy Luck Club in 1993.[2]The films that he has directed often include musical elements, including the dance films Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) and Step Up 3D (2010), musicals Jem and the Holograms (2015) and In the Heights (2021), and the live concert films Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) and Justin Bieber's Believe (2013). Chu is an alumnus of the USC School of Cinematic Arts.","title":"Jon M. Chu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Altos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California"},{"link_name":"Pinewood School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_School,_Los_Altos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Sigma Phi Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"Princess Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Grace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dore Schary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dore_Schary"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chu was born in Palo Alto, California and grew up in nearby Los Altos. He attended Pinewood School from kindergarten through 12th grade.[3]\nChu is the youngest of five children.[4] He began making movies in fifth grade, when his mother gifted him a video camera to document their family vacations. Chu instead began making home movies starring his siblings.[5]His mother, Ruth Chu, was born in Taiwan; his father, Lawrence Chu, was born in Sichuan.[6][7][8] His family owns the restaurant Chef Chu's.[9]Chu obtained a BFA in Film & Television Production from University of Southern California in 2003,[4] where he was a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. He won the Princess Grace Award, the Kodak Student Filmmaker Award,[10] the Dore Schary Award presented by the Anti-Defamation League, the Jack Nicholson directing award, and was recognized as an honoree for the IFP/West program Project: Involve.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Morris Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris_Agency"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Great Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"2013 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"East West Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Players"},{"link_name":"Asian Pacific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Virgin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Crazy Rich Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"in the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI-2018-08-15-17"},{"link_name":"In the Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heights_(film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway musical of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heights"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heights_2020-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeightsDirect-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"Willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"the film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Warwick Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Davis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"live-action adaptation of Lilo & Stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch_(upcoming_film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"After making his student short, When the Kids Are Away, Chu was signed to William Morris Agency and attached to several high-profile projects. Chu was hired by Sony Pictures to direct their feature Bye Bye Birdie, but Sony never green lit the film due to budget concerns. Sony re-hired Chu to direct their updated version of The Great Gatsby,[11] which did not pan out as the project was purchased by Warner Bros. Pictures for their 2013 film.He is in a dance crew called AC/DC or Adam/Chu Dance crew. In an interview, Chu addressed a question he is often asked, \"Why do all of your films have dance?\" He responded, \"I don't know why. It seems so obvious. But there's something about the dancers that motivate me the most. I don't know if it's just dance, but I do think that the dancers are amazing artists, and every time I meet a new dancer, that triggers something in my brain, and I'm more creative than I could ever be. When I feel that creativity burst, I go with it.\"[12]In 2013, Chu was awarded the Visionary Award by East West Players (EWP), the longest-running theater of color in the United States, for his contributions to the Asian Pacific American (APA) community. In an online Q&A, Chu revealed that he had attended EWP's productions as a child and was excited \"to push boundaries with them in the future.\"[13]In 2013, Chu directed a pre-flight safety video for Virgin America. The video was structured like a musical number that incorporated multiple styles and high-energy dance.[14] The video was played before flights through 2018, when Virgin America was folded into Alaska Airlines.Chu directed Crazy Rich Asians, which was the highest-grossing film over the August 17, 2018 weekend, earned over $35M at the US box office during its first five days,[15] and received a 93% rating from Rotten Tomatoes. Within a week of the film's release, Variety reported that a sequel was already in development by Warner Bros. with Chu scheduled to direct.[16] Director Chu is part of Rachel Chu's family in the book, as a distant cousin.[17]Chu directed In the Heights, based on the Broadway musical of the same name for Warner Bros. Pictures. It was previously set for a June 26, 2020 release, though it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was released on June 10, 2021.[18][19][20][21]In October 2020, it was announced that Chu would be directing the pilot for the Disney+ series Willow, based on the film of the same name, with Warwick Davis returning as the title character.[22][23] The following month, Chu entered talks with Disney to direct a live-action adaptation of Lilo & Stitch,[24] which he ultimately passed on due to other obligations.In January 2021, Chu left directorial duties on Willow due to production delays and personal reasons with the birth of his next child.[25] The following month, it was announced that Chu would direct the two-part film adaptation of Wicked for Universal Pictures, with both parts set for November 2024 and 2025 releases.[26][27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss"},{"link_name":"Oh, The Places You'll Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_The_Places_You%27ll_Go!"},{"link_name":"Warner Animation Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Animation_Group"},{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Bad Robot Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Robot_Productions"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Play-Doh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-Doh"},{"link_name":"Entertainment One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat"},{"link_name":"Amazon MGM Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios"},{"link_name":"Really Useful Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Really_Useful_Group"},{"link_name":"Scott Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sanders_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Upcoming projects","text":"Chu will direct an adaptation of Dr. Seuss's Oh, The Places You'll Go!, produced by the Warner Animation Group alongside Dr. Seuss Enterprises and Bad Robot Productions.[28]In March 2022, it was announced that Chu would be producing (and possibly directing) an animated film based on the children’s modeling compound Play-Doh. It will be produced by Entertainment One and Hasbro.[29][30]In April 2023, it was revealed that Chu will direct and co-produce a feature film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, a passion project he had been hoping to make for some time, for Amazon MGM Studios and the Really Useful Group. It will be produced by Scott Sanders and Mara Jacobs, reuniting with Chu after working with him on In the Heights.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Chu is married to Kristin Hodge. Their daughter, Willow Chu, was born in 2017; she is named after the 1988 fantasy film Willow.[32] Their son, Jonathan Heights Chu, was born in 2019. His middle name comes from the film, In the Heights, which Chu was in the middle of directing at the time.[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Camp"},{"link_name":"Step Up: Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up:_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Step Up: All In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up:_All_In"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"ProducerDance Camp (2016)\nStep Up: Year of the Dance (2019)Executive producerStep Up: Revolution (2012)\nStep Up: All In (2014)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Bieber: Never Say Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber:_Never_Say_Never"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber's Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber%27s_Believe"}],"sub_title":"Documentary films","text":"Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011)\nJustin Bieber's Believe (2013)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chu, Jon M. [@jonmchu] (November 2, 2014). \"Please dont wish me a happy 35th birthday today! Just help me reach my goal by...\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-22 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/jonmchu/status/528922928629678080","url_text":"\"Please dont wish me a happy 35th birthday today! Just help me reach my goal by...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200423140224/https://twitter.com/jonmchu/status/528922928629678080","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Ho, Karen K. (August 15, 2018). \"'Crazy Rich Asians' Is Going to Change Hollywood. It's About Time\". Time. Retrieved 2020-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/longform/crazy-rich-asians/","url_text":"\"'Crazy Rich Asians' Is Going to Change Hollywood. It's About Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinewood Alum Jon Chu Debuts in Movie Theaters Everywhere\". Pinewood School. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151121170915/http://www.pinewood.edu/page.cfm?p=1059","url_text":"\"Pinewood Alum Jon Chu Debuts in Movie Theaters Everywhere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_School,_Los_Altos","url_text":"Pinewood School"},{"url":"http://www.pinewood.edu/page.cfm?p=1059","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03\". Retrieved 2019-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://alumni.usc.edu/jon-chu-03/","url_text":"\"USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03\""}]},{"reference":"\"USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03\". Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://alumni.usc.edu/jon-chu-03/","url_text":"\"USC Alumni Association \| Jon M. Chu '03\""}]},{"reference":"Yamato, Jen (August 10, 2018). \"'Crazy Rich Asians': Director Jon M. Chu hopes to inspire other storytellers, open Hollywood's doors\". Los Angeles Times. My mom's from Taiwan. My dad's from mainland China. They came over when they were 19, 20 years old.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-crazy-rich-asians-jon-m-chu-20180810-story.html","url_text":"\"'Crazy Rich Asians': Director Jon M. Chu hopes to inspire other storytellers, open Hollywood's doors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Jeff (September 10, 2018). \"The legendary Silicon Valley restaurant behind Crazy Rich Asians\". Inkstone News. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inkstonenews.com/arts/how-silicon-valleys-chef-chus-restaurant-formed-crazy-rich-asians-director-jon-m-chu/article/2163494","url_text":"\"The legendary Silicon Valley restaurant behind Crazy Rich Asians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence Chu and Chef Chu's – Los Altos, CA\". Great Chefs.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatchefs.com/chef/lawrence-chu-chef-techniques/","url_text":"\"Lawrence Chu and Chef Chu's – Los Altos, CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Crazy Rich Asians' director grew up around dad's world-famous Bay Area Chinese restaurant\". 3 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7news.com/crazy-rich-asians-premiere-release-date-cast-trailer/3872887/","url_text":"\"'Crazy Rich Asians' director grew up around dad's world-famous Bay Area Chinese restaurant\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers' Creator Jon M. Chu to Receive Pioneer Prize at International Digital Emmy® Awards at MIPTV 2011\". www.businesswire.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110217006249/en/%E2%80%98The-Legion-of-Extraordinary-Dancers%E2%80%99-Creator-Jon-M.-Chu-to-Receive-Pioneer-Prize-at-International-Digital-Emmy%C2%AE-Awards-at-MIPTV-2011","url_text":"\"'The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers' Creator Jon M. Chu to Receive Pioneer Prize at International Digital Emmy® Awards at MIPTV 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Halbfinger, David (February 18, 2008). \"Director's Reward: A Second First Chance\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/movies/18chu.html","url_text":"\"Director's Reward: A Second First Chance\""}]},{"reference":"Close, Jordan (2010-09-15). \"Filmmaker \"Born from a Boombox\": An interview with Jon M. Chu\". Asia Pacific Arts. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203093430/http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa-filmmaker_born_from_a_boombox_an_interview_with_jon_m_chu_15633.aspx.html","url_text":"\"Filmmaker \"Born from a Boombox\": An interview with Jon M. Chu\""},{"url":"http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa-filmmaker_born_from_a_boombox_an_interview_with_jon_m_chu_15633.aspx.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jon M. Chu \| East West Players tells all\". Retrieved 2019-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://eastwestplayers.wordpress.com/tag/jon-m-chu/","url_text":"\"Jon M. Chu \| East West Players tells all\""}]},{"reference":"Graser, Marc (29 October 2013). \"Virgin America Turns Pre-Flight Safety Videos into Entertainment\". Variety. Retrieved 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/biz/news/virgin-america-jon-chu-safet-dance-1200775515/","url_text":"\"Virgin America Turns Pre-Flight Safety Videos into Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"McClintock, Pamela (19 August 2018). \"Weekend Box Office: 'Crazy Rich Asians' Wins With $26.5M for $35M Five-Day Launch\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-crazy-rich-asians-wins-35-million-debut-weekend-1135824","url_text":"\"Weekend Box Office: 'Crazy Rich Asians' Wins With $26.5M for $35M Five-Day Launch\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Rebecca (2018-08-22). \"'Crazy Rich Asians' Sequel in Works With Jon M. Chu to Direct\". Variety. Retrieved 2018-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/news/crazy-rich-asians-sequel-john-m-chu-1202913633/","url_text":"\"'Crazy Rich Asians' Sequel in Works With Jon M. Chu to Direct\""}]},{"reference":"Guerrasio, Jason (15 August 2018). \"How the director of 'Crazy Rich Asians' found redemption after a string of uninspiring studio movies\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/director-of-crazy-rich-asians-had-to-ignore-his-past-failure-to-make-a-career-defining-movie-2018-8","url_text":"\"How the director of 'Crazy Rich Asians' found redemption after a string of uninspiring studio movies\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 21, 2020). \"'In The Heights' Dances Into Summer 2021\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/in-the-heights-summer-2021-release-date-1202914093/","url_text":"\"'In The Heights' Dances Into Summer 2021\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (June 7, 2018). \"Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Sets Summer 2020 Release\". Variety. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/news/warner-bros-lin-manuel-miranda-in-the-heights-2020-release-1202836105/","url_text":"\"Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Sets Summer 2020 Release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Galuppo, Mia (May 17, 2018). \"Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Lands at Warner Bros\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lin-manuel-mirandas-heights-lands-at-warner-bros-1113008","url_text":"\"Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Lands at Warner Bros\""}]},{"reference":"Galuppo, Mia (March 24, 2020). \"Warner Bros. Delays Release of 'In the Heights,' 'Scoob!' Due to Coronavirus\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-bros-delays-release-heights-scoob-due-coronavirus-1285773","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. 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Chu Set to Direct 'Wicked' Musical\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 26, 2022). \"Universal Releasing 'Wicked' Musical In Two Parts\". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/04/wicked-universal-two-part-release-1235010059/","url_text":"\"Universal Releasing 'Wicked' Musical In Two Parts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jon M. Chu Tapped To Direct Adaptation of Dr. Seuss' 'Oh, The Places You'll Go!' For Warner Bros Animation Group And Dr. Seuss Enterprises; Bad Robot Producing\". Deadline. 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/11/jon-m-chu-dr-seuss-oh-the-places-youll-go-warner-bros-bad-robot-1234871861/","url_text":"\"Jon M. Chu Tapped To Direct Adaptation of Dr. Seuss' 'Oh, The Places You'll Go!' For Warner Bros Animation Group And Dr. Seuss Enterprises; Bad Robot Producing\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Angelique (2022-03-17). \"Play-Doh Animated Movie in the Works from Emily V. Gordon and Jon M. Chu\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_blues	British blues	["1 Origins","2 British rhythm and blues","3 British blues boom","4 Decline","5 Survival and resurgence","6 Significance","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	Derivative form of American blues For the British Blue cat, see British Shorthair. British bluesStylistic originsBluesBritish jazzskiffleelectric bluesrhythm and bluesCultural originsMid-twentieth-century United KingdomDerivative formsBritish acoustic bluesBritish electric bluesFusion genres Blues rock British blues is a form of music derived from American blues that originated in the late 1950s, and reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s. In Britain, blues developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar, and made international stars of several proponents of the genre, including the Rolling Stones, the Animals, the Yardbirds, Eric Clapton, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin. Origins Alexis Korner, often called the father of British blues American blues became known in Britain from the 1930s onwards through a number of routes, including records brought to Britain, particularly by African-American GIs stationed there in the Second World War and Cold War, merchant seamen visiting ports such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Belfast, and through a trickle of (illegal) imports. Blues music was relatively well known to British jazz musicians and fans, particularly in the works of figures like female singers Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith and the blues-influenced boogie-woogie of Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller. From 1955 major British record labels HMV and EMI, the latter, particularly through their subsidiary Decca Records, began to distribute American jazz and increasingly blues records to what was an emerging market. Many encountered blues for the first time through the skiffle craze of the second half of the 1950s, particularly the songs of Lead Belly covered by acts like Lonnie Donegan. As skiffle began to decline in the late 1950s, and British rock and roll began to dominate the charts, a number of skiffle musicians moved towards playing purely blues music. Among these were guitarist and blues harpist Cyril Davies, who ran the London Skiffle Club at the Roundhouse public house in London's Soho, and guitarist Alexis Korner, both of whom worked for jazz band leader Chris Barber, playing in the R&B segment he introduced to his show. The club served as a focal point for British skiffle acts and Barber was responsible for bringing over American folk and blues performers, who found they were much better known and paid in Europe than America. The first major artist was Big Bill Broonzy, who visited England in the mid-1950s, but who, rather than his electric Chicago blues, played a folk blues set to fit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later in the Roundhouse pub, Wardour Street, Soho as the London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and rave reviews. Davies and Korner, having already split with Barber, now plugged in and began to play high-powered electric blues that became the model for the subgenre, forming the band Blues Incorporated. In early 1962, having been ejected from the Roundhouse for being too loud, Korner and Davies moved their club to the venue used by Ealing Jazz Club and on 17 March opened the UK's first regular UK blues night. Blues Incorporated became something of a clearing house for British blues musicians in the later 1950s and early 1960s, with many joining, or sitting in on sessions. These included future Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones; as well as Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker; beside Graham Bond and Long John Baldry. After their success at the Ealing Club, Blues Incorporated were given a residency at the Marquee Club and it was from there that in 1962 they took the name of the first British Blues album, R&B from the Marquee for Decca, but split before its release. The culmination of this first movement of blues came with John Mayall, who moved to London in the early 1960s, eventually forming the Bluesbreakers, whose members at various times included, Jack Bruce, Aynsley Dunbar, Eric Clapton, Peter Green and Mick Taylor. British rhythm and blues Main article: British rhythm and blues While some bands focused on blues artists, particularly those of Chicago electric blues, others adopted a wider interest in rhythm and blues, including the work of Chess Records' blues artists like Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf, but also rock and roll pioneers Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Most successful were the Rolling Stones, who abandoned blues purism before their line-up solidified and they produced their first eponymously titled album in 1964, which largely consisted of rhythm and blues standards. Following in the wake of the Beatles' national and then international success, the Rolling Stones soon established themselves as the second most popular UK band and joined the British Invasion of the American record charts as leaders of a second wave of R&B orientated bands. In addition to Chicago blues numbers, the Rolling Stones covered songs by Chuck Berry and the Valentinos, with the latter's "It's All Over Now" giving them their first UK number one in 1964. Blues songs and influences continued to surface in the Rolling Stones' music, as in their version of "Little Red Rooster", which went to number 1 on the UK singles chart in December 1964. Other London-based bands included the Yardbirds (whose ranks included three key guitarists in Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page), The Kinks (with pioneer songwriter Ray Davies and rock-guitarist Dave Davies), and Manfred Mann (considered to have one of the most authentic sounding vocalists in the scene in Paul Jones) and the Pretty Things, beside the more jazz-influenced acts like the Graham Bond Organisation, Georgie Fame and Zoot Money. Bands to emerge from other major British cities included the Animals from Newcastle (with the keyboards of Alan Price and vocals of Eric Burdon), the Moody Blues and Spencer Davis Group from Birmingham (the latter largely a vehicle for the young Steve Winwood), and Them from Belfast (with their vocalist Van Morrison). None of these bands played exclusively rhythm and blues, often relying on a variety of sources, including Brill Building and girl group songs for their hit singles, but it remained at the core of their early albums. Georgie Fame, a major figure of the British R&B movement, in 1968 The British Mod subculture was musically centred on rhythm and blues and later soul music, performed by artists that were not available in small London clubs around which the scene was based. As a result, a number of mod bands emerged to fill this gap. These included the Small Faces, The Creation, the Action and, most successfully, the Who. The Who's early promotional material tagged them as producing "maximum rhythm and blues", but by about 1966 they moved from attempting to emulate American R&B to producing songs that reflected the Mod lifestyle. Many of these bands were able to enjoy cult and then national success in the UK, but found it difficult to break into the American market. Only the Who managed, after some difficulty, to produce a significant US following, particularly after their appearances at the Monterey Pop Festival (1967) and Woodstock (1969). Because of the very different circumstances from which they came, and in which they played, the rhythm and blues these bands produced was very different in tone from that of African American artists, often with more emphasis on guitars and sometimes with greater energy. They have been criticised for exploiting the massive catalogue of African American music, but it has also been noted that they both popularised that music, bringing it to British, world and in some cases American audiences, and helping to build the reputation of existing and past rhythm and blues artists. Most of these bands rapidly moved on from recording and performing American standards to writing and recording their own music, often leaving their R&B roots behind, but enabling several to enjoy sustained careers that were not open to most of the more pop-oriented beat groups of the first wave of the invasion, who (with the major exception of the Beatles) were unable to write their own material or adapt to changes in the musical climate. British blues boom Peter Green performing with Fleetwood Mac in 1970 The blues boom overlapped, both chronologically and in terms of personnel, with the earlier, wider rhythm and blues phase, which had begun to peter out in the mid-1960s leaving a nucleus of instrumentalists with a wide knowledge of blues forms and techniques, which they would carry into the pursuit of more purist blues interests. Blues Incorporated and Mayall's Bluesbreakers were well known in the London jazz and emerging R&B circuits, but the Bluesbreakers began to gain some national and international attention, particularly after the release of Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings. Produced by Mike Vernon, who later set up the Blue Horizon record label, it was notable for its driving rhythms and Clapton's rapid blues licks with a full distorted sound derived from a Gibson Les Paul and a Marshall amp. This sound became something of a classic combination for British blues (and later rock) guitarists, and also made clear the primacy of the guitar, seen as a distinctive characteristic of the subgenre. Clapton stated, "I spent most of my teens and early twenties studying the blues—the geography of it and the chronology of it, as well as how to play it". Peter Green started what is called "second great epoch of British blues", as he replaced Clapton in the Bluesbreakers after his departure to form Cream. In 1967, after one record with the Bluesbreakers, Green, with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, formed Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac, produced by Mike Vernon on the Blue Horizon label. One key factor in developing the popularity of the music in the UK and across Europe in the early 1960s was the success of the American Folk Blues Festival tours, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and, with a few exceptions, found it difficult to gain any recognition for their "imitations" of the blues in the US. Cream, one of the most influential bands to emerge from the movement, c. 1966 In contrast, the next wave of bands, formed from about 1967, like Cream, Fleetwood Mac, Ten Years After, Savoy Brown, and Free, pursued a different route, retaining blues standards in their repertoire and producing original material that often shied away from obvious pop influences, placing an emphasis on individual virtuosity. The result has been characterised as blues rock and arguably marked the beginnings of a separation of pop and rock music that was to be a feature of the record industry for several decades. Cream is often seen as the first supergroup, combining the talents of Clapton, Bruce and Baker; they have also been seen as one of the first groups to exploit the power trio. Although only together for a little over two years in 1966–1969, they were highly influential and it was in this period that Clapton became an international superstar. Fleetwood Mac are often considered to have produced some of the finest work in the subgenre, with inventive interpretations of Chicago blues. They were also the most commercially successful group, with their eponymous début album reaching the UK top five in early 1968 and as the instrumental "Albatross" reached number one in the single charts in early 1969. This was, as Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz put it, "The commercial apex of the British blues Boom". Free, with the guitar talents of Paul Kossoff, particularly from their self titled second album (1969), produced a stripped down form of blues that would be highly influential on hard rock and later heavy metal. Ten Years After, with guitarist Alvin Lee, formed in 1967, but achieved their breakthrough in 1968 with their live album Undead and in the US with their appearance at Woodstock the next year. Among the last British blues bands to gain mainstream success were Jethro Tull, formed from the amalgamation of two blues bands, the John Evan Band and the Mcgregor's Engine in 1967. Their second album, Stand Up, reached number one in the UK in 1969. Decline Members of Jethro Tull, in 1973, by which time they had already begun to move away from a blues sound British blues entered a rapid decline at the end of 1960s. Surviving bands and musicians tended to move into other expanding areas of rock music. Some, like Jethro Tull, followed bands like the Moody Blues away from 12-bar structures and harmonicas into complex, classical-influenced progressive rock. Some played a loud version of blues rock that became the foundation for hard rock and heavy metal. Led Zeppelin, formed by Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page, on their first two albums, both released in 1969, fused heavy blues and amplified rock to create what has been seen as a watershed in the development of hard rock and nascent heavy metal. Later recordings would mix in elements of folk and mysticism, which would also be a major influence on heavy metal music. Deep Purple developed a sound based on "squeezing and stretching" the blues, and achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, Deep Purple in Rock (1970), which has been seen as one of heavy metal's defining albums. Black Sabbath was the third incarnation of a group that started as the Polka Tulk Blues Band in 1968. Their early work included blues standards, but by the time of their second album Paranoid (1970), they had added elements of modality and the occult that would largely define modern heavy metal. Some, like Korner and Mayall, continued to play a "pure" form of the blues, but largely outside of mainstream notice. The structure of clubs, venues and festivals that had grown up in the early 1950s in Britain virtually disappeared in the 1970s. Survival and resurgence The Blues Band onstage in 2012 Although overshadowed by the growth of rock music the blues did not disappear in Britain, with American bluesmen such as John Lee Hooker, Eddie Taylor, and Freddie King continuing to be well received in the UK and an active home scene led by figures including Dave Kelly and his sister Jo Ann Kelly, who helped keep the acoustic blues alive on the British folk circuit. Dave Kelly was also a founder of The Blues Band with former Manfred Mann members Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness, Hughie Flint and Gary Fletcher. The Blues Band was credited with kicking off a second blues boom in Britain, which by the 1990s led to festivals all around the country, including The Swanage Blues Festival, The Burnley National Blues Festival, The Gloucester Blues and Heritage Festival and The Great British Rhythm and Blues Festival at Colne. The twenty-first century has seen an upsurge in interest in the blues in Britain that can be seen in the success of previously unknown acts including Seasick Steve, in the return to the blues by major figures who began in the first boom, including Peter Green, Mick Fleetwood, Chris Rea and Eric Clapton, as well as the arrival of new artists such as Dani Wilde, Matt Schofield, Aynsley Lister and most recently in 2017 the Starlite Campbell Band. The British blues tradition lives on, as a style, outside of Britain as well. American guitarist Joe Bonamassa describes his main influences as the 1960s era British blues players, and considers himself a part of that tradition rather than the earlier American blues styles. Significance Beside giving a start to many important blues, pop and rock musicians, in spawning blues rock British blues also ultimately gave rise to a host of subgenres of rock, including particularly psychedelic rock, progressive rock, hard rock and ultimately heavy metal. Perhaps the most important contribution of British blues was the surprising re-exportation of American blues back to America, where, in the wake of the success of bands like the Rolling Stones and Fleetwood Mac, white audiences began to look again at black blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker, who suddenly began to appeal to middle class white Americans. The result was a re-evaluation of the blues in America which enabled white Americans much more easily to become blues musicians, opening the door to Southern rock and the development of Texas blues musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan. See also List of British blues musicians Notes ^ R. F. Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), ISBN 0-7546-5580-6, p. 28. ^ a b c R. F. Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 22. ^ M. Brocken, The British Folk Revival, 1944-2002 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 69-80. ^ a b c d e f g h i V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S. T. Erlewine, eds, All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (Backbeat, 3rd edn., 2003), p. 700. ^ L. Portis, Soul Trains (Virtualbookworm Publishing, 2002), p. 213. ^ a b Marshall, Wolf (September 2007). "Peter Green: The Blues of Greeny". Vintage Guitar. 21 (11): 96–100. ^ a b c d e f g h V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1315-6. ^ a b Gilliland 1969, show 38. ^ Bill Wyman, Rolling With the Stones (DK Publishing, 2002), ISBN 0-7894-9998-3, p. 137. ^ S. T. Erlewine, "Rolling Stones", Allmusic, retrieved 16 July 2010. ^ a b c d V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1321-2. ^ B. Eder & S. T. Erlewine, "The Who", Allmusic, retrieved 16 July 2010. ^ R. Unterberger, "Early British R&B", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1315-6. ^ N. Logan and B. Woffinden, The NME Book of Rock 2 (London: W. H. Allen, 1977), ISBN 0-352-39715-2, pp. 61-2. ^ T. Rawlings, A. Neill, C. Charlesworth and C. White, Then, Now and Rare British Beat 1960–1969 (Omnibus Press, 2002), p. 130. ^ M. Roberty and C. Charlesworth, The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton (Omnibus Press, 1995), p. 11. ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 1-904041-96-5. ^ R. Brunning, The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies (Omnibus Press, 2004), pp. 1–15. ^ Schwartz, Roberta Freund (5 September 2007). How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 212. ISBN 9780754655800. Retrieved 5 September 2020 – via Google Books. ^ B. Sweers, Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music (Oxford University Press, 2005) pp. 184–189. ^ "Ian A. 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Borthwick and Ron Moy, Popular Music Genres: an Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-7486-1745-0, p. 64. ^ C. Smith, 101 Albums that Changed Popular Music (Madison NY: Greenwood, 2009), ISBN 0-19-537371-5, pp. 64-5. ^ S. T. Erlewine, "Led Zeppelin: biography", Allmusic, retrieved 8 September 2011. ^ P. Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), ISBN 1-84353-105-4, p. 278. ^ E. Rivadavia, "Review: Deep Purple, In Rock", Allmusic, retrieved 29 December 2011. ^ M. Campbell and J. Brody, Rock and Roll: an Introduction (Cengage Learning, 2nd edn., 2008), ISBN 0-534-64295-0, pp. 213-4. ^ R. F. Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 242. ^ a b c Year of the Blues Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 July 2009. ^ Akbar, Arifa (2009-01-21). "Seasick Steve sings the blues for a Brit". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-03-11. ^ R. Brunning, The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies (Omnibus Press, 2004), p. 161. ^ "Mick Fleetwood Blues Band", Blues Matters, retrieved 20/06/09. ^ "Chris Rea: Confessions of a blues survivor", Independent, 26/03/04, retrieved 20/03/09. ^ R. Weissman, Blues: the Basics (Routledge, 2005), p. 69. ^ "Matt Schofield" and "When blues turns to gold" in Guitarist, 317 (July 2009), pp. 57-60 and 69-71. ^ "Blueberry Pie". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ Hodgett, Trevor. "Joe Bonamassa Interview". Blues in Britain. Clikka. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b W. Kaufman and H. S. Macpherson, Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 154. References Bane, M., (1982) White Boy Singin' the Blues, London: Penguin, 1982, ISBN 0-14-006045-6. Bob Brunning, Blues: The British Connection, Helter Skelter Publishing, London 2002, ISBN 1-900924-41-2 – First edition 1986 – Second edition 1995 Blues in Britain Bob Brunning, The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies, Omnibus Press London, 1990 and 1998, ISBN 0-7119-6907-8 Martin Celmins, Peter Green – Founder of Fleetwood Mac, Sanctuary London, 1995, foreword by B. B. King, ISBN 1-86074-233-5 Fancourt, L., (1989) British blues on record (1957–1970), Retrack Books. Gilliland, John (1969). "String Man" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Dick Heckstall-Smith, The safest place in the world: A personal history of British Rhythm and blues, 1989 Quartet Books Limited, ISBN 0-7043-2696-5 – Second Edition : Blowing The Blues – Fifty Years Playing The British Blues, 2004, Clear Books, ISBN 1-904555-04-7 Christopher Hjort, Strange brew: Eric Clapton and the British blues boom, 1965-1970, foreword by John Mayall, Jawbone 2007, ISBN 1-906002-00-2 Paul Myers, Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues, Vancouver 2007, GreyStone Books, ISBN 1-55365-200-2 Harry Shapiro Alexis Korner: The Biography, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, London 1997, Discography by Mark Troster, ISBN 0-7475-3163-3 Schwartz, R. F., (2007) How Britain got the blues : The transmission and reception of American blues style in the United Kingdom Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-5580-6. Mike Vernon, The Blue Horizon story 1965-1970 vol.1, notes of the booklet of the Box Set (60 pages) External links British Blues Awards vteBluesMusical form Blue note Blues ballad Blues scale Call and response Eight-bar blues Musical improvisation Shuffles Traditional blues verses Twelve-bar blues Walking bass Origins Origins Field hollers Spirituals Work songs American folk music Regional styles Africa Desert blues Canada Chicago Delta Hill country Louisiana New Orleans Swamp Memphis New Zealand Piedmont Texas Turkey United Kingdom West Coast Subgenres Boogie-woogie Classic female Country Delta Hill country Dirty Electric Fife and drum Hokum Holler Jug band Skiffle Fusion genres Rhythm and blues Blues rock Biker metal Boogie rock Punk Southern rock Gospel Jump Soul Lists Blues musicians Blues musicians by genre Blues standards Blues festivals Blues portal Category Blues songs	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Shorthair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Shorthair"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"the Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"},{"link_name":"the Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"}],"text":"For the British Blue cat, see British Shorthair.British blues is a form of music derived from American blues that originated in the late 1950s, and reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s. 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Donegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan"},{"link_name":"British rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broken2003-3"},{"link_name":"Cyril Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Davies"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Alexis Korner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Korner"},{"link_name":"Chris Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Barber"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Big Bill Broonzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy"},{"link_name":"Chicago blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues"},{"link_name":"folk blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_blues"},{"link_name":"London Blues and Barrelhouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Blues_and_Barrelhouse_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Delta blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_blues"},{"link_name":"Country blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_blues"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"electric blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_blues"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Blues Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Ealing Jazz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Jazz_Club"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker"},{"link_name":"Graham Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bond"},{"link_name":"Long John Baldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Baldry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Marquee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Club"},{"link_name":"R&B from the Marquee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B_from_the_Marquee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-6"},{"link_name":"John Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Bluesbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall_%26_the_Bluesbreakers"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Aynsley Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynsley_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Peter Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"}],"text":"Alexis Korner, often called the father of British bluesAmerican blues became known in Britain from the 1930s onwards through a number of routes, including records brought to Britain, particularly by African-American GIs stationed there in the Second World War and Cold War, merchant seamen visiting ports such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Belfast,[1] and through a trickle of (illegal) imports.[2] Blues music was relatively well known to British jazz musicians and fans, particularly in the works of figures like female singers Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith and the blues-influenced boogie-woogie of Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller.[2] From 1955 major British record labels HMV and EMI, the latter, particularly through their subsidiary Decca Records, began to distribute American jazz and increasingly blues records to what was an emerging market.[2] Many encountered blues for the first time through the skiffle craze of the second half of the 1950s, particularly the songs of Lead Belly covered by acts like Lonnie Donegan. As skiffle began to decline in the late 1950s, and British rock and roll began to dominate the charts, a number of skiffle musicians moved towards playing purely blues music.[3]Among these were guitarist and blues harpist Cyril Davies, who ran the London Skiffle Club at the Roundhouse public house in London's Soho, and guitarist Alexis Korner, both of whom worked for jazz band leader Chris Barber, playing in the R&B segment he introduced to his show.[4] The club served as a focal point for British skiffle acts and Barber was responsible for bringing over American folk and blues performers, who found they were much better known and paid in Europe than America. The first major artist was Big Bill Broonzy, who visited England in the mid-1950s, but who, rather than his electric Chicago blues, played a folk blues set to fit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later in the Roundhouse pub, Wardour Street, Soho as the London Blues and Barrelhouse Club.[5] To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and rave reviews.[4]Davies and Korner, having already split with Barber, now plugged in and began to play high-powered electric blues that became the model for the subgenre, forming the band Blues Incorporated.[4] In early 1962, having been ejected from the Roundhouse for being too loud, Korner and Davies moved their club to the venue used by Ealing Jazz Club and on 17 March opened the UK's first regular UK blues night.Blues Incorporated became something of a clearing house for British blues musicians in the later 1950s and early 1960s, with many joining, or sitting in on sessions. These included future Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones; as well as Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker; beside Graham Bond and Long John Baldry.[4] After their success at the Ealing Club, Blues Incorporated were given a residency at the Marquee Club and it was from there that in 1962 they took the name of the first British Blues album, R&B from the Marquee for Decca, but split before its release.[4] The culmination of this first movement of blues[6] came with John Mayall, who moved to London in the early 1960s, eventually forming the Bluesbreakers, whose members at various times included, Jack Bruce, Aynsley Dunbar, Eric Clapton, Peter Green and Mick Taylor.[4]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chess Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Records"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"Howlin' Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Bo Diddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Diddley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"eponymously titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_(album)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_38-8"},{"link_name":"the Valentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valentinos"},{"link_name":"It's All Over Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_Over_Now"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingwithp137-9"},{"link_name":"Little Red Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Rooster"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"Ray Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Davies"},{"link_name":"Dave Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Davies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_38-8"},{"link_name":"Manfred Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Mann"},{"link_name":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Pretty Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Things"},{"link_name":"Georgie Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Fame"},{"link_name":"Zoot Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Money"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"the Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Alan Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Price"},{"link_name":"Eric Burdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Burdon"},{"link_name":"the Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"Spencer Davis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_(band)"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"Brill Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgie_Fame_in_Sweden_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgie Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Fame"},{"link_name":"Mod subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_subculture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-11"},{"link_name":"the Small Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Small_Faces"},{"link_name":"The Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creation_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Action"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-11"},{"link_name":"Monterey Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-7"}],"text":"While some bands focused on blues artists, particularly those of Chicago electric blues, others adopted a wider interest in rhythm and blues, including the work of Chess Records' blues artists like Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf, but also rock and roll pioneers Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley.[7] Most successful were the Rolling Stones, who abandoned blues purism before their line-up solidified and they produced their first eponymously titled album in 1964, which largely consisted of rhythm and blues standards. Following in the wake of the Beatles' national and then international success, the Rolling Stones soon established themselves as the second most popular UK band and joined the British Invasion of the American record charts as leaders of a second wave of R&B orientated bands.[7][8] In addition to Chicago blues numbers, the Rolling Stones covered songs by Chuck Berry and the Valentinos, with the latter's \"It's All Over Now\" giving them their first UK number one in 1964.[9] Blues songs and influences continued to surface in the Rolling Stones' music, as in their version of \"Little Red Rooster\", which went to number 1 on the UK singles chart in December 1964.[10]Other London-based bands included the Yardbirds (whose ranks included three key guitarists in Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page), The Kinks (with pioneer songwriter Ray Davies and rock-guitarist Dave Davies),[8] and Manfred Mann (considered to have one of the most authentic sounding vocalists in the scene in Paul Jones) and the Pretty Things, beside the more jazz-influenced acts like the Graham Bond Organisation, Georgie Fame and Zoot Money.[7] Bands to emerge from other major British cities included the Animals from Newcastle (with the keyboards of Alan Price and vocals of Eric Burdon), the Moody Blues and Spencer Davis Group from Birmingham (the latter largely a vehicle for the young Steve Winwood), and Them from Belfast (with their vocalist Van Morrison).[7] None of these bands played exclusively rhythm and blues, often relying on a variety of sources, including Brill Building and girl group songs for their hit singles, but it remained at the core of their early albums.[7]Georgie Fame, a major figure of the British R&B movement, in 1968The British Mod subculture was musically centred on rhythm and blues and later soul music, performed by artists that were not available in small London clubs around which the scene was based.[11] As a result, a number of mod bands emerged to fill this gap. These included the Small Faces, The Creation, the Action and, most successfully, the Who.[11] The Who's early promotional material tagged them as producing \"maximum rhythm and blues\", but by about 1966 they moved from attempting to emulate American R&B to producing songs that reflected the Mod lifestyle.[11] Many of these bands were able to enjoy cult and then national success in the UK, but found it difficult to break into the American market.[11] Only the Who managed, after some difficulty, to produce a significant US following, particularly after their appearances at the Monterey Pop Festival (1967) and Woodstock (1969).[12]Because of the very different circumstances from which they came, and in which they played, the rhythm and blues these bands produced was very different in tone from that of African American artists, often with more emphasis on guitars and sometimes with greater energy.[7] They have been criticised for exploiting the massive catalogue of African American music, but it has also been noted that they both popularised that music, bringing it to British, world and in some cases American audiences, and helping to build the reputation of existing and past rhythm and blues artists.[7] Most of these bands rapidly moved on from recording and performing American standards to writing and recording their own music, often leaving their R&B roots behind, but enabling several to enjoy sustained careers that were not open to most of the more pop-oriented beat groups of the first wave of the invasion, who (with the major exception of the Beatles) were unable to write their own material or adapt to changes in the musical climate.[7]","title":"British rhythm and blues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fleetwood_mac_peter_green_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&Bpp1315-6-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Breakers_with_Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mike Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Vernon_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Blue Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Horizon_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Gibson Les Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Amplification"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Peter Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green-6"},{"link_name":"Mick Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"John McVie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McVie"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American Folk Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Folk_Blues_Festival"},{"link_name":"Horst Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Bert Jansch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Jansch"},{"link_name":"John Renbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Renbourn"},{"link_name":"Davy Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Graham"},{"link_name":"folk baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_baroque"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ian A. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_A._Anderson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Al Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jones_(English_musician)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ten Years After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_After"},{"link_name":"Savoy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_(band)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Millward,_1987_p._105-24"},{"link_name":"blues rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_rock"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Millward,_1987_p._105-24"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_53-25"},{"link_name":"power trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_trio"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Paul Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kossoff"},{"link_name":"self titled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_(Free_album)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alvin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Lee"},{"link_name":"Undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead_(Ten_Years_After_album)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Stand Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_(Jethro_Tull_album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Peter Green performing with Fleetwood Mac in 1970The blues boom overlapped, both chronologically and in terms of personnel, with the earlier, wider rhythm and blues phase, which had begun to peter out in the mid-1960s leaving a nucleus of instrumentalists with a wide knowledge of blues forms and techniques, which they would carry into the pursuit of more purist blues interests.[13][14] Blues Incorporated and Mayall's Bluesbreakers were well known in the London jazz and emerging R&B circuits, but the Bluesbreakers began to gain some national and international attention, particularly after the release of Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings.[15] Produced by Mike Vernon, who later set up the Blue Horizon record label, it was notable for its driving rhythms and Clapton's rapid blues licks with a full distorted sound derived from a Gibson Les Paul and a Marshall amp. This sound became something of a classic combination for British blues (and later rock) guitarists,[16] and also made clear the primacy of the guitar, seen as a distinctive characteristic of the subgenre.[4] Clapton stated, \"I spent most of my teens and early twenties studying the blues—the geography of it and the chronology of it, as well as how to play it\".[17] Peter Green started what is called \"second great epoch of British blues\",[6] as he replaced Clapton in the Bluesbreakers after his departure to form Cream. In 1967, after one record with the Bluesbreakers, Green, with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, formed Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac,[18] produced by Mike Vernon on the Blue Horizon label. One key factor in developing the popularity of the music in the UK and across Europe in the early 1960s was the success of the American Folk Blues Festival tours, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau.[19]The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque.[20] British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band,[21] and Al Jones.[22] Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and, with a few exceptions, found it difficult to gain any recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US.[23]Cream, one of the most influential bands to emerge from the movement, c. 1966In contrast, the next wave of bands, formed from about 1967, like Cream, Fleetwood Mac, Ten Years After, Savoy Brown, and Free, pursued a different route, retaining blues standards in their repertoire and producing original material that often shied away from obvious pop influences, placing an emphasis on individual virtuosity.[24] The result has been characterised as blues rock and arguably marked the beginnings of a separation of pop and rock music that was to be a feature of the record industry for several decades.[24] Cream is often seen as the first supergroup, combining the talents of Clapton, Bruce and Baker;[25] they have also been seen as one of the first groups to exploit the power trio. Although only together for a little over two years in 1966–1969, they were highly influential and it was in this period that Clapton became an international superstar.[26] Fleetwood Mac are often considered to have produced some of the finest work in the subgenre, with inventive interpretations of Chicago blues.[4] They were also the most commercially successful group, with their eponymous début album reaching the UK top five in early 1968 and as the instrumental \"Albatross\" reached number one in the single charts in early 1969. This was, as Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz put it, \"The commercial apex of the British blues Boom\".[27] Free, with the guitar talents of Paul Kossoff, particularly from their self titled second album (1969), produced a stripped down form of blues that would be highly influential on hard rock and later heavy metal.[28] Ten Years After, with guitarist Alvin Lee, formed in 1967, but achieved their breakthrough in 1968 with their live album Undead and in the US with their appearance at Woodstock the next year.[29] Among the last British blues bands to gain mainstream success were Jethro Tull, formed from the amalgamation of two blues bands, the John Evan Band and the Mcgregor's Engine in 1967. Their second album, Stand Up, reached number one in the UK in 1969.[30]","title":"British blues boom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jethro-Tull-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple in Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple_in_Rock"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Paranoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_(album)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Members of Jethro Tull, in 1973, by which time they had already begun to move away from a blues soundBritish blues entered a rapid decline at the end of 1960s. Surviving bands and musicians tended to move into other expanding areas of rock music. Some, like Jethro Tull, followed bands like the Moody Blues away from 12-bar structures and harmonicas into complex, classical-influenced progressive rock.[31] Some played a loud version of blues rock that became the foundation for hard rock and heavy metal. Led Zeppelin, formed by Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page, on their first two albums, both released in 1969, fused heavy blues and amplified rock to create what has been seen as a watershed in the development of hard rock and nascent heavy metal.[32] Later recordings would mix in elements of folk and mysticism, which would also be a major influence on heavy metal music.[33] Deep Purple developed a sound based on \"squeezing and stretching\" the blues,[34] and achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, Deep Purple in Rock (1970), which has been seen as one of heavy metal's defining albums.[35] Black Sabbath was the third incarnation of a group that started as the Polka Tulk Blues Band in 1968. Their early work included blues standards, but by the time of their second album Paranoid (1970), they had added elements of modality and the occult that would largely define modern heavy metal.[36] Some, like Korner and Mayall, continued to play a \"pure\" form of the blues, but largely outside of mainstream notice. The structure of clubs, venues and festivals that had grown up in the early 1950s in Britain virtually disappeared in the 1970s.[37]","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Blues_Band,_concert_2012-09.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Blues Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Band"},{"link_name":"Eddie Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Freddie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_King"},{"link_name":"Dave Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jo Ann Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YOTB-38"},{"link_name":"The Blues Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Band"},{"link_name":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tom McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McGuinness_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hughie Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Flint"},{"link_name":"Gary Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Fletcher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YOTB-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YOTB-38"},{"link_name":"Seasick Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasick_Steve"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Chris Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rea"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dani Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Matt Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Schofield"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Aynsley Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynsley_Lister"},{"link_name":"Starlite Campbell Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlite_Campbell_Band"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Joe Bonamassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bonamassa"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The Blues Band onstage in 2012Although overshadowed by the growth of rock music the blues did not disappear in Britain, with American bluesmen such as John Lee Hooker, Eddie Taylor, and Freddie King continuing to be well received in the UK and an active home scene led by figures including Dave Kelly and his sister Jo Ann Kelly, who helped keep the acoustic blues alive on the British folk circuit.[38] Dave Kelly was also a founder of The Blues Band with former Manfred Mann members Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness, Hughie Flint and Gary Fletcher.[38] The Blues Band was credited with kicking off a second blues boom in Britain, which by the 1990s led to festivals all around the country, including The Swanage Blues Festival, The Burnley National Blues Festival, The Gloucester Blues and Heritage Festival and The Great British Rhythm and Blues Festival at Colne.[38] The twenty-first century has seen an upsurge in interest in the blues in Britain that can be seen in the success of previously unknown acts including Seasick Steve,[39] in the return to the blues by major figures who began in the first boom, including Peter Green,[40] Mick Fleetwood,[41] Chris Rea[42] and Eric Clapton,[43] as well as the arrival of new artists such as Dani Wilde, Matt Schofield,[44] Aynsley Lister and most recently in 2017 the Starlite Campbell Band.[45]\nThe British blues tradition lives on, as a style, outside of Britain as well. American guitarist Joe Bonamassa describes his main influences as the 1960s era British blues players, and considers himself a part of that tradition rather than the earlier American blues styles.[46]","title":"Survival and resurgence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Millward,_1987_p._105-24"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Macpherson,_2005_p._154-47"},{"link_name":"Howlin' Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf"},{"link_name":"John Lee Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Macpherson,_2005_p._154-47"},{"link_name":"Southern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rock"},{"link_name":"Texas blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_blues"},{"link_name":"Stevie Ray Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"}],"text":"Beside giving a start to many important blues, pop and rock musicians, in spawning blues rock British blues also ultimately gave rise to a host of subgenres of rock, including particularly psychedelic rock, progressive rock,[24] hard rock and ultimately heavy metal.[47] Perhaps the most important contribution of British blues was the surprising re-exportation of American blues back to America, where, in the wake of the success of bands like the Rolling Stones and Fleetwood Mac, white audiences began to look again at black blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker, who suddenly began to appeal to middle class white Americans.[47] The result was a re-evaluation of the blues in America which enabled white Americans much more easily to become blues musicians, opening the door to Southern rock and the development of Texas blues musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan.[4]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7546-5580-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5580-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schwartz2007_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schwartz2007_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schwartz2007_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Broken2003_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Allmusic_4-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-green_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-green_6-1"},{"link_name":"Vintage 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Band\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bluesmatters.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2924"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Chris Rea: Confessions of a blues survivor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/chris-rea-confessions-of-a-blues-survivor-567613.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Blueberry Pie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/76f1560d-4eac-4bd9-8f0f-4b1e410f422c"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"Joe Bonamassa Interview\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141109221258/http://www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S._Macpherson,_2005_p._154_47-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S._Macpherson,_2005_p._154_47-1"}],"text":"^ R. F. Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), ISBN 0-7546-5580-6, p. 28.\n\n^ a b c R. F. Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 22.\n\n^ M. Brocken, The British Folk Revival, 1944-2002 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 69-80.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S. T. Erlewine, eds, All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (Backbeat, 3rd edn., 2003), p. 700.\n\n^ L. Portis, Soul Trains (Virtualbookworm Publishing, 2002), p. 213.\n\n^ a b Marshall, Wolf (September 2007). \"Peter Green: The Blues of Greeny\". Vintage Guitar. 21 (11): 96–100.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1315-6.\n\n^ a b Gilliland 1969, show 38.\n\n^ Bill Wyman, Rolling With the Stones (DK Publishing, 2002), ISBN 0-7894-9998-3, p. 137.\n\n^ S. T. Erlewine, \"Rolling Stones\", Allmusic, retrieved 16 July 2010.\n\n^ a b c d V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1321-2.\n\n^ B. Eder & S. T. Erlewine, \"The Who\", Allmusic, retrieved 16 July 2010.\n\n^ R. Unterberger, \"Early British R&B\", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1315-6.\n\n^ N. Logan and B. Woffinden, The NME Book of Rock 2 (London: W. H. 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Schwartz, How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 242.\n\n^ a b c Year of the Blues Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 July 2009.\n\n^ Akbar, Arifa (2009-01-21). \"Seasick Steve sings the blues for a Brit\". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-03-11.\n\n^ R. Brunning, The Fleetwood Mac Story: Rumours and Lies (Omnibus Press, 2004), p. 161.\n\n^ \"Mick Fleetwood Blues Band\", Blues Matters, retrieved 20/06/09.\n\n^ \"Chris Rea: Confessions of a blues survivor\", Independent, 26/03/04, retrieved 20/03/09.\n\n^ R. Weissman, Blues: the Basics (Routledge, 2005), p. 69.\n\n^ \"Matt Schofield\" and \"When blues turns to gold\" in Guitarist, 317 (July 2009), pp. 57-60 and 69-71.\n\n^ \"Blueberry Pie\". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 13 November 2017.\n\n^ Hodgett, Trevor. \"Joe Bonamassa Interview\". Blues in Britain. Clikka. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ a b W. Kaufman and H. S. Macpherson, Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 154.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Alexis Korner, often called the father of British blues","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alexis-Korner.jpg/170px-Alexis-Korner.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgie Fame, a major figure of the British R&B movement, in 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Georgie_Fame_in_Sweden_1968.jpg/220px-Georgie_Fame_in_Sweden_1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter Green performing with Fleetwood Mac in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fleetwood_mac_peter_green_5.jpg/170px-Fleetwood_mac_peter_green_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cream, one of the most influential bands to emerge from the movement, c. 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg/220px-Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of Jethro Tull, in 1973, by which time they had already begun to move away from a blues sound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jethro-Tull-cropped.jpg/220px-Jethro-Tull-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Blues Band onstage in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_Blues_Band%2C_concert_2012-09.jpg/220px-The_Blues_Band%2C_concert_2012-09.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of British blues musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_blues_musicians"}]	[{"reference":"Marshall, Wolf (September 2007). \"Peter Green: The Blues of Greeny\". Vintage Guitar. 21 (11): 96–100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Guitar_(magazine)","url_text":"Vintage Guitar"}]},{"reference":"Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904041-96-5","url_text":"1-904041-96-5"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Roberta Freund (5 September 2007). How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 212. ISBN 9780754655800. Retrieved 5 September 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sFhb7babitgC&q=%22American+Folk+Blues+Festival%22+success&pg=PA212","url_text":"How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754655800","url_text":"9780754655800"}]},{"reference":"Akbar, Arifa (2009-01-21). \"Seasick Steve sings the blues for a Brit\". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/seasick-steve-sings-the-blues-for-a-brit-1452285.html","url_text":"\"Seasick Steve sings the blues for a Brit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blueberry Pie\". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/76f1560d-4eac-4bd9-8f0f-4b1e410f422c","url_text":"\"Blueberry Pie\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgett, Trevor. \"Joe Bonamassa Interview\". Blues in Britain. Clikka. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109221258/http://www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/","url_text":"\"Joe Bonamassa Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"String Man\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=52","url_text":"\"String Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5298/biography","external_links_name":"\"Rolling Stones\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5822/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Who\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sFhb7babitgC&q=%22American+Folk+Blues+Festival%22+success&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom"},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/artists/ian-a-anderson","external_links_name":"\"Ian A. Anderson"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4565627.ece","external_links_name":"\"Al Jones: acoustic blues and folk musician\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/cream-mn0000112462","external_links_name":"\"Cream: biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/free-mn0000193216","external_links_name":"\"Free: biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ten-years-after-mn0000020050","external_links_name":"\"Ten Years After: biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/led-zeppelin-p4739/biography","external_links_name":"\"Led Zeppelin: biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/deep-purple-in-rock-r187662/review","external_links_name":"\"Review: Deep Purple, In Rock\""},{"Link":"http://www.yearoftheblues.org/features.asp?type=Feature&pg=8&id={80092DED-3215-42FB-A35A-458C584BED6D}","external_links_name":"Year of the Blues"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062304/http://www.yearoftheblues.org/features.asp?type=Feature&pg=8&id=%7B80092DED-3215-42FB-A35A-458C584BED6D%7D","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/seasick-steve-sings-the-blues-for-a-brit-1452285.html","external_links_name":"\"Seasick Steve sings the blues for a Brit\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluesmatters.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2924","external_links_name":"\"Mick Fleetwood Blues Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/chris-rea-confessions-of-a-blues-survivor-567613.html","external_links_name":"\"Chris Rea: Confessions of a blues survivor\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/76f1560d-4eac-4bd9-8f0f-4b1e410f422c","external_links_name":"\"Blueberry Pie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109221258/http://www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Bonamassa Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluesinbritain.org/joe-bonamassa-interview/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=52","external_links_name":"\"String Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishbluesawards.com/","external_links_name":"British Blues Awards"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus	Pylorus	["1 Structure","1.1 Antrum","1.2 Canal","1.3 Sphincter","1.4 Histology","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Stenosis","3.2 Other","4 Additional images","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum For the town of ancient Crete, see Pylorus (Crete). PylorusInside of the stomach (pylorus labeled at center left)DetailsIdentifiersLatinpylorusGreekπυλωρόςMeSHD011708TA98A05.5.01.017TA22930FMA14581Anatomical terminology The pylorus (/paɪˈlɔːrəs/ or /pɪˈloʊrəs/) pyloric region or pyloric part connects the stomach to the duodenum. The pylorus is considered as having two parts, the pyloric antrum (opening to the body of the stomach) and the pyloric canal (opening to the duodenum). The pyloric canal ends as the pyloric orifice, which marks the junction between the stomach and the duodenum. The orifice is surrounded by a sphincter, a band of muscle, called the pyloric sphincter. The word pylorus comes from Greek πυλωρός, via Latin. The word pylorus in Greek means "gatekeeper", related to "gate" (Greek: pyle) and is thus linguistically related to the word "pylon". Structure Diagram from cancer.gov:* 1. Body of stomach* 2. Fundus* 3. Anterior wall* 4. Greater curvature* 5. Lesser curvature* 6. Cardia* 9. Pyloric sphincter* 10. Pyloric antrum* 11. Pyloric canal* 12. Angular incisure* 13. Gastric canal* 14. Rugal folds The pylorus is the furthest part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided into two parts, the antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. Antrum See also: Gastric antral vascular ectasia This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pylorus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The antrum also called the gastric antrum or the pyloric antrum is the initial portion of the pyloric region. It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the pyloric canal by a slight groove. Canal The pyloric canal (Latin: canalis pyloricus) is the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. The wall thickness of the pyloric canal is up to 3 millimeters (mm) in infants younger than 30 days, and up to 8 mm in adults. Sphincter The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion. Histology Microscopic cross-section of the pylorus Under microscopy, the pylorus contains numerous glands, including gastric pits, which constitute about half the depth of the pyloric mucosa. They consist of two or three short closed tubes opening into a common duct or mouth. These tubes are wavy, and are about one-half the length of the duct. The duct is lined by columnar cells, continuous with the epithelium lining the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach, the tubes by shorter and more cubical cell which are finely granular. The glands contain mucus cells and G cells that secrete gastrin. The pylorus also contains scattered parietal cells and neuroendocrine cells. These endocrine cells include D cells, which release somatostatin, responsible for shutting off acid secretion. (There is a second hormone-sensitive population near the fundus.) Unstriated muscles, which are entirely involuntary, are located at the pylorus. Function The pylorus is one component of the gastrointestinal system. Food from the stomach, as chyme, passes through the pylorus to the duodenum. The pylorus, through the pyloric sphincter, regulates entry of food from the stomach into the duodenum. Clinical significance In such conditions as stomach cancer, tumours may partly block the pyloric canal. A special tube can be implanted surgically to connect the stomach to the duodenum so as to facilitate the passage of food from one to the other. The surgery to place this tube is called a gastroduodenostomy. Stenosis Main article: Pyloric stenosis Pyloric stenosis refers to a pylorus that is narrow. This is due to congenital hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. The lumen of the pylorus is narrower, and less food is able to pass through. This problem is often detected in the early weeks of life. When it is present, a newborn baby may projectile vomit after eating, but despite vomiting remain hungry. Pyloric stenosis may be managed by the insertion of a stent, or through surgical cutting of the pyloric sphincter, a pyloromyotomy. Other Pyloric tumors Pyloric gland adenoma Additional images Stomach Dissection showing the stomach and pylorus in a cadaver. The antrum of the pylorus is shown in green. See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Human gastrointestinal tract Stomach Duodenum Digestion A Confederacy of Dunces References ^ Harper, Douglas. "Pylorus". Etymology Online. Retrieved 27 March 2014. ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. ^ University of Illinois Medical Center:Health Library Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ Rohrschneider, WK; Mittnacht, H; Darge, K; Tröger, J (June 1998). "Pyloric muscle in asymptomatic infants: sonographic evaluation and discrimination from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis". Pediatric Radiology. 28 (6): 429–34. doi:10.1007/s002470050377. PMID 9634457. ^ Lin, Hsien-Ping; Lin, Yu-Chiang; Kuo, Chen-Yun (2015). "Adult idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 114 (7): 659–662. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2012.07.001. ISSN 0929-6646. PMID 26154756. ^ Snell, Richard S. (2008). Clinical Anatomy by Regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 220. ISBN 978-0781764049. ^ Cardiac, fundus and pyloric regions of the stomach, Pyloric region. available from: http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/cardiac_pyloric.php (Last inspected April 16, 2017) ^ Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed.). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-443-068-508. ^ Clayden, Tom Lissauer, Graham (2007). Illustrated textbook of paediatrics (3rd ed.). Edinburgh; New York: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 207–208. ISBN 9780723433972.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Chen, ZM; Scudiere, JR; Abraham, SC; Montgomery, E (2009). "Pyloric gland adenoma: an entity distinct from gastric foveolar type adenoma". Am J Surg Pathol. 33 (2): 186–193. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31817d7ff4. PMID 18830123. External links "Pylorus", Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Anatomy photo:37:06-0105 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Abdominal Cavity: The Stomach" Anatomy photo:38:07-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Stomach, Spleen and Liver: The Pylorus" Anatomy image:8150 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center vteAnatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouthUpperPharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pyriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands crop Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cells Parietal cells Gastric chief cells Enterochromaffin-like cells LowerSmall intestineMicroanatomy Intestinal villi Microvilli Intestinal glands Enterocytes Enteroendocrine cells Goblet cells Paneth cells Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cells Large intestineCecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pylorus (Crete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"/paɪˈlɔːrəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/pɪˈloʊrəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"pylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the town of ancient Crete, see Pylorus (Crete).The pylorus (/paɪˈlɔːrəs/ or /pɪˈloʊrəs/) pyloric region or pyloric part connects the stomach to the duodenum. The pylorus is considered as having two parts, the pyloric antrum (opening to the body of the stomach) and the pyloric canal (opening to the duodenum). The pyloric canal ends as the pyloric orifice, which marks the junction between the stomach and the duodenum. The orifice is surrounded by a sphincter, a band of muscle, called the pyloric sphincter.\nThe word pylorus comes from Greek πυλωρός, via Latin. The word pylorus in Greek means \"gatekeeper\", related to \"gate\" (Greek: pyle) and is thus linguistically related to the word \"pylon\".[1]","title":"Pylorus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_stomach.jpg"},{"link_name":"cancer.gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//training.seer.cancer.gov/ugi/anatomy/stomach.html"},{"link_name":"Body of stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_stomach"},{"link_name":"Fundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundus_(stomach)"},{"link_name":"Greater curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_curvature"},{"link_name":"Lesser curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_curvature"},{"link_name":"Cardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardia"},{"link_name":"Pyloric sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter"},{"link_name":"Pyloric antrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_antrum"},{"link_name":"Angular incisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_incisure"},{"link_name":"Gastric canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_canal"},{"link_name":"Rugal folds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugal_folds"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRAYS2005-2"}],"text":"Diagram from cancer.gov:* 1. Body of stomach* 2. Fundus* 3. Anterior wall* 4. Greater curvature* 5. Lesser curvature* 6. Cardia* 9. Pyloric sphincter* 10. Pyloric antrum* 11. Pyloric canal* 12. Angular incisure* 13. Gastric canal* 14. Rugal foldsThe pylorus is the furthest part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided into two parts, the antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum.[2]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gastric antral vascular ectasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia"},{"link_name":"digestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion"},{"link_name":"peristaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic"},{"link_name":"sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter"},{"link_name":"demarcated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcated"}],"sub_title":"Antrum","text":"See also: Gastric antral vascular ectasiaThe antrum also called the gastric antrum or the pyloric antrum is the initial portion of the pyloric region. It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the pyloric canal by a slight groove.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinLin2015-5"}],"sub_title":"Canal","text":"The pyloric canal (Latin: canalis pyloricus) is the opening between the stomach and the duodenum.[3] The wall thickness of the pyloric canal is up to 3 millimeters (mm) in infants younger than 30 days,[4] and up to 8 mm in adults.[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sympathetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"celiac ganglion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglion"}],"sub_title":"Sphincter","text":"The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum.[6] It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyloric_stomach_LPO.JPG"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"gastric pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_pit"},{"link_name":"mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa"},{"link_name":"columnar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnar_cells"},{"link_name":"mucous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"G cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_cells"},{"link_name":"gastrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"parietal cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_cell"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell"},{"link_name":"endocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine"},{"link_name":"D cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_cells"},{"link_name":"somatostatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-8"},{"link_name":"fundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundus_(stomach)"}],"sub_title":"Histology","text":"Microscopic cross-section of the pylorusUnder microscopy, the pylorus contains numerous glands, including gastric pits, which constitute about half the depth of the pyloric mucosa. They consist of two or three short closed tubes opening into a common duct or mouth. These tubes are wavy, and are about one-half the length of the duct. The duct is lined by columnar cells, continuous with the epithelium lining the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach, the tubes by shorter and more cubical cell which are finely granular. The glands contain mucus cells and G cells that secrete gastrin.[7]The pylorus also contains scattered parietal cells and neuroendocrine cells. These endocrine cells include D cells, which release somatostatin,[8] responsible for shutting off acid secretion. (There is a second hormone-sensitive population near the fundus.)\nUnstriated muscles, which are entirely involuntary, are located at the pylorus.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gastrointestinal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"chyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"}],"text":"The pylorus is one component of the gastrointestinal system. Food from the stomach, as chyme, passes through the pylorus to the duodenum. The pylorus, through the pyloric sphincter, regulates entry of food from the stomach into the duodenum.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stomach cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"gastroduodenostomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroduodenostomy"}],"text":"In such conditions as stomach cancer, tumours may partly block the pyloric canal. A special tube can be implanted surgically to connect the stomach to the duodenum so as to facilitate the passage of food from one to the other. The surgery to place this tube is called a gastroduodenostomy.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyloric stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis"},{"link_name":"hypertrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophy"},{"link_name":"stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Stenosis","text":"Pyloric stenosis refers to a pylorus that is narrow. This is due to congenital hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. The lumen of the pylorus is narrower, and less food is able to pass through. This problem is often detected in the early weeks of life. When it is present, a newborn baby may projectile vomit after eating, but despite vomiting remain hungry. Pyloric stenosis may be managed by the insertion of a stent, or through surgical cutting of the pyloric sphincter, a pyloromyotomy.[9]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Pyloric tumors\nPyloric gland adenoma[10]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stomach2.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stomach_dissection_highlighting_pyloric_antrum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dissection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection"},{"link_name":"cadaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaver"}],"text":"Stomach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDissection showing the stomach and pylorus in a cadaver. The antrum of the pylorus is shown in green.","title":"Additional images"}]	[{"image_text":"Diagram from cancer.gov:* 1. Body of stomach* 2. Fundus* 3. Anterior wall* 4. Greater curvature* 5. Lesser curvature* 6. Cardia* 9. Pyloric sphincter* 10. Pyloric antrum* 11. Pyloric canal* 12. Angular incisure* 13. Gastric canal* 14. Rugal folds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg/220px-Illu_stomach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Microscopic cross-section of the pylorus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pyloric_stomach_LPO.JPG/220px-Pyloric_stomach_LPO.JPG"}]	[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Human gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract"},{"title":"Stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"title":"Duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"title":"Digestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion"},{"title":"A Confederacy of Dunces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces"}]	[{"reference":"Harper, Douglas. \"Pylorus\". Etymology Online. Retrieved 27 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pylorus","url_text":"\"Pylorus\""}]},{"reference":"Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2306-0","url_text":"978-0-8089-2306-0"}]},{"reference":"Rohrschneider, WK; Mittnacht, H; Darge, K; Tröger, J (June 1998). \"Pyloric muscle in asymptomatic infants: sonographic evaluation and discrimination from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis\". Pediatric Radiology. 28 (6): 429–34. doi:10.1007/s002470050377. PMID 9634457.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002470050377","url_text":"10.1007/s002470050377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9634457","url_text":"9634457"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Hsien-Ping; Lin, Yu-Chiang; Kuo, Chen-Yun (2015). \"Adult idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis\". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 114 (7): 659–662. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2012.07.001. ISSN 0929-6646. PMID 26154756.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfma.2012.07.001","url_text":"\"Adult idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfma.2012.07.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.jfma.2012.07.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0929-6646","url_text":"0929-6646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26154756","url_text":"26154756"}]},{"reference":"Snell, Richard S. (2008). Clinical Anatomy by Regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 220. ISBN 978-0781764049.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SZWRe2OBlgC&q=pyloric+sphincter","url_text":"Clinical Anatomy by Regions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781764049","url_text":"978-0781764049"}]},{"reference":"Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed.). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-443-068-508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-068-508","url_text":"978-0-443-068-508"}]},{"reference":"Clayden, Tom Lissauer, Graham (2007). Illustrated textbook of paediatrics (3rd ed.). Edinburgh; New York: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 207–208. ISBN 9780723433972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780723433972","url_text":"9780723433972"}]},{"reference":"Chen, ZM; Scudiere, JR; Abraham, SC; Montgomery, E (2009). \"Pyloric gland adenoma: an entity distinct from gastric foveolar type adenoma\". Am J Surg Pathol. 33 (2): 186–193. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31817d7ff4. PMID 18830123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPAS.0b013e31817d7ff4","url_text":"10.1097/PAS.0b013e31817d7ff4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18830123","url_text":"18830123"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011708","external_links_name":"D011708"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.5.01.017%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A05.5.01.017"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2930","external_links_name":"2930"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma14581","external_links_name":"14581"},{"Link":"https://training.seer.cancer.gov/ugi/anatomy/stomach.html","external_links_name":"cancer.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pylorus%22","external_links_name":"\"Pylorus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pylorus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pylorus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pylorus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pylorus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pylorus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pylorus","external_links_name":"\"Pylorus\""},{"Link":"http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?id=900","external_links_name":"University of Illinois Medical Center:Health Library"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426232513/http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?id=900","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002470050377","external_links_name":"10.1007/s002470050377"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9634457","external_links_name":"9634457"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfma.2012.07.001","external_links_name":"\"Adult idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfma.2012.07.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jfma.2012.07.001"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0929-6646","external_links_name":"0929-6646"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26154756","external_links_name":"26154756"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SZWRe2OBlgC&q=pyloric+sphincter","external_links_name":"Clinical Anatomy by Regions"},{"Link":"http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/cardiac_pyloric.php","external_links_name":"http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/cardiac_pyloric.php"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPAS.0b013e31817d7ff4","external_links_name":"10.1097/PAS.0b013e31817d7ff4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18830123","external_links_name":"18830123"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206092227/http://activate.lww.com/semdweb/internetsomd/ASP/1557908.asp","external_links_name":"Pylorus"},{"Link":"http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l37/060105.htm","external_links_name":"Anatomy photo:37:06-0105"},{"Link":"http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l38/070102.htm","external_links_name":"Anatomy photo:38:07-0102"},{"Link":"http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/imgs/00000/8000/100/8150.jpg","external_links_name":"Anatomy image:8150"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004332v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004332v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115674-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550902705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109287","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.5.01.017","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_(framework)	Apache Jena	["1 Versions","1.1 After Apache integration","1.2 Before Apache integration","2 Fuseki","3 ARQ","4 References","5 External links"]	Open source semantic web framework for Java For other uses, see Jena (disambiguation). Apache Jena Semantic Web FrameworkDeveloper(s)HP Labs (until October 2009), then Apache Software FoundationStable release4.9.0 / 4 July 2023; 11 months ago (4 July 2023) RepositoryJena RepositoryWritten inJavaTypeSemantic WebLicenseApache License 2.0Websitejena.apache.org Apache Jena is an open source Semantic Web framework for Java. It provides an API to extract data from and write to RDF graphs. The graphs are represented as an abstract "model". A model can be sourced with data from files, databases, URLs or a combination of these. A model can also be queried through SPARQL 1.1. Jena is similar to RDF4J (formerly OpenRDF Sesame); though, unlike RDF4J, Jena provides support for OWL (Web Ontology Language). The framework has various internal reasoners and the Pellet reasoner (an open source Java OWL-DL reasoner) can be set up to work in Jena. Jena supports serialisation of RDF graphs to: a relational database RDF/XML Turtle TriG Notation 3 JSON-LD Versions After Apache integration Jena was integrated as a project under the umbrella of The Apache Software Foundation in April 2012, after having been in the Apache Incubator since November 2010. Release Name Date Apache Jena 4.5.0 2022-05-01 Apache Jena 4.4.0 2022-01-13 Apache Jena 4.3.2 2021-12-17 Apache Jena 4.3.1 2021-12-10 Apache Jena 4.3.0 2021-12-05 Apache Jena 4.2.0 2021-09-12 Apache Jena 4.1.0 2021-05-31 Apache Jena 4.0.0 2021-03-27 Apache Jena 3.17.0 2020-11-25 Apache Jena 3.16.0 2020-07-09 Apache Jena 3.15.0 2020-05-15 Apache Jena 3.14.0 2020-01-16 Apache Jena 3.13.1 2019-10-06 Apache Jena 3.13.0 2019-09-25 Apache Jena 3.12.0 2019-05-27 Apache Jena 3.11.0 2019-04-24 Apache Jena 3.10.0 2018-12-30 Apache Jena 3.9.0 2018-10-08 Apache Jena 3.8.0 2018-07-02 Apache Jena 3.7.0 2018-02-14 Apache Jena 3.6.0 2017-12-17 Apache Jena 3.5.0 2017-11-02 Apache Jena 3.4.0 2017-07-21 Apache Jena 3.3.0 2017-05-21 Apache Jena 3.2.0 2017-02-10 Apache Jena 3.1.0 2016-05-14 Apache Jena 3.0.0 2015-07-29 Apache Jena 2.13.0 2015-03-13 Apache Jena 2.12.0 2014-08-07 Apache Jena 2.11.0 2013-09-18 Apache Jena 2.10.0 2013-02-25 Apache Jena 2.7.0 2011-12-23 Before Apache integration Jena was created by HP Labs and was on SourceForge since 2001, and was donated to The Apache Software Foundation in November 2010. Release Name Date Jena 2.6.0 2009-05-18 Jena 2.1 2004-02-10 Jena 2.0 2003-08-28 Jena 1.1.0 2001-07-06 Jena 1.0 2000-08-28 Fuseki Fuseki is an HTTP interface to RDF data. It supports SPARQL for querying and updating. The project is a sub-project of Jena and is developed as servlet. Fuseki can also be run stand-alone server as it ships preconfigured with the Jetty web server. ARQ ARQ is a query engine within Jena that supports SPARQL. References ^ "Release jena-4.9.0". 20 April 2023. ^ "Jena". The Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-06. ^ "Jena". The Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-06. Apache Jena provides a complete framework for building Semantic Web and Linked Data applications in Java, and provides: parsers for RDF/XML, Turtle and N-triples; a Java programming API; a complete implementation of the SPARQL query language; a rule-based inference engine for RDFS and OWL entailments; TDB (a non-SQL persistent triple store); SDB (a persistent triples store built on a relational store) and Fuseki, an RDF server using web protocols. Jena complies with all relevant recommendations for RDF and related technologies from the W3C. ^ " Accept Jena into the Incubator". The Apache Software Foundation. 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2020-06-06. The open source project was originally created as part of a research activity in HPLabs. In building new systems, the researchers identified the value of a common platform that dealt with the low level details of the standards. ^ "ARQ - A SPARQL Processor for Jena". Retrieved 2019-08-11. ARQ is a query engine for Jena that supports the SPARQL RDF Query language. External links Official website vteThe Apache Software FoundationTop-levelprojects Accumulo ActiveMQ Airavata Airflow Allura Ambari Ant Aries Arrow Apache HTTP Server APR Avro Axis Axis2 Beam Bloodhound Brooklyn Calcite Camel CarbonData Cassandra Cayenne CloudStack Cocoon Cordova CouchDB cTAKES CXF Derby Directory Drill Druid Empire-db Felix Flex Flink Flume FreeMarker Geronimo Groovy Guacamole Gump Hadoop HBase Helix Hive Iceberg Ignite Impala Jackrabbit James Jena JMeter Kafka Kudu Kylin Lucene Mahout Maven MINA mod_perl MyFaces Mynewt NiFi NetBeans Nutch NuttX OFBiz Oozie OpenEJB OpenJPA OpenNLP OрenOffice ORC PDFBox Parquet Phoenix POI Pig Pinot Pivot Qpid Roller RocketMQ Samza Shiro SINGA Sling Solr Spark Storm SpamAssassin Struts 1 Struts 2 Subversion Superset SystemDS Tapestry Thrift Tika TinkerPop Tomcat Trafodion Traffic Server UIMA Velocity Wicket Xalan Xerces XMLBeans Yetus ZooKeeper Commons BCEL BSF Daemon Jelly Logging Incubator Taverna Other projects Batik FOP Ivy Log4j Attic Apex AxKit Beehive Bluesky iBATIS Click Continuum Deltacloud Etch Giraph Hama Harmony Jakarta Marmotta MXNet ODE River Shale Slide Sqoop Stanbol Tuscany Wave XML Licenses Apache License Category vteFree and open-source softwareGeneral Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Softwarepackages Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Community Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Organisations Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Licenses AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Viral license Challenges Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Trusted Computing Related topics Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Portal Category This free and open-source software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jena (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"RDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"},{"link_name":"SPARQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL"},{"link_name":"RDF4J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF4J"},{"link_name":"Web Ontology Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language"},{"link_name":"Pellet reasoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_reasoner"},{"link_name":"relational database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database"},{"link_name":"RDF/XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF/XML"},{"link_name":"Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)"},{"link_name":"TriG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriG_(syntax)"},{"link_name":"Notation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_3"},{"link_name":"JSON-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD"}],"text":"For other uses, see Jena (disambiguation).Apache Jena is an open source Semantic Web framework for Java. It provides an API to extract data from and write to RDF graphs. The graphs are represented as an abstract \"model\". A model can be sourced with data from files, databases, URLs or a combination of these. A model can also be queried through SPARQL 1.1.Jena is similar to RDF4J (formerly OpenRDF Sesame); though, unlike RDF4J, Jena provides support for OWL (Web Ontology Language). The framework has various internal reasoners and the Pellet reasoner (an open source Java OWL-DL reasoner) can be set up to work in Jena.Jena supports serialisation of RDF graphs to:a relational database\nRDF/XML\nTurtle\nTriG\nNotation 3\nJSON-LD","title":"Apache Jena"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Apache Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"After Apache integration","text":"Jena was integrated as a project under the umbrella of The Apache Software Foundation in April 2012, after having been in the Apache Incubator since November 2010.[2][3]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HP Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Labs"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"The Apache Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Before Apache integration","text":"Jena was created by HP Labs and was on SourceForge since 2001, and was donated to The Apache Software Foundation in November 2010.[4]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Fuseki"},{"link_name":"SPARQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL"},{"link_name":"servlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servlet"},{"link_name":"Jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetty_(web_server)"}],"text":"Fuseki is an HTTP interface to RDF data. It supports SPARQL for querying and updating. The project is a sub-project of Jena and is developed as servlet. Fuseki can also be run stand-alone server as it ships preconfigured with the Jetty web server.","title":"Fuseki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SPARQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"ARQ is a query engine within Jena that supports SPARQL.[5]","title":"ARQ"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Release jena-4.9.0\". 20 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/apache/jena/releases/tag/jena-4.9.0","url_text":"\"Release jena-4.9.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jena\". The Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://whimsy.apache.org/board/minutes/Jena.html","url_text":"\"Jena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation","url_text":"The Apache Software Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Jena\". The Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-06. Apache Jena provides a complete framework for building Semantic Web and Linked Data applications in Java, and provides: parsers for RDF/XML, Turtle and N-triples; a Java programming API; a complete implementation of the SPARQL query language; a rule-based inference engine for RDFS and OWL entailments; TDB (a non-SQL persistent triple store); SDB (a persistent triples store built on a relational store) and Fuseki, an RDF server using web protocols. Jena complies with all relevant recommendations for RDF and related technologies from the W3C.","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.apache.org/project.html?jena","url_text":"\"Jena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation","url_text":"The Apache Software Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"[Proposal] Accept Jena into the Incubator\". The Apache Software Foundation. 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2020-06-06. The open source project was originally created as part of a research activity in HPLabs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4	Fallout 4	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","2.1 Setting","2.2 Characters","2.3 Story","3 Development","3.1 Design","3.2 Engine","4 Marketing and release","4.1 Updates","4.2 Downloadable content","4.3 Creation Club","5 Reception","5.1 Sales","5.2 Awards","6 Legal issues","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	2015 video game 2015 video gameFallout 4Developer(s)Bethesda Game StudiosPublisher(s)Bethesda SoftworksDirector(s)Todd HowardProducer(s)Ashley ChengJeff GardinerDesigner(s)Emil PagliaruloProgrammer(s)Guy CarverArtist(s)Istvan PelyWriter(s)Emil PagliaruloComposer(s)Inon ZurSeriesFalloutEngineCreation EnginePlatform(s)PlayStation 4WindowsXbox OnePlayStation 5Xbox Series X/SRelease November 10, 2015 PS4, Windows, Xbox OneNovember 10, 2015PS5, Xbox Series X/SApril 25, 2024 Genre(s)Action role-playingMode(s)Single-player Fallout 4 is a 2015 action role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is the fourth main game in the Fallout series and was released worldwide on November 10, 2015, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The game is set within an open world post-apocalyptic environment that encompasses the city of Boston and the surrounding Massachusetts region known as "The Commonwealth". The main story takes place in the year 2287, 10 years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after "The Great War", which caused catastrophic nuclear devastation. The player assumes control of a character simply referred to as the "Sole Survivor", who emerges from a long-term cryogenic stasis in Vault 111, an underground nuclear fallout shelter. After witnessing the murder of their spouse and the kidnapping of their son, the Sole Survivor ventures out into the Commonwealth to search for their missing child. The player explores the game's dilapidated world, completes various quests, helps out various factions, and acquires experience points to level up and increase the abilities of their character. New features to the series include the ability to develop and manage settlements and an extensive crafting system where materials scavenged from the environment can be used to craft explosives, upgrade weapons and armor, and construct, furnish, and improve settlements. Fallout 4 is the first game in the series to feature a fully-voiced protagonist. Fallout 4 received positive reviews from critics, with many praising the world depth, player freedom, overall amount of content, crafting, story, characters, and soundtrack. Criticism was mainly directed at the game's simplified role-playing elements compared to its predecessors and technical issues. The game shipped 12 million units to retailers, which generated $750 million within the first 24 hours of its launch. It received numerous accolades from various gaming publications and award events, including the respective awards for Game of the Year and Best Game at the D.I.C.E. Awards and British Academy Games Awards. Bethesda has released six downloadable content add-ons, including the expansions Far Harbor and Nuka-World. Gameplay Fallout 4 is an action role-playing game set in an open world environment. Gameplay is similar to that of Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas, the two previous primary iterations in the series. However, unlike the previous two titles, the gun-gameplay was handled by id Software. Returning features include a camera that can switch between a first-person and third-person perspective. Fallout 4 introduces features including a layered armor system, base-building, a dialogue system featuring 111,000 lines of dialogue, and a crafting system which implements every lootable object in the game. Enemies such as Mole Rats, Raiders, Super Mutants, Deathclaws, and Feral Ghouls return along with the companion Dogmeat. The player has the ability to freely roam in the game's world and leave a conversation at any time. If the player has discovered a certain location they may fast travel to it, unless playing on "Survival Difficulty" in which fast travelling is disabled. Weapons can be customized; the game includes over 50 guns, which can be crafted with a variety of modifications, such as receivers, barrel types and laser focusers, with over 700 modifications available. Power Armor has been redesigned to be more like a vehicle than a suit of armor, requiring fusion cores and being essentially dead weight without it and can be modified, allowing the player to add items such as a jetpack or selecting separate types of armor plating for each part of the suit. A new feature to the series is the ability to craft and deconstruct settlements and buildings. The player can select and break down many in-game objects and structures, and use the resultant raw materials to freely build their own structures. In addition, the towns can be powered with working electricity, using a power line system. Merchants and non-player characters can inhabit the player's settlements, for which the player must provide sustenance by growing food in makeshift patches and building water pumps. The player can build various defenses around their settlements, such as turrets and traps and bombs, to defend against random attacks. When using V.A.T.S., real-time action is slowed down, and players can see the probability of hitting each body part of the enemies through a percentage ratio displayed here on the PlayStation 4 version. The Pip-Boy, a personal computing device strapped to the player character's wrist, allows the player to access a menu with statistics, maps, data, and items the player has acquired. The player can find game cartridges, called Holotapes, which can be played on the Pip-Boy or a terminal. A new feature for the Pip-Boy interface is a downloadable application for iOS, Android, and Windows smartphones and tablets. This optional app allows players to access the Pip-Boy interface on a separate screen, and play the collected game cartridges when not playing the main game. Another returning gameplay feature is the Vault-Tec Assisted Targeting System (V.A.T.S.). While using V.A.T.S., real-time combat is slowed down (instead of stopped entirely as in previous entries), and action is played out from varying camera angles in a computer graphics version of "bullet time". Various actions cost points, limiting the actions of each combatant during a period of time, and the player can target specific body parts for attacks to inflict specific injuries; headshots can be used for quick kills or to blind, legs can be targeted to slow enemy movement, and opponents can be disarmed by shooting at their weapons. Unlike previous games, in which the player had a random chance to inflict a critical hit, they are now performed manually through V.A.T.S. At the beginning of the game, players are given points to spend on a character progression system called S.P.E.C.I.A.L. The system represents seven statistics, namely strength, perception, endurance, charisma, intelligence, agility, and luck. When the player earns enough experience points to gain a level, they unlock an ability. When the player allocates more points to a statistic, more abilities can be unlocked. These perks can be upgraded to improve the protagonist's efficiency and to further unlock abilities. There are about 275 perks available for the player to unlock. There is a soft level cap of 65535 and the game does not end once the main story is complete. The player may travel with only one companion at a time, although other characters accompany the player in certain quests. For the first time in the series, these companions can interact with the environment on the player character's behalf. For example, if the player character does not have required skills to hack a terminal or pick a lock, they can order the companion to do it for them. Any companion present besides Dogmeat will react to certain player actions in one of four ways (love, like, dislike, or hate), which either raises or lowers their "affinity". Raising a companion's affinity to 1,000 points will result in them "idolizing" the player and granting a specific perk. Partnership with companions is also possible at higher affinities. The companion will leave if affinity drops low enough, and some actions can turn them hostile on sight. Plot Setting Fallout 4 takes place in the year 2287, 10 years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after the Great War, a war between the United States and China over natural resources that ended in a nuclear holocaust in 2077. The setting is post-apocalyptic, covering a region that includes Boston and other parts of New England known as "The Commonwealth". Unlike the previous titles, Fallout 4's story begins on the day the bombs dropped: October 23, 2077. The game takes place in an alternate version of history that features 1940s and 1950s aesthetics, such as diners and a drive-in theater, while design and technologies advance in the directions imagined during the era. The resulting universe is thus a retro-futuristic one, where the technology has evolved enough to produce laser weapons, manipulate genes and create nearly-autonomous artificial intelligence, all within the confines of 1950s' technology such as the widespread use of atomic power and vacuum tubes, as well as having the integrated circuitry of the digital age. The architecture, advertisements, and general living styles are depicted to be largely unchanged since the 1950s, while including contemporary products, such as a robotic rocking horse for children in one advertisement, or posters for the underground Vaults that play a central role in the storyline of the game. There are four main factions that the player can choose to support throughout the story; the Institute, a secretive organization that specializes in the creation of artificial humanoids called "synths", the Brotherhood of Steel, an anti-synth faction hoping to preserve and control technology in the Commonwealth; the Minutemen, a faction that aims to drive out raiders and other threats out of the Commonwealth; and the Railroad, a secretive organization dedicated to rescuing synths from the Institute. Characters The player's character (voiced by either Brian T. Delaney or Courtenay Taylor) takes shelter in Vault 111, emerging exactly 210 years later on October 23, 2287, and assuming the name of the "Sole Survivor". There are thirteen possible companions in the story. Dogmeat, a loyal German Shepherd, is the only mandatory companion, but six others must at least be encountered; Codsworth (Stephen Russell), the Sole Survivor's robot butler; Deacon (Ryan Alosio), a Railroad agent; John Hancock (Danny Shorago), the mayor of Goodneighbor; Nick Valentine (Stephen Russell), a synth detective; Piper Wright (Courtney Ford), an intrepid reporter; and Preston Garvey (Jon Gentry), the resilient leader of the Minutemen. The other six possible companions are Cait (Katy Townsend), an Irish-accented cage fighter; Curie (Sophie Simone Cortina), a robot scientist turned Synth; Danse (Peter Jessop), a Brotherhood of Steel Paladin; MacCready (Matthew Mercer), a mercenary; Strong (Sean Schemmel), a human-sympathetic Super Mutant; and X6-88 (David Paluck), an Institute Courser. Seven of the companions become romance options once they idolize the Sole Survivor, regardless of the gender of the player character: Cait, Curie, Danse, Hancock, MacCready, Piper, and Preston. Story In the Commonwealth during the year 2077, the protagonist and their family—consisting of their husband Nate (Brian T. Delaney) or wife Nora (Courtenay Taylor), depending on the player's chosen sex, and their baby son Shaun—escape into Vault 111, gaining entry due to a Vault-Tec representative signing them up for it immediately prior to a nuclear attack. Inside, the family members are tricked into entering cryogenic tubes and frozen alive. 150 years later, the protagonist's spouse is killed and Shaun is taken away by a mysterious group. The life support system malfunctions at a later date and unfreezes the protagonist, who leaves their tube to find the remaining residents of Vault 111 deceased, gaining the nickname of the "Sole Survivor". They return home and reunite with their former robot butler Codsworth (Stephen Russell), who reveals that a total of 210 years have passed since the nuclear attack. At Codsworth's suggestion, the Sole Survivor reaches the nearby town of Concord, befriending a dog named Dogmeat (River) and a member of a revived version of the Minutemen named Preston Garvey (Jon Gentry). In Diamond City, the Sole Survivor learns that an organization called the Institute has been terrifying the Commonwealth by kidnapping humans and replacing them with Synths, humanoid robots who are indistinguishable from real humans. After rescuing android private detective Nick Valentine (Russell), the Sole Survivor uncovers the identity of their spouse's killer as Conrad Kellogg (Keythe Farley). The Sole Survivor hunts down Kellogg and kills him, though Kellogg spends his last moments revealing that Shaun is being held in the Institute. The Sole Survivor steals a cybernetic device from Kellogg's brain to access his memories with the help of Dr. Amari (Meher Tatna). Meanwhile, the Brotherhood of Steel arrives in the Commonwealth, and a former Institute employee instructs the Sole Survivor to craft a teleportation device required to infiltrate the Institute. With the help of the Railroad, an underground movement aiming to free Synths from the Institute, the Sole Survivor retrieves a chip and has it decoded. After successfully crafting the teleportation device, the Sole Survivor enters the Institute. The Sole Survivor meets a much older Shaun (Tony Amendola), who is revealed to have become the Institute's director and explains that his abduction 60 years ago was part of a Synth experiment due to his pre-war DNA. Should the Sole Survivor choose to align themselves with Shaun, they learn that Shaun is dying of cancer and agree to his request that they succeed him as the Institute's director, helping him track down and re-enslave escaped Synths. Should the Sole Survivor refuse to join Shaun, they engage in combat against Shaun and the entire Institute with the help of various other anti-Institute factions; the Sole Survivor then detonates a nuclear reactor, destroying the Institute. If the Sole Survivor officially joined the Minutemen earlier in the game, the Minutemen will help them wipe out the other factions. Development Todd Howard, game director of both Fallout 4 and Fallout 3, in 2010 The initial plans for Fallout 4 were formed in 2009, when director Todd Howard wanted to explore the world of Fallout before the bombs fell. Thus, a team began production on the game that year, including Istvan Pely, lead artist of Fallout 3, after finishing that game's downloadable content (DLC). Meanwhile, development on The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim had Bethesda's full attention, and after that game released in 2011, the studio continued to regularly support it until 2013 with updates and DLC. After that content was finished, Fallout 4 entered full production from mid-2013 to mid-2015. Design Unlike the previous two titles—Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas—which used the Gamebryo engine, Fallout 4 uses the Creation Engine, which was used in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Modified for Fallout 4, the Creation Engine includes a revamped character editor system that allows freeform creation of faces without the use of sliders seen in previous games. Instead, the player can click and drag each feature of the face to accurately customize their character, which can either be a man or woman as the previous Fallout titles have featured. Bethesda announced that the game would run at 1080p resolution and 30 frames per second on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Bethesda revealed that mobile devices would be integrated into the game as a form of second screen, acting as a secondary display for the Pip-Boy. For the first time in the Fallout series, the player's character, the Sole Survivor, is fully voice acted, including all decision-based dialogue options. Brian T. Delaney and Courtenay Taylor are the two player character voice actors. Todd Howard revealed that mods for the PC versions of the game would be usable on the Xbox One version and that the team hoped to bring them to the PlayStation 4 version eventually. When asked about the failed effort to add a paid mod system to The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Howard stated there were no plans for a similar effort with Fallout 4. The mods created by PC players through The Creation Kit, which contains the official modding tools, were released for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in May 2016 and November 2016 respectively. Engine Main article: Creation Engine Fallout 4 uses Bethesda's Creation Engine, which was created for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Dynamic lighting allows shadows to be created by any structure or item in the game world. Howard stated in the E3 2015 Press Conference that the updated Creation Engine allows for next-generation god rays and advanced volumetric lighting. The engine features a variety of visual effects not present in previous Bethesda games such as motion blur, temporal anti-aliasing, height fog, dynamic dismemberment, screen space reflections, filmic tone mapping, an updated material system—for wet textures—among numerous others. The engine allows the Bethesda team to add more dynamic lighting to every scene as well as "paint surfaces with realistic materials". Bethesda released an example on how the engine works: "When a rain storm rolls in, our new material system allows the surfaces of the world to get wet, and a new cloth simulation system makes cloth, hair, and vegetation blow in the wind." The updated Creation Engine allows for a more advanced character creation system, which uses sculpting—forgoing the series of sliders present in previous games. In detail, the new character creation system introduces a new, freeform, slider-free facial editor controlled via dynamic, real-time modeling interface. With regards to the aforementioned fluid animations, the updated engine also allows a much more open approach to conversations with NPCs—wherein the camera views can change depending on the player's preference from a first-person view to a cinematic third-person view—compared to Fallout 3's rigid and instanced conversation system. The protagonist features dynamic dialogue, which is context sensitive and allows players to back out of a conversation. In Howard's words, "you are free to walk away anytime if you want, or you can even shoot him in the face." Marketing and release On June 2, 2015, Bethesda published a countdown timer scheduled to expire on June 3, 2015, at 14:00 UTC. The game's website went live slightly ahead of schedule, revealing the game along with its box art and platforms. The site was taken down later but was put back up again at the scheduled time. The trailer was released when the countdown timer expired, and the game was confirmed to take place in Boston and its surrounding Massachusetts countryside, as suggested by earlier rumors. More details were given during Bethesda's E3 2015 press conference on June 14, 2015. Fallout 4 became available for pre-order following the product announcement. In addition to the standard edition of the game, there is a collector's edition which includes a wearable replica of the Pip-Boy. This is able to house a smartphone device, which can run the second screen functionality of the game. As a pre-order bonus for the Windows version of the game, an announcer pack featuring the voice of Mister Handy was released for the multiplayer online battle arena game, Dota 2, developed by Valve. Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 had gone gold on October 23, 2015. The game was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 10, 2015. Updates After Fallout 4's release, Bethesda has released several patches to address some of the issues that were present at the game's launch along with presenting features that improve general gameplay. The first patch—coded as patch 1.2—fine-tuned the game by improving the frame rate. Patch 1.2 fixed a few bugs and errors present at the launch of the game but interfered with unofficial mod support. Patch 1.3 improved the game's graphics on all platforms, along with presenting the game with new features such as an added status menu for settlers in settlements. With regard to the graphical updates introduced in this patch, the PC platform was given a new weapon debris effect and a new ambient occlusion setting. The patch fixed several bugs and glitches present in the game. Patch 1.4 was designed to ready the game for the upcoming Creation Kit and downloadable content. Patch 1.4 brought a variety of additions to the settlement building mechanic of the game by adding a symbol to new content placed in by the modding community along with adding a variety of items, such as Raider and Super Mutant decors. The patch also brought general improvements to the game's stability. The 1.5 patch added a revamped survival mode along with support for the downloadable and included bug fixes. Similar to the previous Bethesda games, Fallout 4's fan community-created unofficial patches to address issues and bugs unaddressed by the official patches. During E3 2016, a virtual reality mode for the game was announced, to be released in 2017. Fallout 4 VR was released as a stand-alone game on December 4, 2017, for PC on the HTC Vive platform. A performance update for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, allowing higher frame rates and 4K resolution support when played on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, was announced in December 2022. It was planned for release in 2023, but was delayed. Bethesda later announced that the update was reworked into native versions for these platforms. The update was released on April 25, 2024, alongside stability improvements and fixes for existing platforms, ultrawide support for PC, and additional free Creation Club content. However, it also introduced a host of problems for players, including broken mod support and UI issues in ultrawide mode on PC. Quality mode on Xbox also stopped working and settings on Steam Deck were wiped. Those playing the game through PlayStation Plus Extra were initially unable to update their version of the game. Downloadable content Main article: Fallout 4 downloadable content On February 16, 2016, Bethesda announced details, prices, and release dates for the first three add-ons for Fallout 4. The first add-on, Automatron, which allows the player to build their custom robot companion by using robot parts while adding additional quests, was released to the European and North American markets on March 22, 2016. This was followed by Wasteland Workshop on April 12, 2016, which introduces new build options for settlements and the ability for the player to put captured creatures or humans in a cage, and adds new decorations like neon lights and lettering. The third add-on, titled Far Harbor, is a story expansion set in the post-war city of Far Harbor, Maine, and was released on May 19, 2016. On June 12, 2016, at E3 2016, Bethesda revealed three new add-on packages for the game; the first two, Contraptions Workshop, released on June 21, 2016, and Vault-Tec Workshop, released on July 26, 2016, are structured similarly to the Wasteland Workshop add-on, offering the player more build options and decorations; the Vault-Tec Workshop also adds a brief narrative. Fallout 4's third add-on, Nuka-World, which was released on August 30, 2016, adds an amusement park-based area for the player to explore, in which the player can either side with or put an end to various raider groups residing in the park. If the player decides to do the former, they can help one of the raider groups take control of various settlements in the Commonwealth from the base game. Creation Club Main article: Creation Club At E3 2017, Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 would support Creation Club, an in-game support system to purchase and download custom content. Creation Club went live in August 2017. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 84/100PS4: 87/100XONE: 88/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7.5/10Electronic Gaming Monthly9/10Game Informer9/10GameRevolutionGameSpot9/10GamesRadar+GameTrailers9/10Giant Bomb(PC) (Consoles) IGN9.5/10PC Gamer (US)88/100Polygon9.5/10VideoGamer.com9/10The GuardianEdit on Wikidata Fallout 4 received "generally favorable" reviews on all three platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot's Peter Brown awarded it a score of 9 out of 10, saying "Fallout 4 is an argument for substance over style, and an excellent addition to the revered open-world series." Brown praised the "thought-provoking" narrative, "intuitive" creation tools, the large amount of content, the overall combat, and the overall freedom the player is given. Game Informer's Andrew Reiner scored the game a 9 out of 10 and said: "Bethesda has created another game you can lose your life in. New experiences just keep coming, and you always have another perk to unlock." Reiner praised the "vastly improved" combat, the "denser" world, and the "brilliant" score, but had mixed feelings about the visuals. Dan Stapleton of IGN scored the game a 9.5 out of 10 and wrote: "The world, exploration, crafting, atmosphere, and story of Fallout 4 are all key parts of this hugely successful sandbox role-playing game. (It is) an adventure I'll definitely replay and revisit. Even the technical shakiness that crops up here and there can't even begin to slow down its momentum." Phil Savage of PC Gamer mentioned that Fallout 4 is "a loving production. It's filled with care and attention to detail" and that it was "a pleasure to pick through the world". He concluded his review stating "many of Fallout 4's problems, like every Bethesda RPG before it, are a consequence of what makes them unforgettable". Polygon awarded it a score of 9.5 out of 10, saying "Fallout 4 brings great gameplay to match its world and ambiance". Destructoid gave the game a 7.5 out of 10, writing "a lot of the franchise's signature problems have carried over directly into Fallout 4". Sales Fallout 4 sold 1.2 million units on Steam in its first 24 hours of release. The game also sold more digital than physical units on day one of launch. With almost 470,000 concurrent Steam players on launch day, Fallout 4 broke Grand Theft Auto V's record for having the most concurrent online players in a Steam game not developed by Valve. Bethesda shipped 12 million units to retailers within the first 24 hours, grossing $750 million. In February 2017, Pete Hines announced that Fallout 4 had sold more units over the same time period than Skyrim, though he did not provide an official number. Awards Fallout 4 received numerous awards and nominations from gaming publications such as GameSpot, GamesRadar, EGM, GameRevolution, and IGN. The game received "Game of the Year" awards from the 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards and the 12th British Academy Games Awards, as well as numerous nominations for the top gaming honor from The Game Awards, The Daily Telegraph, PC Gamer, IGN and more. It was also placed on various lists of the best games of 2015 in which GameSpot put it at sixth, and GamesRadar at fourth. The game also received the "Role-Playing Game of the Year" award from the Game Critics Awards and the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Awards and nominations for Fallout 4 Year Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref(s). 2015 Game Critic Awards 2015 Best of Show Fallout 4 Won Best PC Game Fallout 4 Won Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Won 33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Fallout 4 Won The Game Awards 2015 Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Score/Soundtrack Inon Zur Nominated Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Role-Playing/Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Fallout 4 Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Fallout 4 Nominated 16th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Design Fallout 4 Nominated Best Technology Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Design Fallout 4 Nominated 15th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Animation, Artistic Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction, Period Influence Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction, Contemporary Fallout 4 Nominated Camera Direction in a Game Engine Fallout 4 Nominated Character Design Fallout 4 Nominated Costume Design Fallout 4 Nominated Direction in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Game Design, Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Game Engineering Fallout 4 Nominated Graphics, Technical Fallout 4 Nominated Performance in a Drama, Lead Brian T. Delaney as "Male Player Character" Nominated Performance in a Drama, Supporting Stephen Russell as "Codsworth/Nick Valentine" Nominated Song, Original or Adapted "Good Neighbor" Nominated Song Collection Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Editing in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Effects Fallout 4 Nominated Use of Sound, Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Writing in a Drama Fallout 4 Nominated Game, Franchise Role Playing Fallout 4 Nominated 12th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Fallout 4 Won Music Inon Zur Nominated 2017 Game Critics Awards 2017 Best VR Game Fallout 4 VR Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Virtual Reality Game Fallout 4 VR Won 2018 17th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards Control Design, VR Fallout 4 VR Nominated Direction in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated Legal issues A class-action lawsuit was filed against Bethesda Softworks and ZeniMax Media in 2019 over its downloadable content (DLC). The suit asserted that the Season Pass was sold as offering "all of the Fallout 4 DLC we ever do" for a single price, but later with the introduction of the Creation Club in 2017, those that purchased the Season Pass have to purchase the Creation Club content if they wished to use it. During the suit's litigation in court, ZeniMax and Microsoft had announced plans for ZeniMax to be acquired into Xbox Game Studios which was anticipated to close by June 2021. The plaintiffs in the case sought a preliminary injunction to block the acquisition as to prevent Microsoft from shielding ZeniMax's assets should they be found liable in the case, which was expected to be heard in 2022. Notes ^ Additional work by id Software. Iron Galaxy co-developed the VR version. References ^ a b Hussain, Tamoor (September 16, 2015). "Fallout 4 Gun Gameplay Built With Doom Dev's Help". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ Hilliard, Kyle (September 5, 2015). 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External links Official website Fallout 4 at IMDb Fallout 4 at MobyGames Portals: United States Nuclear technology Speculative fiction Video games vteFallout seriesVideo gamesMain series Fallout Fallout 2 Fallout 3 downloadable content Fallout 4 Creation Club downloadable content Far Harbor Nuka-World Spin-offs Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel Brotherhood of Steel New Vegas Shelter 76 Cancelled Van Buren Online Television series "The End" "The Target" "The Head" "The Ghouls" "The Past" "The Trap" "The Radio" "The Beginning" MediaOfficial Music The Board Game Unofficial 1.5: Resurrection Equestria London New California Nuka Break Nukapedia UniverseCharacters Dogmeat Nick Valentine Vault Boy Organizations Brotherhood of Steel New California Republic Vault-Tec Races Ghoul Locations Megaton Other Pip-Boy Developers Interplay Entertainment Micro Forté Black Isle Studios Bethesda Game Studios Obsidian Entertainment Behaviour Interactive Related Exodus Wasteland The Outer Worlds Category vteD.I.C.E. Awards' Game of the Year GoldenEye 007 (1997/1998) The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1998/1999) The Sims (1999/2000) Diablo II (2000) Halo: Combat Evolved (2001) Battlefield 1942 (2002) Call of Duty (2003) Half-Life 2 (2004) God of War (2005) Gears of War (2006) Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (2007) LittleBigPlanet (2008) Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) Mass Effect 2 (2010) The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) Journey (2012) The Last of Us (2013) Dragon Age: Inquisition (2014) Fallout 4 (2015) Overwatch (2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) God of War (2018) Untitled Goose Game (2019) Hades (2020) It Takes Two (2021) Elden Ring (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) vteBAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards and BAFTA Games Award for Best Game1990s GoldenEye 007 (1998) The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1999) 2000s Deus Ex, MediEvil II, Pokémon Yellow, Sydney 2000 (2000) Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, ISS Pro Evolution 2, Max Payne, Phantasy Star Online, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 (2001) Grand Prix 4, Halo: Combat Evolved, Neverwinter Nights, SMS Chess (2002) Call of Duty (2003) Half-Life 2 (2004) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter (2006) BioShock (2007) Super Mario Galaxy (2008) Batman: Arkham Asylum (2009) 2010s Mass Effect 2 (2010) Portal 2 (2011) Dishonored (2012) The Last of Us (2013) Destiny (2014) Fallout 4 (2015) Uncharted 4: A Thief's End (2016) What Remains of Edith Finch (2017) God of War (2018) Outer Wilds (2019) 2020s Hades (2020) Returnal (2021) Vampire Survivors (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) vteBethesda Game StudiosThe Elder Scrolls The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind Tribunal Bloodmoon IV: Oblivion Knights of the Nine Shivering Isles V: Skyrim Dawnguard Hearthfire Dragonborn Blades VI IHRA Drag Racing series IHRA Professional Drag Racing 2005 Sportsman Edition Fallout series Fallout 3 DLC Shelter 4 Far Harbor Nuka-World other DLC 76 Other games Starfield People Todd Howard Emil Pagliarulo Technology Creation Engine Radiant AI Related Fallout (American TV series) "Children of the Sky" Bethesda Softworks ZeniMax Media Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Bethesda Game Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Game_Studios"},{"link_name":"Bethesda Softworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks"},{"link_name":"Fallout series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(franchise)#Games"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"post-apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"catastrophic nuclear devastation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust"},{"link_name":"cryogenic stasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_animation_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"fallout shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter"},{"link_name":"Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Award_for_Best_Game"},{"link_name":"D.I.C.E. Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Awards"},{"link_name":"British Academy Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"six downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4_downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"Far Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4:_Far_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Nuka-World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4:_Nuka-World"}],"text":"2015 video gameFallout 4 is a 2015 action role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is the fourth main game in the Fallout series and was released worldwide on November 10, 2015, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The game is set within an open world post-apocalyptic environment that encompasses the city of Boston and the surrounding Massachusetts region known as \"The Commonwealth\".The main story takes place in the year 2287, 10 years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after \"The Great War\", which caused catastrophic nuclear devastation. The player assumes control of a character simply referred to as the \"Sole Survivor\", who emerges from a long-term cryogenic stasis in Vault 111, an underground nuclear fallout shelter. After witnessing the murder of their spouse and the kidnapping of their son, the Sole Survivor ventures out into the Commonwealth to search for their missing child. The player explores the game's dilapidated world, completes various quests, helps out various factions, and acquires experience points to level up and increase the abilities of their character. New features to the series include the ability to develop and manage settlements and an extensive crafting system where materials scavenged from the environment can be used to craft explosives, upgrade weapons and armor, and construct, furnish, and improve settlements. Fallout 4 is the first game in the series to feature a fully-voiced protagonist.Fallout 4 received positive reviews from critics, with many praising the world depth, player freedom, overall amount of content, crafting, story, characters, and soundtrack. Criticism was mainly directed at the game's simplified role-playing elements compared to its predecessors and technical issues. The game shipped 12 million units to retailers, which generated $750 million within the first 24 hours of its launch. It received numerous accolades from various gaming publications and award events, including the respective awards for Game of the Year and Best Game at the D.I.C.E. Awards and British Academy Games Awards. Bethesda has released six downloadable content add-ons, including the expansions Far Harbor and Nuka-World.","title":"Fallout 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"Fallout: New Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas"},{"link_name":"id Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Software"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-id_software-1"},{"link_name":"first-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"third-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system#Third-person_view"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Super Mutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mutant"},{"link_name":"Deathclaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathclaw"},{"link_name":"Feral Ghouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoul_(Fallout)"},{"link_name":"Dogmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmeat_(Fallout)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fast travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_travel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fo4_Trailer-5"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crafting-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fallout_4_V.A.T.S._Screen.jpg"},{"link_name":"bullet time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_Gameplay-8"},{"link_name":"S.P.E.C.I.A.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)#SPECIAL_system"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Fallout 4 is an action role-playing game set in an open world environment. Gameplay is similar to that of Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas, the two previous primary iterations in the series. However, unlike the previous two titles, the gun-gameplay was handled by id Software.[1] Returning features include a camera that can switch between a first-person and third-person perspective. Fallout 4 introduces features including a layered armor system, base-building, a dialogue system featuring 111,000 lines of dialogue,[2] and a crafting system which implements every lootable object in the game. Enemies such as Mole Rats, Raiders, Super Mutants, Deathclaws, and Feral Ghouls return along with the companion Dogmeat.[3]The player has the ability to freely roam in the game's world and leave a conversation at any time. If the player has discovered a certain location they may fast travel to it, unless playing on \"Survival Difficulty\" in which fast travelling is disabled. Weapons can be customized; the game includes over 50 guns, which can be crafted with a variety of modifications, such as receivers, barrel types and laser focusers, with over 700 modifications available. Power Armor has been redesigned to be more like a vehicle than a suit of armor, requiring fusion cores and being essentially dead weight without it[4][better source needed] and can be modified, allowing the player to add items such as a jetpack or selecting separate types of armor plating for each part of the suit.[5]A new feature to the series is the ability to craft and deconstruct settlements and buildings. The player can select and break down many in-game objects and structures, and use the resultant raw materials to freely build their own structures. In addition, the towns can be powered with working electricity, using a power line system. Merchants and non-player characters can inhabit the player's settlements, for which the player must provide sustenance by growing food in makeshift patches and building water pumps. The player can build various defenses around their settlements, such as turrets and traps and bombs, to defend against random attacks.[6]When using V.A.T.S., real-time action is slowed down, and players can see the probability of hitting each body part of the enemies through a percentage ratio displayed here on the PlayStation 4 version.The Pip-Boy, a personal computing device strapped to the player character's wrist, allows the player to access a menu with statistics, maps, data, and items the player has acquired. The player can find game cartridges, called Holotapes, which can be played on the Pip-Boy or a terminal. A new feature for the Pip-Boy interface is a downloadable application for iOS, Android, and Windows smartphones and tablets. This optional app allows players to access the Pip-Boy interface on a separate screen, and play the collected game cartridges when not playing the main game. Another returning gameplay feature is the Vault-Tec Assisted Targeting System (V.A.T.S.). While using V.A.T.S., real-time combat is slowed down (instead of stopped entirely as in previous entries), and action is played out from varying camera angles in a computer graphics version of \"bullet time\". Various actions cost points, limiting the actions of each combatant during a period of time, and the player can target specific body parts for attacks to inflict specific injuries; headshots can be used for quick kills or to blind, legs can be targeted to slow enemy movement, and opponents can be disarmed by shooting at their weapons. Unlike previous games, in which the player had a random chance to inflict a critical hit, they are now performed manually through V.A.T.S.[7]At the beginning of the game, players are given points to spend on a character progression system called S.P.E.C.I.A.L. The system represents seven statistics, namely strength, perception, endurance, charisma, intelligence, agility, and luck. When the player earns enough experience points to gain a level, they unlock an ability. When the player allocates more points to a statistic, more abilities can be unlocked. These perks can be upgraded to improve the protagonist's efficiency and to further unlock abilities.[8] There are about 275 perks available for the player to unlock. There is a soft level cap of 65535 and the game does not end once the main story is complete.[9]The player may travel with only one companion at a time, although other characters accompany the player in certain quests. For the first time in the series, these companions can interact with the environment on the player character's behalf. For example, if the player character does not have required skills to hack a terminal or pick a lock, they can order the companion to do it for them. Any companion present besides Dogmeat will react to certain player actions in one of four ways (love, like, dislike, or hate), which either raises or lowers their \"affinity\". Raising a companion's affinity to 1,000 points will result in them \"idolizing\" the player and granting a specific perk. Partnership with companions is also possible at higher affinities. The companion will leave if affinity drops low enough, and some actions can turn them hostile on sight.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"nuclear holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust"},{"link_name":"post-apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"retro-futuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofuturism"},{"link_name":"laser weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"},{"link_name":"manipulate genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"artificial humanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)"}],"sub_title":"Setting","text":"Fallout 4 takes place in the year 2287, 10 years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after the Great War, a war between the United States and China over natural resources that ended in a nuclear holocaust in 2077. The setting is post-apocalyptic, covering a region that includes Boston and other parts of New England known as \"The Commonwealth\". Unlike the previous titles, Fallout 4's story begins on the day the bombs dropped: October 23, 2077.The game takes place in an alternate version of history that features 1940s and 1950s aesthetics, such as diners and a drive-in theater, while design and technologies advance in the directions imagined during the era. The resulting universe is thus a retro-futuristic one, where the technology has evolved enough to produce laser weapons, manipulate genes and create nearly-autonomous artificial intelligence, all within the confines of 1950s' technology such as the widespread use of atomic power and vacuum tubes, as well as having the integrated circuitry of the digital age. The architecture, advertisements, and general living styles are depicted to be largely unchanged since the 1950s, while including contemporary products, such as a robotic rocking horse for children in one advertisement, or posters for the underground Vaults that play a central role in the storyline of the game.[citation needed]There are four main factions that the player can choose to support throughout the story; the Institute, a secretive organization that specializes in the creation of artificial humanoids called \"synths\", the Brotherhood of Steel, an anti-synth faction hoping to preserve and control technology in the Commonwealth; the Minutemen, a faction that aims to drive out raiders and other threats out of the Commonwealth; and the Railroad, a secretive organization dedicated to rescuing synths from the Institute.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian T. Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_T._Delaney"},{"link_name":"Courtenay Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardiane3-11"},{"link_name":"Dogmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmeat_(Fallout)"},{"link_name":"German Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Stephen Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Russell"},{"link_name":"Nick Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Courtney Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Ford"},{"link_name":"Peter Jessop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jessop"},{"link_name":"Matthew Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Sean Schemmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Schemmel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"The player's character (voiced by either Brian T. Delaney or Courtenay Taylor) takes shelter in Vault 111, emerging exactly 210 years later on October 23, 2287, and assuming the name of the \"Sole Survivor\".[10] There are thirteen possible companions in the story. Dogmeat, a loyal German Shepherd, is the only mandatory companion, but six others must at least be encountered; Codsworth (Stephen Russell), the Sole Survivor's robot butler; Deacon (Ryan Alosio), a Railroad agent; John Hancock (Danny Shorago), the mayor of Goodneighbor; Nick Valentine (Stephen Russell), a synth detective; Piper Wright (Courtney Ford), an intrepid reporter; and Preston Garvey (Jon Gentry), the resilient leader of the Minutemen. The other six possible companions are Cait (Katy Townsend), an Irish-accented cage fighter; Curie (Sophie Simone Cortina), a robot scientist turned Synth; Danse (Peter Jessop), a Brotherhood of Steel Paladin; MacCready (Matthew Mercer), a mercenary; Strong (Sean Schemmel), a human-sympathetic Super Mutant; and X6-88 (David Paluck), an Institute Courser.Seven of the companions become romance options once they idolize the Sole Survivor, regardless of the gender of the player character: Cait, Curie, Danse, Hancock, MacCready, Piper, and Preston.[11]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Brian T. Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_T._Delaney"},{"link_name":"Courtenay Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay_Taylor"},{"link_name":"nuclear attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"frozen alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics"},{"link_name":"Stephen Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Russell"},{"link_name":"Minutemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen"},{"link_name":"Nick Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Keythe Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keythe_Farley"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Steel"},{"link_name":"Tony Amendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Amendola"}],"sub_title":"Story","text":"In the Commonwealth during the year 2077, the protagonist and their family—consisting of their husband Nate (Brian T. Delaney) or wife Nora (Courtenay Taylor), depending on the player's chosen sex, and their baby son Shaun—escape into Vault 111, gaining entry due to a Vault-Tec representative signing them up for it immediately prior to a nuclear attack. Inside, the family members are tricked into entering cryogenic tubes and frozen alive. 150 years later, the protagonist's spouse is killed and Shaun is taken away by a mysterious group. The life support system malfunctions at a later date and unfreezes the protagonist, who leaves their tube to find the remaining residents of Vault 111 deceased, gaining the nickname of the \"Sole Survivor\". They return home and reunite with their former robot butler Codsworth (Stephen Russell), who reveals that a total of 210 years have passed since the nuclear attack. At Codsworth's suggestion, the Sole Survivor reaches the nearby town of Concord, befriending a dog named Dogmeat (River) and a member of a revived version of the Minutemen named Preston Garvey (Jon Gentry).In Diamond City, the Sole Survivor learns that an organization called the Institute has been terrifying the Commonwealth by kidnapping humans and replacing them with Synths, humanoid robots who are indistinguishable from real humans. After rescuing android private detective Nick Valentine (Russell), the Sole Survivor uncovers the identity of their spouse's killer as Conrad Kellogg (Keythe Farley). The Sole Survivor hunts down Kellogg and kills him, though Kellogg spends his last moments revealing that Shaun is being held in the Institute. The Sole Survivor steals a cybernetic device from Kellogg's brain to access his memories with the help of Dr. Amari (Meher Tatna). Meanwhile, the Brotherhood of Steel arrives in the Commonwealth, and a former Institute employee instructs the Sole Survivor to craft a teleportation device required to infiltrate the Institute. With the help of the Railroad, an underground movement aiming to free Synths from the Institute, the Sole Survivor retrieves a chip and has it decoded. After successfully crafting the teleportation device, the Sole Survivor enters the Institute.The Sole Survivor meets a much older Shaun (Tony Amendola), who is revealed to have become the Institute's director and explains that his abduction 60 years ago was part of a Synth experiment due to his pre-war DNA. Should the Sole Survivor choose to align themselves with Shaun, they learn that Shaun is dying of cancer and agree to his request that they succeed him as the Institute's director, helping him track down and re-enslave escaped Synths. Should the Sole Survivor refuse to join Shaun, they engage in combat against Shaun and the entire Institute with the help of various other anti-Institute factions; the Sole Survivor then detonates a nuclear reactor, destroying the Institute. If the Sole Survivor officially joined the Minutemen earlier in the game, the Minutemen will help them wipe out the other factions.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToddHoward2010sm_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Todd Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Howard"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"Istvan Pely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istvan_Pely"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Todd Howard, game director of both Fallout 4 and Fallout 3, in 2010The initial plans for Fallout 4 were formed in 2009, when director Todd Howard wanted to explore the world of Fallout before the bombs fell. Thus, a team began production on the game that year, including Istvan Pely, lead artist of Fallout 3, after finishing that game's downloadable content (DLC). Meanwhile, development on The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim had Bethesda's full attention, and after that game released in 2011, the studio continued to regularly support it until 2013 with updates and DLC. After that content was finished, Fallout 4 entered full production from mid-2013 to mid-2015.[12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fallout: New Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Gamebryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebryo"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"Creation Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Engine"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"second screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_screen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brian T. Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_T._Delaney"},{"link_name":"Courtenay Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xbox1mods-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"Unlike the previous two titles—Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas—which used the Gamebryo engine, Fallout 4 uses the Creation Engine, which was used in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Modified for Fallout 4, the Creation Engine includes a revamped character editor system that allows freeform creation of faces without the use of sliders seen in previous games. Instead, the player can click and drag each feature of the face to accurately customize their character, which can either be a man or woman as the previous Fallout titles have featured.[13] Bethesda announced that the game would run at 1080p resolution and 30 frames per second on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[14] Bethesda revealed that mobile devices would be integrated into the game as a form of second screen, acting as a secondary display for the Pip-Boy.[15]For the first time in the Fallout series, the player's character, the Sole Survivor, is fully voice acted, including all decision-based dialogue options.[16] Brian T. Delaney and Courtenay Taylor are the two player character voice actors.[17]Todd Howard revealed that mods for the PC versions of the game would be usable on the Xbox One version and that the team hoped to bring them to the PlayStation 4 version eventually.[18][19] When asked about the failed effort to add a paid mod system to The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Howard stated there were no plans for a similar effort with Fallout 4.[20] The mods created by PC players through The Creation Kit, which contains the official modding tools, were released for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in May 2016 and November 2016 respectively.[21][22][23][24]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"god rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_ray"},{"link_name":"volumetric lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_lighting"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"temporal anti-aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"Fallout 4 uses Bethesda's Creation Engine, which was created for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[25]Dynamic lighting allows shadows to be created by any structure or item in the game world. Howard stated in the E3 2015 Press Conference that the updated Creation Engine allows for next-generation god rays and advanced volumetric lighting.[vague] The engine features a variety of visual effects not present in previous Bethesda games such as motion blur, temporal anti-aliasing, height fog, dynamic dismemberment, screen space reflections, filmic tone mapping, an updated material system—for wet textures—among numerous others.[26] The engine allows the Bethesda team to add more dynamic lighting to every scene as well as \"paint surfaces with realistic materials\".[27] Bethesda released an example on how the engine works: \"When a rain storm rolls in, our new material system allows the surfaces of the world to get wet, and a new cloth simulation system makes cloth, hair, and vegetation blow in the wind.\"[28]The updated Creation Engine allows for a more advanced character creation system, which uses sculpting—forgoing the series of sliders present in previous games. In detail, the new character creation system introduces a new, freeform, slider-free facial editor controlled via dynamic, real-time modeling interface.[29]With regards to the aforementioned fluid animations, the updated engine also allows a much more open approach to conversations with NPCs—wherein the camera views can change depending on the player's preference from a first-person view to a cinematic third-person view—compared to Fallout 3's rigid and instanced conversation system. The protagonist features dynamic dialogue, which is context sensitive and allows players to back out of a conversation. In Howard's words, \"you are free to walk away anytime if you want, or you can even shoot him in the face.\"[30]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-34"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fo4_Trailer-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku1-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"E3 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo_2015"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"second screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_screen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"pre-order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order"},{"link_name":"multiplayer online battle arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena"},{"link_name":"Dota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_2"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"gone gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_gold"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On June 2, 2015, Bethesda published a countdown timer scheduled to expire on June 3, 2015, at 14:00 UTC.[31] The game's website went live slightly ahead of schedule, revealing the game along with its box art and platforms.[32][33] The site was taken down later but was put back up again at the scheduled time. The trailer was released when the countdown timer expired,[4] and the game was confirmed to take place in Boston and its surrounding Massachusetts countryside, as suggested by earlier rumors.[34][35] More details were given during Bethesda's E3 2015 press conference on June 14, 2015.[36][37]Fallout 4 became available for pre-order following the product announcement. In addition to the standard edition of the game, there is a collector's edition which includes a wearable replica of the Pip-Boy. This is able to house a smartphone device, which can run the second screen functionality of the game.[38] As a pre-order bonus for the Windows version of the game, an announcer pack featuring the voice of Mister Handy was released for the multiplayer online battle arena game, Dota 2, developed by Valve.[39] Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 had gone gold on October 23, 2015.[40] The game was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 10, 2015.[41]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"unofficial patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_patch"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"E3 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2016"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"frame rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"4K resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X/S"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ultrawide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrawide_formats"},{"link_name":"Creation Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Club"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_modding"},{"link_name":"Steam Deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Deck"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Plus"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Updates","text":"After Fallout 4's release, Bethesda has released several patches to address some of the issues that were present at the game's launch along with presenting features that improve general gameplay. The first patch—coded as patch 1.2—fine-tuned the game by improving the frame rate. Patch 1.2 fixed a few bugs and errors present at the launch of the game but interfered with unofficial mod support.[42][43] Patch 1.3 improved the game's graphics on all platforms, along with presenting the game with new features such as an added status menu for settlers in settlements. With regard to the graphical updates introduced in this patch, the PC platform was given a new weapon debris effect and a new ambient occlusion setting. The patch fixed several bugs and glitches present in the game.[44] Patch 1.4 was designed to ready the game for the upcoming Creation Kit and downloadable content. Patch 1.4 brought a variety of additions to the settlement building mechanic of the game by adding a symbol to new content placed in by the modding community along with adding a variety of items, such as Raider and Super Mutant decors. The patch also brought general improvements to the game's stability.[45] The 1.5 patch added a revamped survival mode along with support for the downloadable and included bug fixes.[46] Similar to the previous Bethesda games, Fallout 4's fan community-created unofficial patches to address issues and bugs unaddressed by the official patches.[47][48][49]During E3 2016, a virtual reality mode for the game was announced, to be released in 2017.[50] Fallout 4 VR was released as a stand-alone game on December 4, 2017, for PC on the HTC Vive platform.[51]A performance update for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, allowing higher frame rates and 4K resolution support when played on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, was announced in December 2022.[52] It was planned for release in 2023, but was delayed.[53] Bethesda later announced that the update was reworked into native versions for these platforms. The update was released on April 25, 2024, alongside stability improvements and fixes for existing platforms, ultrawide support for PC, and additional free Creation Club content.[54] However, it also introduced a host of problems for players, including broken mod support and UI issues in ultrawide mode on PC. Quality mode on Xbox also stopped working and settings on Steam Deck were wiped. Those playing the game through PlayStation Plus Extra were initially unable to update their version of the game.[55]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Automatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4:_Automatron"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Far Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4:_Far_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Far Harbor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesBarHarbor-64"},{"link_name":"E3 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo_2016"},{"link_name":"Nuka-World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_4:_Nuka-World"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_e3_dlc-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final_dlc-66"}],"sub_title":"Downloadable content","text":"On February 16, 2016, Bethesda announced details, prices, and release dates for the first three add-ons for Fallout 4.[56][57] The first add-on, Automatron, which allows the player to build their custom robot companion by using robot parts while adding additional quests, was released to the European and North American markets on March 22, 2016.[58] This was followed by Wasteland Workshop on April 12, 2016, which introduces new build options for settlements and the ability for the player to put captured creatures or humans in a cage, and adds new decorations like neon lights and lettering.[59][60] The third add-on, titled Far Harbor, is a story expansion set in the post-war city of Far Harbor, Maine, and was released on May 19, 2016.[61][62][63] On June 12, 2016, at E3 2016, Bethesda revealed three new add-on packages for the game; the first two, Contraptions Workshop, released on June 21, 2016, and Vault-Tec Workshop, released on July 26, 2016, are structured similarly to the Wasteland Workshop add-on, offering the player more build options and decorations; the Vault-Tec Workshop also adds a brief narrative. Fallout 4's third add-on, Nuka-World, which was released on August 30, 2016, adds an amusement park-based area for the player to explore, in which the player can either side with or put an end to various raider groups residing in the park. If the player decides to do the former, they can help one of the raider groups take control of various settlements in the Commonwealth from the base game.[64][65]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E3 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2017"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Creation Club","text":"At E3 2017, Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 would support Creation Club, an in-game support system to purchase and download custom content.[66] Creation Club went live in August 2017.[67]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallout_4-MCPC-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallout_4-MCPS4-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fallout_4-MCXONE-85"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_review-71"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-73"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"GameTrailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Giant Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-78"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGUS-79"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-82"},{"link_name":"Edit on Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10493813#P444"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-73"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_review-71"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_review-78"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGUS-79"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly-80"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 84/100[82]PS4: 87/100[83]XONE: 88/100[84]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7.5/10[68]Electronic Gaming Monthly9/10[69]Game Informer9/10[70]GameRevolution[71]GameSpot9/10[72]GamesRadar+[73]GameTrailers9/10[74]Giant Bomb(PC) [75](Consoles) [76]IGN9.5/10[77]PC Gamer (US)88/100[78]Polygon9.5/10[79]VideoGamer.com9/10[80]The Guardian[81]Edit on WikidataFallout 4 received \"generally favorable\" reviews on all three platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic.GameSpot's Peter Brown awarded it a score of 9 out of 10, saying \"Fallout 4 is an argument for substance over style, and an excellent addition to the revered open-world series.\" Brown praised the \"thought-provoking\" narrative, \"intuitive\" creation tools, the large amount of content, the overall combat, and the overall freedom the player is given.[72] Game Informer's Andrew Reiner scored the game a 9 out of 10 and said: \"Bethesda has created another game you can lose your life in. New experiences just keep coming, and you always have another perk to unlock.\" Reiner praised the \"vastly improved\" combat, the \"denser\" world, and the \"brilliant\" score, but had mixed feelings about the visuals.[70] Dan Stapleton of IGN scored the game a 9.5 out of 10 and wrote: \"The world, exploration, crafting, atmosphere, and story of Fallout 4 are all key parts of this hugely successful sandbox role-playing game. (It is) an adventure I'll definitely replay and revisit. Even the technical shakiness that crops up here and there can't even begin to slow down its momentum.\"[77]Phil Savage of PC Gamer mentioned that Fallout 4 is \"a loving production. It's filled with care and attention to detail\" and that it was \"a pleasure to pick through the world\". He concluded his review stating \"many of Fallout 4's problems, like every Bethesda RPG before it, are a consequence of what makes them unforgettable\".[78] Polygon awarded it a score of 9.5 out of 10, saying \"Fallout 4 brings great gameplay to match its world and ambiance\".[79] Destructoid gave the game a 7.5 out of 10, writing \"a lot of the franchise's signature problems have carried over directly into Fallout 4\".[85]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gssales-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Fallout 4 sold 1.2 million units on Steam in its first 24 hours of release.[86] The game also sold more digital than physical units on day one of launch.[87] With almost 470,000 concurrent Steam players on launch day, Fallout 4 broke Grand Theft Auto V's record for having the most concurrent online players in a Steam game not developed by Valve.[88] Bethesda shipped 12 million units to retailers within the first 24 hours,[89] grossing $750 million.[90]In February 2017, Pete Hines announced that Fallout 4 had sold more units over the same time period than Skyrim, though he did not provide an official number.[91]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotgoty-93"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"EGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards"},{"link_name":"19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Annual_D.I.C.E._Awards"},{"link_name":"12th British Academy Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-100"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Critics_Awards-102"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespotgoty-93"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gradar2015-103"},{"link_name":"Game Critics Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Critics_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Critics_Awards-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Fallout 4 received numerous awards and nominations from gaming publications such as GameSpot,[92] GamesRadar,[93] EGM,[94] GameRevolution,[95] and IGN.[96][97] The game received \"Game of the Year\" awards from the 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards and the 12th British Academy Games Awards, as well as numerous nominations for the top gaming honor from The Game Awards,[98] The Daily Telegraph,[99] PC Gamer,[100] IGN and more.[101] It was also placed on various lists of the best games of 2015 in which GameSpot put it at sixth,[92] and GamesRadar at fourth.[102] The game also received the \"Role-Playing Game of the Year\" award from the Game Critics Awards and the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.[101][103]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Xbox Game Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"text":"A class-action lawsuit was filed against Bethesda Softworks and ZeniMax Media in 2019 over its downloadable content (DLC). The suit asserted that the Season Pass was sold as offering \"all of the Fallout 4 DLC we ever do\" for a single price, but later with the introduction of the Creation Club in 2017, those that purchased the Season Pass have to purchase the Creation Club content if they wished to use it.During the suit's litigation in court, ZeniMax and Microsoft had announced plans for ZeniMax to be acquired into Xbox Game Studios which was anticipated to close by June 2021. The plaintiffs in the case sought a preliminary injunction to block the acquisition as to prevent Microsoft from shielding ZeniMax's assets should they be found liable in the case, which was expected to be heard in 2022.[115]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"id Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Software"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-id_software-1"},{"link_name":"Iron Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Galaxy"}],"text":"^ Additional work by id Software.[1] Iron Galaxy co-developed the VR version.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"When using V.A.T.S., real-time action is slowed down, and players can see the probability of hitting each body part of the enemies through a percentage ratio displayed here on the PlayStation 4 version.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Fallout_4_V.A.T.S._Screen.jpg/220px-Fallout_4_V.A.T.S._Screen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Todd Howard, game director of both Fallout 4 and Fallout 3, in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ToddHoward2010sm_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-ToddHoward2010sm_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hussain, Tamoor (September 16, 2015). \"Fallout 4 Gun Gameplay Built With Doom Dev's Help\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fallout-4-gun-gameplay-built-with-doom-devs-help/1100-6430602/","url_text":"\"Fallout 4 Gun Gameplay Built With Doom Dev's Help\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129083931/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/fallout-4-gun-gameplay-built-with-doom-devs-help/1100-6430602/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (September 5, 2015). \"Bethesda Completes Recording Of Fallout 4's 111,000 Lines Of Dialogue\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/09/05/bethesda-completes-recording-of-fallout-4-39-s-111-000-lines-of-dialogue.aspx","url_text":"\"Bethesda Completes Recording Of Fallout 4's 111,000 Lines Of Dialogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008234649/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/09/05/bethesda-completes-recording-of-fallout-4-39-s-111-000-lines-of-dialogue.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chalk, Andy (June 17, 2015). \"Fallout 4's Dogmeat cannot be killed\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/fallout-4s-dogmeat-cannot-be-killed/","url_text":"\"Fallout 4's Dogmeat cannot be killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150617003609/http://www.pcgamer.com/fallout-4s-dogmeat-cannot-be-killed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bethesda Softworks (June 15, 2015). Fallout 4 – E3 Showcase World Premiere (YouTube). Bethesda Softworks. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211024/GE2BkLqMef4","url_text":"Fallout 4 – E3 Showcase World Premiere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks","url_text":"Bethesda Softworks"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE2BkLqMef4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Tom (June 15, 2015). \"Fallout 4 screenshots show jetpacks, mutants, more\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/fallout-4-screenshots-and-art-show-customisation-mutants-more/","url_text":"\"Fallout 4 screenshots show jetpacks, mutants, more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710025211/http://www.pcgamer.com/fallout-4-screenshots-and-art-show-customisation-mutants-more/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Patricia (June 14, 2015). \"Fallout 4's Crafting System Looks Awesome\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/fallout-4s-crafting-system-is-bonkers-1711322298","url_text":"\"Fallout 4's Crafting System Looks Awesome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721222052/http://kotaku.com/fallout-4s-crafting-system-is-bonkers-1711322298","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ingenito, Vince (June 14, 2015). \"E3 2015: Fallout 4's First Gameplay Details\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(film)	Black Hawk Down (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 75th Ranger Regiment","2.2 Delta Force","2.3 160th SOAR \"Night Stalkers\"","2.4 Miscellaneous","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","3.3 Music","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical response","4.3 Accolades","5 Controversies and inaccuracies","5.1 Mogadishu Mile","5.2 The \"Only the dead have seen the end of war\" quote","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]	2001 war film by Ridley Scott Black Hawk DownTheatrical release posterDirected byRidley ScottScreenplay byKen NolanBased onBlack Hawk Down: A Story of Modern Warby Mark BowdenProduced by Jerry Bruckheimer Ridley Scott Starring Josh Hartnett Eric Bana Ewan McGregor Tom Sizemore William Fichtner Sam Shepard CinematographySławomir IdziakEdited byPietro ScaliaMusic byHans ZimmerProductioncompanies Columbia Pictures Revolution Studios Jerry Bruckheimer Films Scott Free Productions Distributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates December 28, 2001 (2001-12-28) (limited release) January 18, 2002 (2002-01-18) (U.S. release)Running time144 minutesCountriesUnited States United KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget$92 millionBox office$173 million Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film directed and produced by Ridley Scott, and co-produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, from a screenplay by Ken Nolan. It is based on the 1999 eponymous non-fiction book by journalist Mark Bowden, about the crew of a Black Hawk helicopter that was shot down during the Battle of Mogadishu. The film features a large ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Ewan McGregor, Eric Bana, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner, Jason Isaacs, Sam Shepard, Jeremy Piven, Ioan Gruffudd, Ewen Bremner, Hugh Dancy, and Tom Hardy in his first film role. Orlando Bloom, Ty Burrell, and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau also have minor roles. Black Hawk Down had a limited release on December 28, 2001, and went into the public on January 18, 2002. The film received positive reviews from film critics, although it was criticized for inaccuracies. The film performed modestly well at the box office, grossing $173 million worldwide against a production budget of $92 million. Black Hawk Down won two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Sound at the 74th Academy Awards. In 2006, an extended cut of the film was released on DVD. The cut contains an additional eight minutes of footage, increasing the running time to 152 minutes. This extended cut was released on Blu-ray and in 4K on May 7, 2019. Plot In 1992, during the famine in southern Somalia induced by the civil war, the United Nations Security Council authorizes a military operation with a peacekeeping mandate. However, by 1993, conflict ensues between UNOSOM II and the Mogadishu-based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid. In response, U.S. President Clinton deploys Task Force Ranger—consisting of 3rd Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment, Delta Force operators, and flight crew of the 160th SOAR—to Mogadishu to capture Aidid, who has proclaimed himself president and steals Red Cross food shipments. Outside Mogadishu, Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto, a faction leader selling arms to Aidid's militia. The U.S. plans a mission to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of Aidid's top advisers. Prior to the mission, Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann receives his first command of Ranger Chalk Four after his lieutenant has a seizure. Members of his chalk include fresh 18-year-old Private First Class Todd Blackburn and Specialist John Grimes, a former desk clerk. The operation begins, and Delta Force operators capture Aidid's advisers inside the target building while the Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground convoy take heavy fire from the rallying militia. Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters, so three Humvees led by Staff Sergeant Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport. Grimes is separated from the rest of Eversmann's chalk after surviving an RPG explosion. Just after Struecker's column departs, Black Hawk Super Six-One, piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Clifton "Elvis" Wolcott, is shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade. Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed, two crew chiefs are wounded, and two Delta Force snipers on board escape in an MH-6 Little Bird helicopter though one dies later from his wounds. The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site. The militia erects roadblocks, preventing Lieutenant Colonel Danny McKnight's Humvee column from reaching the area and inflicting heavy casualties. Meanwhile, two Ranger chalks, including Eversmann's unit, reach the crash site and set up a defensive perimeter. However, another helicopter, Super Six-Four piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, is also shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade and crashes several blocks away. With the primary Ranger forces led by Captain Mike Steele pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties, no ground forces can reach Super Six-Four or reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six-One. Two Delta Force snipers, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, are inserted by helicopter to secure Super Six-Four's crash site, where they find Durant still alive. Despite their heroic actions, the site is eventually overrun, Gordon and Shughart are killed, and Durant is captured. McKnight's column relinquishes their attempt to reach Six-One's crash site and returns to base with their prisoners and the casualties. The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots, and Major General Garrison asks for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division, including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the U.N. coalition. As night falls, Aidid's militia launches a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six-One's crash site. The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH-6J Little Bird helicopter gunships until the 10th Mountain Division's relief column is able to reach the American soldiers. The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles, but a few Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site to reach the Safe Zone at Mogadishu Stadium. A textual epilogue reveals Durant was released following 11 days of captivity; Gordon and Shugart became the first soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor posthumously since the Vietnam War, and General Garrison took full responsibility for the mission's outcome, retiring the day after Aidid was killed in August 1996. Cast 75th Ranger Regiment Josh Hartnett as SSG Matt Eversmann Ewan McGregor as SPC John "Grimesey" Grimes (based on SPC John Stebbins) Tom Sizemore as LTC Danny McKnight Ewen Bremner as SPC Shawn Nelson Gabriel Casseus as SPC Mike Kurth Hugh Dancy as SFC Kurt "Doc" Schmid Ioan Gruffudd as LT John Beales Tom Guiry as SGT Ed Yurek Charlie Hofheimer as CPL Jamie Smith Danny Hoch as SGT Dominick Pilla Jason Isaacs as CPT Mike Steele Brendan Sexton III as PVT Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski Brian Van Holt as SSG Jeff Struecker Ian Virgo as PFC John Waddell Tom Hardy as SPC Lance Twombly Gregory Sporleder as SGT Scott Galentine Carmine Giovinazzo as SGT Mike Goodale Chris Beetem as SGT Casey Joyce Tac Fitzgerald as SPC Brad Thomas Matthew Marsden as SPC Dale Sizemore Orlando Bloom as PFC Todd Blackburn Enrique Murciano as SGT Lorenzo Ruiz Michael Roof as PVT John Maddox Kent Linville as PFC Clay Othic Norman Campbell Rees as LT Tom DiTomasso Corey Johnson as US Army medic in Pakistan stadium Delta Force Sam Shepard as MG William F. Garrison Eric Bana as SFC Norm "Hoot" Gibson (based on SFC John Macejunas, SFC Norm Hooten, USMC Cpl Thanh Nguyen, and SFC Matthew Rierson) William Fichtner as SFC Jeff Sanderson (based on SFC Paul R. Howe) Kim Coates as MSG Chris Wex (based on MSG Tim "Griz" Martin) Steven Ford as LTC Joe Cribbs (based on LTC Lee Van Arsdale) Željko Ivanek as LTC Gary L. Harrell Johnny Strong as SFC Randy Shughart Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as MSG Gary Gordon Richard Tyson as SSG Daniel Busch 160th SOAR "Night Stalkers" Ron Eldard as CW4 Michael Durant, pilot of Super 64 Glenn Morshower as COL Thomas Matthews, commander of 1st Battalion, 160th SOAR Jeremy Piven as CW4 Clifton Wolcott, pilot of Super 61 Boyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena, pilot of Super 62 Pavel Vokoun as CW3 Donovan "Bull" Briley, co-pilot of Super 61 Jason Hildebrandt as CW3 Dan Jollota, pilot of Super 68 Keith Jones as himself, co-pilot of Star 41 Miscellaneous George Harris as Osman Atto Razaaq Adoti as Yousuf Dahir Mo'Alim, the main commander of Aidid's militia in the film Treva Etienne as Firimbi, propaganda minister for Aidid and Durant's caretaker Ty Burrell as United States Air Force Pararescue TSgt Timothy A. Wilkinson Dan Woods as United States Air Force Pararescue MSgt Scott C. Fales Giannina Facio as Stephanie Shughart, wife of Randy Shughart Production Development Adapting Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War (1999) by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West, who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct. West felt too tired after working on Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), so he decided to drop out (West later said that he regretted the decision). Ridley Scott was hired to direct the film after he decided to not work on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003). Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter, and others contributed uncredited: Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book, Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite, Steven Zaillian and Ezna Sands rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan's work, actor Sam Shepard (MGen. Garrison) rewrote some of his own dialogue, and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana's concluding speeches. Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan, Zaillian, and Bowden. He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee. The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts, which were the basis of the movie. SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional "John Grimes." Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for the rape and forcible sodomy of his six-year-old daughter. Mark Bowden said the Pentagon, ever sensitive about public image, decided to alter factual history by requesting the change. Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts, before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan. The POW-captor conversation, between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi, is from a Bowden script draft. To keep the film at a manageable length, 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39. The movie also does not feature any Somali actors. Additionally, no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy, according to writer Bowden. For military verisimilitude, the Ranger actors took a one-week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), the Delta Force actors took a two-week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg, and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell. The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Most pilots (e.g., Keith Jones, who speaks some dialogue) had participated in the historic battle on October 3–4, 1993. On the last day of their week-long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning, the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors. It thanked them for their hard work, and asked them to "tell our story true", signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight. A platoon of Rangers from B-3/75 did the fast-roping scenes and appeared as extras; John Collette, a Ranger Specialist during the battle, served as a stunt performer. Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles. Actor Tom Sizemore said, "What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed. I don't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion. It's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you". Filming Filming began in March 2001 in Salé, Morocco, and concluded in late June. Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan, they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked. Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco, where they had previously worked on Gladiator. Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity. Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra and Mehdya. Music Main article: Black Hawk Down (soundtrack) The musical score for Black Hawk Down was composed by Hans Zimmer, who previously collaborated with director Scott on several films including Thelma & Louise (1991) and Gladiator (2000). Zimmer developed the score through a collaboration with a variety of musicians that blended "east African rhythms and sounds with a more conventional synthesizer approach." In doing so, Zimmer avoided a more traditional composition in favor of an experimental approach that would match the tone of the film. "I wanted to do it like the way the movie was," said Zimmer. "So I got myself a band together and we just went into my studio and we'd just be flailing away at the picture, I mean, you know with great energy." A soundtrack album was released on January 15, 2002, by Decca Records. Reception Box office Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28, 2001, in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars. It earned $179,823 in its first weekend, averaging $44,956 per theater. On January 11, 2002, the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982. On January 18, 2002, the film had its wide release, opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide-release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend. Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday, the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday, January 21, 2002, for a 4-day weekend total of $33,628,211. Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend. Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release. When the film closed on April 14, 2002, after its 15th week, it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 175 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it's light on character development and cultural empathy, Black Hawk Down is a visceral, pulse-pounding portrait of war, elevated by Ridley Scott's superb technical skill." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, saying that films like this "help audiences understand and sympathize with the actual experiences of combat troops, instead of trivializing them into entertainments." Empire magazine said that, though "ambitious, sumptuously framed, and frenetic, Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head". Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film "extols the sheer professionalism of America's elite Delta Force—even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993's Battle of Mogadishu," and praised Scott's direction: "in relating the conflict, in which 18 Americans died and 70-plus were injured, the standard getting-to-know-you war-film characterizations are downplayed. While some may regard this as a shortcoming, it is, in fact, a virtue". The film has had a small cultural legacy, which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war. Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency. He suggested that, although the film was presented as being anti-war, it was at its core pro-war: "though it depicted a shameful defeat, the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms ... The movie showed brutal scenes of killing, but also courage, stoicism and honor ... The overall effect was stirring, if slightly pornographic, and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9/11." Stephen A. Klien, writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication, argued that the film's sensational rendering of war encouraged audiences to empathize with the film's pro-soldier leitmotif, to "conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy," and to discourage "critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy." Accolades Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations for Best Director (lost to A Beautiful Mind) and Best Cinematography (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) and won two Oscars for Best Sound and Best Film Editing. It received three BAFTA Award nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Sound and Best Editing. Award Category Nominee Result Ref. Academy Awards Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Won Best Sound Michael MinklerMyron NettingaChris Munro Won BAFTA Award Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated Best Sound Chris MunroPer HallbergMichael MinklerMyron NettingaKaren Baker Landers Nominated AFI Award Cinematographer of the Year Slawomir Idziak Nominated Director of the Year Ridley Scott Nominated Editor of the Year Pietro Scalia Nominated Movie of the Year Jerry BruckheimerRidley Scott Nominated Production Designer of the Year Arthur Max Nominated NBR Award Top Ten Films Won Saturn Award Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Nominated Best DVD Special Edition Release Nominated Eddie Award Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Pietro Scalia Won ADG Excellence in Production Design Award Contemporary Film Keith PainMarco TrentiniGianni GiovagnoniCliff RobinsonPier Luigi BasileIvo HusnjakArthur Max Nominated Harry Award Won Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing – Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Per HallbergKaren Baker LandersChris JargoMark L. ManginoChris Hogan Won Best Sound Editing – Effects & Foley, Domestic Feature Film Per HallbergKaren Baker LandersCraig S. JaegerJon TitleChristopher AssellsDino DimuroDan HegemanMichael A. ReaganGregory HainerPerry RobertsonPeter StaubliBruce TanisMichael HertleinSolange S. Schwalbe Won Plus Camerimage Golden Frog Slawomir Idziak Nominated Cinema Audio Society Award Outstanding Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Michael MinklerMyron NettingaChris Munro Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ridley Scott Nominated Golden Trailer Award Best Drama Trailer Park, Inc. Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Movie Nominated Best Action Sequence First helicopter crash Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Acting Ensemble Eric BanaEwen BremnerWilliam FichtnerJosh HartnettJason IsaacsEwan McGregorSam ShepardTom Sizemore Nominated Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor: Action/Drama Josh Hartnett Nominated Choice Movie: Action/Drama Nominated World Soundtrack Award Best Original Soundtrack of the Year Hans Zimmer Nominated Soundtrack Composer of the Year Nominated Writers Guild of America Award Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Ken Nolan Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Hans Zimmer (also for The Ring) Won DVD Exclusive Award Best Overall DVD, New Movie (Including All Extra Features) Charles de Lauzirika (Deluxe Edition) Nominated Controversies and inaccuracies Soon after Black Hawk Down's release, the Somali Justice Advocacy Center (SJAC) in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott. The SJAC in Minnesota called for a boycott of the film for its portrayal of Somalis as "savage beasts shooting each other." In a radio interview, Brendan Sexton, who portrayed ranger PVT. Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski, said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut. In a review featured in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film's "lack of characterization" and opined that the film "reeks of glumly staged racism". Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns, the film critics for Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly, respectively, echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist. American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film's "absence of motivation and characterization" disturbing, and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a "paean to patriotism", other audiences might find it to be a "deliberately hostile enterprise"; nevertheless, Dixon lauded the film's "spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing." Jerry Bruckheimer, the film's producer, rejected these criticisms on The O'Reilly Factor, putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood's liberal leanings. Somali nationals say that the African actors chosen to play the Somalis in the film do not resemble the culturally unique features of the Horn of Africa, nor does the language they communicate in sound like the Afro-Asiatic tongue spoken by the Somali people. They also state that the abrasive way lines are delivered and lack of authenticity regarding Somali culture fails to capture the tone, mannerisms, and spirit of actual life in Somalia. No Somali actors were used in the movie. Somalis attending a screening of a pirated copy of the film at a theater in Mogadishu said the film ignored the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian adults and children caused by the Americans. In an interview with the BBC, the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect. Taking exception with the ostentatious depiction of his character, Ali Atto claimed he looks nothing like the actor who portrayed him, nor that he smoked cigars or wore earrings. These details were later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs. Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors, in reality, Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him. Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project, nor was he approached for permission to use his likeness, and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies: First of all when I was caught on 21 September, I was only travelling with one Fiat 124, not three vehicles as it shows in the film And when the helicopter attacked, people were hurt, people were killed The car we were travelling in, (and) I have got proof, it was hit at least 50 times. And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs I think it was not right, the way they portrayed both the individual and the action. It was not right. Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie, his team in actuality managed to track down Atto's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device. This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him, which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader. Malaysian military officials whose own troops were involved in the fighting have likewise raised complaints regarding the film's accuracy. Retired Brigadier-General Abdul Latif Ahmad, who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu, told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the erroneous impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone, with Malaysian troops relegated to serving as "mere bus drivers to ferry them out". General Pervez Musharraf, who later became President of Pakistan after a coup, similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers. In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf wrote: The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN. Regrettably, the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia. When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu, it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them. The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding, we deserved equal, if not more, credit; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans. Mogadishu Mile It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium, as shown in the film. However, in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event, departing from the book. In the film, the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city. In the book, it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street (in the opposite direction from the stadium): "As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street, about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel, he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress. He ran until he collapsed, with joy" The Rangers and Delta Force soldiers were not the only members of the U.S. military operation who walked the Mogadishu Mile; they included two CSO Marines that were also joined by soldiers from the U.S. 10th Mountain Division: "We didn't ride off the crash site. We didn't run out. We walked expediently in a tactical formation for about a mile to get to an awaiting convoy." For the most part, the scene in the film where the convoy leaves the soldiers running through the city streets alone does not accurately portray what really happened: "No one ran out of the city. The Mog mile was to a rally point where the Pakistani tanks and the vehicles from 10th Mountain were, waiting to take the men of TFR out to the Pakistani stadium." "These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks, and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint. That's exactly what happened. That, in all its non-dramatic form, is the so-called "Mogadishu mile"..." The "Only the dead have seen the end of war" quote The film begins with the quote "Only the dead have seen the end of war.", which is misattributed to Plato. Research shows this quote first appeared in the works of George Santayana. See also Film portal Battle of Mogadishu (1993) Black Hawk Down (book) MALBATT: Misi Bakara (2023 film) References ^ "BLACK HAWK DOWN". bbfc.co.uk. British Board of Film Classification. January 9, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "Black Hawk Down (2002)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2017. ^ Lang, Brent (September 1, 2011). "'Inside the Revolution Library: Where Joe Roth Went Wrong". TheWrap.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ a b "Black Hawk Down (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved June 10, 2024. ^ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org. Retrieved November 19, 2011. ^ Hunt, Bill (May 9, 2019). "Black Hawk Down (4K UHD Review)". The Digital Bits. Retrieved October 14, 2021. ^ Smith, Patrick (June 6, 2017). "'We'd like to crash a plane into your hotel for our film': Director Simon West on how he made Con Air". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. ^ "5 Directors Who Almost Helmed A Terminator Movie (& 5 Who Should)". Screen Rant. October 28, 2020. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 82. ^ a b Cohen 2008, p. 84. ^ a b Cohen 2008, p. 85. ^ Niemi, Robert J. (2018). 100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4408-3385-4. ^ "Black Hawk Down (2001) - Trivia". IMDb. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 85-87. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 79. ^ "Text of the decision from USCourts.gov". Retrieved February 21, 2011. ^ Turner, Megan (November 18, 2001). "War-Film "Hero" Is A Rapist". New York Post. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ a b "Somalis flock to bootleg 'Black Hawk'". The Associated Press. January 24, 2002. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011. ^ "Institute for Social and Cultural Communications". Z Magazine. 15 (1–6): 6. 2002. ^ a b Baldwin, Ricky (April 1, 2002). "Black Hawk Rising". ZMag.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ a b "Black Hawk Down : Production Notes". Cinema.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. ^ a b c d Rubin, Steven Jay (2011). "Black Hawk Down". Combat Films: American Realism, 1945-2010 (2 ed.). McFarland. pp. 257–262. ISBN 978-0-7864-5892-9. ^ Laurence, John Shelton; McGarrahan, John G. (2008). "Operation Restore Honor in Black Hawk Down". In Peter C. Rollins; John E. O'Connor (eds.). Why we fought: America's wars in film and history. University Press of Kentucky. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-8131-9191-1. ^ Raw, Laurence (2009). The Ridley Scott Encyclopedia. Lanham, Maryland. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8108-6951-6. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Clarke, James (2002). Ridley Scott. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0753507315. ^ Appelo, Tim (November 3, 2014). "Composer Hans Zimmer Talks 'Interstellar' Origin, Punk Influence on 'Dark Knight' (Exclusive Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ "Black Hawk Down Soundtrack". Soundtrack.Net. Autotelics, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 80. ^ "Black Hawk Down". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved November 12, 2023. ^ "Black Hawk Down" Archived May 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 5, 2020. ^ "BLACKHAWK DOWN (2001) A-". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 18, 2002). "Black Hawk Down movie review & film summary (2002)". Chicago Sun-Times. ^ Dinning, Mark (January 2000). "Empire's Black Hawk Down Movie Review". Empire. Retrieved October 20, 2020. ^ Clark, Mike (December 28, 2001). "Black Hawk' turns nightmare into great cinema". USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2020. ^ Thomas, Evan (December 12, 2008). "'Black Hawk Down' Arts and culture in the Bush era". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. ^ Klien, Stephen A. (December 2005). "Public Character and the Simulacrum: The Construction of the Soldier Patriot and Citizen Agency in Black Hawk Down". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 22 (5): 427–449. doi:10.1080/07393180500342993. S2CID 145086146. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 – via UncurledFist blog. ^ "The 74th Academy Awards \| 2002". Oscars.org. December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Film in 2002 \| BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "AFI AWARDS 2001". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "2001 Archives". National Board of Review. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "The 2001 Saturn Awards". MovieWeb. June 13, 2002. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA (2004)". IMDb. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Wartime Precedent". CineMontage. November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards". Art Directors Guild. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. ^ "Harry Awards (2002)". IMDb. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "BLACK HAWK DOWN AMONG MPSE WINNERS". Mixonline. June 1, 2002. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Archive – EnergaCAMERIMAGE 2002". camerimage.pl. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Cinema Audio Society - 2001". Awards Daily. September 29, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "Awards / History / 2001". www.dga.org. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2002)". Film Threat. February 22, 2002. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "Here are the MTV Movie Awards nominations". Entertainment Weekly. April 24, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "Past Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards". Phoenix Film Critics Society. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS". NewsOK. August 18, 2002. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "World Soundtrack Awards - 2002 Awards". IMDb. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "WGA touts tyros". Variety. February 7, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ Whitmire, Margo (May 10, 2003). "Zimmer, Landau, Debney, Shore Scoop Top ASCAP Film And TV Awards Music Awards". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 19. p. 66. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "DVD Exclusive Awards - 2003-2". IMDb. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ a b McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (January 22, 2002). "Mogadishu Journal; For the Somalis, a Manhunt Movie to Muse Over". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2021. ^ "As 'Black Hawk Down' Director Ridley Scott Is Nominated for An Oscar, An Actor in the Film Speaks Out Against Its Pro-War Message". DemocracyNow.org. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2011. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (December 28, 2001). "Mission Of Mercy Goes Bad In Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2010. ^ Hornblow, Deborah (February 3, 2002). "'BLACK HAWK' DOWNER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ a b "Sean Burns: "Ridley Scott and Jerry Bruckheimer's latest is racist crap"". Philadelphia Weekly. July 2017. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2011. ^ Dixon, Wheeler, Winston (2003). Visions of the Apocalypse: Spectacles of Destruction in American Cinema (Paperback ed.). London and New York: Wallflower Press. ISBN 1-903364-74-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ISBN 1-903364-38-8 (hardcover), see page 76, lines 11-15 ^ "Defending Black Hawk Down". Fox News. January 15, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2011. ^ "Somalis Watch Black Hawk Down \| On the Media". WNYC Studios. January 25, 2002. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021. ^ a b c "Warlord thumbs down for Somalia film". BBC News. January 29, 2002. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ a b Wasdin, Howard (2011). SEAL Team Six – Memoirs of a US Navy Sniper. pp. 225–226. ^ "Jingoism jibe over Black Hawk Down". BBC News. January 21, 2002. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2010. ^ Musharraf, Pervez (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Free Press. p. 76. ISBN 9780743283441. ^ Bowden, Mark (2001). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Signet. p. 350. ^ "The Mogadishu Mile" Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Black Hawk Down 93 discussion forum Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine (registration required) ^ "Question for Belman or anyone else who ran out of the City" ^ "เครดิต ยิง ปลา ฟรี ไม่ ต้อง ฝาก ไม่ ต้อง แชร์". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Col. Lee A. Van Arsdale. "Audio Commentary by Task Force Rangers". Black Hawk Down 3-Disk Deluxe Edition ^ SUZANNE, Bernard F. "Plato FAQ: Did plato write :"Only the dead have seen the end of war"?". plato-dialogues.org. Retrieved April 29, 2018. ^ "Who Really Said That?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. September 16, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2018. ^ ""Only the dead have seen the end of war." Who said that?". Millard Fillmore's Bathtub. February 25, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2018. Bibliography Cohen, David S. (2008). Screen Plays: How 25 Scripts Made It to a Theater Near You—For Better or Worse. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0611-8919-7. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Black Hawk Down (film). Official website Black Hawk Down at IMDb Black Hawk Down at AllMovie Black Hawk Down at Box Office Mojo Black Hawk Down at Metacritic Black Hawk Down at Rotten Tomatoes Black Hawk Down at the TCM Movie Database vteRidley Scott Filmography Awards and nominations Unrealised projects Feature films The Duellists (1977) Alien (1979) Blade Runner (1982) Legend (1985) Someone to Watch Over Me (1987) Black Rain (1989) Thelma & Louise (1991) 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992) White Squall (1996) G.I. Jane (1997) Gladiator (2000) Hannibal (2001) Black Hawk Down (2001) Matchstick Men (2003) Kingdom of Heaven (2005) A Good Year (2006) American Gangster (2007) Body of Lies (2008) Robin Hood (2010) Prometheus (2012) The Counselor (2013) Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) The Martian (2015) Alien: Covenant (2017) All the Money in the World (2017) The Last Duel (2021) House of Gucci (2021) Napoleon (2023) Gladiator II (2024) Other work Boy and Bicycle (short film, 1965) "The Bike Ride" (advertisement, 1973) "1984" (advertisement, 1984) All the Invisible Children (segment "Jonathan", 2005) "Raised by Wolves" (TV episode, 2020) "Pentagram" (TV episode, 2020) Family Tony Scott (brother) Giannina Facio (third wife) Jake Scott (son) Luke Scott (son) Jordan Scott (daughter) Related Ridley (Metroid) Scott Free Productions Category vteFilms produced by Jerry BruckheimerJerry Bruckheimer Films Farewell, My Lovely (1975) March or Die (1977) American Gigolo (1980) Defiance (1980) Thief (1981) Young Doctors in Love (1982) Flashdance (1983) Thief of Hearts (1984) Beverly Hills Cop (1984) Top Gun (1986) Beverly Hills Cop II (1987) Days of Thunder (1990) Dangerous Minds (1995) Crimson Tide (1995) Bad Boys (1995) The Rock (1996) Con Air (1997) Armageddon (1998) Enemy of the State (1998) Gone in 60 Seconds (2000) Coyote Ugly (2000) Remember the Titans (2000) Pearl Harbor (2001) Black Hawk Down (2001) Bad Company (2002) Kangaroo Jack (2003) Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) Bad Boys II (2003) Veronica Guerin (2003) King Arthur (2004) National Treasure (2004) Glory Road (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Déjà Vu (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007) Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009) G-Force (2009) Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010) The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010) Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011) The Lone Ranger (2013) Deliver Us from Evil (2014) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017) 12 Strong (2018) Gemini Man (2019) Bad Boys for Life (2020) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Secret Headquarters (2022) The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare (2024) Young Woman and the Sea (2024) Bad Boys: Ride or Die (2024) Beverly Hills Cop: Axel F (2024) Untitled Joseph Kosinski film (2025) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bruckheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bruckheimer"},{"link_name":"Ken Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nolan"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)"},{"link_name":"Mark Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk 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Gruffudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Gruffudd"},{"link_name":"Ewen Bremner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Bremner"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dancy"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Orlando Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Ty Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Burrell"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Coster-Waldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Film Editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing"},{"link_name":"Best Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Mixing"},{"link_name":"74th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars2002-5"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film directed and produced by Ridley Scott, and co-produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, from a screenplay by Ken Nolan. It is based on the 1999 eponymous non-fiction book by journalist Mark Bowden, about the crew of a Black Hawk helicopter that was shot down during the Battle of Mogadishu. The film features a large ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Ewan McGregor, Eric Bana, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner, Jason Isaacs, Sam Shepard, Jeremy Piven, Ioan Gruffudd, Ewen Bremner, Hugh Dancy, and Tom Hardy in his first film role. Orlando Bloom, Ty Burrell, and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau also have minor roles.Black Hawk Down had a limited release on December 28, 2001, and went into the public on January 18, 2002. The film received positive reviews from film critics, although it was criticized for inaccuracies. The film performed modestly well at the box office, grossing $173 million worldwide against a production budget of $92 million. Black Hawk Down won two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Sound at the 74th Academy Awards.[5] In 2006, an extended cut of the film was released on DVD. The cut contains an additional eight minutes of footage, increasing the running time to 152 minutes. This extended cut was released on Blu-ray and in 4K on May 7, 2019.[6]","title":"Black Hawk Down (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"famine in southern Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_famine_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"UNOSOM II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu-based militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Farrah Aidid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Task Force Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Ranger_Battalion"},{"link_name":"75th Ranger Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"160th SOAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment_(Airborne)"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Osman Ali Atto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Atto"},{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant#_US_Army"},{"link_name":"Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_(military)"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_First_Class#United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(rank)#United_States"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Jeff Struecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Struecker"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chief Warrant Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"rocket-propelled grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade"},{"link_name":"MH-6 Little Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-6_Little_Bird"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michael Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"Mike Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Steele"},{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class#United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Randy Shughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shughart"},{"link_name":"Master Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Sergeant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Gary Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gordon"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"AH-6J Little Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MH-6_Little_Bird"},{"link_name":"forced to run on foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Mile"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Stadium"},{"link_name":"the Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"}],"text":"In 1992, during the famine in southern Somalia induced by the civil war, the United Nations Security Council authorizes a military operation with a peacekeeping mandate. However, by 1993, conflict ensues between UNOSOM II and the Mogadishu-based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid. In response, U.S. President Clinton deploys Task Force Ranger—consisting of 3rd Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment, Delta Force operators, and flight crew of the 160th SOAR—to Mogadishu to capture Aidid, who has proclaimed himself president and steals Red Cross food shipments.Outside Mogadishu, Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto, a faction leader selling arms to Aidid's militia. The U.S. plans a mission to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of Aidid's top advisers.Prior to the mission, Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann receives his first command of Ranger Chalk Four after his lieutenant has a seizure. Members of his chalk include fresh 18-year-old Private First Class Todd Blackburn and Specialist John Grimes, a former desk clerk.The operation begins, and Delta Force operators capture Aidid's advisers inside the target building while the Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground convoy take heavy fire from the rallying militia. Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters, so three Humvees led by Staff Sergeant Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport. Grimes is separated from the rest of Eversmann's chalk after surviving an RPG explosion.Just after Struecker's column departs, Black Hawk Super Six-One, piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Clifton \"Elvis\" Wolcott, is shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade. Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed, two crew chiefs are wounded, and two Delta Force snipers on board escape in an MH-6 Little Bird helicopter though one dies later from his wounds.The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site. The militia erects roadblocks, preventing Lieutenant Colonel Danny McKnight's Humvee column from reaching the area and inflicting heavy casualties. Meanwhile, two Ranger chalks, including Eversmann's unit, reach the crash site and set up a defensive perimeter. However, another helicopter, Super Six-Four piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, is also shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade and crashes several blocks away.With the primary Ranger forces led by Captain Mike Steele pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties, no ground forces can reach Super Six-Four or reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six-One. Two Delta Force snipers, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, are inserted by helicopter to secure Super Six-Four's crash site, where they find Durant still alive. Despite their heroic actions, the site is eventually overrun, Gordon and Shughart are killed, and Durant is captured.McKnight's column relinquishes their attempt to reach Six-One's crash site and returns to base with their prisoners and the casualties. The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots, and Major General Garrison asks for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division, including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the U.N. coalition.As night falls, Aidid's militia launches a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six-One's crash site. The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH-6J Little Bird helicopter gunships until the 10th Mountain Division's relief column is able to reach the American soldiers. The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles, but a few Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site to reach the Safe Zone at Mogadishu Stadium.A textual epilogue reveals Durant was released following 11 days of captivity; Gordon and Shugart became the first soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor posthumously since the Vietnam War, and General Garrison took full responsibility for the mission's outcome, retiring the day after Aidid was killed in August 1996.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"SSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"SPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Tom Sizemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sizemore"},{"link_name":"LTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Danny McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_McKnight"},{"link_name":"Ewen Bremner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Bremner"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Casseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Casseus"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dancy"},{"link_name":"SFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Ioan Gruffudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Gruffudd"},{"link_name":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Tom Guiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Guiry"},{"link_name":"SGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hofheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hofheimer"},{"link_name":"CPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal"},{"link_name":"Danny Hoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hoch"},{"link_name":"Jason Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"CPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"Mike Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Steele"},{"link_name":"Brendan Sexton III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Sexton_III"},{"link_name":"PVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Brian Van Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Van_Holt"},{"link_name":"Jeff Struecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Struecker"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Gregory Sporleder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Sporleder"},{"link_name":"Carmine Giovinazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Giovinazzo"},{"link_name":"Chris Beetem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Beetem"},{"link_name":"Matthew Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Orlando Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Bloom"},{"link_name":"PFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_first_class"},{"link_name":"Enrique Murciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Murciano"},{"link_name":"Michael Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roof"},{"link_name":"Corey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Johnson_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"75th Ranger Regiment","text":"Josh Hartnett as SSG Matt Eversmann\nEwan McGregor as SPC John \"Grimesey\" Grimes (based on SPC John Stebbins)\nTom Sizemore as LTC Danny McKnight\nEwen Bremner as SPC Shawn Nelson\nGabriel Casseus as SPC Mike Kurth\nHugh Dancy as SFC Kurt \"Doc\" Schmid\nIoan Gruffudd as LT John Beales\nTom Guiry as SGT Ed Yurek\nCharlie Hofheimer as CPL Jamie Smith\nDanny Hoch as SGT Dominick Pilla\nJason Isaacs as CPT Mike Steele\nBrendan Sexton III as PVT Richard \"Alphabet\" Kowalewski\nBrian Van Holt as SSG Jeff Struecker\nIan Virgo as PFC John Waddell\nTom Hardy as SPC Lance Twombly\nGregory Sporleder as SGT Scott Galentine\nCarmine Giovinazzo as SGT Mike Goodale\nChris Beetem as SGT Casey Joyce\nTac Fitzgerald as SPC Brad Thomas\nMatthew Marsden as SPC Dale Sizemore\nOrlando Bloom as PFC Todd Blackburn\nEnrique Murciano as SGT Lorenzo Ruiz\nMichael Roof as PVT John Maddox\nKent Linville as PFC Clay Othic\nNorman Campbell Rees as LT Tom DiTomasso\nCorey Johnson as US Army medic in Pakistan stadium","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Shepard"},{"link_name":"MG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William F. Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Garrison"},{"link_name":"Eric Bana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bana"},{"link_name":"SFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_first_class"},{"link_name":"William Fichtner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fichtner"},{"link_name":"Paul R. Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Howe"},{"link_name":"Kim Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Coates"},{"link_name":"MSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_sergeant"},{"link_name":"Steven Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Ford"},{"link_name":"Željko Ivanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Ivanek"},{"link_name":"Gary L. Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_L._Harrell"},{"link_name":"Johnny Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Strong"},{"link_name":"Randy Shughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Shughart"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Coster-Waldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau"},{"link_name":"Gary Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Richard Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tyson"}],"sub_title":"Delta Force","text":"Sam Shepard as MG William F. Garrison\nEric Bana as SFC Norm \"Hoot\" Gibson (based on SFC John Macejunas, SFC Norm Hooten, USMC Cpl Thanh Nguyen, and SFC Matthew Rierson)\nWilliam Fichtner as SFC Jeff Sanderson (based on SFC Paul R. Howe)\nKim Coates as MSG Chris Wex (based on MSG Tim \"Griz\" Martin)\nSteven Ford as LTC Joe Cribbs (based on LTC Lee Van Arsdale)\nŽeljko Ivanek as LTC Gary L. Harrell\nJohnny Strong as SFC Randy Shughart\nNikolaj Coster-Waldau as MSG Gary Gordon\nRichard Tyson as SSG Daniel Busch","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Eldard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Eldard"},{"link_name":"CW4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michael Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant"},{"link_name":"Glenn Morshower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Morshower"},{"link_name":"COL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Matthews_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Piven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Piven"},{"link_name":"Boyd Kestner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Kestner"}],"sub_title":"160th SOAR \"Night Stalkers\"","text":"Ron Eldard as CW4 Michael Durant, pilot of Super 64\nGlenn Morshower as COL Thomas Matthews, commander of 1st Battalion, 160th SOAR\nJeremy Piven as CW4 Clifton Wolcott, pilot of Super 61\nBoyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena, pilot of Super 62\nPavel Vokoun as CW3 Donovan \"Bull\" Briley, co-pilot of Super 61\nJason Hildebrandt as CW3 Dan Jollota, pilot of Super 68\nKeith Jones as himself, co-pilot of Star 41","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Osman Atto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ali_Atto"},{"link_name":"Razaaq Adoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razaaq_Adoti"},{"link_name":"Treva Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treva_Etienne"},{"link_name":"Ty Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Burrell"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Pararescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Pararescue"},{"link_name":"TSgt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_sergeant"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Pararescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Pararescue"},{"link_name":"Giannina Facio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannina_Facio"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"George Harris as Osman Atto\nRazaaq Adoti as Yousuf Dahir Mo'Alim, the main commander of Aidid's militia in the film\nTreva Etienne as Firimbi, propaganda minister for Aidid and Durant's caretaker\nTy Burrell as United States Air Force Pararescue TSgt Timothy A. Wilkinson\nDan Woods as United States Air Force Pararescue MSgt Scott C. Fales\nGiannina Facio as Stephanie Shughart, wife of Randy Shughart","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)"},{"link_name":"Mark Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Simon West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_West"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bruckheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bruckheimer"},{"link_name":"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft:_Tomb_Raider"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_3:_Rise_of_the_Machines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ken Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Mark Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bowden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200882-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gaghan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200884-10"},{"link_name":"Steven Zaillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaillian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200885-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sam Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Shepard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eric Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Roth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200885-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200885-87-14"},{"link_name":"WGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200879-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200884-10"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFTBBH-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFSACC-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_Rising-20"},{"link_name":"Fort Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Moore"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg"},{"link_name":"Michael Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant"},{"link_name":"Fort Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin-22"},{"link_name":"fast-roping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-roping"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ranger Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_Creed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin-22"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Adapting Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War (1999) by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West, who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct. West felt too tired after working on Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), so he decided to drop out (West later said that he regretted the decision).[7] Ridley Scott was hired to direct the film after he decided to not work on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003).[8]Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter, and others contributed uncredited: Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book,[9] Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite,[10] Steven Zaillian[11] and Ezna Sands[12] rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan's work, actor Sam Shepard (MGen. Garrison) rewrote some of his own dialogue,[13] and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana's concluding speeches.[11] Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan, Zaillian, and Bowden.[14] He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee.[15]The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts, which were the basis of the movie. SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional \"John Grimes.\" Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for the rape and forcible sodomy of his six-year-old daughter.[16] Mark Bowden said the Pentagon, ever sensitive about public image, decided to alter factual history by requesting the change.[17] Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts, before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan.[10] The POW-captor conversation, between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi, is from a Bowden script draft.To keep the film at a manageable length, 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39. The movie also does not feature any Somali actors.[18] Additionally, no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy, according to writer Bowden.[19][20]For military verisimilitude, the Ranger actors took a one-week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), the Delta Force actors took a two-week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg, and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell.[21]The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Most pilots (e.g., Keith Jones, who speaks some dialogue) had participated in the historic battle on October 3–4, 1993.[22]On the last day of their week-long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning, the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors. It thanked them for their hard work, and asked them to \"tell our story true\", signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight.[22] A platoon of Rangers from B-3/75 did the fast-roping scenes and appeared as extras; John Collette, a Ranger Specialist during the battle, served as a stunt performer.[23]Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles. Actor Tom Sizemore said, \"What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed. I don't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion. It's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you\".[22]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Arthur Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Max"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin-22"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Salé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kénitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nitra"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mehdya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdya"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Filming began in March 2001 in Salé, Morocco, and concluded in late June.[21]Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan, they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked. Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco, where they had previously worked on Gladiator. Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity.[22] Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra[24] and Mehdya.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Thelma & Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"east African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The musical score for Black Hawk Down was composed by Hans Zimmer, who previously collaborated with director Scott on several films including Thelma & Louise (1991) and Gladiator (2000). Zimmer developed the score through a collaboration with a variety of musicians that blended \"east African rhythms and sounds with a more conventional synthesizer approach.\"[25] In doing so, Zimmer avoided a more traditional composition in favor of an experimental approach that would match the tone of the film. \"I wanted to do it like the way the movie was,\" said Zimmer. \"So I got myself a band together and we just went into my studio [...] and we'd just be flailing away at the picture, I mean, you know with great energy.\"[26] A soundtrack album was released on January 15, 2002, by Decca Records.[27]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200880-28"},{"link_name":"wide release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"},{"link_name":"first at the box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2002_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Day"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-4"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28, 2001, in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars.[28] It earned $179,823 in its first weekend, averaging $44,956 per theater. On January 11, 2002, the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982. On January 18, 2002, the film had its wide release, opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide-release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend. Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday, the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday, January 21, 2002, for a 4-day weekend total of $33,628,211. Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend. Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release. When the film closed on April 14, 2002, after its 15th week, it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-34"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidency"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 175 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Though it's light on character development and cultural empathy, Black Hawk Down is a visceral, pulse-pounding portrait of war, elevated by Ridley Scott's superb technical skill.\"[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[30] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.[31]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, saying that films like this \"help audiences understand and sympathize with the actual experiences of combat troops, instead of trivializing them into entertainments.\"[32] Empire magazine said that, though \"ambitious, sumptuously framed, and frenetic, Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head\".[33] Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film \"extols the sheer professionalism of America's elite Delta Force—even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993's Battle of Mogadishu,\" and praised Scott's direction: \"in relating the conflict, in which 18 Americans died and 70-plus were injured, the standard getting-to-know-you war-film characterizations are downplayed. While some may regard this as a shortcoming, it is, in fact, a virtue\".[34]The film has had a small cultural legacy, which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war. Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency. He suggested that, although the film was presented as being anti-war, it was at its core pro-war: \"though it depicted a shameful defeat, the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms ... The movie showed brutal scenes of killing, but also courage, stoicism and honor ... The overall effect was stirring, if slightly pornographic, and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9/11.\"[35]Stephen A. Klien, writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication, argued that the film's sensational rendering of war encouraged audiences to empathize with the film's pro-soldier leitmotif, to \"conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy,\" and to discourage \"critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy.\"[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"A Beautiful Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Beautiful_Mind_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations for Best Director (lost to A Beautiful Mind) and Best Cinematography (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) and won two Oscars for Best Sound and Best Film Editing. It received three BAFTA Award nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Sound and Best Editing.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_Rising-20"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Brendan Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Sexton_III"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Elvis Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-62"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Winston Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Winston_Dixon"},{"link_name":"paean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paean"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bruckheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bruckheimer"},{"link_name":"The O'Reilly Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-62"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afro-Asiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"Somali people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFTBBH-18"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Osman Ali Atto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ali_Atto"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTDFSF-66"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Wasdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Wasdin"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasdin-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTDFSF-66"},{"link_name":"Fiat 124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_124"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTDFSF-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasdin-67"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"AFP news agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP_news_agency"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"General Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"In the Line of Fire: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Frontier Force Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Soon after Black Hawk Down's release, the Somali Justice Advocacy Center (SJAC) in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott.[20] The SJAC in Minnesota called for a boycott of the film for its portrayal of Somalis as \"savage beasts shooting each other.\"[58]In a radio interview, Brendan Sexton, who portrayed ranger PVT. Richard \"Alphabet\" Kowalewski, said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut.[59]In a review featured in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film's \"lack of characterization\" and opined that the film \"reeks of glumly staged racism\".[60] Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns, the film critics for Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly, respectively, echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist.[61][62]American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film's \"absence of motivation and characterization\" disturbing, and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a \"paean to patriotism\", other audiences might find it to be a \"deliberately hostile enterprise\"; nevertheless, Dixon lauded the film's \"spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing.\"[63]Jerry Bruckheimer, the film's producer, rejected these criticisms on The O'Reilly Factor, putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood's liberal leanings.[62][64]Somali nationals say that the African actors chosen to play the Somalis in the film do not resemble the culturally unique features of the Horn of Africa, nor does the language they communicate in sound like the Afro-Asiatic tongue spoken by the Somali people. They also state that the abrasive way lines are delivered and lack of authenticity regarding Somali culture fails to capture the tone, mannerisms, and spirit of actual life in Somalia. No Somali actors were used in the movie.[18] Somalis attending a screening of a pirated copy of the film at a theater in Mogadishu said the film ignored the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian adults and children caused by the Americans.[58][65]In an interview with the BBC, the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect. Taking exception with the ostentatious depiction of his character, Ali Atto claimed he looks nothing like the actor who portrayed him, nor that he smoked cigars or wore earrings.[66] These details were later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs. Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors, in reality, Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him.[67] Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project, nor was he approached for permission to use his likeness, and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies:[66]First of all when I was caught on 21 September, I was only travelling with one Fiat 124, not three vehicles as it shows in the film[...] And when the helicopter attacked, people were hurt, people were killed[...] The car we were travelling in, (and) I have got proof, it was hit at least 50 times. And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs[...] I think it was not right, the way they portrayed both the individual and the action. It was not right.[66]Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie, his team in actuality managed to track down Atto's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device. This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him, which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader.[67]Malaysian military officials whose own troops were involved in the fighting have likewise raised complaints regarding the film's accuracy. Retired Brigadier-General Abdul Latif Ahmad, who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu, told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the erroneous impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone, with Malaysian troops relegated to serving as \"mere bus drivers to ferry them out\".[68]General Pervez Musharraf, who later became President of Pakistan after a coup, similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers. In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf wrote:The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN. Regrettably, the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia. When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu, it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them. The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding, we deserved equal, if not more, credit; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans.[69]","title":"Controversies and inaccuracies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mogadishu Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Mile"},{"link_name":"Mogadiscio Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadiscio_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"tactical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_Down_93_discussion_forum-72"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_Down_93_discussion_forum-72"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Mogadishu Mile","text":"It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium, as shown in the film. However, in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event, departing from the book. In the film, the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city. In the book, it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street (in the opposite direction from the stadium):\"As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street, about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel, he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress. He ran until he collapsed, with joy\"[70]The Rangers and Delta Force soldiers were not the only members of the U.S. military operation who walked the Mogadishu Mile; they included two CSO Marines that were also joined by soldiers from the U.S. 10th Mountain Division:\"We didn't ride off the crash site. We didn't run out. We walked expediently in a tactical formation for about a mile to get to an awaiting convoy.\"[71][72]For the most part, the scene in the film where the convoy leaves the soldiers running through the city streets alone does not accurately portray what really happened:\"No one ran out of the city. The Mog mile was to a rally point where the Pakistani tanks and the vehicles from 10th Mountain were, waiting to take the men of TFR out to the Pakistani stadium.\"[73][74][72]\"These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks, and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint. That's exactly what happened. That, in all its non-dramatic form, is the so-called \"Mogadishu mile\"...\"[75]","title":"Controversies and inaccuracies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"misattributed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_attribution"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"George Santayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"The \"Only the dead have seen the end of war\" quote","text":"The film begins with the quote \"Only the dead have seen the end of war.\", which is misattributed to Plato. Research shows this quote first appeared in the works of George Santayana.[76][77][78]","title":"Controversies and inaccuracies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen Plays: How 25 Scripts Made It to a Theater Near You—For Better or Worse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/screenplayshow250000cohe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-0611-8919-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0611-8919-7"}],"text":"Cohen, David S. (2008). Screen Plays: How 25 Scripts Made It to a Theater Near You—For Better or Worse. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0611-8919-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"},{"title":"Battle of Mogadishu (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)"},{"title":"Black Hawk Down (book)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)"},{"title":"MALBATT: Misi Bakara (2023 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALBATT:_Misi_Bakara"}]	[{"reference":"\"BLACK HAWK DOWN\". bbfc.co.uk. British Board of Film Classification. January 9, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/black-hawk-down-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmziznte","url_text":"\"BLACK HAWK DOWN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Hawk Down (2002)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160527172835/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b861b71b9","url_text":"\"Black Hawk Down (2002)\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b861b71b9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Brent (September 1, 2011). \"'Inside the Revolution Library: Where Joe Roth Went Wrong\". TheWrap.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/inside-revolution-studios-confidential-sales-document-why-joe-roth-failed-30659/","url_text":"\"'Inside the Revolution Library: Where Joe Roth Went Wrong\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207094126/http://www.thewrap.com/inside-revolution-studios-confidential-sales-document-why-joe-roth-failed-30659/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Hawk Down (2001)\". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia	Pareidolia	["1 Etymology","2 Link to other conditions","3 Explanations","4 Examples","4.1 Mimetoliths","4.2 Mars canals","4.3 Projective tests","4.4 Banknotes","4.5 Literature","4.6 Art","4.7 Architecture","4.8 Religion","4.9 Computer vision","4.10 Auditory","5 Deliberate practical use","5.1 Medical education, radiology images","5.2 In popular culture","6 Related phenomena","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Perception of meaningful patterns or images in random or vague stimuli The Danish electrical outlet purportedly resembles a happy face. Pareidolia (/ˌpærɪˈdoʊliə, ˌpɛər-/; also US: /ˌpɛəraɪ-/) is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. Pareidolia is a type of apophenia. Common examples include perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations; seeing faces in inanimate objects; or lunar pareidolia like the Man in the Moon or the Moon rabbit. The concept of pareidolia may extend to include hidden messages in recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds, and hearing voices (mainly indistinct) or music in random noise, such as that produced by air conditioners or by fans. Etymology The word derives from the Greek words pará (παρά, "beside, alongside, instead ") and the noun eídōlon (εἴδωλον, "image, form, shape"). The German word Pareidolie was used in articles by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum—for example in his 1866 paper "Die Sinnesdelierien" ("On Delusion of the Senses"). When Kahlbaum's paper was reviewed the following year (1867) in The Journal of Mental Science, Volume 13, Pareidolie was translated into English as "pareidolia", and noted to be synonymous with the terms "...changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images." Link to other conditions Pareidolia is frequent among patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Pareidolia correlates with age but not autism traits. Explanations Pareidolia can cause people to interpret random images, or patterns of light and shadow, as faces. A 2009 magnetoencephalography study found that objects perceived as faces evoke an early (165 ms) activation of the fusiform face area at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas other common objects do not evoke such activation. This activation is similar to a slightly faster time (130 ms) that is seen for images of real faces. The authors suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late cognitive reinterpretation phenomenon. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 2011 similarly showed that repeated presentation of novel visual shapes that were interpreted as meaningful led to decreased fMRI responses for real objects. These results indicate that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli depends upon processes similar to those elicited by known objects. Pareidolia is the illusory facial recognition in faceless objects. Pareidolia was found to affect brain function and brain waves. In a 2022 study, EEG records show that responses in the frontal and occipitotemporal cortexes begin prior to when one recognizes faces and later when they are not recognized. By displaying these proactive brain waves, scientists can then have a basis for data rather than relying on people’s words. After a collection of the data, scientists can develop further information on the people’s words. These studies help to explain why people generally identify a few lines and a circle as a "face" so quickly and without hesitation. Cognitive processes are activated by the "face-like" object which alerts the observer to both the emotional state and identity of the subject, even before the conscious mind begins to process or even receive the information. A "stick figure face", despite its simplicity, can convey mood information, and be drawn to indicate emotions such as happiness or anger. This robust and subtle capability is hypothesized to be the result of natural selection favoring people most able to quickly identify the mental state, for example, of threatening people, thus providing the individual an opportunity to flee or attack pre-emptively. This ability, though highly specialized for the processing and recognition of human emotions, also functions to determine the demeanor of wildlife. Examples Mimetoliths Satellite photograph of a mesa in the Cydonia region of Mars, often called the "Face on Mars" and cited as evidence of extraterrestrial habitation A more detailed photograph taken in different lighting in 2001 clarifies it to be a natural rock formation. A mimetolithic pattern is a pattern created by rocks that may come to mimic recognizable forms through the random processes of formation, weathering and erosion. A well-known example is the Face on Mars, a rock formation on Mars that resembled a human face in certain satellite photos. Most mimetoliths are much larger than the subjects they resemble, such as a cliff profile that looks like a human face. Picture jaspers exhibit combinations of patterns such as banding from flow or depositional patterns (from water or wind), or dendritic or color variations, resulting in what appear to be miniature scenes on a cut section, which is then used for jewelry. Chert nodules, concretions, or pebbles may in certain cases be mistakenly identified as skeletal remains, egg fossils, or other antiquities of organic origin by amateur enthusiasts. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese researcher Chonosuke Okamura self-published a series of reports titled Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory, in which he described tiny inclusions in polished limestone from the Silurian period (425 mya) as being preserved fossil remains of tiny humans, gorillas, dogs, dragons, dinosaurs and other organisms, all of them only millimeters long, leading him to claim, "There have been no changes in the bodies of mankind since the Silurian period... except for a growth in stature from 3.5 mm to 1,700 mm." Okamura's research earned him an Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prize) in biodiversity in 1996. Some sources describe various mimetolithic features on Pluto, including a heart-shaped region. Seeing shapes in cloud patterns is another example of this phenomenon. Rogowitz and Voss (1990) showed a relationship between seeing shapes in cloud patterns and fractal dimension. They varied the fractal dimension of the boundary contour from 1.2 to 1.8, and found that the lower the fractal dimension, the more likely people were to report seeing namable shapes of animals, faces, and fantasy creatures. Mars canals Map of Martian "canals" by Percival Lowell A notable example of pareidolia occurred in 1877, when observers using telescopes to view the surface of Mars thought that they saw faint straight lines, which were then interpreted by some as canals (see Martian canals). It was theorized that the canals were possibly created by sentient beings. This created a sensation. In the next few years better photographic techniques and stronger telescopes were developed and applied, which resulted in new images in which the faint lines disappeared, and the canal theory was debunked as an example of pareidolia. Projective tests The Rorschach inkblot test uses pareidolia in an attempt to gain insight into a person's mental state. The Rorschach is a projective test that elicits thoughts or feelings of respondents that are "projected" onto the ambiguous inkblot images. Rorschach inkblots have low-fractal-dimension boundary contours, which may elicit general shape naming behaviors, serving as the vehicle for projected meanings. Banknotes Owing to the way designs are engraved and printed, occurrences of pareidolia have occasionally been reported in banknotes. One example is the 1954 Canadian Landscape Canadian dollar banknote series, known among collectors for the "Devil's Head" variety of the initial print runs. The obverse of the notes features what appears to be an exaggerated grinning face formed from patterns in the hair of Queen Elizabeth II. The phenomenon generated enough attention for revised designs to be issued in 1956 which removed the effect. Literature This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2022) Renaissance authors have shown a particular interest in pareidolia. In William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, for example, the titular character points at the sky and "demonstrates" his supposed madness in this exchange with Polonius: HAMLET Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in the shape of a camel? POLONIUS By th'Mass and 'tis, like a camel indeed. HAMLET Methinks it is a weasel. POLONIUS It is backed like a weasel. HAMLET Or a whale. POLONIUS Very like a whale. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a short story called The Great Stone Face in which a face seen in the side of a mountain (based on the real-life The Old Man of the Mountain) is revered by a village. Art See also: Hidden face Renaissance artists often used pareidolia in paintings and drawings: Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Giotto, Hans Holbein, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and many more have shown images—often human faces—that due to pareidolia appear in objects or clouds. The Jurist by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1566. What appears to be his face is a collection of fish and poultry, while his body is a collection of books dressed in a coat. In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing: If you look at any walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of different kinds of stones, if you are about to invent some scene you will be able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, wide valleys, and various groups of hills. You will also be able to see divers combats and figures in quick movement, and strange expressions of faces, and outlandish costumes, and an infinite number of things which you can then reduce into separate and well conceived forms. Salem by Sydney Curnow Vosper (1908), a painting notorious for the belief that the face of the devil was hidden in the main character's shawl Salem, a 1908 painting by Sydney Curnow Vosper, gained notoriety due to a rumour that it contained a hidden face, that of the devil. This led many commentators to visualize a demonic face depicted in the shawl of the main figure, despite the artist's denial that any faces had deliberately been painted into the shawl. Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dalí would intentionally use pareidolia in their works, often in the form of a hidden face. Architecture Illusory woman in the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque portal Two 13th-century edifices in Turkey display architectural use of shadows of stone carvings at the entrance. Outright pictures are avoided in Islam but tessellations and calligraphic pictures were allowed, so designed "accidental" silhouettes of carved stone tessellations became a creative escape. Niğde Alaaddin Mosque in Niğde, Turkey (1223), with its "mukarnas" art where the shadows of three-dimensional ornamentation with stone masonry around the entrance form a chiaroscuro drawing of a woman's face with a crown and long hair appearing at a specific time, at some specific days of the year. Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, Turkey (1229), shows shadows of the three-dimensional ornaments of both entrances of the mosque part, to cast a giant shadow of a praying man that changes pose as the sun moves, as if to illustrate what the purpose of the building is. Another detail is the difference in the impressions of the clothing of the two shadow-men indicating two different styles, possibly to tell who is to enter through which door. Religion Further information: Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena There have been many instances of perceptions of religious imagery and themes, especially the faces of religious figures, in ordinary phenomena. Many involve images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, the word Allah, or other religious phenomena: in September 2007 in Singapore, for example, a callus on a tree resembled a monkey, leading believers to pay homage to the "Monkey god" (either Sun Wukong or Hanuman) in the monkey tree phenomenon. Publicity surrounding sightings of religious figures and other surprising images in ordinary objects has spawned a market for such items on online auctions like eBay. One famous instance was a grilled cheese sandwich with the face of the Virgin Mary. During the September 11 attacks, television viewers supposedly saw the face of Satan in clouds of smoke billowing out of the World Trade Center after it was struck by the airplane. Another example of face recognition pareidolia originated in the fire at Notre Dame Cathedral, when a few observers claimed to see Jesus in the flames. While attempting to validate the imprint of a crucified man on the Shroud of Turin as Jesus Christ, a variety of objects have been described as being visible on the linen. These objects include a number of plant species, a coin with Roman numerals, and multiple insect species. In an experimental setting using a picture of plain linen cloth, participants told that there could possibly be visible words in the cloth collectively saw 2 religious words, those told that the cloth was of some religious importance saw 12 religious words, and those who were also told that it was of religious importance, but also given suggestions of possible religious words, saw 37 religious words. The researchers posit that the reason the Shroud has been said to have so many different symbols and objects is because it was already deemed to have the imprint of Jesus Christ prior to the search for symbols and other imprints in the cloth, and therefore it was simply pareidolia at work. Computer vision Given an image of jellyfish swimming, the DeepDream program can be encouraged to "see" dogs. Pareidolia can occur in computer vision, specifically in image recognition programs, in which vague clues can spuriously detect images or features. In the case of an artificial neural network, higher-level features correspond to more recognizable features, and enhancing these features brings out what the computer sees. These examples of pareidolia reflect the training set of images that the network has "seen" previously. Striking visuals can be produced in this way, notably in the DeepDream software, which falsely detects and then exaggerates features such as eyes and faces in any image. The features can be further exaggerated by creating a feedback loop where the output is used as the input for the network. (The adjacent image was created by iterating the loop 50 times.) Additionally the output can be modified such as slightly zooming in to create an animation of the images perspective flying through the surrealistic imagery. Auditory In 1971 Konstantīns Raudive wrote Breakthrough, detailing what he believed was the discovery of electronic voice phenomena (EVP). EVP has been described as auditory pareidolia. Allegations of backmasking in popular music, in which a listener claims a message has been recorded backward onto a track meant to be played forward, have also been described as auditory pareidolia. In 1995, the psychologist Diana Deutsch invented an algorithm for producing phantom words and phrases with the sounds coming from two stereo loudspeakers, one to the listener's left and the other to his right, producing a phase offset in time between the speakers. After listening for a while, phantom words and phrases suddenly emerge, and these often appear to reflect what is on the listener's mind. Deliberate practical use Medical education, radiology images Cross-section of male nematode worm Ascaris Medical educators sometimes teach medical students and resident physicians (doctors in training) to use pareidolia and patternicity to learn to recognize human anatomy on radiology imaging studies. Examples include assessing radiographs (X-ray images) of the human vertebral spine. Patrick Foye, M.D., professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, has written that pareidolia is used to teach medical trainees to assess for spinal fractures and spinal malignancies (cancers). When viewing spinal radiographs, normal bony anatomic structures resemble the face of an owl. (The spinal pedicles resemble an owl's eyes and the spinous process resembles an owl's beak.) But when cancer erodes the bony spinal pedicle, the radiographic appearance changes such that now that eye of the owl seems missing or closed, which is called the "winking owl sign". Another common pattern is a "Scottie dog sign" on a spinal X-ray. In 2021, Foye again published in the medical literature on this topic, in a medical journal article called "Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans". Here, he introduced a novel way of visualizing the sacrum when viewing MRI magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans (computed tomography scans). He noted that in certain image slices the human sacral anatomy resembles the face of "Baby Yoda" (also called Grogu), a fictional character from the television show The Mandalorian. Sacral openings for exiting nerves (sacral foramina) resemble Baby Yoda's eyes, while the sacral canal resembles Baby Yoda's mouth. In popular culture See also: Among Us § Memes and Mods Many Internet memes about the online game Among Us exploit pareidolia, by showing everyday items that look similar to crewmates from the game. In January 2017, an anonymous user placed an eBay auction of a Cheeto that looked like the gorilla Harambe. Bidding began at US$11.99, but the Cheeto was eventually sold for US$99,000. Starting from 2021, an Internet meme emerged around an online game called Among Us, where users presented everyday items such as dogs, statues, garbage cans, big toes, and pictures of the Boomerang Nebula that looked like the game's "crewmate" protagonists. In May 2021, an eBay user named Tav listed a Chicken McNugget shaped like a crewmate from Among Us for online auction. The Chicken McNugget was sold for US$99,997 to an anonymous buyer. Related phenomena A shadow person (also known as a shadow figure, shadow being or black mass) is often attributed to pareidolia. It is the perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure, particularly as interpreted by believers in the paranormal or supernatural as the presence of a spirit or other entity. Pareidolia is also what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have seen ghosts. See also Clustering illusion Eigenface Hitler teapot Madonna of the Toast Mondegreen Musical ear syndrome – similar to auditory pareidolia, but with hearing loss Optical illusion Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Signal-to-noise ratio References ^ "pareidolia". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. ^ "pareidolia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2020. ^ Jaekel, Philip (29 January 2017). "Why we hear voices in random noise". Nautilus. Retrieved 1 April 2017. ^ Bauman, Neil (9 July 2015). "Apophenia, Audio Pareidolia and Musical Ear Syndrome". ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (7 August 2012). 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Pareidolia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsData from Wikidata Skepdic.com Skeptic's Dictionary definition of pareidolia A Japanese museum of rocks which look like faces Article in The New York Times, 13 February 2007, about cognitive science of face recognition vteHidden messagesMain Subliminal message Audio Backmasking list Hidden track list pregap list Phonetic reversal Reverse speech Numeric Chronogram Numerology Theomatics Bible code Cryptology Visual Fnord Hidden text Paranoiac-critical method Pareidolia Psychorama Sacred geometry Steganography Visual cryptography Other Apophenia Asemic writing Clustering illusion Cryptic crossword Anagram Easter egg Observer-expectancy effect Pattern recognition Palindrome Simulacrum Synchronicity Unconscious mind	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:107-2-D1_-_Danish_electrical_plugs_-_Studio_2011_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Danish electrical outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets#Danish_Section_107-2-D1_earthed_(Type_K)"},{"link_name":"/ˌpærɪˈdoʊliə, ˌpɛər-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɛəraɪ-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"stimulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"apophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophenia"},{"link_name":"perceived images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud#In_culture_and_religion"},{"link_name":"lunar pareidolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia"},{"link_name":"Man in the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Moon rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_rabbit"},{"link_name":"hidden messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_message"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Danish electrical outlet purportedly resembles a happy face.Pareidolia (/ˌpærɪˈdoʊliə, ˌpɛər-/;[1] also US: /ˌpɛəraɪ-/)[2] is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. Pareidolia is a type of apophenia.Common examples include perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations; seeing faces in inanimate objects; or lunar pareidolia like the Man in the Moon or the Moon rabbit. The concept of pareidolia may extend to include hidden messages in recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds, and hearing voices (mainly indistinct) or music in random noise, such as that produced by air conditioners or by fans.[3][4]","title":"Pareidolia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/para-"},{"link_name":"eídōlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BC%B4%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theatlantic.com-5"},{"link_name":"Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Kahlbaum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The word derives from the Greek words pará (παρά, \"beside, alongside, instead [of]\") and the noun eídōlon (εἴδωλον, \"image, form, shape\").[5]The German word Pareidolie was used in articles by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum—for example in his 1866 paper \"Die Sinnesdelierien\"[6] (\"On Delusion of the Senses\"). When Kahlbaum's paper was reviewed the following year (1867) in The Journal of Mental Science, Volume 13, Pareidolie was translated into English as \"pareidolia\", and noted to be synonymous with the terms \"...changing hallucination, partial hallucination, [and] perception of secondary images.\"[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"dementia with Lewy bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Pareidolia is frequent among patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.[8] Pareidolia correlates with age but not autism traits.[9]","title":"Link to other conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"magnetoencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography"},{"link_name":"fusiform face area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiform_face_area"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19218867-11"},{"link_name":"functional magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22079921-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cognitive processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recog-14"},{"link_name":"recognition of human emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_recognition"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-15"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"text":"Pareidolia can cause people to interpret random images, or patterns of light and shadow, as faces.[10] A 2009 magnetoencephalography study found that objects perceived as faces evoke an early (165 ms) activation of the fusiform face area at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas other common objects do not evoke such activation. This activation is similar to a slightly faster time (130 ms) that is seen for images of real faces. The authors suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late cognitive reinterpretation phenomenon.[11]A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 2011 similarly showed that repeated presentation of novel visual shapes that were interpreted as meaningful led to decreased fMRI responses for real objects. These results indicate that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli depends upon processes similar to those elicited by known objects.[12]Pareidolia is the illusory facial recognition in faceless objects. Pareidolia was found to affect brain function and brain waves. In a 2022 study, EEG records show that responses in the frontal and occipitotemporal cortexes begin prior to when one recognizes faces and later when they are not recognized.[13] By displaying these proactive brain waves, scientists can then have a basis for data rather than relying on people’s words. After a collection of the data, scientists can develop further information on the people’s words.These studies help to explain why people generally identify a few lines and a circle as a \"face\" so quickly and without hesitation. Cognitive processes are activated by the \"face-like\" object which alerts the observer to both the emotional state and identity of the subject, even before the conscious mind begins to process or even receive the information. A \"stick figure face\", despite its simplicity, can convey mood information, and be drawn to indicate emotions such as happiness or anger. This robust and subtle capability is hypothesized to be the result of natural selection favoring people most able to quickly identify the mental state, for example, of threatening people, thus providing the individual an opportunity to flee or attack pre-emptively.[14] This ability, though highly specialized for the processing and recognition of human emotions, also functions to determine the demeanor of wildlife.[15][self-published source?]","title":"Explanations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa"},{"link_name":"Cydonia region of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)"},{"link_name":"\"Face on Mars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)#%22Face_on_Mars%22"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_moc_face_20m.gif"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"Face on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_on_Mars"},{"link_name":"Picture jaspers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper#picture"},{"link_name":"Chert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert"},{"link_name":"concretions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretion"},{"link_name":"Chonosuke Okamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonosuke_Okamura"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"mya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year#Mya"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ig Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"heart-shaped region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombaugh_Regio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Mimetoliths","text":"Satellite photograph of a mesa in the Cydonia region of Mars, often called the \"Face on Mars\" and cited as evidence of extraterrestrial habitationA more detailed photograph taken in different lighting in 2001 clarifies it to be a natural rock formation.A mimetolithic pattern is a pattern created by rocks that may come to mimic recognizable forms through the random processes of formation, weathering and erosion. A well-known example is the Face on Mars, a rock formation on Mars that resembled a human face in certain satellite photos. Most mimetoliths are much larger than the subjects they resemble, such as a cliff profile that looks like a human face.Picture jaspers exhibit combinations of patterns such as banding from flow or depositional patterns (from water or wind), or dendritic or color variations, resulting in what appear to be miniature scenes on a cut section, which is then used for jewelry.Chert nodules, concretions, or pebbles may in certain cases be mistakenly identified as skeletal remains, egg fossils, or other antiquities of organic origin by amateur enthusiasts.In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese researcher Chonosuke Okamura self-published a series of reports titled Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory, in which he described tiny inclusions in polished limestone from the Silurian period (425 mya) as being preserved fossil remains of tiny humans, gorillas, dogs, dragons, dinosaurs and other organisms, all of them only millimeters long, leading him to claim, \"There have been no changes in the bodies of mankind since the Silurian period... except for a growth in stature from 3.5 mm to 1,700 mm.\"[16][17] Okamura's research earned him an Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prize) in biodiversity in 1996.[18][19]Some sources describe various mimetolithic features on Pluto, including a heart-shaped region.[20][21][22]Seeing shapes in cloud patterns is another example of this phenomenon. Rogowitz and Voss (1990) showed a relationship between seeing shapes in cloud patterns and fractal dimension. They varied the fractal dimension of the boundary contour from 1.2 to 1.8, and found that the lower the fractal dimension, the more likely people were to report seeing namable shapes of animals, faces, and fantasy creatures. [23]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martian canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_canals"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Mars canals","text":"Map of Martian \"canals\" by Percival LowellA notable example of pareidolia occurred in 1877, when observers using telescopes to view the surface of Mars thought that they saw faint straight lines, which were then interpreted by some as canals (see Martian canals). It was theorized that the canals were possibly created by sentient beings. This created a sensation. In the next few years better photographic techniques and stronger telescopes were developed and applied, which resulted in new images in which the faint lines disappeared, and the canal theory was debunked as an example of pareidolia.[24][25]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rorschach inkblot test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_test"},{"link_name":"projective test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_test"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zusne-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Projective tests","text":"The Rorschach inkblot test uses pareidolia in an attempt to gain insight into a person's mental state. The Rorschach is a projective test that elicits thoughts or feelings of respondents that are \"projected\" onto the ambiguous inkblot images.[26] Rorschach inkblots have low-fractal-dimension boundary contours, which may elicit general shape naming behaviors, serving as the vehicle for projected meanings.[27]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engraved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Canadian Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Canadian dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Banknotes","text":"Owing to the way designs are engraved and printed, occurrences of pareidolia have occasionally been reported in banknotes.One example is the 1954 Canadian Landscape Canadian dollar banknote series, known among collectors for the \"Devil's Head\" variety of the initial print runs. The obverse of the notes features what appears to be an exaggerated grinning face formed from patterns in the hair of Queen Elizabeth II. The phenomenon generated enough attention for revised designs to be issued in 1956 which removed the effect.[28]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Polonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonius"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"The Great Stone Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Stone_Face_(Hawthorne)"},{"link_name":"The Old Man of the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_of_the_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Renaissance authors have shown a particular interest in pareidolia. In William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, for example, the titular character points at the sky and \"demonstrates\" his supposed madness in this exchange with Polonius:[29][30]HAMLET\nDo you see yonder cloud that's almost in the shape of a camel?\nPOLONIUS\nBy th'Mass and 'tis, like a camel indeed.\nHAMLET\nMethinks it is a weasel.\nPOLONIUS\nIt is backed like a weasel.\nHAMLET\nOr a whale.\nPOLONIUS\nVery like a whale.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a short story called The Great Stone Face in which a face seen in the side of a mountain (based on the real-life The Old Man of the Mountain) is revered by a village.[31]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidden face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_face"},{"link_name":"Renaissance artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Arcimboldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_The_Jurist_-_WGA00837.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jurist_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Arcimboldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salem_painting_1908.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_(Vosper_painting)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Curnow Vosper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Curnow_Vosper"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_(Vosper_painting)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Curnow Vosper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Curnow_Vosper"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walesonline-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCNewsGwyneddMuseum-35"},{"link_name":"Surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"hidden face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_face"}],"sub_title":"Art","text":"See also: Hidden faceRenaissance artists often used pareidolia in paintings and drawings: Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Giotto, Hans Holbein, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and many more have shown images—often human faces—that due to pareidolia appear in objects or clouds.[32]The Jurist by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1566. What appears to be his face is a collection of fish and poultry, while his body is a collection of books dressed in a coat.In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing:If you look at any walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of different kinds of stones, if you are about to invent some scene you will be able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, wide valleys, and various groups of hills. You will also be able to see divers combats and figures in quick movement, and strange expressions of faces, and outlandish costumes, and an infinite number of things which you can then reduce into separate and well conceived forms.[33]Salem by Sydney Curnow Vosper (1908), a painting notorious for the belief that the face of the devil was hidden in the main character's shawlSalem, a 1908 painting by Sydney Curnow Vosper, gained notoriety due to a rumour that it contained a hidden face, that of the devil. This led many commentators to visualize a demonic face depicted in the shawl of the main figure, despite the artist's denial that any faces had deliberately been painted into the shawl.[34][35]Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dalí would intentionally use pareidolia in their works, often in the form of a hidden face.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NigdePortalAlaaddin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Niğde Alaaddin Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Alaaddin_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Niğde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_Great_Mosque_and_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"Illusory woman in the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque portalTwo 13th-century edifices in Turkey display architectural use of shadows of stone carvings at the entrance. Outright pictures are avoided in Islam but tessellations and calligraphic pictures were allowed, so designed \"accidental\" silhouettes of carved stone tessellations became a creative escape.Niğde Alaaddin Mosque in Niğde, Turkey (1223), with its \"mukarnas\" art where the shadows of three-dimensional ornamentation with stone masonry around the entrance form a chiaroscuro drawing of a woman's face with a crown and long hair appearing at a specific time, at some specific days of the year.[36][37][38]\nDivriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, Turkey (1229), shows shadows of the three-dimensional ornaments of both entrances of the mosque part, to cast a giant shadow of a praying man that changes pose as the sun moves, as if to illustrate what the purpose of the building is. Another detail is the difference in the impressions of the clothing of the two shadow-men indicating two different styles, possibly to tell who is to enter through which door.[39]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zusne-26"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"callus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callus_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey"},{"link_name":"Sun Wukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ng_Hui_Hui-42"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"the airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"fire at Notre Dame Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"crucified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Shroud of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-46"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Further information: Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomenaThere have been many instances of perceptions of religious imagery and themes, especially the faces of religious figures, in ordinary phenomena. Many involve images of Jesus,[26] the Virgin Mary,[40] the word Allah,[41] or other religious phenomena: in September 2007 in Singapore, for example, a callus on a tree resembled a monkey, leading believers to pay homage to the \"Monkey god\" (either Sun Wukong or Hanuman) in the monkey tree phenomenon.[42]Publicity surrounding sightings of religious figures and other surprising images in ordinary objects has spawned a market for such items on online auctions like eBay. One famous instance was a grilled cheese sandwich with the face of the Virgin Mary.[43]During the September 11 attacks, television viewers supposedly saw the face of Satan in clouds of smoke billowing out of the World Trade Center after it was struck by the airplane.[44] Another example of face recognition pareidolia originated in the fire at Notre Dame Cathedral, when a few observers claimed to see Jesus in the flames.[45]While attempting to validate the imprint of a crucified man on the Shroud of Turin as Jesus Christ, a variety of objects have been described as being visible on the linen. These objects include a number of plant species, a coin with Roman numerals, and multiple insect species.[46] In an experimental setting using a picture of plain linen cloth, participants told that there could possibly be visible words in the cloth collectively saw 2 religious words, those told that the cloth was of some religious importance saw 12 religious words, and those who were also told that it was of religious importance, but also given suggestions of possible religious words, saw 37 religious words.[47] The researchers posit that the reason the Shroud has been said to have so many different symbols and objects is because it was already deemed to have the imprint of Jesus Christ prior to the search for symbols and other imprints in the cloth, and therefore it was simply pareidolia at work.[46]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurelia-aurita-3-0049_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"DeepDream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream"},{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"image recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision#Bababoui"},{"link_name":"features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(computer_vision)"},{"link_name":"artificial neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"DeepDream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream"},{"link_name":"feedback loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loop"}],"sub_title":"Computer vision","text":"Given an image of jellyfish swimming, the DeepDream program can be encouraged to \"see\" dogs.Pareidolia can occur in computer vision,[48] specifically in image recognition programs, in which vague clues can spuriously detect images or features. In the case of an artificial neural network, higher-level features correspond to more recognizable features, and enhancing these features brings out what the computer sees. These examples of pareidolia reflect the training set of images that the network has \"seen\" previously.Striking visuals can be produced in this way, notably in the DeepDream software, which falsely detects and then exaggerates features such as eyes and faces in any image. The features can be further exaggerated by creating a feedback loop where the output is used as the input for the network. (The adjacent image was created by iterating the loop 50 times.) Additionally the output can be modified such as slightly zooming in to create an animation of the images perspective flying through the surrealistic imagery.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konstantīns Raudive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstant%C4%ABns_Raudive"},{"link_name":"electronic voice phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zusne-26"},{"link_name":"backmasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zusne-26"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Diana Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Auditory","text":"In 1971 Konstantīns Raudive wrote Breakthrough, detailing what he believed was the discovery of electronic voice phenomena (EVP). EVP has been described as auditory pareidolia.[26] Allegations of backmasking in popular music, in which a listener claims a message has been recorded backward onto a track meant to be played forward, have also been described as auditory pareidolia.[26][49] In 1995, the psychologist Diana Deutsch invented an algorithm for producing phantom words and phrases with the sounds coming from two stereo loudspeakers, one to the listener's left and the other to his right, producing a phase offset in time between the speakers. After listening for a while, phantom words and phrases suddenly emerge, and these often appear to reflect what is on the listener's mind.[50][51]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deliberate practical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascaris_male_200x_section.jpg"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"Ascaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris"},{"link_name":"physical medicine and rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"sacrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"CT scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"Grogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grogu"},{"link_name":"The Mandalorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Medical education, radiology images","text":"Cross-section of male nematode worm AscarisMedical educators sometimes teach medical students and resident physicians (doctors in training) to use pareidolia and patternicity to learn to recognize human anatomy on radiology imaging studies.Examples include assessing radiographs (X-ray images) of the human vertebral spine. Patrick Foye, M.D., professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, has written that pareidolia is used to teach medical trainees to assess for spinal fractures and spinal malignancies (cancers).[52] When viewing spinal radiographs, normal bony anatomic structures resemble the face of an owl. (The spinal pedicles resemble an owl's eyes and the spinous process resembles an owl's beak.) But when cancer erodes the bony spinal pedicle, the radiographic appearance changes such that now that eye of the owl seems missing or closed, which is called the \"winking owl sign\". Another common pattern is a \"Scottie dog sign\" on a spinal X-ray.[53]In 2021, Foye again published in the medical literature on this topic, in a medical journal article called \"Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans\".[54] Here, he introduced a novel way of visualizing the sacrum when viewing MRI magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans (computed tomography scans). He noted that in certain image slices the human sacral anatomy resembles the face of \"Baby Yoda\" (also called Grogu), a fictional character from the television show The Mandalorian. Sacral openings for exiting nerves (sacral foramina) resemble Baby Yoda's eyes, while the sacral canal resembles Baby Yoda's mouth.[55]","title":"Deliberate practical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Among Us § Memes and Mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_Us#Memes_and_Mods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TST_East_Waterfront_Podium_Garden_trash_bin.JPG"},{"link_name":"Internet memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_memes"},{"link_name":"Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_Us"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Cheeto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeto"},{"link_name":"Harambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harambe"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_Us"},{"link_name":"Boomerang Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_Nebula"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Chicken McNugget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_McNuggets"},{"link_name":"online auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kooser-2021-59"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"See also: Among Us § Memes and ModsMany Internet memes about the online game Among Us exploit pareidolia, by showing everyday items that look similar to crewmates from the game.In January 2017, an anonymous user placed an eBay auction of a Cheeto that looked like the gorilla Harambe. Bidding began at US$11.99, but the Cheeto was eventually sold for US$99,000.[56]Starting from 2021, an Internet meme emerged around an online game called Among Us, where users presented everyday items such as dogs, statues, garbage cans, big toes, and pictures of the Boomerang Nebula that looked like the game's \"crewmate\" protagonists.[57][58] In May 2021, an eBay user named Tav listed a Chicken McNugget shaped like a crewmate from Among Us for online auction. The Chicken McNugget was sold for US$99,997 to an anonymous buyer.[59]","title":"Deliberate practical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shadow person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_person"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idiot's_Guide-60"},{"link_name":"ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost#Scientific_view"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"A shadow person (also known as a shadow figure, shadow being or black mass) is often attributed to pareidolia. It is the perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure, particularly as interpreted by believers in the paranormal or supernatural as the presence of a spirit or other entity.[60]Pareidolia is also what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have seen ghosts.[61]","title":"Related phenomena"}]	[{"image_text":"The Danish electrical outlet purportedly resembles a happy face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/107-2-D1_-_Danish_electrical_plugs_-_Studio_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-107-2-D1_-_Danish_electrical_plugs_-_Studio_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satellite photograph of a mesa in the Cydonia region of Mars, often called the \"Face on Mars\" and cited as evidence of extraterrestrial habitation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"A more detailed photograph taken in different lighting in 2001 clarifies it to be a natural rock formation. ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Viking_moc_face_20m.gif/220px-Viking_moc_face_20m.gif"},{"image_text":"Map of Martian \"canals\" by Percival Lowell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg/220px-Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Jurist by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1566. What appears to be his face is a collection of fish and poultry, while his body is a collection of books dressed in a coat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_The_Jurist_-_WGA00837.jpg/170px-Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_The_Jurist_-_WGA00837.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salem by Sydney Curnow Vosper (1908), a painting notorious for the belief that the face of the devil was hidden in the main character's shawl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salem_painting_1908.jpeg/220px-Salem_painting_1908.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Illusory woman in the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque portal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NigdePortalAlaaddin.jpg/170px-NigdePortalAlaaddin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Given an image of jellyfish swimming, the DeepDream program can be encouraged to \"see\" dogs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Aurelia-aurita-3-0049_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aurelia-aurita-3-0049_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross-section of male nematode worm Ascaris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ascaris_male_200x_section.jpg/220px-Ascaris_male_200x_section.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many Internet memes about the online game Among Us exploit pareidolia, by showing everyday items that look similar to crewmates from the game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TST_East_Waterfront_Podium_Garden_trash_bin.JPG/170px-TST_East_Waterfront_Podium_Garden_trash_bin.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Clustering illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_illusion"},{"title":"Eigenface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenface"},{"title":"Hitler teapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_teapot"},{"title":"Madonna of the Toast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Toast"},{"title":"Mondegreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondegreen"},{"title":"Musical ear syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ear_syndrome"},{"title":"Optical illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion"},{"title":"Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena"},{"title":"Signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"}]	[{"reference":"\"pareidolia\". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200116023805/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pareidolia","url_text":"\"pareidolia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pareidolia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"pareidolia\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pareidolia","url_text":"\"pareidolia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Jaekel, Philip (29 January 2017). \"Why we hear voices in random noise\". Nautilus. 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The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/08/pareidolia-a-bizarre-bug-of-the-human-mind-emerges-in-computers/260760/","url_text":"\"Pareidolia: A Bizarre Bug of the Human Mind Emerges in Computers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig (1866). \"Die Sinnesdelirien\". Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin. 23: 1–86.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Kahlbaum","url_text":"Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig"},{"url":"https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10087039?","url_text":"\"Die Sinnesdelirien\""}]},{"reference":"Kurumada, Kentaro; Sugiyama, Atsuhiko; Hirano, Shigeki; Yamamoto, Tatsuya; Yamanaka, Yoshitaka; Araki, Nobuyuki; Yakiyama, Masatsugu; Yoshitake, Miki; Kuwabara, Satoshi (2021). \"Pareidolia in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars	Anglo-Mysore Wars	["1 The four wars","1.1 First Anglo-Mysore War","1.2 Second Anglo-Mysore War","1.3 Third Anglo-Mysore War","1.4 Fourth Anglo-Mysore war","1.5 Aftermath","2 Rockets","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Conflicts mainly between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company (late 1700s) Part of a series on the Wars of Great Britain Other wars War of the Quadruple Alliance Jacobite risings Anglo-Mysore Wars First Anglo-Maratha War American Revolutionary War Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Australian frontier wars Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars American Indian Wars Queen Anne's War Dummer's War King George's War War of Jenkins' Ear French and Indian War Father Le Loutre's War Second Hundred Years' War War of the Spanish Succession War of the Austrian Succession Forty-five Rebellion Carnatic Wars Seven Years' War Bourbon War French Revolutionary Wars War of the First Coalition Haitian Revolution Irish Rebellion of 1798 War of the Second Coalition vte The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the neighbouring Madras Presidency), Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. Hyder Ali and his succeeding son Tipu fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the Nizam's forces attacking from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (the latter was killed in the fourth war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent. The four wars Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as "Commander in Chief of the Marathas. At the head of his army in the war against the British in India" (French painting). First Anglo-Mysore War Main article: First Anglo-Mysore War The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767 – 1769) Hyder Ali enjoy some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan to attack Ali. That was temporary, however, the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Ali had to contend with a British Bombay army attacking on the west and a Madras army attacking from the northeast. However, Hyder's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant Treaty of Madras. Second Anglo-Mysore War Main article: Second Anglo-Mysore War The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 – 1784) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated William Baillie at the Battle of Pollilur in September 1780, and John Braithwaite at Kumbakonam in February 1782, both of whom were taken prisoners to Seringapatam. This war saw the comeback of Sir Eyre Coote, the British commander who defeated Ali at the Battle of Porto Novo and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore on 11 March 1784, which restored the status quo ante bellum. The Treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) was Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo- Mysore War. Third Anglo-Mysore War Main article: Third Anglo-Mysore War In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790 – 1792), Tipu, now an ally of France, invaded in 1789 the nearby Kingdom of Travancore, a British ally. British forces were commanded by Charles Cornwallis. The resultant war lasted three years and was a resounding defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam and the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the British East India Company and its allies. Fourth Anglo-Mysore war Main article: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798 – 1799) saw the death of Tipu and further reductions in Mysorean territory. Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. Nizam Akbar Ali Khan and the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the Siege of Seringapatam (1799). Tipu was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the nizam, and the Marathas. The remaining core, around Mysore and Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (later Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III) under his grandmother's regency; members of the Wodeyar dynasty had been in power before Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant Kingdom of Mysore until 1947, when it joined the Dominion of India. Aftermath After the Battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), which established British dominion over East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767 – 1799), the Anglo–Maratha Wars (1775-1819), and finally the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), consolidated the British claim over South Asia, resulting in the British Empire in India, though resistance among various groups such as the Afghans and the Burmese would last well into the 1880s. The First and the Second Anglo-Mysore War. The Third Anglo-Mysore War The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1793 map 1800 map Rockets Main article: Mysorean rockets The Mysorean rockets used by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than any that the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars. See also Mysorean invasion of Malabar Battle of Nedumkotta Regiment de Meuron Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam References ^ a b c d Naravane, M. S. (2014). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3. ^ Narasimha, Roddam (May 1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. (PDF). Bangalore, India: National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Further reading Brittlebank, Kate (1997). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Cooper, Randolf G. S. (September 2005). "Culture, Combat, and Colonialism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century India". The International History Review. 27 (3): 534–549. doi:10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071. S2CID 154707328. Jaim, H. M. Iftekhar; Jaim, Jasmine (Autumn 2011). "The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century". Arms & Armour. 8 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1179/174962611X13097916223244. S2CID 161374846. Kaliamurthy, G. (1987). Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84). Mittal Publications. Roy, Kaushik (2011). War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849. Taylor & Francis. Gidwani, Regan S. (2014). The Sword of Tipu Sultan. – a novel linked to TV series vteMysore topicsHistory Wodeyar dynasty Maharaja of Mysore List Kingdom of Mysore Chamarajendra Wodeyar X Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Srikantadatta Wodeyar Yaduveer Wodeyar Dewan of Mysore List Mysore State Places Mysore Airport Mysore Zoo Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground Mysore Race Course Town Hall Dufferin Clock Tower Tourist attractionsPalaces Mysore Palace Jaganmohan Palace Lalitha Mahal Rajendra Vilas Jayalakshmi Vilas Museums Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts Regional Museum of Natural History Folklore Museum Rail Museum Oriental Research Institute Religious buildings Chamundi Temple St. Philomena's Cathedral Art and culture Mysore painting Ganjifa Mysore silk Mysore Dasara Mysore yoga Civic administration Mysore City Corporation Cuisine Mysore pak Masala dosa Educational institutions University of Mysore Lakes Hebbal Lake Karanji Lake Kukkarahalli Lake Lingambudhi Lake vteIndian independence movementHistory Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophiesand ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Socialreformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference vteGun salute princely states (salute states) during the British Raj21-gun salute Baroda Gwalior Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Mysore 19-gun salute Bhopal Indore Kalat Kolhapur Travancore Udaipur 17-gun salute Bahawalpur Bharatpur Bikaner Bundi Cochin Cutch Jaipur Jodhpur Karauli Kota Patiala Pudukkottai Rewa Tonk 15-gun salute Alwar Banswara Datia Dewas Sr Dewas Jr Dhar Dholpur Dungarpur Idar Jaisalmer Khairpur Kishangarh Orchha Pratapgarh Rampur Sikkim Sirohi 13-gun salute Benares Bhavnagar Cooch Behar Dhrangadhra Jaora Jhalawar Jind Junagadh Kapurthala Nabha Nawanagar Palanpur Porbandar Rajpipla Ratlam Tripura 11-gun salute Ajaigarh Alirajpur Baoni Barwani Bijawar Bilaspur Cambay Chamba Charkhari Chhatarpur Chitral Faridkot Tehri Garhwal Gondal Janjira/Jafrabad Jhabua Malerkotla Mandi Manipur Morvi Narsinghgarh Panna Radhanpur Rajgarh Sailana Samthar Sirmur Sitamau Suket Wankaner 9-gun salute Balasinor Banganapalle Bansda Baraundha Baria Bhor Chhota Udaipur Danta Dharampur Dhrol Jawhar Kalahandi Khilchipur Limbdi Loharu Lunavada Maihar Mayurbhanj Mudhol Nagod Palitana Patna Rajkot Sachin Sangli Sant Sawantwadi Shahpura Sonepur Wadhwan Yawnghwe List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Salute state	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultanate of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore#Under_Haider_Ali_and_Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"Tipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-1"},{"link_name":"fourth war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"took control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India"}],"text":"The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the neighbouring Madras Presidency), Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. Hyder Ali and his succeeding son Tipu fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the Nizam's forces attacking from the north.[1] The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (the latter was killed in the fourth war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.","title":"Anglo-Mysore Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haidar_Ali_commandant_en_chef_des_Mahrattes_gravure_1762.jpg"}],"text":"Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as \"Commander in Chief of the Marathas. At the head of his army in the war against the British in India\" (French painting).","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_II"},{"link_name":"British Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Madras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-1"}],"sub_title":"First Anglo-Mysore War","text":"The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767 – 1769) Hyder Ali enjoy some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan to attack Ali. That was temporary, however, the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Ali had to contend with a British Bombay army attacking on the west and a Madras army attacking from the northeast. However, Hyder's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant Treaty of Madras.[1]","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"William Baillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baillie_(East_India_Company_officer)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pollilur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur"},{"link_name":"John Braithwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Braithwaite,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Kumbakonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbakonam"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapatna"},{"link_name":"Sir Eyre Coote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Eyre_Coote"},{"link_name":"Battle of Porto Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Novo"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore"},{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"Gajendragad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajendragarh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-1"}],"sub_title":"Second Anglo-Mysore War","text":"The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 – 1784) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated William Baillie at the Battle of Pollilur in September 1780, and John Braithwaite at Kumbakonam in February 1782, both of whom were taken prisoners to Seringapatam. This war saw the comeback of Sir Eyre Coote, the British commander who defeated Ali at the Battle of Porto Novo and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore on 11 March 1784, which restored the status quo ante bellum. The Treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) was Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo- Mysore War. [1]","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"Charles Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"Siege of Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"}],"sub_title":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","text":"In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790 – 1792), Tipu, now an ally of France, invaded in 1789 the nearby Kingdom of Travancore, a British ally. British forces were commanded by Charles Cornwallis. The resultant war lasted three years and was a resounding defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam and the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the British East India Company and its allies.","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naravane-1"},{"link_name":"Nizam Akbar Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikander_Jah,_Asaf_Jah_III"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Siege of Seringapatam (1799)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wodeyar_III"},{"link_name":"his grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Ammani_Devi"},{"link_name":"Wodeyar dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadiyar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Dominion of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India"}],"sub_title":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore war","text":"The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798 – 1799) saw the death of Tipu and further reductions in Mysorean territory.[1] Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. Nizam Akbar Ali Khan and the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the Siege of Seringapatam (1799). Tipu was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the nizam, and the Marathas. The remaining core, around Mysore and Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (later Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III) under his grandmother's regency; members of the Wodeyar dynasty had been in power before Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant Kingdom of Mysore until 1947, when it joined the Dominion of India.","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plassey (1757)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey"},{"link_name":"Buxar (1764)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar"},{"link_name":"Anglo–Maratha Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Sikh Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"British Empire in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Afghans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Mysore_War_1_and_2.png"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Mysore_War_3.png"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Mysore_War_4.png"},{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1793_Faden_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1793.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"After the Battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), which established British dominion over East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767 – 1799), the Anglo–Maratha Wars (1775-1819), and finally the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), consolidated the British claim over South Asia, resulting in the British Empire in India, though resistance among various groups such as the Afghans and the Burmese would last well into the 1880s.The First and the Second Anglo-Mysore War.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Third Anglo-Mysore War\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Fourth Anglo-Mysore War\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1793 map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1800 map","title":"The four wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pollilur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Congreve rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreve_rocket"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Mysorean rockets used by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than any that the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.[2]","title":"Rockets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The International History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_History_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2005.9641071"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154707328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154707328"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1179/174962611X13097916223244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1179%2F174962611X13097916223244"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161374846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161374846"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mysore_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mysore_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mysore_topics"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Wodeyar dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadiyar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maharajas_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Chamarajendra Wodeyar X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajendra_Wadiyar_X"},{"link_name":"Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Wadiyar_IV"},{"link_name":"Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar"},{"link_name":"Srikantadatta Wodeyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikantadatta_Narasimharaja_Wadiyar"},{"link_name":"Yaduveer Wodeyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaduveer_Krishnadatta_Chamaraja_Wadiyar"},{"link_name":"Dewan of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dewans_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Mysore State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_State"},{"link_name":"Mysore Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mysore Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikantadatta_Narasimha_Raja_Wadeyar_Ground"},{"link_name":"Mysore Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_V_Rangacharlu_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"Dufferin Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufferin_Clock_Tower"},{"link_name":"Tourist attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Mysore Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Palace"},{"link_name":"Jaganmohan Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaganmohan_Palace"},{"link_name":"Lalitha Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitha_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Vilas"},{"link_name":"Jayalakshmi Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayalakshmi_Vilas"},{"link_name":"Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajendra_Academy_of_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Regional Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Museum_of_Natural_History_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Folklore Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_Museum_(Mysuru)"},{"link_name":"Rail Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Museum,_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Oriental Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Chamundi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamundeshwari_Temple"},{"link_name":"St. Philomena's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Philomena%27s_Cathedral,_Mysore"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Mysore painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_painting"},{"link_name":"Ganjifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjifa"},{"link_name":"Mysore silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_silk"},{"link_name":"Mysore Dasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Dasara"},{"link_name":"Mysore yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_style"},{"link_name":"Mysore City Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_City_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mysore pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_pak"},{"link_name":"Masala dosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_dosa"},{"link_name":"Educational institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mysore"},{"link_name":"University of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Hebbal Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbal_Lake,_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Karanji Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanji_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kukkarahalli Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkarahalli_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lingambudhi Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingambudhi_Lake"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885%E2%80%931947)"},{"link_name":"Colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India"},{"link_name":"Porto Grande de Bengala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Dutch Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Bengal"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"French India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India"},{"link_name":"Portuguese India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"Battle of Plassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey"},{"link_name":"Battle of Buxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Mysore Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_campaign"},{"link_name":"Polygar Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygar_Wars"},{"link_name":"Vellore Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Sannyasi rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Line"},{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_India"},{"link_name":"Ambedkarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"Gandhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Indian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Khilafat Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Movement"},{"link_name":"Muslim nationalism in South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Swadeshi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement"},{"link_name":"Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj"},{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal (1905)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"},{"link_name":"Direct Action Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day"},{"link_name":"Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case"},{"link_name":"The Indian Sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Singapore Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Hindu–German Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Champaran Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Kheda Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Act"},{"link_name":"Jallianwala Bagh massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre"},{"link_name":"Noakhali riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_riots"},{"link_name":"Non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot"},{"link_name":"Coolie-Begar movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement"},{"link_name":"Chauri Chaura incident, 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident"},{"link_name":"Kakori conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Qissa Khwani massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre"},{"link_name":"Flag Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Bardoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"1928 Protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Commission"},{"link_name":"Nehru Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehru_Report"},{"link_name":"Fourteen Points of Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Purna Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Swaraj"},{"link_name":"Salt March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March"},{"link_name":"Dharasana Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Vedaranyam March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaranyam_March"},{"link_name":"Chittagong armoury raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid"},{"link_name":"Gandhi–Irwin Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact"},{"link_name":"Round table conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)"},{"link_name":"Act of 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935"},{"link_name":"Aundh Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundh_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Indian Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Legion"},{"link_name":"Cripps Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Mission"},{"link_name":"Quit India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bombay Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946"},{"link_name":"Coup d'état of Yanaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)"},{"link_name":"Praja Mandala movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference"},{"link_name":"Lucknow Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Pact"},{"link_name":"All India Kisan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim 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Garhwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gondal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondal_State"},{"link_name":"Janjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjira_State"},{"link_name":"Jafrabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarabad_State"},{"link_name":"Jhabua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhabua_State"},{"link_name":"Malerkotla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malerkotla_State"},{"link_name":"Mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_State"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Morvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvi_State"},{"link_name":"Narsinghgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsinghgarh_State"},{"link_name":"Panna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panna_State"},{"link_name":"Radhanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Rajgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgarh_State"},{"link_name":"Sailana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailana_State"},{"link_name":"Samthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samthar_State"},{"link_name":"Sirmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmur_State"},{"link_name":"Sitamau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitamau_State"},{"link_name":"Suket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suket_State"},{"link_name":"Wankaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankaner_State"},{"link_name":"Balasinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasinor_State"},{"link_name":"Banganapalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banganapalle_State"},{"link_name":"Bansda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansda_State"},{"link_name":"Baraundha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraundha"},{"link_name":"Baria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baria_State"},{"link_name":"Bhor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhor_State"},{"link_name":"Chhota Udaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_State"},{"link_name":"Danta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danta_State"},{"link_name":"Dharampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharampur_State"},{"link_name":"Dhrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrol_State"},{"link_name":"Jawhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawhar_State"},{"link_name":"Kalahandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahandi_State"},{"link_name":"Khilchipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilchipur_State"},{"link_name":"Limbdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbdi_State"},{"link_name":"Loharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharu_State"},{"link_name":"Lunavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunavada_State"},{"link_name":"Maihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maihar_State"},{"link_name":"Mayurbhanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurbhanj_State"},{"link_name":"Mudhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhol_State"},{"link_name":"Nagod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagod_State"},{"link_name":"Palitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana_State"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_State"},{"link_name":"Rajkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkot_State"},{"link_name":"Sachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_State"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli_State"},{"link_name":"Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_State"},{"link_name":"Sawantwadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawantwadi_State"},{"link_name":"Shahpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahpura_State"},{"link_name":"Sonepur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonepur_State"},{"link_name":"Wadhwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhwan_State"},{"link_name":"Yawnghwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawnghwe"},{"link_name":"List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"Salute state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_state"}],"text":"Brittlebank, Kate (1997). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. Delhi: Oxford University Press.\nCooper, Randolf G. S. (September 2005). \"Culture, Combat, and Colonialism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century India\". The International History Review. 27 (3): 534–549. doi:10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071. S2CID 154707328.\nJaim, H. M. Iftekhar; Jaim, Jasmine (Autumn 2011). \"The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century\". Arms & Armour. 8 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1179/174962611X13097916223244. S2CID 161374846.\nKaliamurthy, G. (1987). Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84). Mittal Publications.\nRoy, Kaushik (2011). War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849. Taylor & Francis.\nGidwani, Regan S. (2014). The Sword of Tipu Sultan. – a novel linked to TV seriesvteMysore topicsHistory\nWodeyar dynasty\nMaharaja of Mysore\nList\nKingdom of Mysore\nChamarajendra Wodeyar X\nKrishna Raja Wadiyar IV\nJayachamarajendra Wodeyar\nSrikantadatta Wodeyar\nYaduveer Wodeyar\nDewan of Mysore\nList\nMysore State\nPlaces\nMysore Airport\nMysore Zoo\nSrikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground\nMysore Race Course\nTown Hall\nDufferin Clock Tower\nTourist attractionsPalaces\nMysore Palace\nJaganmohan Palace\nLalitha Mahal\nRajendra Vilas\nJayalakshmi Vilas\nMuseums\nChamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts\nRegional Museum of Natural History\nFolklore Museum\nRail Museum\nOriental Research Institute\nReligious buildings\nChamundi Temple\nSt. Philomena's Cathedral\nArt and culture\nMysore painting\nGanjifa\nMysore silk\nMysore Dasara\nMysore yoga\nCivic administration\nMysore City Corporation\nCuisine\nMysore pak\nMasala dosa\nEducational institutions\nUniversity of Mysore\nLakes\nHebbal Lake\nKaranji Lake\nKukkarahalli Lake\nLingambudhi LakevteIndian independence movementHistory\nColonisation\nPorto Grande de Bengala\nDutch Bengal\nEast India Company\nBritish Raj\nFrench India\nPortuguese India\nBattle of Plassey\nBattle of Buxar\nAnglo-Mysore Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nAnglo-Maratha Wars\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nGwalior\nPolygar Wars\nVellore Mutiny\nFirst Anglo-Sikh War\nSecond Anglo-Sikh War\nSannyasi rebellion\nRebellion of 1857\nRadcliffe Line\nmore\nPhilosophiesand ideologies\nAmbedkarism\nGandhism\nHindu nationalism\nIndian nationalism\nKhilafat Movement\nMuslim nationalism in South Asia\nSatyagraha\nSocialism\nSwadeshi movement\nSwaraj\nEvents and movements\nPartition of Bengal (1905)\nPartition of Bengal (1947)\nRevolutionaries\nDirect Action Day\nDelhi-Lahore Conspiracy\nThe Indian Sociologist\nSingapore Mutiny\nHindu–German Conspiracy\nChamparan Satyagraha\nKheda Satyagraha\nRowlatt Committee\nRowlatt Bills\nJallianwala Bagh massacre\nNoakhali riots\nNon-cooperation movement\nChristmas Day Plot\nCoolie-Begar movement\nChauri Chaura incident, 1922\nKakori conspiracy\nQissa Khwani massacre\nFlag Satyagraha\nBardoli\n1928 Protests\nNehru Report\nFourteen Points of Jinnah\nPurna Swaraj\nSalt March\nDharasana Satyagraha\nVedaranyam March\nChittagong armoury raid\nGandhi–Irwin Pact\nRound table conferences\nAct of 1935\nAundh Experiment\nIndian Legion\nCripps Mission\nQuit India\nBombay Mutiny\nRoyal Air Force strikes\nCoup d'état of Yanaon\nProvisional Government of India\nIndependence Day\nPraja Mandala movement\nLucknow Pact\nOrganisations\nAll India Kisan Sabha\nAll-India Muslim League\nAnushilan Samiti\nArya Samaj\nAzad Hind\nBerlin Committee\nGhadar Movement\nHindustan Socialist Republican Association\nIndian National Congress\nIndia House\nIndian Home Rule movement\nIndian Independence League\nIndian National Army\nJugantar\nKhaksar movement\nKhudai Khidmatgar\nSwaraj Party\nmore\nSocialreformers\nA. Vaidyanatha Iyer\nAyya Vaikundar\nAyyankali\nB. R. Ambedkar\nBaba Amte\nBal Gangadhar Tilak\nDayananda Saraswati\nDhondo Keshav Karve\nG. Subramania Iyer\nGazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty\nGopal Ganesh Agarkar\nGopal Hari Deshmukh\nGopaldas Ambaidas Desai\nIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar\nJ. B. Kripalani\nJyotirao Phule\nKandukuri Veeresalingam\nMahadev Govind Ranade\nMahatma Gandhi\nMuthulakshmi Reddy\nNarayana Guru\nNiralamba Swami\nPandita Ramabai\nPeriyar\nRam Mohan Roy\nRettamalai Srinivasan\nSahajanand Saraswati\nSavitribai Phule\nShahu\nSister Nivedita\nSri Aurobindo\nSyed Ahmad Khan\nVakkom Moulavi\nVinayak Damodar Savarkar\nVinoba Bhave\nVitthal Ramji Shinde\nVivekananda\nIndependence activists\nAbul Kalam Azad\nAccamma Cherian\nAchyut Patwardhan\nA. K. Fazlul Huq\nAlluri Sitarama Raju\nAnnapurna Maharana\nAnnie Besant\nAshfaqulla Khan\nBabu Kunwar Singh\nBagha Jatin\nBahadur Shah II\nBakht Khan\nBal Gangadhar Tilak\nBasawon Singh\nBegum Hazrat Mahal\nBhagat Singh\nBharathidasan\nBhavabhushan Mitra\nBhikaiji Cama\nBhupendra Kumar Datta\nBidhan Chandra Roy\nBipin Chandra Pal\nC. Rajagopalachari\nChandra Shekhar Azad\nChetram Jatav\nChittaranjan Das\nDadabhai Naoroji\nDayananda Saraswati\nDhan Singh\nDukkipati Nageswara Rao\nGopal Krishna Gokhale\nGovind Ballabh Pant\nHar Dayal\nHemu Kalani\nInayatullah Khan Mashriqi\nJatindra Mohan Sengupta\nJatindra Nath Das\nJawaharlal Nehru\nK. Kamaraj\nKanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi\nKhan Abdul Ghaffar Khan\nKhudiram Bose\nShri Krishna Singh\nLala Lajpat Rai\nM. Bhaktavatsalam\nM. N. Roy\nMaghfoor Ahmad Ajazi\nMahadaji Shinde\nMahatma Gandhi\nMangal Pandey\nMir Qasim\nMithuben Petit‎\nMohammad Ali Jauhar\nMuhammad Ali Jinnah\nMuhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari\nNagnath Naikwadi\nNana Fadnavis\nNana Saheb\nP. Kakkan\nPrafulla Chaki\nPritilata Waddedar\nPurushottam Das Tandon\nR. Venkataraman\nRahul Sankrityayan\nRajendra Prasad\nRam Prasad Bismil\nRani Lakshmibai\nRash Behari Bose\nSahajanand Saraswati\nSangolli Rayanna\nSarojini Naidu\nSatyapal Dang\nShuja-ud-Daula\nShyamji Krishna Varma\nSibghatullah Shah Rashidi\nSiraj ud-Daulah\nSubhas Chandra Bose\nSubramania Bharati\nSubramaniya Siva\nSurya Sen\nSyama Prasad Mukherjee\nTara Rani Srivastava\nTarak Nath Das\nTatya Tope\nTiruppur Kumaran\nUbaidullah Sindhi\nV. O. Chidamabaram\nV. K. Krishna Menon\nVallabhbhai Patel\nVanchinathan\nVeeran Sundaralingam\nVinayak Damodar Savarkar\nVirendranath Chattopadhyaya\nYashwantrao Holkar\nYogendra Shukla\nmore\nBritish leaders\nWavell\nCanning\nCornwallis\nIrwin\nChelmsford\nCurzon\nRipon\nMinto\nDalhousie\nBentinck\nMountbatten\nWellesley\nLytton\nClive\nOutram\nCripps\nLinlithgow\nHastings\nIndependence\nCabinet Mission\nConstitution\nRepublic of India\nIndian annexation of Goa\nIndian Independence Act\nPartition of India\nPolitical integration\nSimla ConferencevteGun salute princely states (salute states) during the British Raj21-gun salute\nBaroda\nGwalior\nHyderabad\nJammu and Kashmir\nMysore\n19-gun salute\nBhopal\nIndore\nKalat\nKolhapur\nTravancore\nUdaipur\n17-gun salute\nBahawalpur\nBharatpur\nBikaner\nBundi\nCochin\nCutch\nJaipur\nJodhpur\nKarauli\nKota\nPatiala\nPudukkottai\nRewa\nTonk\n15-gun salute\nAlwar\nBanswara\nDatia\nDewas Sr\nDewas Jr\nDhar\nDholpur\nDungarpur\nIdar\nJaisalmer\nKhairpur\nKishangarh\nOrchha\nPratapgarh\nRampur\nSikkim\nSirohi\n13-gun salute\nBenares\nBhavnagar\nCooch Behar\nDhrangadhra\nJaora\nJhalawar\nJind\nJunagadh\nKapurthala\nNabha\nNawanagar\nPalanpur\nPorbandar\nRajpipla\nRatlam\nTripura\n11-gun salute\nAjaigarh\nAlirajpur\nBaoni\nBarwani\nBijawar\nBilaspur\nCambay\nChamba\nCharkhari\nChhatarpur\nChitral\nFaridkot\nTehri Garhwal\nGondal\nJanjira/Jafrabad\nJhabua\nMalerkotla\nMandi\nManipur\nMorvi\nNarsinghgarh\nPanna\nRadhanpur\nRajgarh\nSailana\nSamthar\nSirmur\nSitamau\nSuket\nWankaner\n9-gun salute\nBalasinor\nBanganapalle\nBansda\nBaraundha\nBaria\nBhor\nChhota Udaipur\nDanta\nDharampur\nDhrol\nJawhar\nKalahandi\nKhilchipur\nLimbdi\nLoharu\nLunavada\nMaihar\nMayurbhanj\nMudhol\nNagod\nPalitana\nPatna\nRajkot\nSachin\nSangli\nSant\nSawantwadi\nShahpura\nSonepur\nWadhwan\nYawnghwe\n\nList of princely states of British India (alphabetical)\nSalute state","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as \"Commander in Chief of the Marathas. At the head of his army in the war against the British in India\" (French painting).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Haidar_Ali_commandant_en_chef_des_Mahrattes_gravure_1762.jpg/263px-Haidar_Ali_commandant_en_chef_des_Mahrattes_gravure_1762.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mysorean invasion of Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Malabar"},{"title":"Battle of Nedumkotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta"},{"title":"Regiment de Meuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_de_Meuron"},{"title":"Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Cemetery,_Seringapatam"}]	[{"reference":"Naravane, M. S. (2014). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0034-3","url_text":"978-81-313-0034-3"}]},{"reference":"Narasimha, Roddam (May 1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. (PDF). Bangalore, India: National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha","url_text":"Narasimha, Roddam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf","url_text":"Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D."},{"url":"http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brittlebank, Kate (1997). Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain. Delhi: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooper, Randolf G. S. (September 2005). \"Culture, Combat, and Colonialism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century India\". The International History Review. 27 (3): 534–549. doi:10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071. S2CID 154707328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_History_Review","url_text":"The International History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2005.9641071","url_text":"10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154707328","url_text":"154707328"}]},{"reference":"Jaim, H. M. Iftekhar; Jaim, Jasmine (Autumn 2011). \"The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century\". Arms & Armour. 8 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1179/174962611X13097916223244. S2CID 161374846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174962611X13097916223244","url_text":"10.1179/174962611X13097916223244"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161374846","url_text":"161374846"}]},{"reference":"Kaliamurthy, G. (1987). Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84). Mittal Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roy, Kaushik (2011). War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849. Taylor & Francis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gidwani, Regan S. (2014). The Sword of Tipu Sultan.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf","external_links_name":"Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D."},{"Link":"http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2005.9641071","external_links_name":"10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154707328","external_links_name":"154707328"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174962611X13097916223244","external_links_name":"10.1179/174962611X13097916223244"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161374846","external_links_name":"161374846"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River	Upper Mississippi River	["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 Ecology","4 Navigation","5 Expansion proposals for locks","6 List of pools and locks","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Upstream portion of the Mississippi river For the wine region, see Upper Mississippi Valley AVA. Upper Mississippi RiverThe Upper Mississippi River near Harpers Ferry, IowaLocationCountryUS, Canada Physical characteristicsSource • locationLake Itasca, Minnesota • coordinates47°15′11″N 95°12′43″W / 47.253°N 95.212°W / 47.253; -95.212 • elevation450 m (1,480 ft) Mouth • locationSt. Louis, Missouri (flows into the Middle Mississippi) Length1,300 miles (2092.147 km) Basin size490,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi)Discharge • average5,796 m3/s (204,700 cu ft/s) Barge going under the Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin) The Upper Mississippi River is today the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. Historically, it may refer to the area above the Arkansas Post, above the confluence of Ohio River, or above Cape Girardeau. History In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin glaciation formed lobes that met (and blocked) where the Mississippi now flows, and given that huge amounts of glacial meltwater were flowing into the Driftless Area, and that there is no lakebed, it is assumed that there were instances of ice dams bursting. Characteristics The Upper Mississippi from below St. Anthony Falls (Minneapolis, Minnesota) downstream to St. Paul, Minnesota is a gorge with high limestone bluffs carved by the waterfall. Upstream of the waterfall the land slopes gently to rivers edge. Downstream of downtown St. Paul the river enters its wide preglacial valley. The states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa, along with the federal government, have preserved certain areas of the land along this reach of the river. There are three National Park Service sites along the Upper Mississippi River. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other two National Park Service sites along the river are: Effigy Mounds National Monument and the Gateway Arch National Park (home to the Gateway Arch in St. Louis). Unlike the Lower Mississippi, much of the upper river is a series of pools created by a system of 29 locks and dams. The structures were authorized by Congress in the 1930s, and most were completed by 1940. A primary reason for damming the river is to facilitate barge transportation. The dams regulate water levels for the Upper River and play a major part in regulating levels on the Lower Mississippi. Upper Mississippi Valley close to Winona, Minnesota and Kings Bluff Ecology Locks and dam 15 Lock and dam 7 with I-90 in the background On the upper reaches near the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, the river's floodplain is between 1.5 and 5 kilometers (between 1 and 3 mi) wide. South of St. Louis, Missouri, the alluvial floodplain is approximately 80 kilometers (50 mi) wide. Major tributaries to the Upper Mississippi River include the Missouri, Illinois, Minnesota, St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Kaskaskia Rivers. The Upper Mississippi provides habitat for more than 125 fish species and 30 species of freshwater mussels. Three national wildlife refuges along the river cover a total of 465 square kilometers (285,000 ac). The largest of them, the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, is over 420 kilometers (260 mi) long, reaching from the Alma, Wisconsin area down to Rock Island, Illinois. The refuge consists of blufflands, marshes, bottomland forest, islands, channels, backwater lakes and sloughs. It is part of the Mississippi Flyway. Although the river is much cleaner than it was in recent decades, water quality is still a priority concern. Agricultural runoff, including sediment, excessive nutrients, (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), and chemicals from agricultural and industrial sources continue to threaten Upper Mississippi River aquatic resources. In addition new threats continue to emerge such as personal care items including pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The five states bordering the Upper Mississippi River are working together to address water quality issues. There is general agreement that nutrients are contributing to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone and to eutrophication problems in Lake Pepin, a large natural riverine lake that is part of Pool 4 of the Upper Mississippi River. National and regional efforts are addressing these problems, but nutrient impairment problems are occurring elsewhere in the Upper Mississippi River as well, particularly in off-channel portions. Excessive nutrients contribute to thick floating mats of filamentous algae or duckweeds that have a pronounced negative impact on light penetration and may threaten the growth and persistence of submerged aquatic vegetation that is important for fish and aquatic life, including waterfowl. Efforts to control nutrients from point and non-point sources in the basin have aimed to provide additional benefits. Navigation Main article: List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River The inland and intracoastal waterways, with the Upper Mississippi highlighted in red. Navigation locks allow towboats, barges, and other vessels to transit the dams. Approximately 1350 kilometers (850 mi), from the head of navigation in Mile 858, Minneapolis, Minnesota down to Cairo, has been made suitable for commercial navigation with a depth of 2.75 meters (9 ft). The agriculture and barge transportation industries have lobbied in the late 20th and early 21st centuries for a multibillion-dollar project to upgrade the aging lock and dam system. Some environmental groups and advocates of budgetary restraint argue that the project lacks economic justification. Each lock and dam complex creates a pool upstream of it. There are 29 locks on the Upper Mississippi maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers—from Upper St. Anthony Falls upstream to Chain of Rocks downstream. The locks provide a collective 123 meters (404 ft) of lift. La Crosse County barge harbor Lock and Dam 6 time lapse Barge on the Upper Mississippi Expansion proposals for locks Upper Mississippi locks expansion study The Army Corps of Engineers has studied expanding locks 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 on the Upper Mississippi. List of pools and locks Pool Locality Lock Mile marker (km) Distance (km) USAF Pool Minneapolis MN Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock 854 1375 LSAF Pool Minneapolis MN Lower St. Anthony Falls Lock 853 1373 1 2 Pool 1 Minneapolis MN Lock 1 848 1365 5 8 Pool 2 Hastings MN Lock 2 815 1312 33 53 Pool 3 Welch MN Lock 3 797 1283 18 29 Pool 4 Alma WI Lock 4 753 1212 44 71 Pool 5 Minnesota City MN Lock 5 738 1188 15 24 Pool 5A Fountain City WI Lock 5A 728 1172 10 16 Pool 6 Trempealeau WI Lock 6 714 1150 14 23 Pool 7 La Crescent MN Lock 7 703 1132 11 18 Pool 8 Genoa WI Lock 8 679 1093 24 39 Pool 9 Eastman WI Lock 9 648 1043 31 50 Pool 10 Guttenberg IA Lock 10 615 990 33 53 Pool 11 Dubuque IA Lock 11 583 939 32 52 Pool 12 Bellevue IA Lock 12 557 897 26 42 Pool 13 Clinton IA Lock 13 522 840 35 56 Pool 14 LeClaire IA Lock 14 493 794 29 47 Pool 15 Rock Island IL Lock 15 483 778 10 16 Pool 16 Illinois City IL Lock 16 457 736 26 42 Pool 17 New Boston IL Lock 17 437 704 20 32 Pool 18 Gladstone IL Lock 18 410 660 27 43 Pool 19 Keokuk IA Lock 19 364 586 46 74 Pool 20 Canton MO Lock 20 343 552 21 34 Pool 21 Quincy IL Lock 21 325 523 18 29 Pool 22 New London MO Lock 22 301 485 24 39 Pool 24 Clarksville MO Lock 24 273 440 28 45 Pool 25 Winfield MO Lock 25 241 388 32 52 Mel Price Pool East Alton IL Melvin Price Lock 201 324 40 64 Pool 27 Granite City IL Lock 27 185 298 16 26 See also List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River References ^ a b c d "Mississippi River \| History, Physical Features, Culture, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-06-03. ^ "General Information about the Mississippi River". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2006-04-01. ^ "UMESC - About the Upper Mississippi River System". www.umesc.usgs.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ "River and Basin Facts". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2009-04-07. ^ "Background on Upper Mississippi River Basin". EPA: Mississippi River Basin & Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia. Retrieved 2006-04-01. ^ Hallberg, G. R. (1986). "Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 11–15. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5...11H. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1. ^ Richmond, G. (1986). "Summation of quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8. ^ "About the Upper Mississippi River System". USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Retrieved 2006-03-13. ^ a b c "Basin Facts". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2006-04-01. ^ "About the refuges". Friends of the Upper Mississippi River Refuges. Archived from the original on April 3, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-01. ^ "Issues and Challenges- Water Quality". Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2008-04-11. ^ "2007 Water Quality Program Report- Protecting Water Quality through Interstate Cooperation". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2008-04-11. ^ "Upper Mississippi River Nutrient Monitoring, Occurrence, and Local Impacts: A Clean Water Act Perspective" (PDF). Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2012-03-21. ^ "Nutrient Impairment Identification in the Upper Mississippi River". Mississippi River Basin Nutrients Science Workshop, October 4–6, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-04-11. ^ Marcia Zarley Taylor (8 March 2006). "River debate continues". AgWeb. Retrieved 2006-03-13. ^ There is a Lock 5 as well as a Lock 5A, and there is no Lock 23. "Operation & Maintenance of Navigation Installations (OMNI) Reports". Rock Island District Engineers. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2006-04-27. ^ "U.S. Waterway System Facts, December 2005" (PDF). USACE Navigation Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2006-04-27. ^ Walker, Brad (February 2010). "Big Price—Little Benefit: Proposed Locks on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers are not Economically Viable" (PDF). Nicollet Island Coalition. Retrieved 2017-07-13. External links Upper Mississippi Valley Digital Image Archive, a collection of images of the Mississippi Valley along the Iowa/Illinois border, from the 1860s through the 1950s. Images are from regional library special collections.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Mississippi Valley AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_Valley_AVA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barge_Mississippi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_Bridge_(La_Crosse,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRITANNICA-1"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Post"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Cape Girardeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri"}],"text":"For the wine region, see Upper Mississippi Valley AVA.Barge going under the Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin)The Upper Mississippi River is today the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States,[1] at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River.[citation needed] Historically, it may refer to the area above the Arkansas Post, above the confluence of Ohio River, or above Cape Girardeau.","title":"Upper Mississippi River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling"},{"link_name":"Glacial River Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_River_Warren"},{"link_name":"Minnesota River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_River"},{"link_name":"Glacial Lake Agassiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Agassiz"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Glacial Lake Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Duluth"},{"link_name":"Glacial Lake Grantsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Grantsburg"},{"link_name":"St. Croix River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin%E2%80%93Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Interstate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Park"},{"link_name":"Pre-Illinoian Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Illinoian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hallberg1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RichmondOther1-7"},{"link_name":"Driftless Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftless_Area"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation"},{"link_name":"Driftless Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftless_Area"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage.[6][7]The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes.Inasmuch as the Wisconsin glaciation formed lobes that met (and blocked) where the Mississippi now flows, and given that huge amounts of glacial meltwater were flowing into the Driftless Area, and that there is no lakebed, it is assumed that there were instances of ice dams bursting.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Anthony Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Gorge_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Mississippi National River and Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Effigy Mounds National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_lock"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dams"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi_River_by_Kings_Bluff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi_River_by_Kings_Bluff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winona, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Kings Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_River_Bluffs_State_Park"}],"text":"The Upper Mississippi from below St. Anthony Falls (Minneapolis, Minnesota) downstream to St. Paul, Minnesota is a gorge with high limestone bluffs carved by the waterfall. Upstream of the waterfall the land slopes gently to rivers edge. Downstream of downtown St. Paul the river enters its wide preglacial valley. The states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa, along with the federal government, have preserved certain areas of the land along this reach of the river.There are three National Park Service sites along the Upper Mississippi River. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other two National Park Service sites along the river are: Effigy Mounds National Monument and the Gateway Arch National Park (home to the Gateway Arch in St. Louis).Unlike the Lower Mississippi, much of the upper river is a series of pools created by a system of 29 locks and dams. The structures were authorized by Congress in the 1930s, and most were completed by 1940.[8] A primary reason for damming the river is to facilitate barge transportation. The dams regulate water levels for the Upper River and play a major part in regulating levels on the Lower Mississippi. [citation needed]Upper Mississippi Valley close to Winona, Minnesota and Kings Bluff","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lock_and_dam_Upper_Mississippi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lock_and_dam_7_with_I-90_in_the_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lock and dam 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._7"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-90_Mississippi_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_River"},{"link_name":"St. Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin%E2%80%93Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Chippewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_River"},{"link_name":"Kaskaskia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskaskia_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umrbafacts-9"},{"link_name":"Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umrbafacts-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Flyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico dead zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)#Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"Lake Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pepin"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"duckweeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"Locks and dam 15Lock and dam 7 with I-90 in the backgroundOn the upper reaches near the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, the river's floodplain is between 1.5 and 5 kilometers (between 1 and 3 mi) wide. South of St. Louis, Missouri, the alluvial floodplain is approximately 80 kilometers (50 mi) wide. Major tributaries to the Upper Mississippi River include the Missouri, Illinois, Minnesota, St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Kaskaskia Rivers.[9]The Upper Mississippi provides habitat for more than 125 fish species and 30 species of freshwater mussels. Three national wildlife refuges along the river cover a total of 465 square kilometers (285,000 ac). The largest of them, the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, is over 420 kilometers (260 mi) long, reaching from the Alma, Wisconsin area down to Rock Island, Illinois. The refuge consists of blufflands, marshes, bottomland forest, islands, channels, backwater lakes and sloughs.[9][10] It is part of the Mississippi Flyway.Although the river is much cleaner than it was in recent decades, water quality is still a priority concern. Agricultural runoff, including sediment, excessive nutrients, (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), and chemicals from agricultural and industrial sources continue to threaten Upper Mississippi River aquatic resources. In addition new threats continue to emerge such as personal care items including pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The five states bordering the Upper Mississippi River are working together to address water quality issues.[11][12][13]There is general agreement that nutrients are contributing to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone and to eutrophication problems in Lake Pepin, a large natural riverine lake that is part of Pool 4 of the Upper Mississippi River. National and regional efforts are addressing these problems, but nutrient impairment problems are occurring elsewhere in the Upper Mississippi River as well, particularly in off-channel portions. Excessive nutrients contribute to thick floating mats of filamentous algae or duckweeds that have a pronounced negative impact on light penetration and may threaten the growth and persistence of submerged aquatic vegetation that is important for fish and aquatic life, including waterfowl. Efforts to control nutrients from point and non-point sources in the basin have aimed to provide additional benefits.[14][failed verification]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi.png"},{"link_name":"towboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towboats"},{"link_name":"head of navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_navigation"},{"link_name":"Mile 858, Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mile_858,_Minneapolis,_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umrbafacts-9"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Upper St. Anthony Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls#Locks_and_dams"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The inland and intracoastal waterways, with the Upper Mississippi highlighted in red.Navigation locks allow towboats, barges, and other vessels to transit the dams. Approximately 1350 kilometers (850 mi), from the head of navigation in Mile 858, Minneapolis, Minnesota down to Cairo, has been made suitable for commercial navigation with a depth of 2.75 meters (9 ft).[9] The agriculture and barge transportation industries have lobbied in the late 20th and early 21st centuries for a multibillion-dollar project to upgrade the aging lock and dam system. Some environmental groups and advocates of budgetary restraint argue that the project lacks economic justification.[15]Each lock and dam complex creates a pool upstream of it. There are 29 locks on the Upper Mississippi maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers—from Upper St. Anthony Falls upstream to Chain of Rocks downstream.[16]\nThe locks provide a collective 123 meters (404 ft) of lift.[17]","title":"Navigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi_locks_expansion_study.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._20"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._21"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._22"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._24"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Upper Mississippi locks expansion studyThe Army Corps of Engineers has studied expanding locks 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 on the Upper Mississippi.[18]","title":"Expansion proposals for locks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of pools and locks"}]	[{"image_text":"Barge going under the Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Barge_Mississippi.jpg/261px-Barge_Mississippi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Locks and dam 15","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lock_and_dam_Upper_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Lock_and_dam_Upper_Mississippi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lock and dam 7 with I-90 in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lock_and_dam_7_with_I-90_in_the_background.jpg/220px-Lock_and_dam_7_with_I-90_in_the_background.jpg"},{"image_text":"The inland and intracoastal waterways, with the Upper Mississippi highlighted in red.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Upper_Mississippi.png/200px-Upper_Mississippi.png"},{"image_text":"La Crosse County barge harbor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/La_Crosse_Mississippi_River_barge_and_mooring_dolphins-7.jpg/200px-La_Crosse_Mississippi_River_barge_and_mooring_dolphins-7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lock and Dam 6 time lapse"},{"image_text":"Barge on the Upper Mississippi"},{"image_text":"Upper Mississippi locks expansion study","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Upper_Mississippi_locks_expansion_study.jpeg/200px-Upper_Mississippi_locks_expansion_study.jpeg"}]	[{"title":"List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River"},{"title":"List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mississippi River \| History, Physical Features, Culture, & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Mississippi-River","url_text":"\"Mississippi River \| History, Physical Features, Culture, & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Information about the Mississippi River\". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2006-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/miss/features/factoids/","url_text":"\"General Information about the Mississippi River\""}]},{"reference":"\"UMESC - About the Upper Mississippi River System\". www.umesc.usgs.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/umesc_about/about_umrs.html","url_text":"\"UMESC - About the Upper Mississippi River System\""}]},{"reference":"\"River and Basin Facts\". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2009-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umrba.org/facts.htm","url_text":"\"River and Basin Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background on Upper Mississippi River Basin\". EPA: Mississippi River Basin & Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia. Retrieved 2006-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/subbasins/upper/index.htm","url_text":"\"Background on Upper Mississippi River Basin\""}]},{"reference":"Hallberg, G. R. (1986). \"Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 11–15. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5...11H. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5...11H","url_text":"1986QSRv....5...11H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990169-1","url_text":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, G. (1986). \"Summation of quaternary glaciations in the United States of America\". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5..183R","url_text":"1986QSRv....5..183R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990184-8","url_text":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Upper Mississippi River System\". USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Retrieved 2006-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/umesc_about/about_umrs.html","url_text":"\"About the Upper Mississippi River System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basin Facts\". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2006-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umrba.org/facts.htm","url_text":"\"Basin Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the refuges\". Friends of the Upper Mississippi River Refuges. Archived from the original on April 3, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050403235059/http://www.friendsofuppermiss.org/pages/Refuges.html","url_text":"\"About the refuges\""},{"url":"http://www.friendsofuppermiss.org/pages/Refuges.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Issues and Challenges- Water Quality\". Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2008-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015212057/http://mississippi-river.com/umrcc/issues.html#WaterQuality","url_text":"\"Issues and Challenges- Water Quality\""},{"url":"http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/issues.html#WaterQuality","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Water Quality Program Report- Protecting Water Quality through Interstate Cooperation\". Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2008-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umrba.org/wq.htm","url_text":"\"2007 Water Quality Program Report- Protecting Water Quality through Interstate Cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Mississippi River Nutrient Monitoring, Occurrence, and Local Impacts: A Clean Water Act Perspective\" (PDF). Upper Mississippi River Basin Association. Retrieved 2012-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umrba.org/wq/umr-nutrients.pdf","url_text":"\"Upper Mississippi River Nutrient Monitoring, Occurrence, and Local Impacts: A Clean Water Act Perspective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nutrient Impairment Identification in the Upper Mississippi River\". Mississippi River Basin Nutrients Science Workshop, October 4–6, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117073348/http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/nutrient_workshop/index.htm#other","url_text":"\"Nutrient Impairment Identification in the Upper Mississippi River\""},{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/nutrient_workshop/index.htm#other","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marcia Zarley Taylor (8 March 2006). \"River debate continues\". AgWeb. Retrieved 2006-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agweb.com/get_article.asp?pageid=125697&src=gennews","url_text":"\"River debate continues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation & Maintenance of Navigation Installations (OMNI) Reports\". Rock Island District Engineers. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2006-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719204859/http://www.mvr.usace.army.mil/mvrimi/omni/webrpts/omni_vl/river_lock.asp","url_text":"\"Operation & Maintenance of Navigation Installations (OMNI) Reports\""},{"url":"http://www.mvr.usace.army.mil/mvrimi/omni/webrpts/omni_vl/river_lock.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Waterway System Facts, December 2005\" (PDF). USACE Navigation Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2006-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070703141148/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/factcard/fc05/factcard.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. Waterway System Facts, December 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/factcard/fc05/factcard.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Brad (February 2010). \"Big Price—Little Benefit: Proposed Locks on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers are not Economically Viable\" (PDF). Nicollet Island Coalition. Retrieved 2017-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minnesotaikes.org/Facts/Locks.pdf","url_text":"\"Big Price—Little Benefit: Proposed Locks on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers are not Economically Viable\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upper_Mississippi_River&params=47.253_N_95.212_W_","external_links_name":"47°15′11″N 95°12′43″W / 47.253°N 95.212°W / 47.253; -95.212"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Mississippi-River","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi River \| History, Physical Features, Culture, & Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/miss/features/factoids/","external_links_name":"\"General Information about the Mississippi River\""},{"Link":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/umesc_about/about_umrs.html","external_links_name":"\"UMESC - About the Upper Mississippi River System\""},{"Link":"http://www.umrba.org/facts.htm","external_links_name":"\"River and Basin Facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/subbasins/upper/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Background on Upper Mississippi River Basin\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5...11H","external_links_name":"1986QSRv....5...11H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990169-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5..183R","external_links_name":"1986QSRv....5..183R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990184-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8"},{"Link":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/umesc_about/about_umrs.html","external_links_name":"\"About the Upper Mississippi River System\""},{"Link":"http://www.umrba.org/facts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Basin Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050403235059/http://www.friendsofuppermiss.org/pages/Refuges.html","external_links_name":"\"About the refuges\""},{"Link":"http://www.friendsofuppermiss.org/pages/Refuges.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015212057/http://mississippi-river.com/umrcc/issues.html#WaterQuality","external_links_name":"\"Issues and Challenges- Water Quality\""},{"Link":"http://www.mississippi-river.com/umrcc/issues.html#WaterQuality","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.umrba.org/wq.htm","external_links_name":"\"2007 Water Quality Program Report- Protecting Water Quality through Interstate Cooperation\""},{"Link":"http://www.umrba.org/wq/umr-nutrients.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Upper Mississippi River Nutrient Monitoring, Occurrence, and Local Impacts: A Clean Water Act Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117073348/http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/nutrient_workshop/index.htm#other","external_links_name":"\"Nutrient Impairment Identification in the Upper Mississippi River\""},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/taskforce/nutrient_workshop/index.htm#other","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.agweb.com/get_article.asp?pageid=125697&src=gennews","external_links_name":"\"River debate continues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719204859/http://www.mvr.usace.army.mil/mvrimi/omni/webrpts/omni_vl/river_lock.asp","external_links_name":"\"Operation & Maintenance of Navigation Installations (OMNI) Reports\""},{"Link":"http://www.mvr.usace.army.mil/mvrimi/omni/webrpts/omni_vl/river_lock.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070703141148/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/factcard/fc05/factcard.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Waterway System Facts, December 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/factcard/fc05/factcard.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.minnesotaikes.org/Facts/Locks.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Big Price—Little Benefit: Proposed Locks on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers are not Economically Viable\""},{"Link":"http://www.umvphotoarchive.org/","external_links_name":"Upper Mississippi Valley Digital Image Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid	Flavonoid	["1 History","2 Biosynthesis","3 Functions of flavonoids in plants","4 Subgroups","4.1 Anthocyanidins","4.2 Anthoxanthins","4.3 Flavanones","4.4 Flavanonols","4.5 Flavans","4.6 Isoflavonoids","5 Dietary sources","6 Dietary intake","7 Research","7.1 Metabolism and excretion","7.2 Inflammation","7.3 Cancer","7.4 Cardiovascular diseases","8 Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations","8.1 Color spectrum","8.2 Availability through microorganisms","8.3 Tests for detection","8.3.1 Shinoda test","8.3.2 Sodium hydroxide test","8.3.3 p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde test","8.4 Quantification","8.5 Semi-synthetic alterations","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","11.1 Databases"]	"Vitamin P" redirects here. For other uses, see Vitamin P (disambiguation). Class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) Isoflavan structure Neoflavonoids structure Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C, the ring containing the embedded oxygen). This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: flavonoids or bioflavonoids isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed flavanoids. The three cycles or heterocycles in the flavonoid backbone are generally called ring A, B, and C. Ring A usually shows a phloroglucinol substitution pattern. History In the 1930s, Albert Szent-Györgyi and other scientists discovered that Vitamin C alone was not as effective at preventing scurvy as the crude yellow extract from oranges, lemons or paprika. They attributed the increased activity of this extract to the other substances in this mixture, which they referred to as "citrin" (referring to citrus) or "Vitamin P" (a reference to its effect on reducing the permeability of capillaries). The substances in question (hesperidin, eriodictyol, hesperidin methyl chalcone and neohesperidin) were however later shown not to fulfil the criteria of a vitamin, so that this term is now obsolete. Biosynthesis Main article: Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain. Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds. Depending on the chemical structure, degree of oxidation, and unsaturation of the linking chain (C3), flavonoids can be classified into different groups, such as anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavanonols, flavones, and isoflavones. Chalcones, also called chalconoids, although lacking the heterocyclic ring, are also classified as flavonoids. Furthermore, flavonoids can be found in plants in glycoside-bound and free aglycone forms. The glycoside-bound form is the most common flavone and flavonol form consumed in the diet. A biochemical diagram showing the class of flavonoids and their source in nature through various inter-related plant species. Functions of flavonoids in plants Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions. They are the most important plant pigments for flower coloration, producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals. In higher plants, they are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and floral pigmentation. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors. Flavonoids secreted by the root of their host plant help Rhizobia in the infection stage of their symbiotic relationship with legumes like peas, beans, clover, and soy. Rhizobia living in soil are able to sense the flavonoids and this triggers the secretion of Nod factors, which in turn are recognized by the host plant and can lead to root hair deformation and several cellular responses such as ion fluxes and the formation of a root nodule. In addition, some flavonoids have inhibitory activity against organisms that cause plant diseases, e.g. Fusarium oxysporum. Subgroups Over 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been characterized from various plants. They have been classified according to their chemical structure, and are usually subdivided into the following subgroups (for further reading see): Flavonoids Anthocyanidins Flavylium skeleton of anthocyanidins Anthocyanidins are the aglycones of anthocyanins; they use the flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium) ion skeleton. Examples: cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin Anthoxanthins Anthoxanthins are divided into two groups: Group Skeleton Examples Description Functional groups Structural formula 3-hydroxyl 2,3-dihydro Flavone 2-phenylchromen-4-one ✗ ✗ Luteolin, Apigenin, Tangeritin Flavonolor3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one ✓ ✗ Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Fisetin, Galangin, Isorhamnetin, Pachypodol, Rhamnazin, Pyranoflavonols, Furanoflavonols, Flavanones Flavanones Group Skeleton Examples Description Functional groups Structural formula 3-hydroxyl 2,3-dihydro Flavanone 2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one ✗ ✓ Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol, Homoeriodictyol Flavanonols Flavanonols Group Skeleton Examples Description Functional groups Structural formula 3-hydroxyl 2,3-dihydro Flavanonolor3-Hydroxyflavanoneor2,3-dihydroflavonol 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one ✓ ✓ Taxifolin (or Dihydroquercetin), Dihydrokaempferol Flavans Flavan structure Include flavan-3-ols (flavanols), flavan-4-ols and flavan-3,4-diols. Skeleton Name Flavan-3-ol (flavanol) Flavan-4-ol Flavan-3,4-diol (leucoanthocyanidin) Flavan-3-ols (flavanols) Flavan-3-ols use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton Examples: Catechin (C), Gallocatechin (GC), Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCg), Epicatechins (Epicatechin (EC)), Epigallocatechin (EGC), Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCg) Theaflavin Examples: Theaflavin-3-gallate, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate Thearubigin Proanthocyanidins are dimers, trimers, oligomers, or polymers of the flavanols Isoflavonoids Isoflavonoids Isoflavones use the 3-phenylchromen-4-one skeleton (with no hydroxyl group substitution on carbon at position 2) Examples: Genistein, Daidzein, Glycitein Isoflavanes Isoflavandiols Isoflavenes Coumestans Pterocarpans Dietary sources Parsley is a source of flavones Blueberries are a source of dietary anthocyanins Flavonoids are found in citrus fruits, including red grapefruit Flavonoids (specifically flavanoids such as the catechins) are "the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and are found ubiquitously in plants". Flavonols, the original bioflavonoids such as quercetin, are also found ubiquitously, but in lesser quantities. The widespread distribution of flavonoids, their variety and their relatively low toxicity compared to other active plant compounds (for instance alkaloids) mean that many animals, including humans, ingest significant quantities in their diet. Foods with a high flavonoid content include parsley, onions, blueberries and other berries, black tea, green tea and oolong tea, bananas, all citrus fruits, Ginkgo biloba, red wine, sea-buckthorns, buckwheat, and dark chocolate with a cocoa content of 70% or greater. As flavonoids in cocoa have a bitter taste, they may be removed during chocolate manufacturing. Citrus flavonoids include hesperidin (a glycoside of the flavanone hesperetin), quercitrin, rutin (two glycosides of quercetin, and the flavone tangeritin. The flavonoids are less concentrated in the pulp than in the peels (for example, 165 versus 1156 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of satsuma mandarin, and 164 vis-à-vis 804 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of clementine). Peanut (red) skin contains significant polyphenol content, including flavonoids. Flavonoid content in food (mg/100 g) Food source Flavones Flavonols Flavanones Red onion 0 4–100 0 Parsley, fresh 24–634 8–10 0 Thyme, fresh 56 0 0 Lemon juice, fresh 0 0–2 2–175 Dietary intake Mean flavonoid intake in mg/d per country, the pie charts show the relative contribution of different types of flavonoids. Food composition data for flavonoids were provided by the USDA database on flavonoids. In the United States NHANES survey, mean flavonoid intake was 190 mg per day in adults, with flavan-3-ols as the main contributor. In the European Union, based on data from EFSA, mean flavonoid intake was 140 mg/d, although there were considerable differences among individual countries. The main type of flavonoids consumed in the EU and USA were flavan-3-ols (80% for USA adults), mainly from tea or cocoa in chocolate, while intake of other flavonoids was considerably lower. Data are based on mean flavonoid intake of all countries included in the 2011 EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Research Neither the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has approved any flavonoids as prescription drugs. The U.S. FDA has warned numerous dietary supplement and food manufacturers, including Unilever, producer of Lipton tea in the U.S., about illegal advertising and misleading health claims regarding flavonoids, such as that they lower cholesterol or relieve pain. Metabolism and excretion Flavonoids are poorly absorbed in the human body (less than 5%), then are quickly metabolized into smaller fragments with unknown properties, and rapidly excreted. Flavonoids have negligible antioxidant activity in the body, and the increase in antioxidant capacity of blood seen after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods is not caused directly by flavonoids, but by production of uric acid resulting from flavonoid depolymerization and excretion. Microbial metabolism is a major contributor to the overall metabolism of dietary flavonoids. The effect of habitual flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiome is unknown. Inflammation Inflammation has been implicated as a possible origin of numerous local and systemic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. There is no clinical evidence that dietary flavonoids affect any of these diseases. Cancer Clinical studies investigating the relationship between flavonoid consumption and cancer prevention or development are conflicting for most types of cancer, probably because most human studies have weak designs, such as a small sample size. There is little evidence to indicate that dietary flavonoids affect human cancer risk in general. Cardiovascular diseases Although no significant association has been found between flavan-3-ol intake and cardiovascular disease mortality, clinical trials have shown improved endothelial function and reduced blood pressure (with a few studies showing inconsistent results). Reviews of cohort studies in 2013 found that the studies had too many limitations to determine a possible relationship between increased flavonoid intake and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, although a trend for an inverse relationship existed. In 2013, the EFSA decided to permit health claims that 200 mg/day of cocoa flavanols "help maintain the elasticity of blood vessels." The FDA followed suit in 2023, stating that there is "supportive, but not conclusive" evidence that 200 mg per day of cocoa flavanols can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This is greater than the levels found in typical chocolate bars, which can also contribute to weight gain, potentially harming cardiovascular health. Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations Color spectrum Flavonoid synthesis in plants is induced by light color spectrums at both high and low energy radiations. Low energy radiations are accepted by phytochrome, while high energy radiations are accepted by carotenoids, flavins, cryptochromes in addition to phytochromes. The photomorphogenic process of phytochrome-mediated flavonoid biosynthesis has been observed in Amaranthus, barley, maize, Sorghum and turnip. Red light promotes flavonoid synthesis. Availability through microorganisms Research has shown production of flavonoid molecules from genetically engineered microorganisms. Tests for detection Shinoda test Four pieces of magnesium filings are added to the ethanolic extract followed by few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. A pink or red colour indicates the presence of flavonoid. Colours varying from orange to red indicated flavones, red to crimson indicated flavonoids, crimson to magenta indicated flavonones. Sodium hydroxide test About 5 mg of the compound is dissolved in water, warmed, and filtered. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to 2 ml of this solution. This produces a yellow coloration. A change in color from yellow to colorless on addition of dilute hydrochloric acid is an indication for the presence of flavonoids. p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde test A colorimetric assay based upon the reaction of A-rings with the chromogen p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) has been developed for flavanoids in beer that can be compared with the vanillin procedure. Quantification Lamaison and Carnet have designed a test for the determination of the total flavonoid content of a sample (AlCI3 method). After proper mixing of the sample and the reagent, the mixture is incubated for ten minutes at ambient temperature and the absorbance of the solution is read at 440 nm. Flavonoid content is expressed in mg/g of quercetin. Semi-synthetic alterations Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase can be used to catalyze the regioselective acylation of flavonoids. See also Phytochemical List of antioxidants in food List of phytochemicals in food Phytochemistry Secondary metabolites Homoisoflavonoids, related chemicals with a 16 carbons skeleton References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Delage B (November 2015). "Flavonoids". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ a b de Souza Farias SA, da Costa KS, Martins JB (April 2021). 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Retrieved November 8, 2013. ^ a b EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Journal. 8 (2): 1489. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489. ^ Hensley S (September 7, 2010). "FDA To Lipton: Tea Can't Do That". NPR. Retrieved June 17, 2023. ^ "Cherry companies warned by FDA against making health claims". The Produce News. November 1, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2023. ^ Lotito SB, Frei B (December 2006). "Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon?". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 41 (12): 1727–1746. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.033. PMID 17157175. ^ Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 36 (7): 838–849. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001. PMID 15019969. ^ Hidalgo M, Oruna-Concha MJ, Kolida S, Walton GE, Kallithraka S, Spencer JP, de Pascual-Teresa S (April 2012). "Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (15): 3882–3890. doi:10.1021/jf3002153. PMID 22439618. ^ Ivey KL, Chan AT, Izard J, Cassidy A, Rogers GB, Rimm EB (September 2019). "Role of Dietary Flavonoid Compounds in Driving Patterns of Microbial Community Assembly". mBio. 10 (5). doi:10.1128/mBio.01205-19. PMC 6759757. PMID 31551328. ^ Ravishankar D, Rajora AK, Greco F, Osborn HM (December 2013). "Flavonoids as prospective compounds for anti-cancer therapy". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 45 (12): 2821–2831. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.10.004. PMID 24128857. ^ Manach C, Mazur A, Scalbert A (February 2005). "Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 16 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1097/00041433-200502000-00013. PMID 15650567. S2CID 794383. ^ Babu PV, Liu D, Gilbert ER (November 2013). "Recent advances in understanding the anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids". The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 24 (11): 1777–1789. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.003. PMC 3821977. PMID 24029069. ^ Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Masciangelo S, Saturni L (April 2012). "Celiac disease, inflammation and oxidative damage: a nutrigenetic approach". Nutrients. 4 (4): 243–257. doi:10.3390/nu4040243. PMC 3347005. PMID 22606367. ^ Romagnolo DF, Selmin OI (2012). "Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence". Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. 31 (3): 206–238. doi:10.1080/21551197.2012.702534. PMID 22888839. S2CID 205960210. ^ Wang X, Ouyang YY, Liu J, Zhao G (January 2014). "Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". The British Journal of Nutrition. 111 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1017/S000711451300278X. PMID 23953879. ^ "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to cocoa flavanols and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal. 10 (7). June 27, 2012. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2809. Retrieved June 17, 2023. ^ "Cocoa flavanol health claim becomes EU law". Confectionary News. September 4, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2023. ^ Kavanaugh C (February 1, 2023). RE: Petition for a Qualified Health Claim – for Cocoa Flavanols and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Docket No. FDA-2019-Q-0806) (Report). FDA. ^ Aubrey A (February 12, 2023). "Is chocolate good for your heart? Finally the FDA has an answer – kind of". NPR. Retrieved June 17, 2023. ^ Sinha RK (January 2004). Modern Plant Physiology. CRC Press. p. 457. ISBN 9780849317149. ^ Trantas E, Panopoulos N, Ververidis F (November 2009). "Metabolic engineering of the complete pathway leading to heterologous biosynthesis of various flavonoids and stilbenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Metabolic Engineering. 11 (6): 355–366. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2009.07.004. PMID 19631278. ^ Ververidis F, Trantas E, Douglas C, Vollmer G, Kretzschmar G, Panopoulos N (October 2007). "Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part II: Reconstruction of multienzyme pathways in plants and microbes". Biotechnology Journal. 2 (10): 1235–1249. doi:10.1002/biot.200700184. PMID 17935118. S2CID 5805643. ^ Yisa J (2009). "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Scoparia dulcis and Nymphaea lotus". Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3 (4): 3975–3979. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. ^ Bello IA, Ndukwe GI, Audu OT, Habila JD (October 2011). "A bioactive flavonoid from Pavetta crassipes K. Schum". Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 1 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/2191-2858-1-14. PMC 3305906. PMID 22373191. ^ Delcour JA (1985). "A New Colourimetric Assay for Flavanoids in Pilsner Beers". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 91: 37–40. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1985.tb04303.x. ^ Lamaison JL, Carnet A (1991). "Teneurs en principaux flavonoïdes des fleurs de Cratageus monogyna Jacq. et de Cratageus laevigata (Poiret D.C.) en fonction de la végétation" . Plantes Medicinales: Phytotherapie (in French). 25: 12–16. ^ Passicos E, Santarelli X, Coulon D (July 2004). "Regioselective acylation of flavonoids catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase under reduced pressure". Biotechnology Letters. 26 (13): 1073–1076. doi:10.1023/B:BILE.0000032967.23282.15. PMID 15218382. S2CID 26716150. Further reading Andersen ØM, Markham KR (2006). Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-2021-7. Grotewold E (2006). The science of flavonoids. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-74550-3. Harborne JB (1967). Comparative Biochemistry of the Flavonoids. Mabry TJ, Markham KR, Thomas MB (1971). "The systematic identification of flavonoids". Journal of Molecular Structure. 10 (2): 320. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(71)87109-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flavonoids. Databases USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1 (December 2013); data for 506 foods in the 5 subclasses of flavonoids provided in a separate PDF updated May 2014 FlavoDB, Bioinformatics Centre, India, November 2019 vteTypes of flavonoidsFlavonoidsAnthoxanthinsFlavones Apigenin, Chrysin, et.c. Flavonols Quercetin, Kaempferol, et.c. Isoflavones Daidzein, Genistein, Orobol et.c. Neoflavonoids Dalbergichromene FlavansFlavan Luteoliflavan Flavan-3-ols(flavanols) Catechin, Gallocatechol, et.c. Flavan-4-ols(flavanols) Apiforol, Luteoforol, et.c. Flavan-3,4-diols Leucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, et.c. Flavanones Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol Flavanonols Taxifolin Aromadendrin, et.c. Anthocyanidins3-deoxyanthocyanidins Cyanidin, Delphinidin, et.c. 3-hydroxyanthocyanidin Apigeninidin, Guibourtinidin, et.c. Aurones Aureusidin Leptosidin ChalconesChalcones Butein, Isoliquiritigenin, et.c. Dihydrochalcone Phloretin Miscellaneous List of phytochemicals in food C-methylated flavonoids O-methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols Flavonoid biosynthesis vteTypes of phenylpropanoidsClasses of phenylpropanoids Hydroxycinnamic acids Chromones (Furanochromones) Cinnamaldehydes Monolignols Coumarins Chalcones Flavonoids Allylbenzenes Stilbenoids Lignans Lignins Suberins Examples Rhododendrin vteTypes of phenolic compoundsNatural monophenols Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole PolyphenolsvteTypes of polyphenolsFlavonoids(C6-C3-C6)vteTypes of flavonoidsFlavonoidsAnthoxanthinsFlavones Apigenin, Chrysin, et.c. Flavonols Quercetin, Kaempferol, et.c. Isoflavones Daidzein, Genistein, Orobol et.c. Neoflavonoids Dalbergichromene FlavansFlavan Luteoliflavan Flavan-3-ols(flavanols) Catechin, Gallocatechol, et.c. Flavan-4-ols(flavanols) Apiforol, Luteoforol, et.c. Flavan-3,4-diols Leucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, et.c. Flavanones Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol Flavanonols Taxifolin Aromadendrin, et.c. Anthocyanidins3-deoxyanthocyanidins Cyanidin, Delphinidin, et.c. 3-hydroxyanthocyanidin Apigeninidin, Guibourtinidin, et.c. Aurones Aureusidin Leptosidin ChalconesChalcones Butein, Isoliquiritigenin, et.c. Dihydrochalcone Phloretin Miscellaneous List of phytochemicals in food C-methylated flavonoids O-methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols Flavonoid biosynthesisFlavonolignansSilymarinLignans((C6-C3)2) Matairesinol Secoisolariciresinol Pinoresinol Stilbenoids(C6-C2-C6) Resveratrol Pterostilbene Piceatannol Pinosylvin CurcuminoidsCurcuminTanninsvteTypes of natural tanninsHydrolysable tanninsEllagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B Gallotannins Digalloyl glucose 1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose Condensed tannins Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol-type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans Phlorotannins Eckol 8,8′-Bieckol 6,6'-Bieckol Dieckol Eckstolonol Diphlorethol Difucol Fucophlorethol A Phlorofucofuroeckol A Tetrafucol A Trifucol Bifuhalol 7-Phloroeckol Phlorofucofuroeckol B Flavono-ellagitannins(complex tannins) Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A Other Miscellaneous Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning Others Diarylheptanoids (C6-C7-C6) Anthraquinones Chalconoids (C6-C3-C6) Kavalactones Naphthoquinones (C6-C4) Phenylpropanoids (C6-C3) Xanthonoids (C6-C1-C6) Coumarins and isocoumarins Misc:PolyphenolsAromatic acidsvteAromatic acidsPhenolic acidsMonohydroxybenzoic acidsAglycones 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid Glycosides p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside Dihydroxybenzoic acids 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Hypogallic acid) 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Ethyl protocatechuate Gentisic acid Homogentisic acid Orsellinic acid Protocatechuic acid Trihydroxybenzoic acids Bergenin Chebulic acid Ethyl gallate Eudesmic acid Gallic acid Tannic acid Norbergenin Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid Syringic acid Theogallin Other phenolic acids Vanillin Ellagic acid Hydroxycinnamic acids α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid Caffeic acid Chicoric acid Cinnamic acid Chlorogenic acid Diferulic acids Coumaric acid Coumarin Ferulic acid Sinapinic acid Aromatic amino acids phenylalanine tryptophan histidine tyrosine thyroxine 5-hydroxytryptophan L-DOPA Phenylethanoids Tyrosol Hydroxytyrosol Oleocanthal Oleuropein Others Capsaicin Gingerol Alkylresorcinols Misc: Phenolic compounds Phlorotannins) Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitamin P (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_P_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavon.svg"},{"link_name":"flavone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isoflavan.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4-phenylcoumarin.svg"},{"link_name":"polyphenolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"phenyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl"},{"link_name":"heterocyclic ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Souza_2021-2"},{"link_name":"IUPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iupac-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"isoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"chromen-4-one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromone"},{"link_name":"benzopyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzopyran"},{"link_name":"neoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoids"},{"link_name":"coumarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"benzopyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzopyran"},{"link_name":"ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"anthoxanthins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthoxanthin"},{"link_name":"flavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavone"},{"link_name":"flavonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Souza_2021-2"},{"link_name":"phloroglucinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol"}],"text":"\"Vitamin P\" redirects here. For other uses, see Vitamin P (disambiguation).Class of plant and fungus secondary metabolitesMolecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone)Isoflavan structureNeoflavonoids structureFlavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.[1]Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C, the ring containing the embedded oxygen).[1][2] This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. According to the IUPAC nomenclature,[3][4]\nthey can be classified into:flavonoids or bioflavonoids\nisoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure\nneoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structureThe three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols).[1] This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed flavanoids. The three cycles or heterocycles in the flavonoid backbone are generally called ring A, B, and C.[2] Ring A usually shows a phloroglucinol substitution pattern.","title":"Flavonoid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Szent-Györgyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi"},{"link_name":"Vitamin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"},{"link_name":"scurvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy"},{"link_name":"capillaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary"},{"link_name":"hesperidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin"},{"link_name":"eriodictyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriodictyol"},{"link_name":"neohesperidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohesperidin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the 1930s, Albert Szent-Györgyi and other scientists discovered that Vitamin C alone was not as effective at preventing scurvy as the crude yellow extract from oranges, lemons or paprika. They attributed the increased activity of this extract to the other substances in this mixture, which they referred to as \"citrin\" (referring to citrus) or \"Vitamin P\" (a reference to its effect on reducing the permeability of capillaries). The substances in question (hesperidin, eriodictyol, hesperidin methyl chalcone and neohesperidin) were however later shown not to fulfil the criteria of a vitamin,[5] so that this term is now obsolete.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"chalconoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalconoids"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png"}],"text":"Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain.[1] Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds. Depending on the chemical structure, degree of oxidation, and unsaturation of the linking chain (C3), flavonoids can be classified into different groups, such as anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavanonols, flavones, and isoflavones.[1] Chalcones, also called chalconoids, although lacking the heterocyclic ring, are also classified as flavonoids. Furthermore, flavonoids can be found in plants in glycoside-bound and free aglycone forms. The glycoside-bound form is the most common flavone and flavonol form consumed in the diet.[1]A biochemical diagram showing the class of flavonoids and their source in nature through various inter-related plant species.","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"plant pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment"},{"link_name":"pollinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"Rhizobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobia"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis"},{"link_name":"Nod factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nod_factor"},{"link_name":"root nodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions.[1] They are the most important plant pigments for flower coloration, producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals. In higher plants, they are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and floral pigmentation. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors. Flavonoids secreted by the root of their host plant help Rhizobia in the infection stage of their symbiotic relationship with legumes like peas, beans, clover, and soy. Rhizobia living in soil are able to sense the flavonoids and this triggers the secretion of Nod factors, which in turn are recognized by the host plant and can lead to root hair deformation and several cellular responses such as ion fluxes and the formation of a root nodule. In addition, some flavonoids have inhibitory activity against organisms that cause plant diseases, e.g. Fusarium oxysporum.[7]","title":"Functions of flavonoids in plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ververidis-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavonoids.svg"}],"text":"Over 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been characterized from various plants. They have been classified according to their chemical structure, and are usually subdivided into the following subgroups (for further reading see[8]):Flavonoids","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavylium_cation.svg"},{"link_name":"Anthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"aglycones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglycone"},{"link_name":"anthocyanins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin"},{"link_name":"flavylium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavylium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"cyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidin"},{"link_name":"delphinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinidin"},{"link_name":"malvidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvidin"},{"link_name":"pelargonidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonidin"},{"link_name":"peonidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonidin"},{"link_name":"petunidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petunidin"}],"sub_title":"Anthocyanidins","text":"Flavylium skeleton of anthocyanidinsAnthocyanidins are the aglycones of anthocyanins; they use the flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium) ion skeleton.[1]Examples: cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthoxanthins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthoxanthin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Flavone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg"},{"link_name":"Luteolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin"},{"link_name":"Apigenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin"},{"link_name":"Tangeritin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeritin"},{"link_name":"Flavonol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonols"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyflavone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonols"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavonol_skeleton_colored.svg"},{"link_name":"Quercetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin"},{"link_name":"Kaempferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol"},{"link_name":"Myricetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myricetin"},{"link_name":"Fisetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisetin"},{"link_name":"Galangin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangin"},{"link_name":"Isorhamnetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isorhamnetin"},{"link_name":"Pachypodol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachypodol"},{"link_name":"Rhamnazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnazin"},{"link_name":"Pyranoflavonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranoflavonol"},{"link_name":"Furanoflavonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanoflavonol"}],"sub_title":"Anthoxanthins","text":"Anthoxanthins are divided into two groups:[9]Group\n\nSkeleton\n\nExamples\n\n\nDescription\n\nFunctional groups\n\nStructural formula\n\n\n3-hydroxyl\n\n2,3-dihydro\n\n\nFlavone\n\n2-phenylchromen-4-one\n\n✗\n\n✗\n\n\n\nLuteolin, Apigenin, Tangeritin\n\n\nFlavonolor3-hydroxyflavone\n\n3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one\n\n✓\n\n✗\n\n\n\nQuercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Fisetin, Galangin, Isorhamnetin, Pachypodol, Rhamnazin, Pyranoflavonols, Furanoflavonols,","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flavanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanone"}],"sub_title":"Flavanones","text":"Flavanones","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flavanonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanonol"}],"sub_title":"Flavanonols","text":"Flavanonols","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavan_acsv.svg"},{"link_name":"flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol"},{"link_name":"flavan-4-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-4-ol"},{"link_name":"flavan-3,4-diols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3,4-diol"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ols"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ols"},{"link_name":"Catechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin"},{"link_name":"Gallocatechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallocatechin"},{"link_name":"Catechin 3-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catechin_3-gallate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gallocatechin 3-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallocatechin_3-gallate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Epicatechins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechin"},{"link_name":"Epicatechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechin"},{"link_name":"Epigallocatechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin"},{"link_name":"Epicatechin 3-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechin_3-gallate"},{"link_name":"Epigallocatechin 3-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin_3-gallate"},{"link_name":"Theaflavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaflavin"},{"link_name":"Theaflavin-3-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaflavin-3-gallate"},{"link_name":"Theaflavin-3'-gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theaflavin-3%27-gallate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaflavin-3,3%27-digallate"},{"link_name":"Thearubigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thearubigin"},{"link_name":"Proanthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidins"}],"sub_title":"Flavans","text":"Flavan structureInclude flavan-3-ols (flavanols), flavan-4-ols and flavan-3,4-diols.Flavan-3-ols (flavanols)\nFlavan-3-ols use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton\nExamples: Catechin (C), Gallocatechin (GC), Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCg), Epicatechins (Epicatechin (EC)), Epigallocatechin (EGC), Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCg)\nTheaflavin\nExamples: Theaflavin-3-gallate, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate\nThearubigin\nProanthocyanidins are dimers, trimers, oligomers, or polymers of the flavanols","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Isoflavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone"},{"link_name":"Genistein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein"},{"link_name":"Daidzein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidzein"},{"link_name":"Glycitein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycitein"},{"link_name":"Isoflavanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavane"},{"link_name":"Isoflavandiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavandiol"},{"link_name":"Isoflavenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavene"},{"link_name":"Coumestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumestan"},{"link_name":"Pterocarpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpan"}],"sub_title":"Isoflavonoids","text":"Isoflavonoids\nIsoflavones use the 3-phenylchromen-4-one skeleton (with no hydroxyl group substitution on carbon at position 2)\nExamples: Genistein, Daidzein, Glycitein\nIsoflavanes\nIsoflavandiols\nIsoflavenes\nCoumestans\nPterocarpans","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parsley100.jpg"},{"link_name":"flavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PattsBlueberries.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grapefruit_Schnitt_2008-3-3.JPG"},{"link_name":"citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"grapefruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit"},{"link_name":"catechins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechins"},{"link_name":"polyphenolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"quercetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin"},{"link_name":"toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloids"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"parsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"blueberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberries"},{"link_name":"berries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berries"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"black tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"green tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea"},{"link_name":"oolong tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolong_Tea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"Ginkgo biloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba"},{"link_name":"red wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wine"},{"link_name":"sea-buckthorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippophae"},{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dark chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_chocolate"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_solids"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hesperidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin"},{"link_name":"hesperetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperetin"},{"link_name":"quercitrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercitrin"},{"link_name":"rutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutin"},{"link_name":"glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside"},{"link_name":"tangeritin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeritin"},{"link_name":"pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_vesicles"},{"link_name":"peels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"satsuma mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_unshiu"},{"link_name":"clementine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon"}],"text":"Parsley is a source of flavonesBlueberries are a source of dietary anthocyaninsFlavonoids are found in citrus fruits, including red grapefruitFlavonoids (specifically flavanoids such as the catechins) are \"the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and are found ubiquitously in plants\".[1][10] Flavonols, the original bioflavonoids such as quercetin, are also found ubiquitously, but in lesser quantities. The widespread distribution of flavonoids, their variety and their relatively low toxicity compared to other active plant compounds (for instance alkaloids) mean that many animals, including humans, ingest significant quantities in their diet.[1]Foods with a high flavonoid content include parsley,[11] onions,[11] blueberries and other berries,[11] black tea,[11] green tea and oolong tea,[11] bananas, all citrus fruits, Ginkgo biloba, red wine, sea-buckthorns, buckwheat,[12] and dark chocolate with a cocoa content of 70% or greater. As flavonoids in cocoa have a bitter taste, they may be removed during chocolate manufacturing.[13]Citrus flavonoids include hesperidin (a glycoside of the flavanone hesperetin), quercitrin, rutin (two glycosides of quercetin, and the flavone tangeritin. The flavonoids are less concentrated in the pulp than in the peels (for example, 165 versus 1156 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of satsuma mandarin, and 164 vis-à-vis 804 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of clementine).[14]Peanut (red) skin contains significant polyphenol content, including flavonoids.[15][16]Flavonoid content in food (mg/100 g)[1]\n\n\nFood source\n\nFlavones\n\nFlavonols\n\nFlavanones\n\n\nRed onion\n\n0\n\n4–100\n\n0\n\n\nParsley, fresh\n\n24–634\n\n8–10\n\n0\n\n\nThyme, fresh\n\n56\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\nLemon juice, fresh\n\n0\n\n0–2\n\n2–175","title":"Dietary sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavonoid_intake_of_adults_(18_to_64_years)_in_the_European_Union.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogiatzoglou_2015-17"},{"link_name":"Food composition data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_composition_data"},{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars.usda-11"},{"link_name":"NHANES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHANES"},{"link_name":"flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chun_2007-18"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"EFSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFSA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogiatzoglou_2015-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogiatzoglou_2015-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chun_2007-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_types_and_sources_of_flavonoids_consumed_by_adults_(18_to_64_years)_in_the_European_Union.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogiatzoglou_2015-17"}],"text":"Mean flavonoid intake in mg/d per country, the pie charts show the relative contribution of different types of flavonoids.[17]Food composition data for flavonoids were provided by the USDA database on flavonoids.[11] In the United States NHANES survey, mean flavonoid intake was 190 mg per day in adults, with flavan-3-ols as the main contributor.[18] In the European Union, based on data from EFSA, mean flavonoid intake was 140 mg/d, although there were considerable differences among individual countries.[17] The main type of flavonoids consumed in the EU and USA were flavan-3-ols (80% for USA adults), mainly from tea or cocoa in chocolate, while intake of other flavonoids was considerably lower.[1][17][18]Data are based on mean flavonoid intake of all countries included in the 2011 EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database.[17]","title":"Dietary intake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"European Food Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"prescription drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFSA2010-21"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"Lipton tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipton"},{"link_name":"health claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_claim"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Neither the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has approved any flavonoids as prescription drugs.[1][19][20][21] The U.S. FDA has warned numerous dietary supplement and food manufacturers, including Unilever, producer of Lipton tea in the U.S., about illegal advertising and misleading health claims regarding flavonoids, such as that they lower cholesterol or relieve pain.[22][23]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFSA2010-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"uric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid"},{"link_name":"depolymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerization"},{"link_name":"excretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Metabolism and excretion","text":"Flavonoids are poorly absorbed in the human body (less than 5%), then are quickly metabolized into smaller fragments with unknown properties, and rapidly excreted.[1][21][24][25] Flavonoids have negligible antioxidant activity in the body, and the increase in antioxidant capacity of blood seen after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods is not caused directly by flavonoids, but by production of uric acid resulting from flavonoid depolymerization and excretion.[1] Microbial metabolism is a major contributor to the overall metabolism of dietary flavonoids.[1][26] The effect of habitual flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiome is unknown.[1][27]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disorders"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"diabetes mellitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"celiac disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"clinical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"}],"sub_title":"Inflammation","text":"Inflammation has been implicated as a possible origin of numerous local and systemic diseases, such as cancer,[28] cardiovascular disorders,[29] diabetes mellitus,[30] and celiac disease.[31] There is no clinical evidence that dietary flavonoids affect any of these diseases.[1]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"sample size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"}],"sub_title":"Cancer","text":"Clinical studies investigating the relationship between flavonoid consumption and cancer prevention or development are conflicting for most types of cancer, probably because most human studies have weak designs, such as a small sample size.[1][32] There is little evidence to indicate that dietary flavonoids affect human cancer risk in general.[1]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endothelial function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"cohort studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpi-flav-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Cardiovascular diseases","text":"Although no significant association has been found between flavan-3-ol intake and cardiovascular disease mortality, clinical trials have shown improved endothelial function and reduced blood pressure (with a few studies showing inconsistent results).[1] Reviews of cohort studies in 2013 found that the studies had too many limitations to determine a possible relationship between increased flavonoid intake and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, although a trend for an inverse relationship existed.[1][33]In 2013, the EFSA decided to permit health claims that 200 mg/day of cocoa flavanols \"help[s] maintain the elasticity of blood vessels.\"[34][35] The FDA followed suit in 2023, stating that there is \"supportive, but not conclusive\" evidence that 200 mg per day of cocoa flavanols can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This is greater than the levels found in typical chocolate bars, which can also contribute to weight gain, potentially harming cardiovascular health.[36][37]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phytochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome"},{"link_name":"carotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"flavins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group"},{"link_name":"cryptochromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome"},{"link_name":"photomorphogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomorphogenesis"},{"link_name":"Amaranthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"Sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"turnip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Color spectrum","text":"Flavonoid synthesis in plants is induced by light color spectrums at both high and low energy radiations. Low energy radiations are accepted by phytochrome, while high energy radiations are accepted by carotenoids, flavins, cryptochromes in addition to phytochromes. The photomorphogenic process of phytochrome-mediated flavonoid biosynthesis has been observed in Amaranthus, barley, maize, Sorghum and turnip. Red light promotes flavonoid synthesis.[38]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trantas09-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ververidis2-40"}],"sub_title":"Availability through microorganisms","text":"Research has shown production of flavonoid molecules from genetically engineered microorganisms.[39][40]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tests for detection","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"flavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavone"},{"link_name":"flavonones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonone"}],"sub_title":"Tests for detection - Shinoda test","text":"Four pieces of magnesium filings are added to the ethanolic extract followed by few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. A pink or red colour indicates the presence of flavonoid.[41] Colours varying from orange to red indicated flavones, red to crimson indicated flavonoids, crimson to magenta indicated flavonones.","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Tests for detection - Sodium hydroxide test","text":"About 5 mg of the compound is dissolved in water, warmed, and filtered. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to 2 ml of this solution. This produces a yellow coloration. A change in color from yellow to colorless on addition of dilute hydrochloric acid is an indication for the presence of flavonoids.[42]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde"},{"link_name":"vanillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Tests for detection - p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde test","text":"A colorimetric assay based upon the reaction of A-rings with the chromogen p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) has been developed for flavanoids in beer that can be compared with the vanillin procedure.[43]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quercetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Quantification","text":"Lamaison and Carnet have designed a test for the determination of the total flavonoid content of a sample (AlCI3 method). After proper mixing of the sample and the reagent, the mixture is incubated for ten minutes at ambient temperature and the absorbance of the solution is read at 440 nm. Flavonoid content is expressed in mg/g of quercetin.[44]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candida antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_antarctica"},{"link_name":"regioselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regioselectivity"},{"link_name":"acylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Semi-synthetic alterations","text":"Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase can be used to catalyze the regioselective acylation of flavonoids.[45]","title":"Synthesis, detection, quantification, and semi-synthetic alterations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8493-2021-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2021-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-74550-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-74550-3"},{"link_name":"Comparative Biochemistry of the Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CyTf2oObc7cC"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0022-2860(71)87109-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2860%2871%2987109-0"},{"link_name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flavonoids"}],"text":"Andersen ØM, Markham KR (2006). Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-2021-7.\nGrotewold E (2006). The science of flavonoids. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-74550-3.\nHarborne JB (1967). Comparative Biochemistry of the Flavonoids.\nMabry TJ, Markham KR, Thomas MB (1971). \"The systematic identification of flavonoids\". Journal of Molecular Structure. 10 (2): 320. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(71)87109-0.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flavonoids.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1 (December 2013); data for 506 foods in the 5 subclasses of flavonoids provided in a separate PDF updated May 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6231"},{"link_name":"FlavoDB, Bioinformatics Centre, India, November 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioinfo.net.in/flavodb/home.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Anthoxanthins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthoxanthin"},{"link_name":"Flavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavone"},{"link_name":"Apigenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin"},{"link_name":"Chrysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysin"},{"link_name":"Flavonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonols"},{"link_name":"Quercetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin"},{"link_name":"Kaempferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol"},{"link_name":"Isoflavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavones"},{"link_name":"Daidzein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidzein"},{"link_name":"Genistein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein"},{"link_name":"Orobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobol"},{"link_name":"Neoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Dalbergichromene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergichromene"},{"link_name":"Flavans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan"},{"link_name":"Luteoliflavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luteoliflavan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol"},{"link_name":"flavanols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanol"},{"link_name":"Catechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin"},{"link_name":"Gallocatechol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallocatechol"},{"link_name":"Flavan-4-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-4-ol"},{"link_name":"flavanols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanol"},{"link_name":"Apiforol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiforol"},{"link_name":"Luteoforol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteoforol"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3,4-diols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoanthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Leucocyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Leucodelphinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucodelphinidin"},{"link_name":"Flavanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanone"},{"link_name":"Hesperidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin"},{"link_name":"Naringenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringenin"},{"link_name":"Eriodictyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriodictyol"},{"link_name":"Flavanonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanonol"},{"link_name":"Taxifolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxifolin"},{"link_name":"Aromadendrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromadendrin"},{"link_name":"Anthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanidins"},{"link_name":"3-deoxyanthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-deoxyanthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Cyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidin"},{"link_name":"Delphinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinidin"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyanthocyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-hydroxyanthocyanidin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apigeninidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigeninidin"},{"link_name":"Guibourtinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guibourtinidin"},{"link_name":"Aurones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurones"},{"link_name":"Aureusidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureusidin"},{"link_name":"Leptosidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosidin"},{"link_name":"Chalcones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcones"},{"link_name":"Chalcones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone"},{"link_name":"Butein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butein"},{"link_name":"Isoliquiritigenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin"},{"link_name":"Dihydrochalcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrochalcone"},{"link_name":"Phloretin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloretin"},{"link_name":"List of phytochemicals in food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food"},{"link_name":"C-methylated flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-methylated_flavonoid"},{"link_name":"O-methylated flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-methylated_flavonoid"},{"link_name":"Furanoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Pyranoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Prenylflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Methylenedioxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxy"},{"link_name":"Castavinols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castavinol"},{"link_name":"Flavonoid biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid_biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"phenylpropanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"phenylpropanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"Hydroxycinnamic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid"},{"link_name":"Chromones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromone"},{"link_name":"Furanochromones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanochromone"},{"link_name":"Cinnamaldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde"},{"link_name":"Monolignols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolignol"},{"link_name":"Coumarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"Chalcones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone"},{"link_name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Allylbenzenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylbenzenes"},{"link_name":"Stilbenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbenoid"},{"link_name":"Lignans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignan"},{"link_name":"Lignins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"Suberins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suberin"},{"link_name":"Rhododendrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendrin"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Phenolic_compounds"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Phenolic_compounds"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phenolic_compounds"},{"link_name":"phenolic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_compound"},{"link_name":"Natural monophenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monophenol"},{"link_name":"Benzenediols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenediol"},{"link_name":"Benzenetriols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenetriol"},{"link_name":"Apiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiole"},{"link_name":"Carnosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnosol"},{"link_name":"Carvacrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvacrol"},{"link_name":"Dillapiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillapiole"},{"link_name":"Polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Polyphenols"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Polyphenols"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polyphenols"},{"link_name":"polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavonoids"},{"link_name":"flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Anthoxanthins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthoxanthin"},{"link_name":"Flavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavone"},{"link_name":"Apigenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin"},{"link_name":"Chrysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysin"},{"link_name":"Flavonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonols"},{"link_name":"Quercetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin"},{"link_name":"Kaempferol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol"},{"link_name":"Isoflavones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavones"},{"link_name":"Daidzein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidzein"},{"link_name":"Genistein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein"},{"link_name":"Orobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobol"},{"link_name":"Neoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Dalbergichromene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergichromene"},{"link_name":"Flavans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan"},{"link_name":"Luteoliflavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luteoliflavan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-3-ol"},{"link_name":"flavanols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanol"},{"link_name":"Catechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin"},{"link_name":"Gallocatechol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallocatechol"},{"link_name":"Flavan-4-ols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan-4-ol"},{"link_name":"flavanols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanol"},{"link_name":"Apiforol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiforol"},{"link_name":"Luteoforol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteoforol"},{"link_name":"Flavan-3,4-diols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoanthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Leucocyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Leucodelphinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucodelphinidin"},{"link_name":"Flavanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanone"},{"link_name":"Hesperidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin"},{"link_name":"Naringenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringenin"},{"link_name":"Eriodictyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriodictyol"},{"link_name":"Flavanonols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanonol"},{"link_name":"Taxifolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxifolin"},{"link_name":"Aromadendrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromadendrin"},{"link_name":"Anthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanidins"},{"link_name":"3-deoxyanthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-deoxyanthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Cyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidin"},{"link_name":"Delphinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinidin"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyanthocyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-hydroxyanthocyanidin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apigeninidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigeninidin"},{"link_name":"Guibourtinidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guibourtinidin"},{"link_name":"Aurones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurones"},{"link_name":"Aureusidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureusidin"},{"link_name":"Leptosidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosidin"},{"link_name":"Chalcones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcones"},{"link_name":"Chalcones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone"},{"link_name":"Butein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butein"},{"link_name":"Isoliquiritigenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin"},{"link_name":"Dihydrochalcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrochalcone"},{"link_name":"Phloretin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloretin"},{"link_name":"List of phytochemicals in food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food"},{"link_name":"C-methylated flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-methylated_flavonoid"},{"link_name":"O-methylated flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-methylated_flavonoid"},{"link_name":"Furanoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Pyranoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranoflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Prenylflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylflavonoid"},{"link_name":"Methylenedioxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxy"},{"link_name":"Castavinols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castavinol"},{"link_name":"Flavonoid biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid_biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"Flavonolignans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonolignan"},{"link_name":"Silymarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silymarin"},{"link_name":"Lignans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignan"},{"link_name":"Matairesinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matairesinol"},{"link_name":"Secoisolariciresinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol"},{"link_name":"Pinoresinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoresinol"},{"link_name":"Stilbenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbenoid"},{"link_name":"Resveratrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol"},{"link_name":"Pterostilbene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostilbene"},{"link_name":"Piceatannol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piceatannol"},{"link_name":"Pinosylvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinosylvin"},{"link_name":"Curcuminoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuminoid"},{"link_name":"Curcumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin"},{"link_name":"Tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tannin"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin"},{"link_name":"tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"Hydrolysable tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin"},{"link_name":"Ellagitannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellagitannin"},{"link_name":"Punicalagins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punicalagin"},{"link_name":"Castalagins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalagin"},{"link_name":"Vescalagins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescalagin"},{"link_name":"Castalins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalin"},{"link_name":"Casuarictins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarictin"},{"link_name":"Grandinins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandinin"},{"link_name":"Punicalins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punicalin"},{"link_name":"Roburin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roburin_A"},{"link_name":"Tellimagrandin IIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellimagrandin_II"},{"link_name":"Terflavin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terflavin_B"},{"link_name":"Gallotannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallotannin"},{"link_name":"Digalloyl glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digalloyl_glucose"},{"link_name":"1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3,6-Trigalloyl_glucose"},{"link_name":"Condensed tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_tannin"},{"link_name":"Proanthocyanidins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidin"},{"link_name":"Polyflavonoid tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyflavonoid_tannin"},{"link_name":"Catechol-type tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol-type_tannin"},{"link_name":"Pyrocatecollic type tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrocatecollic_type_tannin"},{"link_name":"Flavolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavolan"},{"link_name":"Phlorotannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlorotannin"},{"link_name":"Eckol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckol"},{"link_name":"8,8′-Bieckol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8,8%E2%80%B2-Bieckol"},{"link_name":"6,6'-Bieckol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6,6%27-Bieckol"},{"link_name":"Dieckol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieckol"},{"link_name":"Eckstolonol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckstolonol"},{"link_name":"Diphlorethol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphlorethol"},{"link_name":"Difucol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difucol"},{"link_name":"Fucophlorethol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucophlorethol_A"},{"link_name":"Phlorofucofuroeckol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlorofucofuroeckol_A"},{"link_name":"Tetrafucol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafucol_A"},{"link_name":"Trifucol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifucol"},{"link_name":"Bifuhalol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifuhalol"},{"link_name":"7-Phloroeckol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Phloroeckol"},{"link_name":"Flavono-ellagitannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavono-ellagitannin"},{"link_name":"Epicutissimin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicutissimin_A"},{"link_name":"Acutissimin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutissimin_A"},{"link_name":"Tannin sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tannin_source"},{"link_name":"Pseudo tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo_tannins"},{"link_name":"Synthetic tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_tannins"},{"link_name":"Enological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enological_tannin"},{"link_name":"Drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_mud"},{"link_name":"Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_gall_ink"},{"link_name":"Tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"Diarylheptanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarylheptanoid"},{"link_name":"Anthraquinones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraquinones"},{"link_name":"Chalconoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalconoid"},{"link_name":"Kavalactones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalactone"},{"link_name":"Naphthoquinones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthoquinone"},{"link_name":"Phenylpropanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanoid"},{"link_name":"Xanthonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthonoid"},{"link_name":"Coumarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"isocoumarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocoumarin"},{"link_name":"Polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"Aromatic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_acid"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aromatic_acids"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aromatic_acids"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aromatic_acids"},{"link_name":"Aromatic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_acid"},{"link_name":"Phenolic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic_acid"},{"link_name":"Monohydroxybenzoic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"3-Hydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"4-Hydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"Salicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Hydroxybenzoic_acid_glucoside"},{"link_name":"Dihydroxybenzoic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"Ethyl protocatechuate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_protocatechuate"},{"link_name":"Gentisic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentisic_acid"},{"link_name":"Homogentisic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisic_acid"},{"link_name":"Orsellinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsellinic_acid"},{"link_name":"Protocatechuic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocatechuic_acid"},{"link_name":"Trihydroxybenzoic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydroxybenzoic_acid"},{"link_name":"Bergenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenin"},{"link_name":"Chebulic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebulic_acid"},{"link_name":"Ethyl gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_gallate"},{"link_name":"Eudesmic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudesmic_acid"},{"link_name":"Gallic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid"},{"link_name":"Tannic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannic_acid"},{"link_name":"Norbergenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbergenin"},{"link_name":"Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol_carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"Syringic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringic_acid"},{"link_name":"Theogallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogallin"},{"link_name":"Vanillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin"},{"link_name":"Ellagic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellagic_acid"},{"link_name":"Hydroxycinnamic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid"},{"link_name":"α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic_acid"},{"link_name":"Caffeic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeic_acid"},{"link_name":"Chicoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicoric_acid"},{"link_name":"Cinnamic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamic_acid"},{"link_name":"Chlorogenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid"},{"link_name":"Diferulic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diferulic_acids"},{"link_name":"Coumaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumaric_acid"},{"link_name":"Coumarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"Ferulic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferulic_acid"},{"link_name":"Sinapinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapinic_acid"},{"link_name":"Aromatic amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"histidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"thyroxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine"},{"link_name":"5-hydroxytryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-hydroxytryptophan"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"Phenylethanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanoid"},{"link_name":"Tyrosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosol"},{"link_name":"Hydroxytyrosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol"},{"link_name":"Oleocanthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleocanthal"},{"link_name":"Oleuropein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleuropein"},{"link_name":"Capsaicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin"},{"link_name":"Gingerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerol"},{"link_name":"Alkylresorcinols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylresorcinol"},{"link_name":"Phenolic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"Phlorotannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlorotannin"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561192#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528035"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121515666"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121515666"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4154585-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536035505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049031"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000325775&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01181026"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120259&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"sub_title":"Databases","text":"USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1 (December 2013); data for 506 foods in the 5 subclasses of flavonoids provided in a separate PDF updated May 2014\nFlavoDB, Bioinformatics Centre, India, November 2019vteTypes of flavonoidsFlavonoidsAnthoxanthinsFlavones\nApigenin, Chrysin, et.c.\nFlavonols\nQuercetin, Kaempferol, et.c.\nIsoflavones\nDaidzein, Genistein, Orobol et.c.\nNeoflavonoids\nDalbergichromene\nFlavansFlavan\nLuteoliflavan\nFlavan-3-ols(flavanols)\nCatechin, Gallocatechol, et.c.\nFlavan-4-ols(flavanols)\nApiforol, Luteoforol, et.c.\nFlavan-3,4-diols\nLeucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, et.c.\nFlavanones\nHesperidin\nNaringenin\nEriodictyol\nFlavanonols\nTaxifolin\nAromadendrin, et.c.\nAnthocyanidins3-deoxyanthocyanidins\nCyanidin, Delphinidin, et.c.\n3-hydroxyanthocyanidin\nApigeninidin, Guibourtinidin, et.c.\nAurones\nAureusidin\nLeptosidin\nChalconesChalcones\nButein, Isoliquiritigenin, et.c.\nDihydrochalcone\nPhloretin\nMiscellaneous\nList of phytochemicals in food\nC-methylated flavonoids\nO-methylated flavonoids\nFuranoflavonoids\nPyranoflavonoids\nPrenylflavonoids\nMethylenedioxy\nCastavinols\nFlavonoid biosynthesisvteTypes of phenylpropanoidsClasses of phenylpropanoids\nHydroxycinnamic acids\nChromones (Furanochromones)\nCinnamaldehydes\nMonolignols\nCoumarins\nChalcones\nFlavonoids\nAllylbenzenes\nStilbenoids\nLignans\nLignins\nSuberins\nExamples\nRhododendrinvteTypes of phenolic compoundsNatural monophenols\nBenzenediols\nBenzenetriols\nApiole\nCarnosol\nCarvacrol\nDillapiole\nPolyphenolsvteTypes of polyphenolsFlavonoids(C6-C3-C6)vteTypes of flavonoidsFlavonoidsAnthoxanthinsFlavones\nApigenin, Chrysin, et.c.\nFlavonols\nQuercetin, Kaempferol, et.c.\nIsoflavones\nDaidzein, Genistein, Orobol et.c.\nNeoflavonoids\nDalbergichromene\nFlavansFlavan\nLuteoliflavan\nFlavan-3-ols(flavanols)\nCatechin, Gallocatechol, et.c.\nFlavan-4-ols(flavanols)\nApiforol, Luteoforol, et.c.\nFlavan-3,4-diols\nLeucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, et.c.\nFlavanones\nHesperidin\nNaringenin\nEriodictyol\nFlavanonols\nTaxifolin\nAromadendrin, et.c.\nAnthocyanidins3-deoxyanthocyanidins\nCyanidin, Delphinidin, et.c.\n3-hydroxyanthocyanidin\nApigeninidin, Guibourtinidin, et.c.\nAurones\nAureusidin\nLeptosidin\nChalconesChalcones\nButein, Isoliquiritigenin, et.c.\nDihydrochalcone\nPhloretin\nMiscellaneous\nList of phytochemicals in food\nC-methylated flavonoids\nO-methylated flavonoids\nFuranoflavonoids\nPyranoflavonoids\nPrenylflavonoids\nMethylenedioxy\nCastavinols\nFlavonoid biosynthesisFlavonolignansSilymarinLignans((C6-C3)2)\nMatairesinol\nSecoisolariciresinol\nPinoresinol\nStilbenoids(C6-C2-C6)\nResveratrol\nPterostilbene\nPiceatannol\nPinosylvin\nCurcuminoidsCurcuminTanninsvteTypes of natural tanninsHydrolysable tanninsEllagitannins\nPunicalagins\nCastalagins\nVescalagins\nCastalins\nCasuarictins\nGrandinins\nPunicalins\nRoburin A\nTellimagrandin IIs\nTerflavin B\nGallotannins\nDigalloyl glucose\n1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose\nCondensed tannins\nProanthocyanidins\nPolyflavonoid tannins\nCatechol-type tannins\nPyrocatecollic type tannins\nFlavolans\nPhlorotannins\nEckol\n8,8′-Bieckol\n6,6'-Bieckol\nDieckol\nEckstolonol\nDiphlorethol\nDifucol\nFucophlorethol A\nPhlorofucofuroeckol A\nTetrafucol A\nTrifucol\nBifuhalol\n7-Phloroeckol\nPhlorofucofuroeckol B\nFlavono-ellagitannins(complex tannins)\nEpicutissimin A\nAcutissimin A\nOther Miscellaneous\nTannin sources\nPseudo tannins\nSynthetic tannins\nTannin uses\nEnological\nDrilling\nInk\nTanning\nOthers\nDiarylheptanoids (C6-C7-C6)\nAnthraquinones\nChalconoids (C6-C3-C6)\nKavalactones\nNaphthoquinones (C6-C4)\nPhenylpropanoids (C6-C3)\nXanthonoids (C6-C1-C6)\nCoumarins and isocoumarins\nMisc:PolyphenolsAromatic acidsvteAromatic acidsPhenolic acidsMonohydroxybenzoic acidsAglycones\n3-Hydroxybenzoic acid\n4-Hydroxybenzoic acid\nSalicylic acid\nGlycosides\np-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside\nDihydroxybenzoic acids\n2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Hypogallic acid)\n2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\n2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\n3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\nEthyl protocatechuate\nGentisic acid\nHomogentisic acid\nOrsellinic acid\nProtocatechuic acid\nTrihydroxybenzoic acids\nBergenin\nChebulic acid\nEthyl gallate\nEudesmic acid\nGallic acid\nTannic acid\nNorbergenin\nPhloroglucinol carboxylic acid\nSyringic acid\nTheogallin\nOther phenolic acids\nVanillin\nEllagic acid\nHydroxycinnamic acids\nα-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid\nCaffeic acid\nChicoric acid\nCinnamic acid\nChlorogenic acid\nDiferulic acids\nCoumaric acid\nCoumarin\nFerulic acid\nSinapinic acid\nAromatic amino acids\nphenylalanine\ntryptophan\nhistidine\ntyrosine\nthyroxine\n5-hydroxytryptophan\nL-DOPA\nPhenylethanoids\nTyrosol\nHydroxytyrosol\nOleocanthal\nOleuropein\nOthers\nCapsaicin\nGingerol\nAlkylresorcinols\nMisc:\nPhenolic compounds\nPhlorotannins)Authority control databases: National \nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flavon.svg/170px-Flavon.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Isoflavan structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Isoflavan.svg/170px-Isoflavan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Neoflavonoids structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/4-phenylcoumarin.svg/170px-4-phenylcoumarin.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A biochemical diagram showing the class of flavonoids and their source in nature through various inter-related plant species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png/500px-Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png"},{"image_text":"Flavonoids","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flavonoids.svg/400px-Flavonoids.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flavylium skeleton of anthocyanidins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flavylium_cation.svg/220px-Flavylium_cation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flavan structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flavan_acsv.svg/220px-Flavan_acsv.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Parsley is a source of flavones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Parsley100.jpg/220px-Parsley100.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blueberries are a source of dietary anthocyanins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PattsBlueberries.jpg/220px-PattsBlueberries.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flavonoids are found in citrus fruits, including red grapefruit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grapefruit_Schnitt_2008-3-3.JPG/220px-Grapefruit_Schnitt_2008-3-3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mean flavonoid intake in mg/d per country, the pie charts show the relative contribution of different types of flavonoids.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flavonoid_intake_of_adults_%2818_to_64_years%29_in_the_European_Union.png/300px-Flavonoid_intake_of_adults_%2818_to_64_years%29_in_the_European_Union.png"},{"image_text":"Data are based on mean flavonoid intake of all countries included in the 2011 EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database.[17]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Main_types_and_sources_of_flavonoids_consumed_by_adults_%2818_to_64_years%29_in_the_European_Union.png/300px-Main_types_and_sources_of_flavonoids_consumed_by_adults_%2818_to_64_years%29_in_the_European_Union.png"}]	[{"title":"Phytochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical"},{"title":"List of antioxidants in food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antioxidants_in_food"},{"title":"List of phytochemicals in food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food"},{"title":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemistry"},{"title":"Secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolites"},{"title":"Homoisoflavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoisoflavonoid"}]	[{"reference":"Delage B (November 2015). \"Flavonoids\". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids","url_text":"\"Flavonoids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Institute","url_text":"Linus Pauling Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University","url_text":"Oregon State University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon","url_text":"Corvallis, Oregon"}]},{"reference":"de Souza Farias SA, da Costa KS, Martins JB (April 2021). \"Analysis of Conformational, Structural, Magnetic, and Electronic Properties Related to Antioxidant Activity: Revisiting Flavan, Anthocyanidin, Flavanone, Flavonol, Isoflavone, Flavone, and Flavan-3-ol\". ACS Omega. 6 (13): 8908–8918. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c06156. PMC 8028018. PMID 33842761.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8028018","url_text":"\"Analysis of Conformational, Structural, Magnetic, and Electronic Properties Related to Antioxidant Activity: Revisiting Flavan, Anthocyanidin, Flavanone, Flavonol, Isoflavone, Flavone, and Flavan-3-ol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsomega.0c06156","url_text":"10.1021/acsomega.0c06156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8028018","url_text":"8028018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842761","url_text":"33842761"}]},{"reference":"McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997), IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, doi:10.1351/goldbook.F02424, ISBN 978-0-9678550-9-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.F02424","url_text":"10.1351/goldbook.F02424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7","url_text":"978-0-9678550-9-7"}]},{"reference":"Nič M, Jirát J, Košata B, Jenkins A, McNaught A, eds. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics	Equestrian events at the 2000 Summer Olympics	["1 Event summary","2 Medals","3 Officials","4 References","5 External links"]	Equestrian at the Olympics Equestrianat the Games of the XXVII OlympiadVenueSydney International Equestrian CentreDates16 September – 1 October 2000No. of events6Competitors195 from 37 nations← 19962004 → Equestrian events at the2000 Summer OlympicsDressageindividualteamEventingindividualteamJumpingindividualteamvte The equestrian events at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney included dressage, eventing, and show jumping. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. Horsely Park, one of the Olympic venues Event summary Games Gold Silver Bronze Individual dressagedetails Anky van Grunsven and Bonfire (NED) Isabell Werth and Gigolo FRH (GER) Ulla Salzgeber and Rusty (GER) Team dressagedetails Germany (GER)Isabell Werth and Gigolo FRH Nadine Capellmann and Farbenfroh Ulla Salzgeber and Rusty Alexandra Simons de Ridder and Chacomo Netherlands (NED)Ellen Bontje and Silvano Anky van Grunsven and Bonfire Arjen Teeuwissen and GoliathCoby van Baalen and Ferro United States (USA)Susan Blinks and Flim Flam Robert Dover and Ranier Guenter Seidel and Foltaire Christine Traurig and Etienne Individual eventing details David O'Connorand Custom Made (USA) Andrew Hoyand Swizzle In (AUS) Mark Toddand Eyespy II (NZL) Team eventing details Australia (AUS)Phillip Dutton and House Doctor Andrew Hoy and Darien PowersStuart Tinney and JeepsterMatt Ryan and Kibah Sandstone Great Britain (GBR)Ian Stark and Jaybee Jeanette Brakewell and Over To YouPippa Funnell and Supreme RockLeslie Law and Shear H2O United States (USA)Nina Fout and 3 Magic BeansKaren O'Connor and Prince PanacheDavid O'Connor and GiltedgeLinden Wiesman and Anderoo Individual jumpingdetails Jeroen Dubbeldamand De Sjiem (NED) Albert Voornand Lando (NED) Khaled Al-Eidand Khashm al-'Aan (KSA) Team jumpingdetails Germany (GER)Ludger Beerbaum and Goldfever 3Lars Nieberg and Esprit FRHMarcus Ehning and For PleasureOtto Becker and Dobels Cento Switzerland (SUI)Markus Fuchs and Tinka's Boy Beat Maendli and PozitanoLesley McNaught and DulfWilli Melliger and Calvaro V Brazil (BRA)Rodrigo Pessoa and Baloubet du RouetLuiz Felipe De Azevedo and RalphÁlvaro Miranda Neto and AspenAndré Johannpeter and Calei Medals RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Netherlands22042 Germany21143 Australia11024 United States10235 Great Britain0101 Switzerland01017 Brazil0011 New Zealand0011 Saudi Arabia0011Totals (9 entries)66618 Officials Appointment of officials was as follows: Dressage Mary Seefried (Ground Jury President) Eric Lette (Ground Jury Member) Jan Peeters (Ground Jury Member) Axel Steiner (Ground Jury Member) Volker Moritz (Ground Jury Member) Jumping Jan-Willem Körner (Ground Jury President) Graham Davey (Ground Jury Member) Peter Herchel (Ground Jury Member) Leonidas Georgopoulos (Ground Jury Member) Jennifer Millar (Technical Delegate) Eventing Frederik Obel (Ground Jury President) Jean Scott Mitchell (Ground Jury Member) Brian Schrapel (Ground Jury Member) Brian Ross (Ground Jury Member) Jennifer Millar (Technical Delegate) References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Equestrianism at the 2000 Sydney Equestrian Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2020. ^ "2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney, Australia – Equestrian" Archived 4 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine databaseOlympics.com. Retrieved 24 September 2015 ^ "Olympic Games 2000 \| FEI.org". External links Official Olympic Report vte Events at the 2000 Summer Olympics (Sydney) Archery Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Softball Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling vteEquestrian events at the Summer OlympicsEditions 1896 1900 1904 1908 (Polo) 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 EventsCurrent Dressage Individual Team Eventing Individual Team Show jumping Individual Team Defunct High jump Long jump Hacks and hunter combined Mail coach Vaulting Individual Team List of medalists List of venues	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"},{"link_name":"eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventing"},{"link_name":"show jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HorsleyParkNSWequestrian.jpg"}],"text":"The equestrian events at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney included dressage, eventing, and show jumping. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions.[1]Horsely Park, one of the Olympic venues","title":"Equestrian events at the 2000 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Event summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"Appointment of officials was as follows:[3]DressageMary Seefried (Ground Jury President)\n Eric Lette (Ground Jury Member)\n Jan Peeters (Ground Jury Member)\n Axel Steiner (Ground Jury Member)\n Volker Moritz (Ground Jury Member)JumpingJan-Willem Körner (Ground Jury President)\n Graham Davey (Ground Jury Member)\n Peter Herchel (Ground Jury Member)\n Leonidas Georgopoulos (Ground Jury Member)\n Jennifer Millar (Technical Delegate)EventingFrederik Obel (Ground Jury President)\n Jean Scott Mitchell (Ground Jury Member)\n Brian Schrapel (Ground Jury Member)\n Brian Ross (Ground Jury Member)\n Jennifer Millar (Technical Delegate)","title":"Officials"}]	[{"image_text":"Horsely Park, one of the Olympic venues","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HorsleyParkNSWequestrian.jpg/220px-HorsleyParkNSWequestrian.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Equestrianism at the 2000 Sydney Equestrian Games\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090228154740/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/EQU/","url_text":"\"Equestrianism at the 2000 Sydney Equestrian Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/EQU/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Games 2000 \| FEI.org\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fei.org/history/olympic-games/2000-sydney-aus","url_text":"\"Olympic Games 2000 \| FEI.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090228154740/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/EQU/","external_links_name":"\"Equestrianism at the 2000 Sydney Equestrian Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/2000/EQU/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=25&sp=EQU","external_links_name":"\"2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney, Australia – Equestrian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141204162719/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=25&sp=EQU","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fei.org/history/olympic-games/2000-sydney-aus","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Games 2000 \| FEI.org\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Report"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert	Anton Mussert	["1 Early life","2 Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging","3 Role during the war","3.1 1940","3.2 1941–1945","4 Execution","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Dutch Nazi sympathizer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anton Mussert" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anton MussertLeader of the Dutch PeopleIn office13 December 1942 (1942-12-13) – 7 May 1945 (1945-05-07)Serving with Arthur Seyss-InquartPreceded byOffice createdSucceeded byOffice abolishedLeader of the National Socialist MovementIn office14 December 1931 (1931-12-14) – 6 May 1945 (1945-05-06)Preceded byOffice createdSucceeded byOffice abolished Personal detailsBornAnton Adriaan Mussert(1894-05-11)11 May 1894Werkendam, NetherlandsDied7 May 1946(1946-05-07) (aged 51)Waalsdorpervlakte, The Hague, NetherlandsCause of deathExecution by firing squadPolitical partyNational Socialist Movement (from 1931)Other politicalaffiliationsLiberal State Party (1920s)SpouseMaria WitlamParents Joannes Leonardus Mussert (father) Frederika Witlam (mother, sister in law) Alma materDelft University of Technology (MEng) OccupationPolitician Civil engineer ^ As Reich Commissioner for the Occupied Dutch Territories. Anton Adriaan Mussert (Dutch pronunciation: ; 11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) in 1931 and served as its leader until the party was banned in 1945. As such, he was the most prominent Dutch leader of the National Socialism movement before and during World War II. Mussert collaborated with the German occupation government, but was granted little actual power and held the nominal title of Leider van het Nederlandsche Volk ("Leader of the Dutch People") from 1942 onwards. In May 1945, as the war came to an end in Europe, Mussert was captured and arrested by Allied forces. He was charged and convicted of treason, and was executed in 1946. Early life Mussert was born on 11 May 1894 in Werkendam, in the northern part of the province of North Brabant in the Netherlands. From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and after graduating from school he chose to study civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology. He married his aunt Maria Witlam, his mother's sister, in 1917 despite opposition from his mother. In the 1920s, he became active in several far right organisations, such as the Dietsche Bond which advocated a Greater Netherlands including Flanders (Dutch-speaking Belgium). Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging Mussert's membership card in the NSB On 14 December 1931, Mussert, Cornelis van Geelkerken, and ten others founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland), a Dutch counterpart to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In its early years, the NSB boasted that its membership included several hundred Jews, until the German party directed a more anti-Semitic course. A 1933 demonstration in Utrecht attracted only 600 supporters. A year later, the NSB rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NSB received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections, almost 8% of the national vote. In the 1937 election, it polled a little more than half as much. Thereafter, Mussert worked toward preventing resistance to a German invasion. Role during the war Main articles: Battle of the Netherlands and History of the Netherlands (1939–1945) 1940 Mussert giving a speech to NSB volunteers in The Hague, October 1941. To the rear (L to R) are SS Obergruppenführer Hanns Albin Rauter, Dutch general Hendrik Seyffardt, Rijkscommissaris Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and SD Gruppenführer Wilhelm_Harster. A state of siege was declared by the Dutch government in April 1940 after the foreign correspondent for The New York Times, Vladimir Poliakov, reported that Mussert's followers were preparing to kidnap Queen Wilhelmina as part of a coup. On 10 May, German troops invaded the Netherlands and Mussert was permitted to suppress all political parties other than the NSB. Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart was appointed as the Reichskommissar, while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen. Mussert responded by working with the Gestapo in stopping resistance to the German occupation. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the SS-Standarte 'Westland'. On 11 September, Mussert instructed Henk Feldmeijer to organise the Nederlandsche SS (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande. Regardless, thousands of Dutch citizens were arrested. 1941–1945 In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw the formation of the 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland, which trained in Hamburg. In November 1941, the formation was ordered to the Eastern Front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North. The division acquitted itself well alongside its German allies, but suffered large losses. On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the Dutch East Indies declared war on Japan, the ally of Nazi Germany. After the Japanese invasion and occupation and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with Hitler. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People). Having lost control of the Dutch SS and the military units that were serving in the Wehrmacht to his Nazi masters, Mussert had his last meeting with Hitler in May 1943, where he was told that he would never have political control. Following the unsuccessful Operation Market Garden in September 1944, which included a supporting strike by Dutch railway workers, the German authorities forbade food transport by rail, resulting in the Hongerwinter of 1944/45 during which 18,000 died. Throughout the crisis, Mussert stayed silent for fear of losing what little power he had left. By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men and women had died. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all German-occupied countries in Western Europe, 2.36%. Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese POWs. Dutch civilians were held in those camps as well. Execution Anton Mussert being detained and led outside his office in The Hague, 7 May 1945 Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of high treason on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to Queen Wilhelmina for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte, a site near The Hague, where hundreds of Dutch citizens had been killed by the Nazi regime. See also History of the Netherlands (1939–1945) Villa Bouchina References ^ First name in isolation: . ^ Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (15 September 2017). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-4084-5. ^ Current Biography 1941. H.W. Wilson Company, New York. ISBN 9997376676. pp. 620–23 ^ Current Biography 1941. H.W. Wilson Company, New York. ISBN 9997376676. p. 622 ^ Meyers, Jan (1984) Mussert, een politiek leven, Amsterdam, ISBN 90-295-3113-4 (in Dutch) ^ "The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan". ibiblio. 15 December 1941. Retrieved 5 October 2009. ^ "Hitler Elevates Dutch Quisling". Los Angeles Times, 14 December 1942 ^ "Anton Mussert-Dutch Fascist". 28 November 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2019. ^ See World War II casualties ^ See World War II casualties#endnote Indonesia ^ "Dutch Nazi Executed," Amarillo Globe, 7 May 1946, p. 1 Further reading Littlejohn, David (1972). The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940–45. Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-42725-X. Warmbrunn, Werner (1963). The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0152-0. Rees, Philip (1991). Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-13-089301-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anton Mussert. Works by Anton Mussert at Open Library Newspaper clippings about Anton Mussert in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW vteFascism and Nazism in the Netherlands until 1945Political parties and groups Black Front Dutch Fascist Union General Dutch Fascist League National Socialist Dutch Workers Party National Socialist Movement National Union Nationale Jeugdstorm People Jan Baars Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga Max Blokzijl Henk Feldmeijer Cornelis van Geelkerken Robert van Genechten Tobie Goedewaagen Alfred Haighton George Kettmann Wouter Lutkie Arnold Meijer Anton Mussert Sebastiaan de Ranitz Ernst Herman van Rappard Hermannus Reydon Meinoud Rost van Tonningen Hendrik Seyffardt H. A. Sinclair de Rochemont Related articles 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland Henneicke Column Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands Poland People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɑntɔn ˈmʏsərt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"collaborated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"German occupation government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande"},{"link_name":"nominal title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_ruler"},{"link_name":"came to an end in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"}],"text":"Anton Adriaan Mussert (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑntɔn ˈmʏsərt];[1] 11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) in 1931 and served as its leader until the party was banned in 1945. As such, he was the most prominent Dutch leader of the National Socialism movement before and during World War II. Mussert collaborated with the German occupation government, but was granted little actual power and held the nominal title of Leider van het Nederlandsche Volk (\"Leader of the Dutch People\") from 1942 onwards. In May 1945, as the war came to an end in Europe, Mussert was captured and arrested by Allied forces. He was charged and convicted of treason, and was executed in 1946.","title":"Anton Mussert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werkendam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkendam"},{"link_name":"North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Delft University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Greater Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Dutch-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Mussert was born on 11 May 1894 in Werkendam, in the northern part of the province of North Brabant in the Netherlands.[2] From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and after graduating from school he chose to study civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology. He married his aunt Maria Witlam, his mother's sister, in 1917 despite opposition from his mother. In the 1920s, he became active in several far right organisations, such as the Dietsche Bond which advocated a Greater Netherlands including Flanders (Dutch-speaking Belgium).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornelis van Geelkerken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Geelkerken"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"National Socialist German Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mussert's membership card in the NSBOn 14 December 1931, Mussert, Cornelis van Geelkerken, and ten others founded the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland), a Dutch counterpart to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In its early years, the NSB boasted that its membership included several hundred Jews,[3] until the German party directed a more anti-Semitic course.A 1933 demonstration in Utrecht attracted only 600 supporters. A year later, the NSB rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NSB received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections, almost 8% of the national vote.[4] In the 1937 election, it polled a little more than half as much. Thereafter, Mussert worked toward preventing resistance to a German invasion.","title":"Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Role during the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Hanns Albin Rauter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Albin_Rauter"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Seyffardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Seyffardt"},{"link_name":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm_Harster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Harster"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"invaded the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"SS-Standarte 'Westland'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking"},{"link_name":"Henk Feldmeijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Feldmeijer"},{"link_name":"Nederlandsche SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"1940","text":"Mussert giving a speech to NSB volunteers in The Hague, October 1941. To the rear (L to R) are SS Obergruppenführer Hanns Albin Rauter, Dutch general Hendrik Seyffardt, Rijkscommissaris Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and SD Gruppenführer Wilhelm_Harster.A state of siege was declared by the Dutch government in April 1940 after the foreign correspondent for The New York Times, Vladimir Poliakov, reported that Mussert's followers were preparing to kidnap Queen Wilhelmina as part of a coup.On 10 May, German troops invaded the Netherlands and Mussert was permitted to suppress all political parties other than the NSB.Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart was appointed as the Reichskommissar, while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen. Mussert responded by working with the Gestapo in stopping resistance to the German occupation. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the SS-Standarte 'Westland'. On 11 September, Mussert instructed Henk Feldmeijer to organise the Nederlandsche SS (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande.[5] Regardless, thousands of Dutch citizens were arrested.","title":"Role during the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_SS_Volunteer_Panzer_Grenadier_Division_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Army Group North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibiblio-7"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion and occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Hongerwinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongerwinter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"1941–1945","text":"In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw the formation of the 23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland, which trained in Hamburg. In November 1941, the formation was ordered to the Eastern Front near Leningrad, under the overall command of Army Group North. The division acquitted itself well alongside its German allies, but suffered large losses.On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the Dutch East Indies declared war on Japan, the ally of Nazi Germany.[6] After the Japanese invasion and occupation and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with Hitler. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be \"Leider van het Nederlandse Volk\" (Leader of the Dutch People).[7]Having lost control of the Dutch SS and the military units that were serving in the Wehrmacht to his Nazi masters, Mussert had his last meeting with Hitler in May 1943, where he was told that he would never have political control. Following the unsuccessful Operation Market Garden in September 1944, which included a supporting strike by Dutch railway workers, the German authorities forbade food transport by rail, resulting in the Hongerwinter of 1944/45 during which 18,000 died. Throughout the crisis, Mussert stayed silent for fear of losing what little power he had left.[8]\nBy the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men and women had died. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all German-occupied countries in Western Europe, 2.36%.[9] Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese POWs. Dutch civilians were held in those camps as well.[10]","title":"Role during the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_(street)_in_The_Hague._1945.png"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Waalsdorpervlakte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalsdorpervlakte"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Anton Mussert being detained and led outside his office in The Hague, 7 May 1945Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of high treason on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to Queen Wilhelmina for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the Waalsdorpervlakte, a site near The Hague, where hundreds of Dutch citizens had been killed by the Nazi regime.[11]","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Patriotic Traitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-434-42725-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-42725-X"},{"link_name":"The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ykWfAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-0152-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0152-0"},{"link_name":"Rees, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rees"},{"link_name":"Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-089301-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-089301-3"}],"text":"Littlejohn, David (1972). The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940–45. Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-42725-X.\nWarmbrunn, Werner (1963). The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0152-0.\nRees, Philip (1991). Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-13-089301-3.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Mussert's membership card in the NSB","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg/220px-Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mussert giving a speech to NSB volunteers in The Hague, October 1941. To the rear (L to R) are SS Obergruppenführer Hanns Albin Rauter, Dutch general Hendrik Seyffardt, Rijkscommissaris Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and SD Gruppenführer Wilhelm_Harster.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg/220px-Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anton Mussert being detained and led outside his office in The Hague, 7 May 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png/220px-Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png"}]	[{"title":"History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"title":"Villa Bouchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Bouchina"}]	[{"reference":"Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (15 September 2017). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-4084-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4084-5","url_text":"978-1-4408-4084-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan\". ibiblio. 15 December 1941. Retrieved 5 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html","url_text":"\"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anton Mussert-Dutch Fascist\". 28 November 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dirkdeklein.net/2016/11/28/anton-mussert-dutch-fascist/","url_text":"\"Anton Mussert-Dutch Fascist\""}]},{"reference":"Littlejohn, David (1972). The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940–45. Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-42725-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors","url_text":"The Patriotic Traitors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-42725-X","url_text":"0-434-42725-X"}]},{"reference":"Warmbrunn, Werner (1963). The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0152-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWfAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0152-0","url_text":"0-8047-0152-0"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Philip (1991). Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890. Simon & Schuster. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sudbury	Simon Sudbury	["1 Life","1.1 Death","2 Arms","3 Notes","4 Citations","5 References"]	14th-century Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England Simon SudburyArchbishop of CanterburyPrimate of All EnglandA 15th-century depiction of the murder of Archbishop Simon of Sudbury and Sir Robert Hales at the Tower of London.ChurchCatholic ChurchAppointed4 May 1375InstalledUnknownTerm ended14 June 1381PredecessorWilliam WhittleseySuccessorWilliam CourtenayOther post(s)Bishop of LondonOrdersConsecration20 March 1362Personal detailsBornc. 1316Died14 June 1381 (aged 64–65) Simon Sudbury (c. 1316 – 14 June 1381) was Bishop of London from 1361 to 1375, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 until his death, and in the last year of his life Lord Chancellor of England. He met a violent death during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. Life The son of Nigel Theobald, Simon of Sudbury (as he later became known) was born at Sudbury in Suffolk, studied at the University of Paris, and became one of the chaplains of Pope Innocent VI, one of the Avignon popes, who in 1356 sent him on a mission to Edward III of England. In 1361 Sudbury was made Chancellor of Salisbury and in October that year the pope provided him to be Bishop of London, Sudbury's consecration occurring on 20 March 1362. He was soon serving Edward III as an ambassador and in other ways. On 4 May 1375 he succeeded William Whittlesey as archbishop of Canterbury, and during the rest of his life was a partisan of John of Gaunt. In July 1377, following the death of Edward III in June, Simon of Sudbury crowned the new king, Richard II, at Westminster Abbey, and in 1378 John Wycliffe appeared before him at Lambeth, but Sudbury only undertook proceedings against him under great pressure. In January 1380, Sudbury became Lord Chancellor of England, and the insurgent peasants regarded him as one of the principal authors of their woes. Having released John Ball from his prison at Maidstone, the Kentish insurgents attacked and damaged the archbishop's property at Canterbury and Lambeth; then, rushing into the Tower of London, they seized the archbishop himself. So unpopular was Sudbury with the rebellious peasants that guards simply allowed the rebels through the gates, the reason being his role in introducing the third poll tax. Death Simon Sudbury's preserved head at St Gregory's Church, Sudbury Sudbury, who was saying Mass in St John's Chapel, was dragged to Tower Hill together with Sir Robert Hales, the Lord High Treasurer. According to an account written by John Stow two centuries later, Sudbury was beheaded by eight frenzied sword blows to his neck, one of which also took off the fingers from one hand. His body lay in the open all day, but his severed head had his clerical hood nailed onto it and was fixed to a pole, then placed on London Bridge. His body was afterwards taken to Canterbury Cathedral, though his head was taken down after six days by William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London, and was taken to Sudbury, where it is still kept at St Gregory's Church, which Sudbury had partly rebuilt. With his brother, John of Chertsey, he also founded a college in Sudbury; he also did some building at Canterbury. His father was Nigel Theobald, sometimes called Simon Theobald or Tybald, who is also buried at St Gregory's, with his wife Sara. In March 2011 a CT scan of Sudbury's mummified skull was performed at the West Suffolk Hospital to make a facial reconstruction, which was completed in September 2011 by forensics expert Adrienne Barker at the University of Dundee. Plaque at Tower Hill, commemorating notable executions at that site Sudbury's tomb in Canterbury Cathedral contains his corpse with a lead cannonball in place of the missing head. The stone sarcophagus lacks the original gilt copper effigy, which was destroyed during the English Reformation, but the elaborately-carved stone canopy survives. By ancient tradition, the mayor of Canterbury places a wreath of red roses on the tomb at an annual civic service on Christmas Day, in recognition of Sudbury's good works for the city. Arms Sudbury's coat of arms was a talbot hound sejeant within a bordure engrailed, as is visible sculpted in stone on a wall in the nave of Canterbury Cathedral. The town of Sudbury uses a talbot hound sejeant in its arms in allusion to him. Notes ^ Also known as Simon Theobald of Sudbury, and Simon of/de Sudbury. Citations ^ Walker, Simon (2004). "Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26759. Retrieved 17 July 2012. ^ a b c Neale, John Preston (1825). Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain. Longman. pp. 35–36. ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 258 ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 233 ^ Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 86 ^ Sperling, Charles Fredirick Denne (1896). A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson. Sudbury, Suffolk: B R Martin. pp. 110–112. ^ "History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk". www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk. St Gregory's Sudbury. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald". BBC Online. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. ^ "Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011. Page includes illustrations of face. ^ "Archbishop Sudbury". www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk. Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society. 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2021. ^ See image ^ See image of Sudbury town arms References Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. Political offices Preceded byRichard Scrope Lord Chancellor 1380–1381 Succeeded byHugh Segrave Catholic Church titles Preceded byMichael Northburgh Bishop of London 1361–1375 Succeeded byWilliam Courtenay Preceded byWilliam Whittlesey Archbishop of Canterbury 1375–1381 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sudbury, Simon of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 19. vteEnglish Lord Chancellors under the House of Plantagenet (1216–1399)Henry III(1216–1272) Richard Marsh (1216–1226) Ralph Neville (1226–1240) Richard le Gras (1240–1242) Ralph Neville (1242–1244) Silvester de Everdon (1244–1246) John Maunsell (1246–1247) John Lexington (1247–1248) John Maunsell (1248–1249) John Lexington (1249–1250) William of Kilkenny (1250–1255) Henry Wingham (1255–1260) Nicholas of Ely (1260–1261) Walter de Merton (1261–1263) Nicholas of Ely (1263) John Chishull (1263–1264) Thomas de Cantilupe (1264–1265) Ralph Sandwich (1265) Walter Giffard (1265–1266) Godfrey Giffard (1266–1268) John Chishull (1268–1269) Richard Middleton (1269–1272) Edward I(1272–1307) Walter de Merton (1272–1274) Robert Burnell (1274–1292) John Langton (1292–1302) William Greenfield (1302–1305) William Hamilton (1305–1307) Ralph Baldock (1307) Edward II(1307–1327) Ralph Baldock (1307) John Langton (1307–1310) Walter Reynolds (1310–1314) John Sandale (1314–1318) John Hotham (1318–1320) John Salmon (1320–1323) Robert Baldock (1323–1326) William Ayermin (1326–1327) Edward III(1327–1377) John Hotham (1327–1328) Henry Burghersh (1328–1330) John de Stratford (1330–1334) Richard de Bury (1334–1335) John de Stratford (1335–1337) Robert de Stratford (1337–1338) Richard de Wentworth (1338–1339) John de Stratford (1340) Robert de Stratford (1340) 1st Baron Bourchier (1340–1341) Robert Parning (1341–1343) Robert Sadington (1343–1345) John de Ufford (1345–1349) John of Thoresby (1349–1356) William Edington (1356–1363) Simon Langham (1363–1367) William of Wykeham (1367–1371) Robert Thorpe (1371–1372) John Knyvet (1372–1377) Richard II(1377–1399) Adam Houghton (1377–1378) 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton (1378–1380) Simon Sudbury (1380–1381) Hugh Segrave (1381) William Courtenay (1381) 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton (1381–1382) Robert Braybrooke (1382–1383) 1st Earl of Suffolk (1383–1386) Thomas Arundel (1391–1396) Edmund Stafford (1396–1399) vteArchbishops of CanterburyList of archbishops of CanterburyPre-Conquest Augustine Laurence Mellitus Justus Honorius Deusdedit Wighard Theodore of Tarsus Berhtwald Tatwine Nothhelm Cuthbert Bregowine Jænberht Æthelhard Wulfred Feologild Ceolnoth Æthelred Plegmund Athelm Wulfhelm Oda Ælfsige Byrhthelm Dunstan Æthelgar Sigeric Ælfric of Abingdon Ælfheah Lyfing Æthelnoth Eadsige Robert of Jumièges Stigand Conquest to Reformation Lanfranc Anselm Ralph d'Escures William de Corbeil Theobald of Bec Thomas Becket Roger de Bailleul Richard of Dover Baldwin of Forde Reginald Fitz Jocelin Hubert Walter Reginald John de Gray Stephen Langton Walter d'Eynsham Richard le Grant Ralph Neville John of Sittingbourne John Blund Edmund of Abingdon Boniface William Chillenden Robert Kilwardby Robert Burnell John Peckham Robert Winchelsey Thomas Cobham Walter Reynolds Simon Mepeham John de Stratford John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Islip William Edington Simon Langham William Whittlesey Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Thomas Arundel Roger Walden Thomas Arundel Henry Chichele John Stafford John Kemp Thomas Bourchier John Morton Thomas Langton Henry Deane William Warham Thomas Cranmer Reginald Pole Post-Reformation Matthew Parker Edmund Grindal John Whitgift Richard Bancroft George Abbot William Laud Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon William Sancroft John Tillotson Thomas Tenison William Wake John Potter Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton Thomas Secker Frederick Cornwallis John Moore Charles Manners-Sutton William Howley John Bird Sumner Charles Longley Archibald Campbell Tait Edward White Benson Frederick Temple Randall Davidson Cosmo Lang William Temple Geoffrey Fisher Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Robert Runcie George Carey Rowan Williams Justin Welby Italics indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed. vteBishops of LondonPost-Augustine Mellitus Cedd Wine Earconwald Waldhere Ingwald Ecgwulf Wigheah Eadberht Eadgar Coenwalh Eadbald Heathoberht Osmund Æthelnoth Ceolberht Deorwulf Swithwulf Heahstan Wulfsige Æthelweard Leofstan Theodred Brihthelm Dunstan Ælfstan Wulfstan Ælfhun Ælfwig Ælfweard Robert of Jumièges Spearhafoc Post-Conquest William the Norman Hugh d'Orevalle Maurice Richard de Belmeis I Gilbert Universalis Anselm (quashed) Robert de Sigello Richard de Belmeis II Gilbert Foliot Richard FitzNeal William of Sainte-Mère-Église Eustace of Fauconberg Roger Niger Fulk Basset Henry Wingham Richard Talbot Henry of Sandwich John Chishull Fulke Lovell Richard Gravesend Ralph Baldock Gilbert Segrave Richard Newport Stephen Gravesend Richard de Wentworth Ralph Stratford Michael Northburgh Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Robert Braybrooke Roger Walden Nicholas Bubwith Richard Clifford John Kemp William Grey Robert FitzHugh Robert Gilbert Thomas Kempe Richard Hill Thomas Savage William Warham William Barons Richard FitzJames Cuthbert Tunstall During the Reformation John Stokesley Edmund Bonner (1st) Nicholas Ridley Edmund Bonner (2nd) Post-Reformation Edmund Grindal Edwin Sandys John Aylmer Richard Fletcher Richard Bancroft Richard Vaughan Thomas Ravis George Abbot John King George Montaigne William Laud William Juxon Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon Humphrey Henchman Henry Compton John Robinson Edmund Gibson Thomas Sherlock Thomas Hayter Richard Osbaldeston Richard Terrick Robert Lowth Beilby Porteus John Randolph William Howley Charles James Blomfield Archibald Campbell Tait John Jackson Frederick Temple Mandell Creighton Arthur Winnington-Ingram Geoffrey Fisher William Wand Henry Montgomery Campbell Robert Stopford Gerald Ellison Graham Leonard David Hope Richard Chartres Pete Broadbent (Acting) Sarah Mullally Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"}],"text":"Simon Sudbury[a] (c. 1316[1] – 14 June 1381) was Bishop of London from 1361 to 1375, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 until his death, and in the last year of his life Lord Chancellor of England. He met a violent death during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.","title":"Simon Sudbury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPNeale-3"},{"link_name":"Avignon popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPNeale-3"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook258-4"},{"link_name":"William Whittlesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whittlesey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook233-5"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"John Wycliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook86-6"},{"link_name":"insurgent peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"John Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ball_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Kentish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"insurgents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"poll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"}],"text":"The son of Nigel Theobald, Simon of Sudbury (as he later became known) was born at Sudbury in Suffolk, studied at the University of Paris, and became one of the chaplains of Pope Innocent VI,[2] one of the Avignon popes, who in 1356 sent him on a mission to Edward III of England.In 1361 Sudbury was made Chancellor of Salisbury[2] and in October that year the pope provided him to be Bishop of London, Sudbury's consecration occurring on 20 March 1362.[3] He was soon serving Edward III as an ambassador and in other ways. On 4 May 1375 he succeeded William Whittlesey as archbishop of Canterbury,[4] and during the rest of his life was a partisan of John of Gaunt.In July 1377, following the death of Edward III in June, Simon of Sudbury crowned the new king, Richard II, at Westminster Abbey, and in 1378 John Wycliffe appeared before him at Lambeth, but Sudbury only undertook proceedings against him under great pressure.In January 1380, Sudbury became Lord Chancellor of England,[5] and the insurgent peasants regarded him as one of the principal authors of their woes. Having released John Ball from his prison at Maidstone, the Kentish insurgents attacked and damaged the archbishop's property at Canterbury and Lambeth; then, rushing into the Tower of London, they seized the archbishop himself. So unpopular was Sudbury with the rebellious peasants that guards simply allowed the rebels through the gates, the reason being his role in introducing the third poll tax.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Gregory%27s_church_in_Sudbury_-_archbishop_Simon%27s_skull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2094629.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Gregory's Church, Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_Church,_Sudbury"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"St John's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Chapel,_London"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hales"},{"link_name":"Lord High Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"John Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stow"},{"link_name":"clerical hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hood"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"William Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walworth"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St Gregory's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_Church,_Sudbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPNeale-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CT scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"mummified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"West Suffolk Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Suffolk_Hospital"},{"link_name":"facial reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_facial_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"forensics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensics"},{"link_name":"University of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_Hill_scaffold_location_-_Sign_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"mayor of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Simon Sudbury's preserved head at St Gregory's Church, SudburySudbury, who was saying Mass in St John's Chapel, was dragged to Tower Hill together with Sir Robert Hales, the Lord High Treasurer. According to an account written by John Stow two centuries later, Sudbury was beheaded by eight frenzied sword blows to his neck, one of which also took off the fingers from one hand. His body lay in the open all day, but his severed head had his clerical hood nailed onto it and was fixed to a pole, then placed on London Bridge. His body was afterwards taken to Canterbury Cathedral, though his head was taken down after six days by William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London,[6] and was taken to Sudbury, where it is still kept at St Gregory's Church, which Sudbury had partly rebuilt.[2] With his brother, John of Chertsey, he also founded a college in Sudbury; he also did some building at Canterbury. His father was Nigel Theobald, sometimes called Simon Theobald or Tybald, who is also buried at St Gregory's, with his wife Sara.[7]In March 2011 a CT scan of Sudbury's mummified skull was performed at the West Suffolk Hospital to make a facial reconstruction,[8] which was completed in September 2011 by forensics expert Adrienne Barker at the University of Dundee.[9]Plaque at Tower Hill, commemorating notable executions at that siteSudbury's tomb in Canterbury Cathedral contains his corpse with a lead cannonball in place of the missing head. The stone sarcophagus lacks the original gilt copper effigy, which was destroyed during the English Reformation, but the elaborately-carved stone canopy survives. By ancient tradition, the mayor of Canterbury places a wreath of red roses on the tomb at an annual civic service on Christmas Day, in recognition of Sudbury's good works for the city.[10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"talbot hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sudbury's coat of arms was a talbot hound sejeant within a bordure engrailed, as is visible sculpted in stone on a wall in the nave of Canterbury Cathedral.[11] The town of Sudbury uses a talbot hound sejeant in its arms in allusion to him.[12]","title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Also known as Simon Theobald of Sudbury, and Simon of/de Sudbury.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26759"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26759"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JPNeale_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JPNeale_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JPNeale_3-2"},{"link_name":"Neale, John Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Preston_Neale"},{"link_name":"Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mBhAAAAAYAAJ&q=%22sudbury%22&pg=PA35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook258_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook233_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook86_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbo00sper/page/96/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk/history/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-12775234"},{"link_name":"BBC Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-14896640"},{"link_name":"BBC Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Archbishop Sudbury\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/sudbury/4590809726"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"See image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/sudbury/4590809726"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"See image of Sudbury town arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sudburytowncouncil.co.uk/"}],"text":"^ Walker, Simon (2004). \"Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26759. Retrieved 17 July 2012.\n\n^ a b c Neale, John Preston (1825). Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain. Longman. pp. 35–36.\n\n^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 258\n\n^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 233\n\n^ Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 86\n\n^ Sperling, Charles Fredirick Denne (1896). A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson. Sudbury, Suffolk: B R Martin. pp. 110–112.\n\n^ \"History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk\". www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk. St Gregory's Sudbury. Retrieved 19 June 2021.\n\n^ \"Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald\". BBC Online. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist\". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011. Page includes illustrations of face.\n\n^ \"Archbishop Sudbury\". www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk. Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society. 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2021.\n\n^ See image\n\n^ See image of Sudbury town arms","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"Simon Sudbury's preserved head at St Gregory's Church, Sudbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_Gregory%27s_church_in_Sudbury_-_archbishop_Simon%27s_skull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2094629.jpg/220px-St_Gregory%27s_church_in_Sudbury_-_archbishop_Simon%27s_skull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2094629.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque at Tower Hill, commemorating notable executions at that site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tower_Hill_scaffold_location_-_Sign_2.jpg/220px-Tower_Hill_scaffold_location_-_Sign_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Walker, Simon (2004). \"Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26759. Retrieved 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26759","url_text":"\"Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26759","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26759"}]},{"reference":"Neale, John Preston (1825). Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain. Longman. pp. 35–36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Preston_Neale","url_text":"Neale, John Preston"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mBhAAAAAYAAJ&q=%22sudbury%22&pg=PA35","url_text":"Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain"}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Charles Fredirick Denne (1896). A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson. Sudbury, Suffolk: B R Martin. pp. 110–112.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbo00sper/page/96/mode/2up","url_text":"A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson"}]},{"reference":"\"History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk\". www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk. St Gregory's Sudbury. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk/history/","url_text":"\"History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald\". BBC Online. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-12775234","url_text":"\"Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist\". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-14896640","url_text":"\"Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Archbishop Sudbury\". www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk. Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society. 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/sudbury/4590809726","url_text":"\"Archbishop Sudbury\""}]},{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26759","external_links_name":"\"Sudbury, Simon (c. 1316–1381)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26759","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26759"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mBhAAAAAYAAJ&q=%22sudbury%22&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"Views of the most interesting collegiate and parochial churches in Great Britain"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbo00sper/page/96/mode/2up","external_links_name":"A Short History of the Borough of Sudbury, in the County of Suffolk, compiled from materials collected by W. W. Hodson"},{"Link":"https://www.stgregorychurchsudbury.co.uk/history/","external_links_name":"\"History – St Gregory's Church Sudbury Suffolk\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-12775234","external_links_name":"\"Skull scan for Archbishop of Canterbury Simon Theobald\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-14896640","external_links_name":"\"Face of Simon of Sudbury revealed by forensic artist\""},{"Link":"http://www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/sudbury/4590809726","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Sudbury\""},{"Link":"http://www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/sudbury/4590809726","external_links_name":"See image"},{"Link":"https://www.sudburytowncouncil.co.uk/","external_links_name":"See image of Sudbury town arms"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/484661/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000370159570","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249560230","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhR6DQmJtMhjPT6pPxXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18032031n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18032031n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1031927042","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002080878","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Churchill_Place	One Churchill Place	["1 Construction","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°30′19.8″N 00°00′50.4″W / 51.505500°N 0.014000°W / 51.505500; -0.014000156 m tall skyscraper with 32 floors, serving as the headquarters of Barclays Bank This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "One Churchill Place" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) One Churchill PlaceOne Churchill PlaceGeneral informationLocationCanary WharfLondon, E14Coordinates51°30′19.8″N 00°00′50.4″W / 51.505500°N 0.014000°W / 51.505500; -0.014000Construction started2003Completed2004Opening2005HeightRoof156 m (512 ft)Technical detailsFloor count32Floor area157,164 m2 (1,691,700 sq ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)HOK InternationalStructural engineerWSP Cantor SeinukMain contractorCanary Wharf ContractorsReferences One Churchill Place is a 156 m tall skyscraper with 32 floors, serving as the headquarters of Barclays Bank. It is in the Docklands area of London Borough of Tower Hamlets in Canary Wharf. The building is the 13th-tallest office block in the United Kingdom and the sixth tallest building in the Docklands. The building was formally opened in June 2005 by the Chairman of Barclays, Matthew Barrett, and merged Barclays offices across London into one building. The former corporate HQ was at 54 Lombard Street in the City of London. Barclays occupies 100% of the building; floors 18-20 were previously leased to BGC Partners/Cantor Fitzgerald. Several floors were previously occupied by the Olympic Delivery Teams prior to 2012, and a portion of level 17 was occupied by the Metropolitan Police. Construction One Churchill Place at night in 2012 The building was designed by HOK International and constructed by Canary Wharf Contractors. Designed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the building is constructed around four staircase columns with a large, central column containing the lifts and toilet facilities. The building manual states that there is enough room in these columns to contain everyone who works in the building, in the event of a security alert. The building was planned to be 50 storeys in height, but was scaled down to 31 after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It is linked by walkways to the Canada Square shopping mall and Canary Wharf Underground station. See also London portal Tall buildings in London References ^ "One Churchill Place". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ Emporis: One Churchill Place ^ Britain's first terror-proof skyscraper at Canary Wharf Archived 18 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine - Emporis, 2002-12-15. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Churchill Place. From emporis.com Wildlife on top of One Churchill Place Barclays Group Archives: Head Office vteBarclaysDivision and subsidiaries Barclays Canada Barclaycard Barclays Wealth Historical componentsand acquisitions Absa Group Backhouse's Bank Crossroads Group FirstCaribbean International Bank Gurney's Bank Juniper Bank Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Lehman Brothers Lock, Hulme & Co. London Provincial & South Western Bank Martins Bank The Woolwich Management C. S. Venkatakrishnan (Group Chief Executive) Other One Churchill Place Barclays Center (Brooklyn) Enfield Category Commons vteCanary WharfBuildingsCurrent One Canada Square (235 m, 1991) Landmark Pinnacle (233 m, 2021) Newfoundland (220 m, 2021) Hampton Tower (215 m, 2021) One Park Drive (205 m, 2021) 8 Canada Square (200 m, 2002) Citigroup Centre (London) (200 m, 2001) One Churchill Place (156 m, 2004) 25 Churchill Place (118 m, 2014) 25 Bank Street (153 m, 2003) 40 Bank Street (153 m, 2003) 10 Upper Bank Street (151 m, 2003) 1 Cabot Square (89 m, 1991) 5 Canada Square (88 m, 2003) 25 Cabot Square (81 m, 1991) 25 North Colonnade (80 m, 1991) 10 Cabot Square (74 m, 1991) 20 Canada Square (71 m, 2003) 20 Bank Street (68 m, 2003) 20 Cabot Square (65 m, 1991) 50 Bank Street (63 m, 2002) 30 South Colonnade (62 m, 1991) 17 Columbus Courtyard (45 m, 1999) 20 Columbus Courtyard (45 m, 1999) 1 Westferry Circus (45 m, 1992) 11 Westferry Circus (45 m, 1997) 15 Westferry Circus (44.5 m, 2001) 7 Westferry Circus (43.6 m, 1992) Under construction Harcourt Gardens Riverside South Wood Wharf Approved Columbus Tower Heron Quays West North Quay Transport linksCurrent A13 road Canary Wharf DLR station Canary Wharf Pier Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry Canary Wharf tube station Heron Quays DLR station London City Airport South Quay DLR station West India Quay DLR station Canary Wharf railway station ProposedRotherhithe-Canary Wharf BridgeOther 1996 Docklands bombing Canary Wharf Group Canary Wharf Squash Classic Olympia and York Michael von Clemm The Wharf Museum of London Docklands Westferry Circus Category Commons vteBuildings over 100 metres in the United KingdomCompletedBirmingham The Mercian (132m) 10 Holloway Circus (122m) 103 Colmore Row (108m) The Bank Tower 2 (102m) Alpha Tower (100m) Brighton Sussex Heights (102m) Leeds Altus House (114m) Bridgewater Place (110m) Sky Plaza (106m) Liverpool West Tower (134m) The Lexington (113m) Liverpool Cathedral (101m) London The Shard (310m) 22 Bishopsgate (278m) One Canada Square (236m) Landmark Pinnacle (233m) Heron Tower (230m) Leadenhall Building (225m) Newfoundland (220m) Hampton Tower (215m) One Park Drive (Wood Wharf A1) (205m) 8 Canada Square (200m) Citigroup Centre (London) (200m) The Scalpel (190m) BT Tower (189m) Tower 42 (183m) Wardian East Tower (183m) St George Wharf Tower (181m) The Gherkin (180m) 100 Bishopsgate (172m) DAMAC Tower Nine Elms (170m) Wardian West Tower (170m) One Blackfriars (163m) Principal Tower (163m) Broadgate Tower (161m) 20 Fenchurch Street (160m) One Churchill Place (156m) Carrara Tower (155m) 25 Bank Street (153m) 40 Bank Street (153m) 10 Upper Bank Street (151m) South Bank Tower (151m) Arena Tower (150m) 10 Park Drive (Wood Wharf A3) (150m) Highpoint (149m) Manhattan Loft Gardens (149m) Strata SE1 (148m) Pan Peninsula (147m) Maine Tower (145m) Guy's Hospital Tower (143m) The Landmark East Tower (140m) Valencia Tower (137m) Providence Tower (136m) Saffron Square (134m) 150 High Street, Stratford (133m) 25 Churchill Place (130m) 10 George Street (Wood Wharf W07A) (128m) 40 Marsh Wall (128m) CityPoint (127m) Harbour Central Block C (126m) Willis Building (125m) Euston Tower (124m) One The Elephant (124m) Cromwell Tower (123m) Lauderdale Tower (123m) Shakespeare Tower (123m) Pan Peninsula West Tower (122m) Stratosphere (122m) Vauxhall Sky Gardens (120m) Millbank Tower (119m) St Helen's (118m) Centre Point (117m) Empress State Building (117m) Lexicon Tower (115m) Insignia Point (113m) The Heron (112m) 1 West India Quay (111m) Dollar Bay (109m) Shell Centre (107m) Nido Spitalfields (105m) 33 Canada Square (105m) Imperial West Tower (105m) Pioneer Point (105m) Ontario Tower (104m) 99 Bishopsgate (104m) London Hilton on Park Lane (101m) Portland House (101m) Royal London Hospital Tower 2 (101m) Skyline (101m) One Angel Court (101m) Sky View Tower, Capital Towers (101m) Laurel Point (100m) Stock Exchange Tower (100m) Urbanest King's Cross (100m) Manchester Deansgate 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_Expedition	Chitral Expedition	["1 Background to the conflict","2 Siege of Chitral","3 Relief","4 Aftermath","5 Appraisal","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Sources","9 External links","10 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.8001895 British military expedition Chitral ExpeditionA skirmish during the Chitral expeditionDate1895LocationChitral, British IndiaResult British victoryBelligerents United Kingdom British Empire India Pro-British Chitralis Afghans (Ethnic Pashtuns)ChitraliCommanders and leaders George White Robert LowShuja ul-Mulk Umra Khan Sher Afzul KhanAmir ul-MulkStrength 15,249 (Low Force)1,400 (Fort & Gilgit force) unknownCasualties and losses 21 killed, 101 wounded (Low force)165 killed, 88 wounded (Fort & Kelly force) unknown but heavy The Chitral Expedition (Urdu:چترال فوجی مہم) was a military expedition in 1895 sent by the British authorities to relieve the fort at Chitral, which was under siege after a local coup following the death of the old ruler. An intervening British force of about 400 men was besieged in the fort until it was relieved by two expeditions, a small one from Gilgit and a larger one from Peshawar. Background to the conflict In the last phase of the Great Game attention turned to the unclaimed mountainous area north of British India along the later Sino-Russian border. Chitral was thought to be a possible route for a Russian invasion of India, but neither side knew much about the local geography. The British sent people like George W. Hayward, Robert Shaw and probably some Pundits north to explore. The ruler of Chitral may have had some involvement in Hayward's murder. From 1871 there were Russian explorers in the Pamir Mountains to the north. Around 1889 some Russians entered Chitral territory as well as Hunza to the east and Gabriel Bonvalot reached Chitral from Russian territory. From around 1876 Chitral was under the protection of the Maharaja of Kashmir to the southeast and therefore in the British sphere of influence but there was no British Resident. At this time Chitrali power extended east to the Yasin Valley about halfway to Hunza. The British established the Gilgit Agency about 175 miles east in 1877. In 1891 the British occupied Hunza north of Gilgit. From 1857 to 1892 the ruler (Mehtar) was Aman ul-Mulk of the Katoor Dynasty. When the old ruler died in 1892 one of his sons, Afzal ul-Mulk, seized the throne, consolidating his rule by killing as many of his half-brothers as he could. The old ruler's brother, Sher Afzal Khan, who had been in exile at Kabul in Afghanistan about 150 miles southwest, secretly entered Chitral with a few supporters and murdered Afzal ul-Mulk. Another of the old ruler's sons, Nizam ul-Mulk, who had fled to the British at Gilgit, advanced westward from Gilgit, accumulating troops as he went, including 1200 men Sher had sent against him. Seeing the situation was hopeless, Sher fled back to Afghanistan and Nizam took the throne with British blessing and a British political resident called Lieutenant B.E.M Gurdon. Within a year Nizam ul-Mulk was murdered on the orders of his brother, Amir ul-Mulk, while the two were out hunting. Umra Khan, a tribal leader from Bajour to the south marched north with 3,000 Pathans either to assist Amir ul-Mulk or replace him. Surgeon Major George Scott Robertson, the senior British officer at Gilgit, gathered 400 troops and marched west to Chitral and threatened Umra Khan with an invasion from Peshawar if he did not turn back. Amir ul-Mulk began negotiating with Umra Khan so Robertson replaced him with his 12-year-old brother Shuja ul-Mulk. At this point Sher Afzul Khan re-entered the contest. The plan seems to have been that Sher would take the throne and Umra Khan would get part of the Chitral territory. Robertson moved into the fortress for protection which increased local hostility. Since Umra Khan and Sher Afzul continued their march secret messengers were sent out requesting help. Siege of Chitral The Chitral Fort was 80 yards square and built of mud, stone and timber. The walls were 25 feet high and eight feet thick. There was a short covered way to the river, the only water source. The fort held 543 people of whom 343 were combatants including five British officers. The units were the 14th Sikhs and a larger detachment of Kashmiri Infantry. Artillery support was 2 RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun without sights and 80 rounds of ammunition. There were only 300 cartridges per man and enough food for a month. There were trees and buildings near the walls and nearby hills from which sniping was possible with modern rifles. Captain Charles Townshend, later of Mesopotamia fame, commanded the fort. The British attack the Chitrali mine (illustration from a British book) On 3 March a party was sent out to determine the enemy strength. Its loss was 23 killed and 33 wounded. Harry Frederick Whitchurch was awarded a Victoria Cross for aiding the wounded. At about the same time a small relief force from Gilgit was defeated and the ammunition and explosives they were carrying captured. By 5 April the Chitralis were 50 yards from the walls. On 7 April they set fire to the south-east tower which burned for 5 hours but did not collapse. Four days later the Chitralis began digging a tunnel in order to blow open the fort. The tunnel started from a house where the Chitralis held noisy parties to hide the sounds of digging. By the time sounds of digging were heard it was too late to dig a counter mine. One hundred men rushed out of the eastern gate, found the mouth of the tunnel, bayoneted the miners, blew up the tunnel with explosives and returned with a loss of eight men. On the night of 18 April someone shouted over the wall that the besiegers had fled. The next morning a heavily armed party found that this was true. Kelly's relief force entered Chitral on 20 April and found the besieged "walking skeletons". The siege had lasted a month and a half and cost the defenders 41 lives. Relief The routes of the British relief expeditions When the British heard of Robertson's situation they began assembling troops around Peshawar, but they were not in a hurry since they assumed that Umra Khan would back down. When reports became more serious they ordered Colonel James Graves Kelly at Gilgit to act. He gathered what troops he could: 400 Sikh Pioneers - mostly road-builders, 40 Kasmiri sappers with 2 Mountain Guns, 900 Hunza Irregulars, all hearty mountain men, and a number of hired coolies to carry the baggage. Although his force was small he had the advantage that the Chitralis did not think that anyone would be fool enough to cross 150 miles of mountains in late winter. He left Gilgit on 23 March, probably up the valley of the Gilgit River, and by 30 March had crossed the snowline at 10,000 feet. Seeing what they were in for, the coolies deserted with their laden ponies but were soon rounded up and kept under guard. The main problem was the 12,000 foot Shandur Pass at the head of the Gilgit River which was crossed in the waist-deep snow dragging mountain guns on sledges (1 to 5 April). Fighting began the next day when the Chitralis became aware of them. By 13 April they had driven the enemy from two main positions and by 18 April the enemy seemed to have disappeared. Meanwhile, the British had assembled 15,000 men at Peshawar under Major-General Sir Robert Low, with Brigadier General Bindon Blood serving as his Chief of the Staff. They set off about a week after Kelly left Gilgit. Accompanying Low was Francis Younghusband who was officially on leave and serving as a special correspondent for the London Times. On 3 April they stormed the Malakand Pass which was defended by 12,000 local warriors. There were significant engagements 2 and 10 days later. On 17 April Umra Khan's men prepared to defend his palace at Munda, but finding themselves greatly outnumbered, they slipped away. Inside the fortress the British found a letter from a Scottish firm offering Maxim guns at 3,700 rupees and revolvers at 34 rupees each. The firm was ordered to leave India. Low was still crossing the Lowari Pass on the day Kelly entered Chitral. Although Kelly got to Chitral first, it was the massive size of Low's force that forced the enemy to withdraw. The first person from Low's force to reach Chitral was Younghusband who, without permission, rode out ahead of the troops. (Max Hastings performed the same stunt in 1982.) That night Younghusband, Robertson, and Kelly shared the garrison's last bottle of brandy. Aftermath India Medal with Relief of Chitral clasp Umra Khan fled with eleven mule-loads of treasure and reached safety in Afghanistan. Sher Afzul ran into one of his foes and was sent into exile in India. Robertson was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. Kelly was made a Personal aide-de-camp to the Queen and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Eleven Distinguished Service Orders (DSOs) were awarded, along with Whitchurch's VC, and all ranks who took part in the siege were given six months extra pay and three months leave. Townshend later became a Major General and at least nine participants became Generals. There was talk of building a road from Peshawar, but this was rejected because of the expense and the fear that the Russians could use the road too. Two battalions were stationed at Chitral and two at the Malakand Pass. In the spring of 1898 Captain Ralph Cobbold was on "hunting leave" in the Pamirs and learned that the Russians had planned to occupy Chitral if the British abandoned it. British and Indian Army forces who took part received the India Medal with either the clasp Defence of Chitral 1895 or Relief of Chitral 1895. Chitral remained at peace after 1895 and Shuja ul-Mulk, the 12 year old installed as Mehtar by Robertson, ruled Chitral for the next 41 years until his death in 1936. Appraisal The Chitral Expedition is a much celebrated event, remembered in British history as a chapter in gallantry and valour, which has drawn wide appraisal. The valour and endurance displayed by all the ranks in the defence of the fort at Chitral, have added greatly to the prestige of the British arms, and will elicit the admiration of all those who read this account of the gallant defence made by a small party of Her Majesty’s forces, and combined with the troops of His Highness the Maharaja of Kashmir, against heavy odds when shut up in a fort in the heart of an enemy’s country, many miles from succour and support.— Commander in Chief of India, Sir George White The military skill displayed in the conducting of the defence, the cheerful endurance of all the hardship of the siege, the gallant demeanour of the troops and the conspicuous example of heroism and intrepidity recorded, will ever be remembered as forming a glorious episode in the history of the Indian Empire and its army.— Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon See also Chitral Fort Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition Notes ^ a b "British Intervention in Chitral 1895". Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 26. ^ Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 110. ^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 211–216. ^ Official dispatch of the affair London Gazette ^ Fincastle, The Viscount; Eliott-Lockhart, P. C. (2 February 2012). A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898. Andrews UK Limited. p. 55. ISBN 9781781515518. ^ Churchill, Winston (1 January 2010). The Story of the Malakand Field Force. Courier Corporation. p. 61. ISBN 9780486474748. ^ Raugh, Harold E. (1 January 2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. ISBN 9781576079256. ^ Churchill, Winston (1 January 1902). The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. Courier Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 9780486447858. ^ a b Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 132. ^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 226–231. ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. pp. 177–178. Published Spink, London. 1988. ^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 231. ^ The London Gazette. T. Neuman. 1 January 1895. p. 4006. ^ Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 131. ^ Barker, A. J. (1 January 1967). Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend. Cassell. p. 80. Sources The Great Game by Peter Hopkirk, John Murray Ltd. (1990) The Relief of Chitral by Major General Sir George J. Younghusband and Sir Francis E. Younghusband, Macmillan & Co (1896) With Kelly to Chitral by Major General Sir William G.L. Beynon , Arnold Publishers (1896) Campaigns on the North West Frontier by Captain H L Nevill, Naval & Military Press (1912) Chitral; the Story of a Minor Siege by Sir George Scott Robertson, KCSI, Methuen Publishing (1898) Townshend of Chitral and Kut by Erroll Sherson John (1928) Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral 1895, John Harris, Hutchinson (1975) The Chitral Campaign: A Narrative of Events in Chitral, Swat and Bajour by Harry Craufuird Thomson, Heinemann Publishers (1895) Huttenback, Robert A. "The Siege of Chitral and the “Breach of Faith Controversy”—The Imperial Factor in Late Victorian Party Politics." Journal of British Studies 10.1 (1970): 126-144. External links Illustrated London News Northwest Frontier Expeditions 1847 to 1908 Further reading Henty, George A (1904). Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti. - historical fiction 35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.800 vteColonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire17thcentury Ireland (1593–1603) Virginia (1609–46) Swally (1612) Ormuz (1622) Saint Kitts (1626) Quebec (1628) Pequot War (1634–38) Irish Rebellion (1641) Confederate War (1641–53) Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) Acadia (1654–67) Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60) Jamaica (1655–1739) 1st Tangier (1662) 2nd Tangier (1664) King Philip's War (1675–78) Child's War (1686–90) Siam (1687) Williamite War (1688–91) King William's War (1688–97) Ghana (1694–1700) 18thcentury Queen Anne's War (1702–13) Tuscarora War (1711–15) Yamasee War (1715–17) Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25) War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42) King George's War (1744–48) Carnatic Wars (1746–63) Nova Scotia (1749–55) French and Indian War (1754–63) Seven Years' War (1756–63) Bengal War (1756–65) Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–61) 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authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_Fort"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Gilgit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"}],"text":"1895 British military expeditionThe Chitral Expedition (Urdu:چترال فوجی مہم) was a military expedition in 1895 sent by the British authorities to relieve the fort at Chitral, which was under siege after a local coup following the death of the old ruler. An intervening British force of about 400 men was besieged in the fort until it was relieved by two expeditions, a small one from Gilgit and a larger one from Peshawar.","title":"Chitral Expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"George W. Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Hayward"},{"link_name":"Robert Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barkley_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Pundits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Pamir Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Bonvalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bonvalot"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"British Resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Resident"},{"link_name":"Yasin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Gilgit Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Agency"},{"link_name":"occupied Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Aman ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Katoor Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoor_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Afzal ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afzal_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onwar-1"},{"link_name":"Sher Afzal Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Afzal"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Afzal ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afzal_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Nizam ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_ul-Mulk_(Mehtar_of_Chitral)"},{"link_name":"Gilgit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_ul-Mulk_(Mehtar_of_Chitral)"},{"link_name":"B.E.M Gurdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Evelyn_Mellish_Gurdon"},{"link_name":"Nizam ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_ul-Mulk_(Mehtar_of_Chitral)"},{"link_name":"Amir ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Umra Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umra_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bajour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajour"},{"link_name":"Pathans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"George Scott Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scott_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onwar-1"},{"link_name":"Amir ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Shuja ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Umra Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umra_Khan"}],"text":"In the last phase of the Great Game attention turned to the unclaimed mountainous area north of British India along the later Sino-Russian border. Chitral was thought to be a possible route for a Russian invasion of India, but neither side knew much about the local geography. The British sent people like George W. Hayward, Robert Shaw and probably some Pundits north to explore. The ruler of Chitral may have had some involvement in Hayward's murder. From 1871 there were Russian explorers in the Pamir Mountains to the north. Around 1889 some Russians entered Chitral territory as well as Hunza to the east and Gabriel Bonvalot reached Chitral from Russian territory. From around 1876 Chitral was under the protection of the Maharaja of Kashmir to the southeast and therefore in the British sphere of influence but there was no British Resident. At this time Chitrali power extended east to the Yasin Valley about halfway to Hunza. The British established the Gilgit Agency about 175 miles east in 1877. In 1891 the British occupied Hunza north of Gilgit.From 1857 to 1892 the ruler (Mehtar) was Aman ul-Mulk of the Katoor Dynasty. When the old ruler died in 1892 one of his sons, Afzal ul-Mulk, seized the throne, consolidating his rule by killing as many of his half-brothers as he could.[1] The old ruler's brother, Sher Afzal Khan, who had been in exile at Kabul in Afghanistan about 150 miles southwest, secretly entered Chitral with a few supporters and murdered Afzal ul-Mulk. Another of the old ruler's sons, Nizam ul-Mulk, who had fled to the British at Gilgit, advanced westward from Gilgit, accumulating troops as he went, including 1200 men Sher had sent against him. Seeing the situation was hopeless, Sher fled back to Afghanistan and Nizam took the throne with British blessing and a British political resident called Lieutenant B.E.M Gurdon. Within a year Nizam ul-Mulk was murdered on the orders of his brother, Amir ul-Mulk,[2] while the two were out hunting. Umra Khan, a tribal leader from Bajour to the south marched north with 3,000 Pathans either to assist Amir ul-Mulk or replace him. Surgeon Major George Scott Robertson, the senior British officer at Gilgit, gathered 400 troops and marched west to Chitral and threatened Umra Khan with an invasion from Peshawar if he did not turn back.[1] Amir ul-Mulk began negotiating with Umra Khan so Robertson replaced him with his 12-year-old brother Shuja ul-Mulk. At this point Sher Afzul Khan re-entered the contest. The plan seems to have been that Sher would take the throne and Umra Khan would get part of the Chitral territory. Robertson moved into the fortress for protection which increased local hostility. Since Umra Khan and Sher Afzul continued their march secret messengers were sent out requesting help.","title":"Background to the conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitral Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_Fort"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_River"},{"link_name":"14th Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RML_7_pounder_Mountain_Gun"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Charles Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attacking_the_mine_at_Chitral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Frederick Whitchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Frederick_Whitchurch"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Gilgit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit"},{"link_name":"counter mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_mine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"}],"text":"The Chitral Fort was 80 yards square and built of mud, stone and timber. The walls were 25 feet high and eight feet thick. There was a short covered way to the river, the only water source. The fort held 543 people of whom 343 were combatants including five British officers. The units were the 14th Sikhs and a larger detachment of Kashmiri Infantry. Artillery support was 2 RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun without sights and 80 rounds of ammunition. There were only 300 cartridges per man and enough food for a month. There were trees and buildings near the walls and nearby hills from which sniping was possible with modern rifles. Captain Charles Townshend, later of Mesopotamia fame, commanded the fort.[3]The British attack the Chitrali mine (illustration from a British book)On 3 March a party was sent out to determine the enemy strength. Its loss was 23 killed and 33 wounded. Harry Frederick Whitchurch was awarded a Victoria Cross for aiding the wounded. At about the same time a small relief force from Gilgit was defeated and the ammunition and explosives they were carrying captured. By 5 April the Chitralis were 50 yards from the walls. On 7 April they set fire to the south-east tower which burned for 5 hours but did not collapse. Four days later the Chitralis began digging a tunnel in order to blow open the fort. The tunnel started from a house where the Chitralis held noisy parties to hide the sounds of digging. By the time sounds of digging were heard it was too late to dig a counter mine. One hundred men rushed out of the eastern gate, found the mouth of the tunnel, bayoneted the miners, blew up the tunnel with explosives[4] and returned with a loss of eight men. On the night of 18 April someone shouted over the wall that the besiegers had fled. The next morning a heavily armed party found that this was true. Kelly's relief force entered Chitral on 20 April and found the besieged \"walking skeletons\". The siege had lasted a month and a half and cost the defenders 41 lives.","title":"Siege of Chitral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chitral_campaign_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robertson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scott_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Umra Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umra_Khan"},{"link_name":"Colonel James Graves Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graves_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappers"},{"link_name":"Mountain Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gun"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Irregulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_military"},{"link_name":"coolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie"},{"link_name":"Gilgit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_River"},{"link_name":"Shandur Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandur_Pass"},{"link_name":"sledges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Low_(Indian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General Bindon Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bindon_Blood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graves_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Francis Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband"},{"link_name":"Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Malakand Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakand_Pass"},{"link_name":"Maxim guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"Lowari Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowari_Pass"},{"link_name":"Max Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"}],"text":"The routes of the British relief expeditionsWhen the British heard of Robertson's situation they began assembling troops around Peshawar, but they were not in a hurry since they assumed that Umra Khan would back down. When reports became more serious they ordered Colonel James Graves Kelly at Gilgit to act. He gathered what troops he could: 400 Sikh Pioneers - mostly road-builders, 40 Kasmiri sappers with 2 Mountain Guns, 900 Hunza Irregulars, all hearty mountain men, and a number of hired coolies to carry the baggage. Although his force was small he had the advantage that the Chitralis did not think that anyone would be fool enough to cross 150 miles of mountains in late winter. He left Gilgit on 23 March, probably up the valley of the Gilgit River, and by 30 March had crossed the snowline at 10,000 feet. Seeing what they were in for, the coolies deserted with their laden ponies but were soon rounded up and kept under guard. The main problem was the 12,000 foot Shandur Pass at the head of the Gilgit River which was crossed in the waist-deep snow dragging mountain guns on sledges (1 to 5 April). Fighting began the next day when the Chitralis became aware of them. By 13 April they had driven the enemy from two main positions and by 18 April the enemy seemed to have disappeared.Meanwhile, the British had assembled 15,000 men at Peshawar under Major-General Sir Robert Low,[5] with Brigadier General Bindon Blood serving as his Chief of the Staff.[6][7][8][9] They set off about a week after Kelly left Gilgit. Accompanying Low was Francis Younghusband who was officially on leave and serving as a special correspondent for the London Times. On 3 April they stormed the Malakand Pass which was defended by 12,000 local warriors. There were significant engagements 2 and 10 days later. On 17 April Umra Khan's men prepared to defend his palace at Munda, but finding themselves greatly outnumbered, they slipped away. Inside the fortress the British found a letter from a Scottish firm offering Maxim guns at 3,700 rupees and revolvers at 34 rupees each. The firm was ordered to leave India. Low was still crossing the Lowari Pass on the day Kelly entered Chitral. Although Kelly got to Chitral first, it was the massive size of Low's force that forced the enemy to withdraw. The first person from Low's force to reach Chitral was Younghusband who, without permission, rode out ahead of the troops. (Max Hastings performed the same stunt in 1982.) That night Younghusband, Robertson, and Kelly shared the garrison's last bottle of brandy.","title":"Relief"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IGSChitral.JPG"},{"link_name":"India Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Medal"},{"link_name":"Umra Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umra_Khan"},{"link_name":"mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Younghusband_132-10"},{"link_name":"Personal aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Younghusband_132-10"},{"link_name":"Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Cobbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Cobbold"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"India Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Medal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shuja ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuja_ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"India Medal with Relief of Chitral claspUmra Khan fled with eleven mule-loads of treasure and reached safety in Afghanistan. Sher Afzul ran into one of his foes and was sent into exile in India. Robertson was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India.[10] Kelly was made a Personal aide-de-camp to the Queen and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Eleven Distinguished Service Orders (DSOs) were awarded, along with Whitchurch's VC, and all ranks who took part in the siege were given six months extra pay and three months leave.[10] Townshend later became a Major General and at least nine participants became Generals. There was talk of building a road from Peshawar, but this was rejected because of the expense and the fear that the Russians could use the road too. Two battalions were stationed at Chitral and two at the Malakand Pass. In the spring of 1898 Captain Ralph Cobbold was on \"hunting leave\" in the Pamirs and learned that the Russians had planned to occupy Chitral if the British abandoned it.[11]British and Indian Army forces who took part received the India Medal with either the clasp Defence of Chitral 1895 or Relief of Chitral 1895.[12]Chitral remained at peace after 1895 and Shuja ul-Mulk, the 12 year old installed as Mehtar by Robertson, ruled Chitral for the next 41 years until his death in 1936.[13]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief of India, Sir George White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston"}],"text":"The Chitral Expedition is a much celebrated event, remembered in British history as a chapter in gallantry and valour, which has drawn wide appraisal[clarification needed].[14][15][16]The valour and endurance displayed by all the ranks in the defence of the fort at Chitral, have added greatly to the prestige of the British arms, and will elicit the admiration of all those who read this account of the gallant defence made by a small party of Her Majesty’s forces, and combined with the troops of His Highness the Maharaja of Kashmir, against heavy odds when shut up in a fort in the heart of an enemy’s country, many miles from succour and support.— Commander in Chief of India, Sir George WhiteThe military skill displayed in the conducting of the defence, the cheerful endurance of all the hardship of the siege, the gallant demeanour of the troops and the conspicuous example of heroism and intrepidity recorded, will ever be remembered as forming a glorious episode in the history of the Indian Empire and its army.— Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon","title":"Appraisal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-onwar_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-onwar_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"British Intervention in Chitral 1895\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/chitral1895.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Relief of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog"},{"link_name":"110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Official dispatch of the affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26644/pages/4017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=sir%2520bindon%2520blood%2520chitral&pg=PA55"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781781515518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781515518"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The Story of the Malakand Field Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MvB8J_AvbVgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486474748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486474748"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781576079256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079256"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J8wsAwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486447858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486447858"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Younghusband_132_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Younghusband_132_10-1"},{"link_name":"The Relief of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n182"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NP9JAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The Relief of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog"},{"link_name":"131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n181"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U2JxAAAAIAAJ"}],"text":"^ a b \"British Intervention in Chitral 1895\". Retrieved 15 November 2014.\n\n^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 26.\n\n^ Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 110.\n\n^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 211–216.\n\n^ Official dispatch of the affair London Gazette\n\n^ Fincastle, The Viscount; Eliott-Lockhart, P. C. (2 February 2012). A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898. Andrews UK Limited. p. 55. ISBN 9781781515518.\n\n^ Churchill, Winston (1 January 2010). The Story of the Malakand Field Force. Courier Corporation. p. 61. ISBN 9780486474748.\n\n^ Raugh, Harold E. (1 January 2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. ISBN 9781576079256.\n\n^ Churchill, Winston (1 January 1902). The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. Courier Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 9780486447858.\n\n^ a b Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 132.\n\n^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 226–231.\n\n^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. pp. 177–178. Published Spink, London. 1988.\n\n^ Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 231.\n\n^ The London Gazette. T. Neuman. 1 January 1895. p. 4006.\n\n^ Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 131.\n\n^ Barker, A. J. (1 January 1967). Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend. Cassell. p. 80.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game_(Peter_Hopkirk_book)"},{"link_name":"Peter Hopkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk"},{"link_name":"The Relief of Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Relief_of_Chitral"},{"link_name":"Major General Sir George J. Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._J._Younghusband"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis E. Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband"},{"link_name":"With Kelly to Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Kelly_to_Chitral"},{"link_name":"Chitral; the Story of a Minor Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral;_the_Story_of_a_Minor_Siege"},{"link_name":"Sir George Scott Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scott_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral 1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Sounding_of_Bugles:_The_Siege_of_Chitral_1895"},{"link_name":"The Chitral Campaign: A Narrative of Events in Chitral, Swat and Bajour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chitral_Campaign:_A_Narrative_of_Events_in_Chitral,_Swat_and_Bajour"}],"text":"The Great Game by Peter Hopkirk, John Murray Ltd. (1990)\nThe Relief of Chitral by Major General Sir George J. Younghusband and Sir Francis E. Younghusband, Macmillan & Co (1896)\nWith Kelly to Chitral by Major General Sir William G.L. Beynon , Arnold Publishers (1896)\nCampaigns on the North West Frontier by Captain H L Nevill, Naval & Military Press (1912)\nChitral; the Story of a Minor Siege by Sir George Scott Robertson, KCSI, Methuen Publishing (1898)\nTownshend of Chitral and Kut by Erroll Sherson John (1928)\nMuch Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral 1895, John Harris, Hutchinson (1975)\nThe Chitral Campaign: A Narrative of Events in Chitral, Swat and Bajour by Harry Craufuird Thomson, Heinemann Publishers (1895)\nHuttenback, Robert A. \"The Siege of Chitral and the “Breach of Faith Controversy”—The Imperial Factor in Late Victorian Party Politics.\" Journal of British Studies 10.1 (1970): 126-144.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henty, George A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.A._Henty"},{"link_name":"Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.loyalbooks.com/book/Through-Three-Campaigns-by-G-A-Henty"},{"link_name":"35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chitral_Expedition&params=35_53_N_71_48_E_type:city(20000)_region:PK"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_overseas_possessions"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Swally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Swally"},{"link_name":"Ormuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628"},{"link_name":"Pequot War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot_War"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641"},{"link_name":"Confederate War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Acadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Maroon_War"},{"link_name":"1st Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)"},{"link_name":"2nd Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)"},{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Child's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War"},{"link_name":"Williamite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komenda_Wars"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_War"},{"link_name":"Yamasee War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamasee_War"},{"link_name":"Father Rale's War/Dummer's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummer%27s_War"},{"link_name":"War of Jenkins' Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear"},{"link_name":"King George's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Carnatic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Bengal War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Cherokee War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)"},{"link_name":"Pontiac's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Regulator Movement in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"First Carib War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carib_War"},{"link_name":"Rohilkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Rohilla_War"},{"link_name":"Lord Dunmore's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam"},{"link_name":"Australian frontier wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars"},{"link_name":"Nootka Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Cotiote (Wayanad) War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotiote_War"},{"link_name":"Rohilkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Maroon_War"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Kandyan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Anglo-Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Dwyer's guerrilla campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign"},{"link_name":"Polygar Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygar_Wars"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill convict rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Surinam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807"},{"link_name":"Froberg mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froberg_mutiny"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)"},{"link_name":"Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era"},{"link_name":"Spice Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)"},{"link_name":"Xhosa Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_Wars"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819"},{"link_name":"Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Ashanti wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"Black War (Van Diemen's Land)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_War"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_War"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naning_War"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Aden Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Egyptian–Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"First Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton"},{"link_name":"British Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"Eureka Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Åland War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Persian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War"},{"link_name":"Second Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Revolt of Rajab Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali"},{"link_name":"Kagoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima"},{"link_name":"Ambela campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambela_campaign"},{"link_name":"Shimonoseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign"},{"link_name":"Duar War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duar_War"},{"link_name":"Fenian Rebellion in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_raids"},{"link_name":"Abyssinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Zulu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Basutoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War"},{"link_name":"First Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Mahdist War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Egyptian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Burmese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888"},{"link_name":"Mashonaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Column"},{"link_name":"Hunza–Nagar Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Manipur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War"},{"link_name":"Pahang Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Matabele_War"},{"link_name":"North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Chitral Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jameson Raid South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Raid"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Zanzibar War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chimurenga"},{"link_name":"Benin Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897"},{"link_name":"Siege of Malakand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand"},{"link_name":"First Mohmand campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898"},{"link_name":"Tirah 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rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Tochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi"},{"link_name":"Nyasaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussa_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915"},{"link_name":"Mohmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_blockade"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adubi_War"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Waziristan campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Malabar 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Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_revolt"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Falklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2074627#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543459505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064924"}],"text":"Henty, George A (1904). Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti. - historical fiction35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.800vteColonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire17thcentury\nIreland (1593–1603)\nVirginia (1609–46)\nSwally (1612)\nOrmuz (1622)\nSaint Kitts (1626)\nQuebec (1628)\nPequot War (1634–38)\nIrish Rebellion (1641)\nConfederate War (1641–53)\nCromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53)\nAcadia (1654–67)\nAnglo-Spanish War (1654–60)\nJamaica (1655–1739)\n1st Tangier (1662)\n2nd Tangier (1664)\nKing Philip's War (1675–78)\nChild's War (1686–90)\nSiam (1687)\nWilliamite War (1688–91)\nKing William's War (1688–97)\nGhana (1694–1700)\n18thcentury\nQueen Anne's War (1702–13)\nTuscarora War (1711–15)\nYamasee War (1715–17)\nFather Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25)\nWar of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42)\nKing George's War (1744–48)\nCarnatic Wars (1746–63)\nNova Scotia (1749–55)\nFrench and Indian War (1754–63)\nSeven Years' War (1756–63)\nBengal War (1756–65)\nAnglo-Cherokee War (1758–61)\nJamaica (1762)\nAnglo-Spanish War (1762–63)\nPontiac's War (1763–66)\nRegulator Movement in North Carolina (1765–71)\nFirst Carib War (1769–73)\nRohilkhand (1773–74)\nLord Dunmore's War (1774)\nAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–83)\nFirst Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)\nSecond Anglo-Mysore War (1779–84)\nGold Coast (1781–82)\nAssam (1786)\nAustralian frontier wars (1788–1934)\nNootka Sound (1789)\nThird Anglo-Mysore War (1789–92)\nCotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806)\nRohilkhand (1794)\nCape Colony (1795)\nJamaica (1795–96)\nGrenada (1795–96)\nCeylon (1795)\nKandyan Wars (1796–1818)\nIrish Rebellion (1798)\nMalta (1798–1800)\nFourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99)\nDwyer's guerrilla campaign (1799–1803)\nPolygar Wars (1799–1805)\n19thcentury\nNewfoundland (1800)\nSecond Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)\nCastle Hill convict rebellion (1804)\nSurinam (1804)\nCape Colony (1806)\nRío de la Plata (1806–07)\nEgypt (1807)\nFroberg mutiny (1807)\nSanto Domingo (1808–09)\nMartinique (1809)\nPersian Gulf (1809)\nGuadeloupe (1810)\nReunion (1810)\nMauritius (1810)\nSeychelles (1810)\nSpice Islands (1810)\nJava (1810–11)\nXhosa Wars (1811–79)\nUSA (1812–15)\nNepal (1814–16)\nGuadeloupe (1815)\nCape Colony (1815)\nAlgiers (1816)\nThird Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18)\nPersian Gulf (1819)\nGuiana (1823)\nAnglo-Ashanti wars (1824–1901)\nFirst Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)\nBlack War (Van Diemen's Land) (1828–32)\nJamaica (1831–32)\nMalacca (1831–33)\nLower Canada (1837–38)\nUpper Canada (1837–38)\nAden Expedition (1839)\nEgyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)\nFirst Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42)\nFirst Opium War (1839–42)\nNew Zealand Wars (1845–72)\nFirst Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)\nRío de la Plata (1845–50)\nCanton (1847)\nBritish Honduras (1847–1901)\nCeylon (1848)\nSecond Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)\nSecond Anglo-Burmese War (1852)\nEureka Rebellion (1854)\nÅland War (1854–56)\nAnglo-Persian War (1856–57)\nSecond Opium War (1856–60)\nIndian Rebellion (1857–59)\nRevolt of Rajab Ali (1857–58)\nKagoshima (1863)\nAmbela campaign (1863–64)\nShimonoseki (1864)\nDuar War (1864–65)\nFenian Rebellion in Canada (1866–71)\nAbyssinia (1868)\nManitoba (1870)\nPerak (1875–76)\nAnglo-Zulu War (1879)\nSecond Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80)\nBasutoland (1880–81)\nFirst Boer War (1880–81)\nMahdist War (1881–99)\nAnglo-Egyptian War (1882)\nSaskatchewan (1885)\nThird Anglo-Burmese War (1885)\nCentral Africa (1886–89)\nHazara (1888)\nMashonaland (1890)\nHunza–Nagar Campaign (1891)\nAnglo-Manipur War (1891)\nPahang Uprising (1891–1895)\nMatabeleland (1893–94)\nNorth Borneo (1894–1905)\nChitral Expedition (1895)\nJameson Raid South Africa (1896)\nAnglo-Zanzibar War (1896)\nMatabeleland (1896–97)\nBenin Expedition (1897)\nSiege of Malakand (1897)\nFirst Mohmand campaign (1897–98)\nTirah campaign (1897–98)\nSix-Day War (1899)\nBoxer Rebellion (1898–1901)\nSecond Boer War (1899–1902)\n20thcentury\nSomaliland (1900–20)\nWest Africa (1901–02)\nTibet expedition (1903–04)\nBambatha Rebellion (1906)\nMaritz rebellion (1914–15)\nTochi (1914–15)\nNyasaland (1915)\nNigeria (1915)\nPeshawar (1915)\nMohmand (1916–17)\nQuebec (1917)\nNigeria (1918)\nThird Anglo-Afghan War (1919)\nWaziristan campaign (1919–20)\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nMalabar rebellion (1921)\nKurdistan (1922–24)\nTransjordan (1923)\nPink's War (1925)\nIkhwan revolt (1927–30)\nTirah (1930–31)\nBarzani revolt (1931–32)\nSecond Mohmand campaign (1935)\nArab revolt in Palestine (1936–39)\nWaziristan campaign (1936–39)\nEthiopia (1943)\nJewish revolt in Palestine (1944–48)\nIndochina (1945–46)\nIndonesia (1945)\nSarawak (1946–50)\nMalayan Emergency (1948–60)\nMau Mau Uprising Kenya (1952–60)\nOman (1954–59)\nCyprus Emergency (1955–59)\nSuez Crisis (1956)\nOman (1962–76)\nBrunei (1962)\nSarawak (1962–90)\nMalaysia (1962–66)\nAden (1963–67)\nFalklands (1982)Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The British attack the Chitrali mine (illustration from a British book)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Attacking_the_mine_at_Chitral.jpg/170px-Attacking_the_mine_at_Chitral.jpg"},{"image_text":"The routes of the British relief expeditions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chitral_campaign_map.jpg/300px-Chitral_campaign_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"India Medal with Relief of Chitral clasp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IGSChitral.JPG/150px-IGSChitral.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Chitral Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_Fort"},{"title":"Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_Chitral_Expedition"}]	[{"reference":"\"British Intervention in Chitral 1895\". Retrieved 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/chitral1895.htm","url_text":"\"British Intervention in Chitral 1895\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","url_text":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n154","url_text":"110"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 211–216.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fincastle, The Viscount; Eliott-Lockhart, P. C. (2 February 2012). A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898. Andrews UK Limited. p. 55. ISBN 9781781515518.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=sir%2520bindon%2520blood%2520chitral&pg=PA55","url_text":"A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781515518","url_text":"9781781515518"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (1 January 2010). The Story of the Malakand Field Force. Courier Corporation. p. 61. ISBN 9780486474748.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MvB8J_AvbVgC","url_text":"The Story of the Malakand Field Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486474748","url_text":"9780486474748"}]},{"reference":"Raugh, Harold E. (1 January 2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. ISBN 9781576079256.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC","url_text":"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079256","url_text":"9781576079256"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (1 January 1902). The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. Courier Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 9780486447858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wsAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486447858","url_text":"9780486447858"}]},{"reference":"Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 132.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","url_text":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n182","url_text":"132"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. pp. 226–231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. pp. 177–178. Published Spink, London. 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, John (1975). Much Sounding of Bugles: The Siege of Chitral. Hutchinson. p. 231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The London Gazette. T. Neuman. 1 January 1895. p. 4006.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NP9JAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Younghusband, George John; Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1 January 1895). The Relief of Chitral. Macmillan and Company. p. 131.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","url_text":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n181","url_text":"131"}]},{"reference":"Barker, A. J. (1 January 1967). Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend. Cassell. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U2JxAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend"}]},{"reference":"Henty, George A (1904). Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.A._Henty","url_text":"Henty, George A"},{"url":"http://www.loyalbooks.com/book/Through-Three-Campaigns-by-G-A-Henty","url_text":"Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chitral_Expedition&params=35_53_N_71_48_E_type:city(20000)_region:PK","external_links_name":"35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.800"},{"Link":"http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/chitral1895.htm","external_links_name":"\"British Intervention in Chitral 1895\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","external_links_name":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n154","external_links_name":"110"},{"Link":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26644/pages/4017","external_links_name":"Official dispatch of the affair"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=sir%2520bindon%2520blood%2520chitral&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MvB8J_AvbVgC","external_links_name":"The Story of the Malakand Field Force"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC","external_links_name":"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wsAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","external_links_name":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n182","external_links_name":"132"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NP9JAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The London Gazette"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog","external_links_name":"The Relief of Chitral"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reliefchitral01youngoog/page/n181","external_links_name":"131"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U2JxAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Townshend of Kut: a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend"},{"Link":"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/dailylife_drawings/ilnviews/ilnviews.html","external_links_name":"Illustrated London News"},{"Link":"http://www.antiquesatoz.com/stephenherold/nwfrontc.htm","external_links_name":"Northwest Frontier Expeditions 1847 to 1908"},{"Link":"http://www.loyalbooks.com/book/Through-Three-Campaigns-by-G-A-Henty","external_links_name":"Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chitral_Expedition&params=35_53_N_71_48_E_type:city(20000)_region:PK","external_links_name":"35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.800°E / 35.883; 71.800"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543459505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064924","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinene	Pinene	["1 Isomers","2 Biosynthesis","3 Plants","4 Reactions","5 Use","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Oily organic chemical found in plants Pinene Names IUPAC names (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclohept-2-ene (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicycloheptane Identifiers CAS Number (mixture): 1330-16-1 Y(1R-α): 7785-70-8 Y(1S-α): 7785-26-4 Y(1R-β): 19902-08-0 Y(1S-β): 18172-67-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) (mixture): Interactive image ChEBI (mixture): CHEBI:17187(1R-α): CHEBI:28261(1S-α): CHEBI:28660(1S-β): CHEBI:50025 ChemSpider (1R-α): 74205(1S-α): 389795(1R-β): 8466294(1S-β): 14198 ECHA InfoCard 100.029.170 EC Number (1R-α): 232-087-8 PubChem CID (1R-α): 82227(1S-α): 15837102(1R-β): 10290825(1S-β): 440967 UNII (mixture): 996299PUKB Y(1R-α): H6CM4TWH1W Y(1S-α): TZR3GM95PR Y(1R-β): IGO73S04D5 Y(1S-β): AFN153A7SU Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) (mixture): DTXSID7041671 SMILES (mixture): CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C Properties Chemical formula C10H16 Molar mass 136.24 g/mol Appearance Liquid Density 0,86 g·cm−3 (alpha, 15 °C) Melting point −62 to −55 °C (−80 to −67 °F; 211 to 218 K) (alpha) Boiling point 155 to 156 °C (311 to 313 °F; 428 to 429 K) (alpha) Solubility in water Practically insoluble in water Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Pinene is a collection of unsaturated bicyclic monoterpenes. Two geometric isomers of pinene are found in nature, α-pinene and β-pinene. Both are chiral. As the name suggests, pinenes are found in pines. Specifically, pinene is the major component of the liquid extracts of conifers. Pinenes are also found in many non-coniferous plants such as camphorweed (Heterotheca) and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Isomers skeletal formula perspective view X X ball-and-stick model X X name (1R)-(+)-α-pinene (1S)-(−)-α-pinene (1R)-(+)-β-pinene (1S)-(−)-β-pinene CAS number 7785-70-8 7785-26-4 19902-08-0 18172-67-3 Biosynthesis α-Pinene and β-pinene are both produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Joint BioEnergy Institute have been able to synthetically produce pinene with a bacterium. Biosynthesis of pinene from geranyl pyrophosphate Plants Alpha-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature and is highly repellent to insects. Alpha-pinene appears in conifers and numerous other plants. Pinene is a major component of the essential oils of Sideritis spp. (ironwort) and Salvia spp. (sage). Cannabis also contains alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Resin from Pistacia terebinthus (commonly known as terebinth or turpentine tree) is rich in pinene. Pine nuts produced by pine trees contain pinene. Makrut lime fruit peel contains an essential oil comparable to lime fruit peel oil; its main components are limonene and β-pinene. The racemic mixture of the two forms of pinene is found in some oils like eucalyptus oil. Reactions β-Pinene can be converted to α-pinene in the presence of strong bases. Selective oxidation of pinene occurs at the allylic position to give verbenone, along with pinene oxide, as well as verbenol and its hydroperoxide. Pinene left verbenone right Hydrogenation of pinene gives pinane, precursor to a useful pinanehydroperoxide. The hydroboration of α-pinene has been extensively examined. With borane-dimethylsulfide, two equivalents of α-pinene react to give (diisopinocampheyl)borane. Reaction with 9-BBN gives the reagent called alpine borane. This sterically crowded chiral trialkylborane can stereoselectively reduce aldehydes in what is known as the Midland Alpine borane reduction. Use Pinenes, especially α, are the primary constituents of turpentine, a nature-derived solvent and fuel. The use of pinene as a biofuel in spark ignition engines has been explored. Pinene dimers have been shown to have heating values comparable to the jet fuel JP-10. References ^ a b c Record of alpha-Pinen in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 07-January-2016. ^ Record of beta-Pinen in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 07-January-2016. ^ a b Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (2000). "Turpentines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. ISBN 3527306730. ^ Lincoln DE, Lawrence BM (1984). "The Volatile Constituents of Camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris". Phytochemistry. 23 (4): 933–934. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85073-6. ^ a b Sarria S, Wong B, Martín HG, Keasling JD, Peralta-Yahya P (2014). "Microbial Synthesis of Pinene". ACS Synthetic Biology. 3 (7): 466–475. doi:10.1021/sb4001382. PMID 24679043. ^ Noma Y, Asakawa Y (2010). "Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals". In Baser KH, Buchbauer G (eds.). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 585–736. ISBN 9780429155666. ^ Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010). "Repellent activity of essential oils: a review". Bioresour Technol. 101 (1): 372–378. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048. PMID 19729299. ^ a b c Russo EB (2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (7): 1344–1364. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. PMC 3165946. PMID 21749363. ^ Köse EO, Deniz İG, Sarıkürkçü C, Aktaş Ö, Yavuz M (2010). "Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. and Heldr. (var. erythrantha and var. cedretorum P.H. Davis) endemic in Turkey". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (10): 2960–2965. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.033. PMID 20670669. ^ Özek G, Demirci F, Özek T, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Khan SI, et al. (2010). "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity". Journal of Chromatography A. 1217 (5): 741–748. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.086. PMID 20015509. ^ Hillig KW (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation in Cannabis". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 32 (10): 875–891. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.04.004. ^ Kasuan N (2013). "Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds" (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 17 (3): 359–369. ^ "alpha-Pinene - Compound Summary". PubChem. NCBI. Retrieved 14 Nov 2017. ^ Charles A. Brown, Prabhakav K. Jadhav (1987). "(a)-b-PINENE BY ISOMERIZATION OF (B)-b-PINENE". Organic Syntheses. 65: 224. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.065.0224. ^ Neuenschwander U, Guignard F, Hermans I (2010). "Mechanism of the Aerobic Oxidation of α-Pinene". ChemSusChem (in German). 3 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1002/cssc.200900228. PMID 20017184. ^ Mark R. Sivik, Kenetha J. Stanton, Leo A. Paquette (1995). "(1R,5R)-(+)-Verbenone of High Optical Purity". Organic Syntheses. 72: 57. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.072.0057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Abbott, Jason; Allais, Christophe; Roush, William R. (2015). "Preparation of Crystalline (Diisopinocampheyl)borane". Organic Syntheses. 92: 26–37. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.092.0026. ^ M. Mark Midland "B-3-Pinanyl-9-borabicyclononane" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2001 John Wiley, New York.doi:10.1002/047084289X.rp173 ^ Raman V, Sivasankaralingam V, Dibble R, Sarathy SM (2016). "α-Pinene - A High Energy Density Biofuel for SI Engine Applications". SAE Technical Paper. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/2016-01-2171. Bibliography Mann, J.; Davidson, R. S.; Hobbs, J. B.; Banthorpe, D. V.; Harborne, J. B. (1994). Natural Products. Harlow, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. pp. 309–311. ISBN 978-0-582-06009-8.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoterpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpene"},{"link_name":"isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer"},{"link_name":"α-pinene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-pinene"},{"link_name":"β-pinene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-pinene"},{"link_name":"pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pines"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terp-3"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"Heterotheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotheca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Artemisia tridentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata"}],"text":"Chemical compoundPinene is a collection of unsaturated bicyclic monoterpenes. Two geometric isomers of pinene are found in nature, α-pinene and β-pinene. Both are chiral. As the name suggests, pinenes are found in pines. Specifically, pinene is the major component of the liquid extracts of conifers.[3] Pinenes are also found in many non-coniferous plants such as camphorweed (Heterotheca)[4] and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).","title":"Pinene"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Isomers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geranyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"linaloyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinene_biosynthesis_en.svg"}],"text":"α-Pinene and β-pinene are both produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Joint BioEnergy Institute have been able to synthetically produce pinene with a bacterium.[5]Biosynthesis of pinene from geranyl pyrophosphate","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha-pinene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-pinene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noma2010-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerio2010-7"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo2011-8"},{"link_name":"Sideritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideritis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Salvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo2011-8"},{"link_name":"beta-pinene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Pinene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pistacia terebinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistacia_terebinthus"},{"link_name":"Pine nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_nuts"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo2011-8"},{"link_name":"Makrut lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffir_lime"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kasuan-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Alpha-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature[6] and is highly repellent to insects.[7]Alpha-pinene appears in conifers and numerous other plants.[8] Pinene is a major component of the essential oils of Sideritis spp. (ironwort)[9] and\nSalvia spp. (sage).[10] Cannabis also contains alpha-pinene[8] and beta-pinene.[11] Resin from Pistacia terebinthus (commonly known as terebinth or turpentine tree) is rich in pinene. Pine nuts produced by pine trees contain pinene.[8]Makrut lime fruit peel contains an essential oil comparable to lime fruit peel oil; its main components are limonene and β-pinene.[12]The racemic mixture of the two forms of pinene is found in some oils like eucalyptus oil.[13]","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"verbenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenone"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verbenone_by_oxidation_of_pinene.png"},{"link_name":"Hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"pinane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinane"},{"link_name":"hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"link_name":"hydroboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroboration"},{"link_name":"borane-dimethylsulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane-dimethylsulfide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"9-BBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane"},{"link_name":"alpine borane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_borane"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"stereoselectively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselective"},{"link_name":"Midland Alpine borane reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Alpine_borane_reduction"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"β-Pinene can be converted to α-pinene in the presence of strong bases.[14]Selective oxidation of pinene occurs at the allylic position to give verbenone, along with pinene oxide, as well as verbenol and its hydroperoxide.[15][16]Pinene left verbenone rightHydrogenation of pinene gives pinane, precursor to a useful pinanehydroperoxide.The hydroboration of α-pinene has been extensively examined. With borane-dimethylsulfide, two equivalents of α-pinene react to give (diisopinocampheyl)borane.[17] Reaction with 9-BBN gives the reagent called alpine borane. This sterically crowded chiral trialkylborane can stereoselectively reduce aldehydes in what is known as the Midland Alpine borane reduction.[18]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terp-3"},{"link_name":"spark ignition engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_engine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"dimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"jet fuel JP-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP-10_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Pinenes, especially α, are the primary constituents of turpentine, a nature-derived solvent and fuel.[3]The use of pinene as a biofuel in spark ignition engines has been explored.[19] Pinene dimers have been shown to have heating values comparable to the jet fuel JP-10.[5]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780582060098/page/309"},{"link_name":"309–311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780582060098/page/309"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-582-06009-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06009-8"}],"text":"Mann, J.; Davidson, R. S.; Hobbs, J. B.; Banthorpe, D. V.; Harborne, J. B. (1994). Natural Products. Harlow, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. pp. 309–311. ISBN 978-0-582-06009-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Biosynthesis of pinene from geranyl pyrophosphate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pinene_biosynthesis_en.svg/600px-Pinene_biosynthesis_en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pinene left verbenone right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Verbenone_by_oxidation_of_pinene.png/250px-Verbenone_by_oxidation_of_pinene.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (2000). \"Turpentines\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. 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Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (10): 2960–2965. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.033. PMID 20670669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fct.2010.07.033","url_text":"10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20670669","url_text":"20670669"}]},{"reference":"Özek G, Demirci F, Özek T, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Khan SI, et al. (2010). \"Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity\". Journal of Chromatography A. 1217 (5): 741–748. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.086. PMID 20015509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2009.11.086","url_text":"10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20015509","url_text":"20015509"}]},{"reference":"Hillig KW (2004). \"A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation in Cannabis\". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 32 (10): 875–891. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.04.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bse.2004.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.bse.2004.04.004"}]},{"reference":"Kasuan N (2013). \"Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds\" (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 17 (3): 359–369.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v17_n3/Nurhani.pdf","url_text":"\"Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) Essential Oil Using Automated Steam Distillation Process: Analysis of Volatile Compounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"alpha-Pinene - Compound Summary\". PubChem. NCBI. Retrieved 14 Nov 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/alpha-pinene#section=Top","url_text":"\"alpha-Pinene - Compound Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information","url_text":"NCBI"}]},{"reference":"Charles A. Brown, Prabhakav K. Jadhav (1987). \"(a)-b-PINENE BY ISOMERIZATION OF (B)-b-PINENE\". Organic Syntheses. 65: 224. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.065.0224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.065.0224","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.065.0224"}]},{"reference":"Neuenschwander U, Guignard F, Hermans I (2010). \"Mechanism of the Aerobic Oxidation of α-Pinene\". ChemSusChem (in German). 3 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1002/cssc.200900228. PMID 20017184.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcssc.200900228","url_text":"\"Mechanism of the Aerobic Oxidation of α-Pinene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcssc.200900228","url_text":"10.1002/cssc.200900228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20017184","url_text":"20017184"}]},{"reference":"Mark R. Sivik, Kenetha J. Stanton, Leo A. Paquette (1995). \"(1R,5R)-(+)-Verbenone of High Optical Purity\". Organic Syntheses. 72: 57. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.072.0057.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.072.0057","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.072.0057"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Jason; Allais, Christophe; Roush, William R. (2015). \"Preparation of Crystalline (Diisopinocampheyl)borane\". Organic Syntheses. 92: 26–37. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.092.0026.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.092.0026","url_text":"\"Preparation of Crystalline (Diisopinocampheyl)borane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.092.0026","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.092.0026"}]},{"reference":"Raman V, Sivasankaralingam V, Dibble R, Sarathy SM (2016). \"α-Pinene - A High Energy Density Biofuel for SI Engine Applications\". SAE Technical Paper. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/2016-01-2171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2016-01-2171","url_text":"10.4271/2016-01-2171"}]},{"reference":"Mann, J.; Davidson, R. S.; Hobbs, J. B.; Banthorpe, D. V.; Harborne, J. B. (1994). Natural Products. Harlow, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. pp. 309–311. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Conru	Andrew Conru	["1 Education and early career","2 FriendFinder","3 Compute.org","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American internet businessman This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andrew ConruNationalityAmericanEducationRose-Hulman Institute of TechnologyOccupationBusinessmanTitleCEO, FriendFinder Networks Inc.Websiteconru.com Andrew Conru is an American internet businessman who has founded e-commerce, advertising, online dating, and personal ad sites including W3, AdKnowledge, WebPersonals, FriendFinder, and Adult FriendFinder. He is the CEO of FriendFinder Networks Inc. Education and early career Conru grew up in northwestern Indiana and attended Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, earning undergraduate degrees in economics and chemical engineering. In 1991, he went to Stanford, receiving a doctorate in mechanical engineering. While there, he founded W3.com, an early interactive website development firm that was the first company to develop commercial software for membership management. The company created PWS (Personal Web Site), an early customized advertising product used by Hewlett-Packard and Egghead Software. In 1997, the company released a product called AdOptimizer Network, the first centralized ad server, which allowed sites to manage advertising across a network of sites. He also founded Adknowledge, a web-based banner advertising company. In 1994, Conru founded WebPersonals.com. Considered to be one of the first internet dating sites, Conru sold the company in 1995. FriendFinder In 1996, he launched FriendFinder.com, an early social networking site. Days after the site went live, Conru found that members were posting nude photos pictures of themselves and using the site to seek out partners for adult activities. As a result, Conru started Adult FriendFinder, followed by other niche dating sites, including Senior FriendFinder, Amigos.com, BigChurch.com, and Alt.com. By 2007, the websites had 260 million registered members combined, more than 500,000 affiliates and 450 employees. In December 2007, Conru sold the company to Penthouse Media Group for $500 million, much of which came in the form of IOUs. Penthouse later changed its name to FriendFinder Networks. On September 17, 2013, FriendFinder Networks Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In December 2013, as the company emerged from bankruptcy protection, Conru once again gained control of the company, and is its CEO. Compute.org In 2010, Conru launched the non-profit foundation Compute.org, which awards internet and software startups with grants in amounts of $50,000–100,000. One startup that has been awarded is CityRoof.org, a social network for homeless people that helps the homeless connect with necessary resources. In 2014, he delivered the keynote address at AVN Internext Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada. See also Locals References ^ a b "Hooking Up the World". XBIZ.com. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Investors spurn profitable, risque Web site". Azstarnet.com. 2006-11-12. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ Denton Jr., Robert E., ed. (2000). Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron? - Google Books. ISBN 9780275964825. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Web 2.0 Conference". Web2con.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Ad Management Tool Helps Determine Roi \| News - Advertising Age". Adage.com. 1996-09-30. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "W3.Com unveils new product \| News - Advertising Age". Adage.com. 1997-03-25. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ Loughane, E. (February 2005). Net Success Interviews - E. Loughane - Google Books. ISBN 9781411626980. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Andrew Conru Interview". Lovesites. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ Stein, Joel (2007-03-30). "Social networking's dirty side - April 1, 2007". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "The Accidental 'Friend' Finder - Online Personals Watch: News on the Dating Industry and Business". Online Personals Watch. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Sex firms mine riches in Web niches - today > tech". TODAY.com. 2002-09-29. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ a b Stein, Joel (2007-03-30). "Social networking's dirty side - April 1, 2007". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Penthouse buys AdultFriendFinder owner". Reuters. 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ Duncan Riley (2007-12-11). "Confirmed: Penthouse Buys AdultFriendFinder For $500 Million". Techcrunch. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-08. ^ "Business & Technology \| Sex-site IPO to pay Seattle man's IOU \| Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.com. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Penthouse publisher FriendFinder files for bankruptcy protection - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2014-06-10. ^ Valinsky, Jordan. "AdultFriendFinder Totally F*cked". Betabeat. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ Beaudette, Marie (September 17, 2013). "Penthouse Publisher FriendFinder Files for Bankruptcy Protection". The Wall Street Journal.(subscription required) ^ Bathon, Michael (2013-12-16). "FriendFinder Alters Reorganization Plan to Win Court OK". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2014-06-10. ^ "Update 2-Penthouse publisher FriendFinder files for bankruptcy". Reuters. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "Compute.org looks to bankroll startups with few strings attached - Puget Sound Business Journal". Bizjournals.com. 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "My 'Oops' Moment With Andrew Conru". Online Persals Watch. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "AVN - FriendFinder CEO Andrew Conru to Deliver Internext Keynote". Business.avn.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adult FriendFinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_FriendFinder"},{"link_name":"FriendFinder Networks Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFinder_Networks_Inc."}],"text":"Andrew Conru is an American internet businessman who has founded e-commerce, advertising, online dating, and personal ad sites including W3, AdKnowledge, WebPersonals, FriendFinder, and Adult FriendFinder. He is the CEO of FriendFinder Networks Inc.","title":"Andrew Conru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-Hulman_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XBIZ-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XBIZ-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"banner advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Conru grew up in northwestern Indiana and attended Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, earning undergraduate degrees in economics and chemical engineering.[1] In 1991, he went to Stanford, receiving a doctorate in mechanical engineering.[2]While there, he founded W3.com, an early interactive website development firm that was the first company to develop commercial software for membership management.[3][4] The company created PWS (Personal Web Site), an early customized advertising product used by Hewlett-Packard and Egghead Software.[5] In 1997, the company released a product called AdOptimizer Network, the first centralized ad server, which allowed sites to manage advertising across a network of sites.[1][6] He also founded Adknowledge, a web-based banner advertising company.[7] In 1994, Conru founded WebPersonals.com.[8] Considered to be one of the first internet dating sites, Conru sold the company in 1995.[9]","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Penthouse Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"IOUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOU"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"FriendFinder Networks Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFinder_Networks_Inc."},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy_protection"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1996, he launched FriendFinder.com, an early social networking site.[10] Days after the site went live, Conru found that members were posting nude photos pictures of themselves and using the site to seek out partners for adult activities.[11] As a result, Conru started Adult FriendFinder, followed by other niche dating sites, including Senior FriendFinder, Amigos.com, BigChurch.com, and Alt.com.[12] By 2007, the websites had 260 million registered members combined, more than 500,000 affiliates and 450 employees.[12][13]In December 2007, Conru sold the company to Penthouse Media Group for $500 million, much of which came in the form of IOUs.[14][15] Penthouse later changed its name to FriendFinder Networks.[16] On September 17, 2013, FriendFinder Networks Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[17][18] In December 2013, as the company emerged from bankruptcy protection, Conru once again gained control of the company, and is its CEO.[19][20]","title":"FriendFinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"AVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 2010, Conru launched the non-profit foundation Compute.org, which awards internet and software startups with grants in amounts of $50,000–100,000.[21] One startup that has been awarded is CityRoof.org, a social network for homeless people that helps the homeless connect with necessary resources.[22]In 2014, he delivered the keynote address at AVN Internext Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada.[23]","title":"Compute.org"}]	[]	[{"title":"Locals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locals"}]	[{"reference":"\"Hooking Up the World\". XBIZ.com. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xbiz.com/articles/18715","url_text":"\"Hooking Up the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investors spurn profitable, risque Web site\". Azstarnet.com. 2006-11-12. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://azstarnet.com/business/national-and-international/investors-spurn-profitable-risque-web-site/article_d22c5b44-1b1d-554e-ae55-ca681731e420.html","url_text":"\"Investors spurn profitable, risque Web site\""}]},{"reference":"Denton Jr., Robert E., ed. (2000). Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron? - Google Books. ISBN 9780275964825. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y24Xl59LZzgC&q=w3.com+conru&pg=PA214","url_text":"Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron? - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275964825","url_text":"9780275964825"}]},{"reference":"\"Web 2.0 Conference\". Web2con.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.web2con.com/cs/web2con/view/e_spkr/1985","url_text":"\"Web 2.0 Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ad Management Tool Helps Determine Roi \| News - Advertising Age\". Adage.com. 1996-09-30. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/news/ad-management-tool-helps-determine-roi/77571/","url_text":"\"Ad Management Tool Helps Determine Roi \| News - Advertising Age\""}]},{"reference":"\"W3.Com unveils new product \| News - Advertising Age\". Adage.com. 1997-03-25. 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Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/04/01/8403370/index.htm?postversion=2007033013","url_text":"\"Social networking's dirty side - April 1, 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Accidental 'Friend' Finder - Online Personals Watch: News on the Dating Industry and Business\". Online Personals Watch. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlinepersonalswatch.com/news/2007/03/the_accidental_.html","url_text":"\"The Accidental 'Friend' Finder - Online Personals Watch: News on the Dating Industry and Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sex firms mine riches in Web niches - today > tech\". TODAY.com. 2002-09-29. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.today.com/id/3078722/ns/today-today_tech/t/sex-firmsmine-riches-web-niches/#.U5mX1YXr2GI","url_text":"\"Sex firms mine riches in Web niches - today > tech\""}]},{"reference":"Stein, Joel (2007-03-30). \"Social networking's dirty side - April 1, 2007\". 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Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/FriendFinder-CEO-Andrew-Conru-to-Deliver-Internext-Keynote-540089.html","url_text":"\"AVN - FriendFinder CEO Andrew Conru to Deliver Internext Keynote\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Conru&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://conru.com/","external_links_name":"conru.com"},{"Link":"http://www.xbiz.com/articles/18715","external_links_name":"\"Hooking Up the World\""},{"Link":"http://azstarnet.com/business/national-and-international/investors-spurn-profitable-risque-web-site/article_d22c5b44-1b1d-554e-ae55-ca681731e420.html","external_links_name":"\"Investors spurn profitable, risque Web site\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y24Xl59LZzgC&q=w3.com+conru&pg=PA214","external_links_name":"Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron? - Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.web2con.com/cs/web2con/view/e_spkr/1985","external_links_name":"\"Web 2.0 Conference\""},{"Link":"http://adage.com/article/news/ad-management-tool-helps-determine-roi/77571/","external_links_name":"\"Ad Management Tool Helps Determine Roi \| News - Advertising Age\""},{"Link":"http://adage.com/article/news/w3-unveils-product/3279/","external_links_name":"\"W3.Com unveils new product \| News - Advertising Age\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QiuJlGtVjM0C&q=andrew+conru+Adknowledge&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"Net Success Interviews - E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippomorpha	Whippomorpha	["1 Etymology","2 Ecology","2.1 Distribution","2.2 Behaviour","2.3 Reproduction","3 Taxonomy and phylogeny","4 Evolution","5 Anatomy","6 Relationship with humans","7 References"]	Suborder of mammals Not to be confused with Hippomorpha. WhippomorphaTemporal range: Early Eocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Clade: Cetancodontamorpha Suborder: WhippomorphaWaddell et al. 1999 Subgroups Ancodonta Cetaceamorpha †Raoellidae Cetacea Whippomorpha or Cetancodonta is a group of artiodactyls that contains all living cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc.) and hippopotamuses. All Whippomorphs are descendants of the last common ancestor of Hippopotamus amphibius and Tursiops truncatus. This makes it a crown group. Whippomorpha is a suborder within the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). The placement of Whippomorpha within Artiodactyla is a matter of some contention, as hippopotamuses were previously considered to be more closely related to Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries). Most contemporary scientific phylogenetic and morphological research studies link hippopotamuses with cetaceans, and genetic evidence has overwhelmingly supported an evolutionary relationship between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea. Modern Whippomorphs all share a number of behavioural and physiological traits; such as a dense layer of subcutaneous fat and largely hairless bodies. They exhibit amphibious and aquatic behaviors and possess similar auditory structures. Whippomorpha is a subgroup of Cetancodontamorpha, which also includes the extinct entelodonts and Andrewsarchus. Etymology The name Whippomorpha is a combination of English (wh + hippo) and Greek (μορφή, morphē = form). Some attempts have been made to rename the suborder Cetancodonta, due to the misleading utilization of the suffix -morpha for a crown group, as well as the risk of confusion with the clade Hippomorpha (which consists of equid perissodactyls); however Whippomorpha maintains precedence. Ecology Distribution Modern Whippomorphs are widely distributed. Cetaceans can be found in almost all of the world's marine habitats, and some species, like the blue whale and humpback whale, have migratory ranges that comprise nearly the entire ocean. These whales typically migrate on a seasonal basis, moving to warmer waters to give birth and raise young before travelling to cooler waters with more optimal feeding grounds. Other cetacean species have smaller ranges that are concentrated around either tropical or subtropical waters. Some cetaceans live exclusively within a single marine body, such as the narwhal, whose range is limited to the Arctic Ocean. By comparison, modern hippopotamuses are confined entirely to the African continent. Despite once being widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia Hippos are now considered vulnerable and are limited to the lakes, rivers and wetlands of southern Africa. Behaviour A hippopotamus surfacing to breathe Both whales and hippos must surface to breathe. This can pose problems for sleeping Whippomorphs. Cetaceans overcome this problem by unihemispheric sleep, meaning they rest one side of their brain at a time, allowing them to swim and surface during rest periods. Hippopotamuses surface to breathe every three to five minutes, a process that is partially subconscious, allowing them to do it whilst sleeping. Both whales and hippos exhibit symbiotic relationships with smaller fish, which they use as cleaning stations, allowing the smaller organisms to feed on parasites that enter the creature's mouth. Hippos are herbivores; normally their diet consists entirely of short grasses that they graze on. Some hippos have been observed consuming animals such as zebra and even other hippo carcasses. A hippo normally spends up to five hours a day grazing. They normally feed only on land, though occasional consumption of aquatic vegetation has been observed. By contrast, cetaceans are all carnivores, feeding on fish and marine invertebrates, with some species feeding on larger mammals and birds (such as seals and penguins). Reproduction All whippomorphs are placental mammals, meaning that embryos are fed by the placenta, which draws nutrients from the mother's body. They are k-selected organisms, producing a limited number of offspring, but with a high rate of survival. A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with her calf Hippos reach sexual maturity at six years of age and have a gestation period of approximately eight months. Mating typically occurs in the water. Female hippopotamuses isolate themselves for two weeks prior to giving birth. The birthing process also takes place underwater, meaning calves must swim to the surface in order to breathe for the first time. Hippopotamus calves suckle on land. Cetaceans generally reach sexual maturity around 10 years of age, and have a gestation period of around 12 months. Cetaceans give birth to well-developed calves, like hippopotamuses. When suckling, the mother splashes milk into the calves' mouth, as they have no lips. Taxonomy and phylogeny Whippomorpha is a suborder located within the Order Artiodactyla, and the clade Cetancodontamorpha. It contains the clades Hippopotamoidea (ancestors of hippopotamuses) and Cetaceamorpha (ancestors of whales and dolphins). Whippomorpha is considered a sister clade to Ruminantia (which contains cattle, sheep and deer), as well as the extinct Raoellidae. Hippopotamoidea was formerly included to Suiformes with Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries). Most of the evidence supporting the Whippomorpha clade is based on molecular or genetic analysis. Early support for the existence of a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade originated from analysis of the molecular composition of a blood-clotting protein γ-fibrinogen taken from whales and hippopotamuses. Later studies obtained findings that indicated almost 11,000 orthologous genes between cetaceans and hippopotamuses, in addition to numerous positive indicators of a shared evolutionary history between cetaceans and hippopotamuses. Furthermore, some genetic sequences have been found in both whales and hippopotamuses that are not present in the genomes of other mammals. This would indicate that these groups share ancestry. Whippomorpha's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram: Artiodactyla Tylopoda (camels) Artiofabula Suina (pigs) Cetruminantia Ruminantia (ruminants) Cetancodonta/Whippomorpha Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses) Cetacea (whales) Evolution Main article: Evolution of Cetaceans Cladogram showing Whippomorpha within Artiodactylamorpha: Whippomorpha consists of the clades labeled Hippopotamoidea and Cetaceamorpha.It is unknown whether the last common ancestor of whales and hippos led an aquatic, semiaquatic/amphibious, or terrestrial lifestyle. Therefore, it is a matter of contention whether the aquatic traits of both hippopotamuses and cetaceans are linked or the product of convergent evolution. Recent findings seem to indicate that the latter is more likely. Whippomorpha diverged from other Cetartiodactyls approximately 59 Myr, whilst whales diverged from hippos approximately 55 Myr. The first branch contained ancestors of Cetacea; semi-aquatic protowhales such as Pakicetus in the group Archaeoceti, which developed into the exclusively aquatic ancestors of modern cetaceans. One evolutionarily significant whale ancestor was the raoellid Indohyus, which was a Himalayas-dwelling, digitgrade omnivore roughly the size of a raccoon. It was not an adept swimmer, although it was thought to have spent considerable periods of time wading in shallow water. This would have been assisted by its heavy bones, providing stability. Indohyus was likely to have a diet at least partially based on aquatic foraging. Evidence for this includes the fact that the tooth enamel of Indohyus was considerably less worn than would be expected for an animal with an exclusively terrestrial diet. One of the most crucial facets of the discovery of Indohyus was the presence of a thickened auditory bulla, otherwise known as an involucrum. This discovery was significant as the involucrum was a morphology thought previously to be exclusive to cetaceans, a synapomorphy. This feature irrefutably linked cetaceans to raoellids. An interpretation of Pakicetus It is thought that early whales such as Nalacetus and Pakicetus were restricted to freshwater environments, as modern hippopotamuses are. The later Ambulocetus, was likely to have lived a much more aquatic lifestyle, with shorter legs and paddle-like hands and feet. It also likely represented a transitional organism from freshwater to seawater, as the isotopic analysis of the bones and teeth of Ambulocetus indicate that it inhabited estuaries. The second branch of Whippomorpha is thought to have developed into the Anthracotheriidae family, who were the putative ancestors of modern hippopotamuses. The sediments in which anthracotheriid fossils have been fossilized indicate that they were at least partially amphibious, whilst the jaw structure of fossils of select species, particularly Anthracotherium, seem to indicate that it was an ancestral form of modern hippopotamuses. These findings somewhat explain the once confusing paleontological age gap that existed as a major piece of evidence against an evolutionary link between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea. Previously, the oldest known cetacean fossils were approximately 50 Myr, while the earliest known hippopotamus fossils were around 15 Myr. The sum of the fossil knowledge indicates that whales and hippopotamuses developed amphibious and aquatic traits independently from one another, but that the features developed by their shared ancestors created pathways to the development of said adaptations. Thus the large difference in time between the discovery of cetacean and hippopotamid fossils is explained by the fact that hippos simply developed their semi-aquatic adaptations at a much later time than their cetacean cousins. Anatomy Top: Skeleton of an adult and calf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Bottom: A blue whale calf (Balaenoptera musculus) All members of the suborder Whippomorpha share some anatomical similarities. Hippopotamus stomachs are multi-chambered as with all ruminants; however, they do not regurgitate food. Instead, the hippopotamus stomach contains two preliminary chambers, which acts similarly to a compost bin, allowing foodstuffs to ferment before entering the animal's main stomach. All whale species possess similar stomach structures. Additionally, both animals bear single-lobed lungs (similar to other aquatic mammals), which allow to be filled with air more rapidly. This is a critical adaptation for both amphibious and aquatic organisms, as it reduces the frequency of dangerous trips to the water surface, where such organisms are more vulnerable to predation. Hippos’ bodies contain a layer of dense fat, reminiscent of a whales’ blubber, and situated between skin and muscle. Hippos and whales both possess thick bones, which aid in rapid descent into water, have minimal hair (to aid in hydrodynamics) and a lack of sweat glands. Webbing is also present between the toes of hippopotamuses; a more land-suitable version of a whale's flippers. Hippos possess unique hind-limb musculature that provides them with powerful propulsion capabilities, rather than fine-tuned control. These features are characteristic of other ungulates. There is strong resemblance between the dentition of primitive cetaceans and primitive ungulates, which seemingly cements the position of Cetacea within Artiodactyla. In addition, both Cetaceans and Artiodactyls possess two distinct components in their ears, the involucrum and sigmoid process. Similar features are considered responsible for the ability of cetaceans to hear underwater. The skeletons of prehistoric whales also contain uniquely shaped ankle bones, including a double-pulley system found only in even-toed ungulates and crucially not present in odd-toed ungulates. Both hippos and whales have an unusually large and strangely shaped larynx, which enables the booming calls of whales underwater and the unique noises produced by hippos to communicate while submerged. Relationship with humans Whippomorphs have always had complex cultural and social relationships with humans. Hippopotamuses have a reputation for extreme aggression towards humans. Hippos are incredibly territorial and protective of their young, and are the deadliest mammal in Africa, killing between two and three thousand people each year. Despite this, hippos remain popular zoo animals and a recognizable species in popular culture. Hippos were hunted by ancient humans for food and sport. In Ancient Egypt, hippos were recognized as dangerous inhabitants of the river Nile, and a red hippo was the symbol of the god Set. The biblical Behemoth is thought to be based on or inspired by the hippo. Hippopotamuses face a number of threats from humans. Common hippopotamuses are classed as vulnerable, and are subject to habitat destruction as a result of agriculture, water management, climate change and development of housing and urban areas. Pygmy hippopotamuses are considered endangered, with less than three thousand individuals in the wild. The few surviving pygmy hippopotamuses occupy a much smaller habitat area in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Ivory Coast. They face threats from mining and quarrying, hunting, poaching, and logging. Two monsters of biblical legend: Behemoth (top); thought to be inspired by the hippopotamus, and Leviathan (bottom); thought to be inspired by whales Cetaceans have also had an extensive history with humans. The primary threats to cetaceans are direct danger (from whaling), and indirect damage to whale habitats (through pollution and overfishing). Commercial shipping, petroleum drilling and coastal development can disrupt cetacean habitats. Thousands of cetaceans are affected by bycatching every year. Some evidence also exists that human-generated sound may account for increases in the rate of cetacean strandings. Whales were inspirations for many mythical creatures, including the Leviathan, which was interestingly associated with the Behemoth. Dolphins are mentioned in historical literature far more frequently than whales. Stories of dolphins typically include them playing a role in helping shipwrecked sailors or guiding lost ships. In the 20th century, perceptions of whales changed, and now tourism for the purposes of whale-watching has become very popular. Cetaceans are revered for their immense size, intelligent and playful dispositions, displays of speed in water, and contributions to scientific research. Whales have been kept in captivity by humans for research and entertainment for centuries. Particularly popular are killer whales. Conservation and animal rights organizations have been vehemently opposed to the captivity of these cetaceans. It is common for captive killer whales to display aggression towards other whales and their trainers. Bottlenose dolphins are also popular, due to their friendly behavior. They also fare better in captivity than other cetaceans. References ^ Joeckel, R. M. (1990). "A functional interpretation of the masticatory system and paleoecology of entelodonts". Paleobiology. 16 (4): 459–482. Bibcode:1990Pbio...16..459J. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010198. 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Proceedings of the Seventh ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems - WUWNet '12. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 1. doi:10.1145/2398936.2398949. ISBN 978-1-4503-1773-3. S2CID 30035540. Taxon identifiersWhippomorpha Wikidata: Q7993757 Wikispecies: Whippomorpha NCBI: 2653789 Open Tree of Life: 7655791 Paleobiology Database: 71831	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hippomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomorpha"},{"link_name":"artiodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamus amphibius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus_amphibius"},{"link_name":"Tursiops truncatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waddell-2"},{"link_name":"suborder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder"},{"link_name":"Artiodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla"},{"link_name":"Suidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidae"},{"link_name":"Tayassuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayassuidae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetic evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_analysis"},{"link_name":"evolutionary relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"behavioural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_ecology"},{"link_name":"physiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue"},{"link_name":"auditory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing"},{"link_name":"Cetancodontamorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetancodontamorpha"},{"link_name":"entelodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entelodonts"},{"link_name":"Andrewsarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrewsarchus"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hippomorpha.Whippomorpha or Cetancodonta is a group of artiodactyls that contains all living cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc.) and hippopotamuses.[1] All Whippomorphs are descendants of the last common ancestor of Hippopotamus amphibius and Tursiops truncatus. This makes it a crown group.[2] Whippomorpha is a suborder within the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). The placement of Whippomorpha within Artiodactyla is a matter of some contention, as hippopotamuses were previously considered to be more closely related to Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries).[3][4] Most contemporary scientific phylogenetic and morphological research studies link hippopotamuses with cetaceans, and genetic evidence has overwhelmingly supported an evolutionary relationship between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea.[5] Modern Whippomorphs all share a number of behavioural and physiological traits; such as a dense layer of subcutaneous fat and largely hairless bodies. They exhibit amphibious and aquatic behaviors and possess similar auditory structures.Whippomorpha is a subgroup of Cetancodontamorpha, which also includes the extinct entelodonts and Andrewsarchus.","title":"Whippomorpha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waddell-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"equid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidae"},{"link_name":"perissodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"The name Whippomorpha is a combination of English (wh[ale] + hippo[potamus]) and Greek (μορφή, morphē = form).[2] Some attempts have been made to rename the suborder Cetancodonta, due to the misleading utilization of the suffix -morpha for a crown group,[6] as well as the risk of confusion with the clade Hippomorpha (which consists of equid perissodactyls);[7] however Whippomorpha maintains precedence.[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"humpback whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"narwhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhal"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"Modern Whippomorphs are widely distributed. Cetaceans can be found in almost all of the world's marine habitats, and some species, like the blue whale and humpback whale, have migratory ranges that comprise nearly the entire ocean. These whales typically migrate on a seasonal basis, moving to warmer waters to give birth and raise young before travelling to cooler waters with more optimal feeding grounds.[8] Other cetacean species have smaller ranges that are concentrated around either tropical or subtropical waters. Some cetaceans live exclusively within a single marine body, such as the narwhal, whose range is limited to the Arctic Ocean.[9]By comparison, modern hippopotamuses are confined entirely to the African continent. Despite once being widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia[10][11] Hippos are now considered vulnerable and are limited to the lakes, rivers and wetlands of southern Africa.[12]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippopotamus_(_Hippopotamus_amphibius).jpg"},{"link_name":"unihemispheric sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-14"},{"link_name":"seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-18"}],"sub_title":"Behaviour","text":"A hippopotamus surfacing to breatheBoth whales and hippos must surface to breathe. This can pose problems for sleeping Whippomorphs. Cetaceans overcome this problem by unihemispheric sleep, meaning they rest one side of their brain at a time, allowing them to swim and surface during rest periods.[13] Hippopotamuses surface to breathe every three to five minutes, a process that is partially subconscious, allowing them to do it whilst sleeping.[14] Both whales and hippos exhibit symbiotic relationships with smaller fish, which they use as cleaning stations, allowing the smaller organisms to feed on parasites that enter the creature's mouth.[15]Hippos are herbivores; normally their diet consists entirely of short grasses that they graze on. Some hippos have been observed consuming animals such as zebra and even other hippo carcasses.[16][17] A hippo normally spends up to five hours a day grazing. They normally feed only on land, though occasional consumption of aquatic vegetation has been observed.[14] By contrast, cetaceans are all carnivores, feeding on fish and marine invertebrates, with some species feeding on larger mammals and birds (such as seals and penguins).[18]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"placental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta"},{"link_name":"k-selected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/K_selection_theory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIHWNMS_--_Whale_And_Calf_(35991441536).jpg"},{"link_name":"humpback whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"suckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-18"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"All whippomorphs are placental mammals, meaning that embryos are fed by the placenta, which draws nutrients from the mother's body. They are k-selected organisms, producing a limited number of offspring, but with a high rate of survival.[19]A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with her calfHippos reach sexual maturity at six years of age and have a gestation period of approximately eight months. Mating typically occurs in the water. Female hippopotamuses isolate themselves for two weeks prior to giving birth. The birthing process also takes place underwater, meaning calves must swim to the surface in order to breathe for the first time. Hippopotamus calves suckle on land.[citation needed]Cetaceans generally reach sexual maturity around 10 years of age, and have a gestation period of around 12 months. Cetaceans give birth to well-developed calves, like hippopotamuses. When suckling, the mother splashes milk into the calves' mouth, as they have no lips.[18]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetancodontamorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetancodontamorpha"},{"link_name":"sister clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Ruminantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminantia"},{"link_name":"Raoellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoellidae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-20"},{"link_name":"Suiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiformes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"molecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"orthologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthologous"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-23"},{"link_name":"Artiodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-3"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Leary2013-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Song2012-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dos_Reis2012-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upham2019-27"},{"link_name":"Artiodactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla"},{"link_name":"Tylopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopoda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_(Camelus_bactrianus).png"},{"link_name":"Artiofabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiofabula"},{"link_name":"Suina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._80)_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cetruminantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetruminantia"},{"link_name":"Ruminantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminantia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cetacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowhead-Whale1_(16273933365).jpg"}],"text":"Whippomorpha is a suborder located within the Order Artiodactyla, and the clade Cetancodontamorpha. It contains the clades Hippopotamoidea (ancestors of hippopotamuses) and Cetaceamorpha (ancestors of whales and dolphins). Whippomorpha is considered a sister clade to Ruminantia (which contains cattle, sheep and deer), as well as the extinct Raoellidae.[5][20] Hippopotamoidea was formerly included to Suiformes with Suidae (pigs) and Tayassuidae (peccaries).[21]Most of the evidence supporting the Whippomorpha clade is based on molecular or genetic analysis. Early support for the existence of a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade originated from analysis of the molecular composition of a blood-clotting protein γ-fibrinogen taken from whales and hippopotamuses.[22] Later studies obtained findings that indicated almost 11,000 orthologous genes between cetaceans and hippopotamuses, in addition to numerous positive indicators of a shared evolutionary history between cetaceans and hippopotamuses.[5] Furthermore, some genetic sequences have been found in both whales and hippopotamuses that are not present in the genomes of other mammals.[23] This would indicate that these groups share ancestry.Whippomorpha's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:[3][24][25][26][27]Artiodactyla \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTylopoda (camels)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Artiofabula \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Suina (pigs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Cetruminantia \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Ruminantia (ruminants) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n Cetancodonta/Whippomorpha \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Cetacea (whales)","title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla.png"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"link_name":"semiaquatic/amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiaquatic"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Cetartiodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetartiodactyl"},{"link_name":"Myr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"protowhales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans"},{"link_name":"Pakicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakicetus"},{"link_name":"Archaeoceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoceti"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"raoellid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoellidae"},{"link_name":"Indohyus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indohyus"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"digitgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitgrade_locomotion"},{"link_name":"omnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"foraging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-20"},{"link_name":"bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_bulla"},{"link_name":"involucrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involucrum"},{"link_name":"synapomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphy_and_apomorphy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakicetus_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nalacetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalacetus"},{"link_name":"Pakicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakicetus"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"Ambulocetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulocetus"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"isotopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Anthracotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Anthracotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracotherium"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Cladogram showing Whippomorpha within Artiodactylamorpha: Whippomorpha consists of the clades labeled Hippopotamoidea and Cetaceamorpha.It is unknown whether the last common ancestor of whales and hippos led an aquatic, semiaquatic/amphibious, or terrestrial lifestyle. Therefore, it is a matter of contention whether the aquatic traits of both hippopotamuses and cetaceans are linked or the product of convergent evolution. Recent findings seem to indicate that the latter is more likely.[5]Whippomorpha diverged from other Cetartiodactyls approximately 59 Myr, whilst whales diverged from hippos approximately 55 Myr.[5] The first branch contained ancestors of Cetacea; semi-aquatic protowhales such as Pakicetus in the group Archaeoceti, which developed into the exclusively aquatic ancestors of modern cetaceans.[28]One evolutionarily significant whale ancestor was the raoellid Indohyus, which was a Himalayas-dwelling, digitgrade omnivore roughly the size of a raccoon. It was not an adept swimmer, although it was thought to have spent considerable periods of time wading in shallow water. This would have been assisted by its heavy bones, providing stability. Indohyus was likely to have a diet at least partially based on aquatic foraging. Evidence for this includes the fact that the tooth enamel of Indohyus was considerably less worn than would be expected for an animal with an exclusively terrestrial diet.[20] One of the most crucial facets of the discovery of Indohyus was the presence of a thickened auditory bulla, otherwise known as an involucrum. This discovery was significant as the involucrum was a morphology thought previously to be exclusive to cetaceans, a synapomorphy. This feature irrefutably linked cetaceans to raoellids.[20]An interpretation of PakicetusIt is thought that early whales such as Nalacetus and Pakicetus were restricted to freshwater environments, as modern hippopotamuses are.[28] The later Ambulocetus, was likely to have lived a much more aquatic lifestyle, with shorter legs and paddle-like hands and feet. It also likely represented a transitional organism from freshwater to seawater, as the isotopic analysis of the bones and teeth of Ambulocetus indicate that it inhabited estuaries.[29]The second branch of Whippomorpha is thought to have developed into the Anthracotheriidae family, who were the putative ancestors of modern hippopotamuses. The sediments in which anthracotheriid fossils have been fossilized indicate that they were at least partially amphibious, whilst the jaw structure of fossils of select species, particularly Anthracotherium, seem to indicate that it was an ancestral form of modern hippopotamuses.[20]These findings somewhat explain the once confusing paleontological age gap that existed as a major piece of evidence against an evolutionary link between Hippopotamidae and Cetacea. Previously, the oldest known cetacean fossils were approximately 50 Myr, while the earliest known hippopotamus fossils were around 15 Myr.[30] The sum of the fossil knowledge indicates that whales and hippopotamuses developed amphibious and aquatic traits independently from one another, but that the features developed by their shared ancestors created pathways to the development of said adaptations.[31] Thus the large difference in time between the discovery of cetacean and hippopotamid fossils is explained by the fact that hippos simply developed their semi-aquatic adaptations at a much later time than their cetacean cousins.[5]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whippomorph_skeletons.jpg"},{"link_name":"hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"blue whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale"},{"link_name":"stomachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"ruminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant"},{"link_name":"regurgitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)"},{"link_name":"ferment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"blubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blubber"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"hydrodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-31"},{"link_name":"sweat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-31"},{"link_name":"musculature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"involucrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involucrum"},{"link_name":"sigmoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_sinus"},{"link_name":"hear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing"},{"link_name":"ankle bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)"},{"link_name":"odd-toed ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-23"},{"link_name":"larynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx"},{"link_name":"calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_vocalization"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"}],"text":"Top: Skeleton of an adult and calf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Bottom: A blue whale calf (Balaenoptera musculus)All members of the suborder Whippomorpha share some anatomical similarities. Hippopotamus stomachs are multi-chambered as with all ruminants; however, they do not regurgitate food. Instead, the hippopotamus stomach contains two preliminary chambers, which acts similarly to a compost bin, allowing foodstuffs to ferment before entering the animal's main stomach. All whale species possess similar stomach structures. Additionally, both animals bear single-lobed lungs (similar to other aquatic mammals), which allow to be filled with air more rapidly. This is a critical adaptation for both amphibious and aquatic organisms, as it reduces the frequency of dangerous trips to the water surface, where such organisms are more vulnerable to predation.[32]Hippos’ bodies contain a layer of dense fat, reminiscent of a whales’ blubber, and situated between skin and muscle. Hippos and whales both possess thick bones, which aid in rapid descent into water, have minimal hair (to aid in hydrodynamics)[31] and a lack of sweat glands.[33] Webbing is also present between the toes of hippopotamuses; a more land-suitable version of a whale's flippers.[31] Hippos possess unique hind-limb musculature that provides them with powerful propulsion capabilities, rather than fine-tuned control. These features are characteristic of other ungulates.[34]There is strong resemblance between the dentition of primitive cetaceans and primitive ungulates, which seemingly cements the position of Cetacea within Artiodactyla.[22] In addition, both Cetaceans and Artiodactyls possess two distinct components in their ears, the involucrum and sigmoid process. Similar features are considered responsible for the ability of cetaceans to hear underwater. The skeletons of prehistoric whales also contain uniquely shaped ankle bones, including a double-pulley system found only in even-toed ungulates and crucially not present in odd-toed ungulates.[23]Both hippos and whales have an unusually large and strangely shaped larynx, which enables the booming calls of whales underwater and the unique noises produced by hippos to communicate while submerged.[32]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Behemoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behemoth"},{"link_name":"Common hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"water management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Pygmy hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"quarrying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Behemoth-Leviathan.jpg"},{"link_name":"whaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"overfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"petroleum drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"bycatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"cetacean strandings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean_stranding"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan"},{"link_name":"whale-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_watching"},{"link_name":"killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"},{"link_name":"Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"}],"text":"Whippomorphs have always had complex cultural and social relationships with humans. Hippopotamuses have a reputation for extreme aggression towards humans. Hippos are incredibly territorial and protective of their young, and are the deadliest mammal in Africa, killing between two and three thousand people each year.[12] Despite this, hippos remain popular zoo animals and a recognizable species in popular culture. Hippos were hunted by ancient humans for food and sport. In Ancient Egypt, hippos were recognized as dangerous inhabitants of the river Nile, and a red hippo was the symbol of the god Set. The biblical Behemoth is thought to be based on or inspired by the hippo.Hippopotamuses face a number of threats from humans. Common hippopotamuses are classed as vulnerable, and are subject to habitat destruction as a result of agriculture, water management, climate change and development of housing and urban areas.[35] Pygmy hippopotamuses are considered endangered, with less than three thousand individuals in the wild. The few surviving pygmy hippopotamuses occupy a much smaller habitat area in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Ivory Coast. They face threats from mining and quarrying, hunting, poaching, and logging.[36]Two monsters of biblical legend: Behemoth (top); thought to be inspired by the hippopotamus, and Leviathan (bottom); thought to be inspired by whalesCetaceans have also had an extensive history with humans. The primary threats to cetaceans are direct danger (from whaling), and indirect damage to whale habitats (through pollution and overfishing). Commercial shipping, petroleum drilling and coastal development can disrupt cetacean habitats. Thousands of cetaceans are affected by bycatching every year.[37] Some evidence also exists that human-generated sound may account for increases in the rate of cetacean strandings.[38]Whales were inspirations for many mythical creatures, including the Leviathan, which was interestingly associated with the Behemoth. Dolphins are mentioned in historical literature far more frequently than whales. Stories of dolphins typically include them playing a role in helping shipwrecked sailors or guiding lost ships. In the 20th century, perceptions of whales changed, and now tourism for the purposes of whale-watching has become very popular. Cetaceans are revered for their immense size, intelligent and playful dispositions, displays of speed in water, and contributions to scientific research.Whales have been kept in captivity by humans for research and entertainment for centuries. Particularly popular are killer whales. Conservation and animal rights organizations have been vehemently opposed to the captivity of these cetaceans. It is common for captive killer whales to display aggression towards other whales and their trainers. Bottlenose dolphins are also popular, due to their friendly behavior. They also fare better in captivity than other cetaceans.","title":"Relationship with humans"}]	[{"image_text":"A hippopotamus surfacing to breathe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hippopotamus_%28_Hippopotamus_amphibius%29.jpg/220px-Hippopotamus_%28_Hippopotamus_amphibius%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with her calf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HIHWNMS_--_Whale_And_Calf_%2835991441536%29.jpg/220px-HIHWNMS_--_Whale_And_Calf_%2835991441536%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cladogram showing Whippomorpha within Artiodactylamorpha: Whippomorpha consists of the clades labeled Hippopotamoidea and Cetaceamorpha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla.png/220px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla.png"},{"image_text":"An interpretation of Pakicetus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pakicetus_BW.jpg/220px-Pakicetus_BW.jpg"},{"image_text":"Top: Skeleton of an adult and calf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Bottom: A blue whale calf (Balaenoptera musculus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Whippomorph_skeletons.jpg/195px-Whippomorph_skeletons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two monsters of biblical legend: Behemoth (top); thought to be inspired by the hippopotamus, and Leviathan (bottom); thought to be inspired by whales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Behemoth-Leviathan.jpg/220px-Behemoth-Leviathan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Joeckel, R. M. (1990). \"A functional interpretation of the masticatory system and paleoecology of entelodonts\". Paleobiology. 16 (4): 459–482. Bibcode:1990Pbio...16..459J. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010198. S2CID 88949308.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/entelodonts-giant-killer-pigs/","url_text":"\"A functional interpretation of the masticatory system and paleoecology of entelodonts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Pbio...16..459J","url_text":"1990Pbio...16..459J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300010198","url_text":"10.1017/S0094837300010198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88949308","url_text":"88949308"}]},{"reference":"Waddell, P. J.; Okada, N.; Hasegawa, M. 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Proceedings of the Seventh ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems - WUWNet '12. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 1. doi:10.1145/2398936.2398949. ISBN 978-1-4503-1773-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z8_Encore!	Z8 Encore!	["1 External links"]	The Z8 Encore! Z8F082 development kit The Zilog Z8 Encore! is a microcontroller based on the popular Z8 microcontroller. The Z8 Encore! offers a wide range of features for use in embedded applications, most notably the use of three DMA channels to read for example from the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The Z8 Encore! instruction set is compatible with that of the Z8 but it provides some extensions for use with high-level languages. The Z8 Encore! features a single-pin debugging interface. External links Official site of ZiLOG, Inc. Z8 Encore! page on Zilog site vteZilogProductsZ80 series Z80 Z180 Z280 Z800 Z380 eZ80 Z8000 series Z8000 Z80000 Microcontroller Z8 Z8 Encore! Z80182 Encore! 32 Operating systems Z80-RIO RelatedZ80 compatibles ASCII R800 Hitachi HD64180, Zilog Z64180 NEC µPD780C Sharp LH0080 Toshiba TLCS-870 Rabbit 2000 КР1858ВМ1 U880 MMN80CPU People Federico Faggin Ralph Ungermann Masatoshi Shima This microcomputer- or microprocessor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zilog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"Z8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z8"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"}],"text":"The Zilog Z8 Encore! is a microcontroller based on the popular Z8 microcontroller.The Z8 Encore! offers a wide range of features for use in embedded applications, most notably the use of three DMA channels to read for example from the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).The Z8 Encore! instruction set is compatible with that of the Z8 but it provides some extensions for use with high-level languages.The Z8 Encore! features a single-pin debugging interface.","title":"Z8 Encore!"}]	[{"image_text":"The Z8 Encore! Z8F082 development kit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Z8Encore.jpg/200px-Z8Encore.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.zilog.com/","external_links_name":"Official site of ZiLOG, Inc."},{"Link":"https://www.zilog.com/index.php?option=com_product&task=product&businessLine=1&id=2&parent_id=2&Itemid=56","external_links_name":"Z8 Encore! page on Zilog site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z8_Encore!&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_almanac	Nautical almanac	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article is about nautical almanacs in general. For other uses including other specific nautical almanacs, see Nautical almanac (disambiguation). Two sample pages of the 2002 Nautical Almanac published by the U.S. Naval Observatory A nautical almanac is a publication describing the positions of a selection of celestial bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to use celestial navigation to determine the position of their ship while at sea. The Almanac specifies for each whole hour of the year the position on the Earth's surface (in declination and Greenwich hour angle) at which the Sun, Moon, planets, and First Point of Aries is directly overhead. The positions of 57 selected stars are specified relative to the First Point of Aries. In Great Britain, The Nautical Almanac has been published annually by HM Nautical Almanac Office, ever since the first edition was published in 1767. In the United States, a nautical almanac has been published annually by the US Naval Observatory since 1852. It was originally titled American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Since 1958, the USNO and HMNAO have jointly published a unified nautical almanac, The Astronomical Almanac for use by the navies of both countries. Almanac data is now available online from the US Naval Observatory. Also commercial almanacs were produced that combined other information. A good example would be Brown's, which commenced in 1877, and is still produced annually, its early 20th-century subtitle being "Harbour and Dock Guide and Advertiser and Daily Tide Tables". This combination of trade advertising, and information "by permission... of the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty" provided a useful compendium of information. More recent editions have kept up with the changes in technology: the 1924 edition, for instance, had extensive advertisements for coaling stations. Meanwhile, the Reeds Nautical Almanac, published by Adlard Coles Nautical, has been in print since 1932, and in 1944 was used by landing craft involved in the Normandy landings. The "Air Almanac" of the United States and Great Britain tabulates celestial coordinates for 10-minute intervals for use in aerial navigation. The Sokkia Corporation's annual "Celestial Observation Handbook and Ephemeris" tabulated daily celestial coordinates (to a tenth of an arcsecond) for the Sun and nine stars; it was last published for 2008. To find the position of a ship or aircraft by celestial navigation, the navigator measures with a sextant the apparent height of a celestial body above the horizon, and notes the time from a marine chronometer. That height is compared with the height predicted for a trial position; the arcminutes of height difference is how many nautical miles the position line is from the trial position. See also Geography portal Bowditch's American Practical Navigator References ^ "The History of HM Nautical Almanac Office". HM Nautical Almanac Office. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ a b c "Nautical Almanac History". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-22. ^ "Celestial Navigation Data for Assumed Position and Time". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on May 4, 2010. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ "Data Services". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2016-01-28. External links Nautical Almanac, Board of Longitude Collection (Cambridge University Library) Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office Online Nautical Almanac The free online Nautical Almanac in PDF format A free Nautical Almanac in PDF format Navigation Spreadsheets: Almanac data History of the Nautical Almanac Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Nautical Almanac - App for android Nautical Almanac - Free App for Windows vtePassage planningGeneral references American Practical Navigator Nautical charts Chart correction Lights and buoys List of lights Geographic information Coast Pilots Sailing Directions Distances Between Ports Celestial navigation Nautical almanac Tidal information Tide tables Radio information Radio Navigational Aids Periodicals Notice to mariners Local Notice to Mariners See also Glossary of nautical terms (A–L) Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z) vteWorks about sailingBooks Bowditch's American Practical Navigator Chapman Piloting Coast Pilots The Cruise of the Snark The Last Grain Race Light List Local Notice to Mariners Nautical almanac Notice to Mariners Radio Navigational Aids Sailing Alone Around the World Sailing Directions Sea Survival: A Manual Swallows and Amazons series Two Years Before the Mast Magazines Australian Sailing Blue Water Sailing Boating Life Classic Boat Lakeland Boating Vene WoodenBoat Yachting See also Glossary of nautical terms (A–L) Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z) Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nautical almanac (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_almanac_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nautical_almanac_01.png"},{"link_name":"celestial bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_bodies"},{"link_name":"navigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"celestial navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation"},{"link_name":"declination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_meridian"},{"link_name":"hour angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"First Point of Aries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Point_of_Aries"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"The Nautical Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nautical_Almanac"},{"link_name":"HM Nautical Almanac Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMNAO_history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNO_almanac_history-2"},{"link_name":"almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac"},{"link_name":"US Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Naval_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNO_almanac_history-2"},{"link_name":"American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ephemeris_and_Nautical_Almanac"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Almanac"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNO_almanac_history-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNO_celnavdata-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNO_Data_Services-4"},{"link_name":"almanacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac"},{"link_name":"Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office"},{"link_name":"Adlard Coles Nautical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlard_Coles_Nautical"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"Sokkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokkia"},{"link_name":"celestial navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation"},{"link_name":"sextant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextant"},{"link_name":"marine chronometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chronometer"}],"text":"This article is about nautical almanacs in general. For other uses including other specific nautical almanacs, see Nautical almanac (disambiguation).Two sample pages of the 2002 Nautical Almanac published by the U.S. Naval ObservatoryA nautical almanac is a publication describing the positions of a selection of celestial bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to use celestial navigation to determine the position of their ship while at sea. The Almanac specifies for each whole hour of the year the position on the Earth's surface (in declination and Greenwich hour angle) at which the Sun, Moon, planets, and First Point of Aries[clarification needed] is directly overhead. The positions of 57 selected stars are specified relative to the First Point of Aries.In Great Britain, The Nautical Almanac has been published annually by HM Nautical Almanac Office, ever since the first edition was published in 1767.\n[1]\n[2]\nIn the United States, a nautical almanac has been published annually by the US Naval Observatory since 1852.[2] It was originally titled American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Since 1958, the USNO and HMNAO have jointly published a unified nautical almanac, The Astronomical Almanac for use by the navies of both countries.[2] Almanac data is now available online from the US Naval Observatory.[3]\n[4]Also commercial almanacs were produced that combined other information. A good example would be Brown's, which commenced in 1877, and is still produced annually, its early 20th-century subtitle being \"Harbour and Dock Guide and Advertiser and Daily Tide Tables\". This combination of trade advertising, and information \"by permission... of the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty\" provided a useful compendium of information. More recent editions have kept up with the changes in technology: the 1924 edition, for instance, had extensive advertisements for coaling stations. Meanwhile, the Reeds Nautical Almanac, published by Adlard Coles Nautical, has been in print since 1932, and in 1944 was used by landing craft involved in the Normandy landings.[5]The \"Air Almanac\" of the United States and Great Britain tabulates celestial coordinates for 10-minute intervals for use in aerial navigation. The Sokkia Corporation's annual \"Celestial Observation Handbook and Ephemeris\" tabulated daily celestial coordinates (to a tenth of an arcsecond) for the Sun and nine stars; it was last published for 2008.To find the position of a ship or aircraft by celestial navigation, the navigator measures with a sextant the apparent height of a celestial body above the horizon, and notes the time from a marine chronometer. That height is compared with the height predicted for a trial position; the arcminutes of height difference is how many nautical miles the position line is from the trial position.","title":"Nautical almanac"}]	[{"image_text":"Two sample pages of the 2002 Nautical Almanac published by the U.S. Naval Observatory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nautical_almanac_01.png/250px-Nautical_almanac_01.png"}]	[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Bowditch's American Practical Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowditch%27s_American_Practical_Navigator"}]	[{"reference":"\"The History of HM Nautical Almanac Office\". HM Nautical Almanac Office. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630074456/http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/history/","url_text":"\"The History of HM Nautical Almanac Office\""},{"url":"http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nautical Almanac History\". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618142559/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/na_history.php","url_text":"\"Nautical Almanac History\""},{"url":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/na_history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celestial Navigation Data for Assumed Position and Time\". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on May 4, 2010. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504085848/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/celnavtable.php","url_text":"\"Celestial Navigation Data for Assumed Position and Time\""},{"url":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/celnavtable.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Services\". US Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723102855/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/","url_text":"\"Data Services\""},{"url":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821092120/http://www.reedsnauticalalmanac.co.uk/aboutus","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.reedsnauticalalmanac.co.uk/aboutus","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070630074456/http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/history/","external_links_name":"\"The History of HM Nautical Almanac Office\""},{"Link":"http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618142559/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/na_history.php","external_links_name":"\"Nautical Almanac History\""},{"Link":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/na_history.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504085848/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/celnavtable.php","external_links_name":"\"Celestial Navigation Data for Assumed Position and Time\""},{"Link":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/celnavtable.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723102855/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/","external_links_name":"\"Data Services\""},{"Link":"http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821092120/http://www.reedsnauticalalmanac.co.uk/aboutus","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.reedsnauticalalmanac.co.uk/aboutus","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/ES-LON-00030","external_links_name":"Nautical Almanac, Board of Longitude Collection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709074037/http://www.ukho.gov.uk/HMNAO/Pages/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office"},{"Link":"http://www.tecepe.com.br/scripts/AlmanacPagesISAPI.dll","external_links_name":"Online Nautical Almanac"},{"Link":"https://www.thenauticalalmanac.com/","external_links_name":"The free online Nautical Almanac in PDF format"},{"Link":"http://sv-inua.net/the-nautical-almanac","external_links_name":"A free Nautical Almanac in PDF format"},{"Link":"http://www.navigation-spreadsheets.com/almanac_data.html","external_links_name":"Navigation Spreadsheets: Almanac data"},{"Link":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/publications/hist-naut-almanac","external_links_name":"History of the Nautical Almanac"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105824/http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/publications/hist-naut-almanac","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.NauticalAlmanac","external_links_name":"Nautical Almanac - App for android"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/navigationalalgorithms/software/Windows","external_links_name":"Nautical Almanac - Free App for Windows"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119780696","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119780696","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562908605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090329","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile	Breeders' Cup Juvenile	["1 Automatic berths","2 Records","3 Winners of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Flat horse race in the United States Horse race Breeders' Cup JuvenileGrade I raceLocationNorth AmericaInaugurated1984Race typeThoroughbred – Flat racingWebsitewww.breederscup.comRace informationDistance1+1⁄16 miles (8.5 furlongs)SurfaceDirtTrackleft-handedQualificationTwo-year-old Colts and geldingsWeightAssignedPurseUS$2,000,000 The Breeders' Cup Juvenile is a Thoroughbred horse race for 2-year-old colts and geldings raced on dirt. It is held annually in late October or early November at a different racetrack in the United States or Canada as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships. The current purse is US$2,000,000 making it the most valuable race for two-year-olds in North America. It is normally run at a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles. The Breeders' Cup Juvenile is typically the first time that the best colts from the various racing circuits across North America (in New York, Kentucky and California in particular) meet up with each other. The winner often earns the Eclipse Award for Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse, and becomes one of the early favorites for the next year's Kentucky Derby. In 2006, the National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA) wrote in Part 2 of their special series titled Spiraling To The Breeders' Cup that "Arazi turned in what many still consider to be the single-most spectacular performance in Breeders' Cup history." Timber Country was the first Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner to win an American Triple Crown race when he went on to win the 1995 Preakness Stakes. The 2006 winner, Street Sense, became the first to capture the Kentucky Derby. In 2016, Nyquist won the Kentucky Derby as well. Automatic berths Beginning in 2007, the Breeders' Cup developed the Breeders' Cup Challenge, a series of "Win and You're In" races that allot automatic qualifying bids to winners of defined races. Each of the fourteen divisions has multiple qualifying races, which change somewhat from year to year. Note that one horse may win multiple challenge races, while other challenge winners will not be entered in the Breeders' Cup for a variety of reasons such as injury or travel considerations. In the Juvenile division, the number of runners is limited to 14. The 2022 "Win and You're In" races were: the American Pharoah Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in October at Santa Anita Park in California the Champagne Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in October at Aqueduct Racetrack in New York the Breeders' Futurity, a Grade 1 race at Keeneland in Kentucky Records Midshipman in the 2008 Juvenile Most wins by a jockey: 3 – Laffit Pincay Jr. (1985, 1986, 1988) 3 – Jerry Bailey (1996, 1998, 2000) 3 – Mike E. Smith (1995, 2002, 2021) Most wins by a trainer: 5 – D. Wayne Lukas (1986, 1987, 1988, 1994, 1996) 5 – Bob Baffert (2002, 2008, 2013, 2018, 2021) Most wins by an owner: 2 – Eugene V. Klein (1987, 1988) 2 – Overbrook Farm (with partners in 1994, 1996) 2 – Michael Tabor & Susan Magnier (2001, with partners in 2012) 2 – Gary & Mary West (2013, 2018) 2 – Godolphin (2009, 2020) 2 – Repole Stable (2022, 2023) Winners of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Time Distance Purse Grade 2023 Fierceness John R. Velazquez Todd A. Pletcher Repole Stable 1:41.90 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2022 Forte Irad Ortiz Jr. Todd A. Pletcher Repole Stable & St. Elias Stables 1:43.06 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2021 Corniche Mike E. Smith Bob Baffert Speedway Stables LLC 1:42.50 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2020 Essential Quality Luis Saez Brad H. Cox Godolphin Stables 1:42.09 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2019 Storm the Court Flavien Prat Peter Eurton Exline-Border Racing LLC et al. 1:44.93 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2018 Game Winner Joel Rosario Bob Baffert Gary and Mary West 1:43.67 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2017 Good Magic José L. Ortiz Chad C. Brown e Five Racing & Stonestreet Stables 1:43.34 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2016 Classic Empire Julien Leparoux Mark E. Casse John C. Oxley 1:42.60 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2015 Nyquist Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill Reddam Racing 1:43.79 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2014 Texas Red Kent Desormeaux Keith Desormeaux Erich Brehm, Wayne Detmar et al. 1:41.91 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2013 New Year's Day Martin Garcia Bob Baffert Gary and Mary West 1:43.52 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2012 Shanghai Bobby Rosie Napravnik Todd A. Pletcher Starlight Racing, John Magnier, Michael Tabor & Derrick Smith 1:44.58 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2011 Hansen Ramon Domínguez Michael Maker Kendall Hansen, MD & Sky Chai Racing 1:44.44 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2010 Uncle Mo John Velazquez Todd A. Pletcher Repole Stable 1:42.60 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2009 Vale of York (IRE) Ahmed Ajtebi Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1:43.48 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2008 Midshipman Garrett Gomez Bob Baffert Darley Stable 1:40.94 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2007 War Pass Cornelio Velásquez Nick Zito Robert V. LaPenta 1:42.76 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2006 Street Sense Calvin Borel Carl Nafzger James B. Tafel 1:42.59 1+1⁄16 miles $2,000,000 I 2005 Stevie Wonderboy Garrett Gomez Doug O'Neill Merv Griffin Ranch Company 1:41.64 1+1⁄16 miles $1,500,000 I 2004 Wilko Frankie Dettori Jeremy Noseda J. Paul Reddam 1:42.09 1+1⁄16 miles $1,500,000 I 2003 Action This Day David R. Flores Richard Mandella B. Wayne Hughes 1:43.62 1+1⁄16 miles $1,500,000 I 2002 Vindication Mike E. Smith Bob Baffert Padua Stables 1:49.61 1+1⁄8 miles $1,000,000 I 2001 Johannesburg Michael Kinane Aidan O'Brien Michael Tabor & Susan Magnier 1:42.27 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 2000 Macho Uno Jerry Bailey Joseph Orseno Stronach Stables 1:42.05 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1999 Anees Gary Stevens Alex Hassinger Jr. The Thoroughbred Corp. 1:42.29 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1998 Answer Lively Jerry Bailey Bobby C. Barnett John A. Franks 1:44.00 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1997 Favorite Trick Pat Day Patrick B. Byrne Joseph LaCombe Stable 1:41.47 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1996 Boston Harbor Jerry Bailey D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 1:43.40 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1995 Unbridled's Song Mike E. Smith James T. Ryerson Paraneck Stable 1:41.60 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1994 Timber Country Pat Day D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm, Gainsway Farm & Robert B. Lewis 1:44.55 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1993 Brocco Gary Stevens Randy Winick Albert R. Broccoli 1:42.99 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1992 Gilded Time Chris McCarron Darrell Vienna David Milch, Jack Silverman & Mark Silverman 1:43.43 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1991 Arazi Pat Valenzuela François Boutin Allen E. Paulson 1:44.78 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1990 Fly So Free José A. Santos Scotty Schulhofer Tommy Valando 1:43.40 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1989 Rhythm Craig Perret Claude R. McGaughey III Ogden Mills Phipps 1:43.60 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1988 Is It True Laffit Pincay Jr. D. Wayne Lukas Eugene V. Klein 1:46.60 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1987 Success Express José A. Santos D. Wayne Lukas Eugene V. Klein 1:35.20 1 mile $1,000,000 I 1986 Capote Laffit Pincay Jr. D. Wayne Lukas Barry A. Beal, Lloyd R. French Jr. & Eugene V. Klein 1:43.80 1+1⁄16 miles $1,000,000 I 1985 Tasso Laffit Pincay Jr. Neil Drysdale Gerald Robins 1:36.20 1 mile $1,000,000 I 1984 Chief's Crown Don MacBeth Roger Laurin Star Crown Stable (Andrew Rosen, et al.) 1:36.20 1 mile $1,000,000 I See also Breeders' Cup Juvenile "top three finishers" and starters Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships American thoroughbred racing top attended events Road to the Kentucky Derby References ^ a b "The Breeders' Cup Juvenile". www.twinspires.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017. ^ "BC announces 2022 "Win and You're In' schedule". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Racing Post: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019 2020, 2021 External links Official Breeders' Cup website Three Great Moments: Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Hello Race Fans! vteBreeders' CupRaces Classic (top 3 finishers) 2005 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 Distaff top 3 Turf top 3 Filly & Mare Turf top 3 Mile top 3 Dirt Mile top 3 Juvenile top 3 Juvenile Turf top 3 Juvenile Turf Sprint top 3 Juvenile Fillies top 3 Juvenile Fillies Turf top 3 Sprint top 3 Filly & Mare Sprint top 3 Turf Sprint top 3 Marathon † top 3 Juvenile Sprint § Grand National Hurdle Stakes † †Race no longer part of Breeders' Cup · §Race no longer run. Years 1984–2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Challenge Series 2007–2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Miscellaneous Broadcasters 2002 Breeders' Cup betting scandal Trophies Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing Grand Slam of Grass	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horseracing)"},{"link_name":"geldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TwinSpires-1"},{"link_name":"National Thoroughbred Racing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thoroughbred_Racing_Association"},{"link_name":"Arazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arazi_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Street Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Sense_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TwinSpires-1"},{"link_name":"Nyquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"}],"text":"Horse raceThe Breeders' Cup Juvenile is a Thoroughbred horse race for 2-year-old colts and geldings raced on dirt. It is held annually in late October or early November at a different racetrack in the United States or Canada as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships. The current purse is \tUS$2,000,000 making it the most valuable race for two-year-olds in North America. It is normally run at a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles.The Breeders' Cup Juvenile is typically the first time that the best colts from the various racing circuits across North America (in New York, Kentucky and California in particular) meet up with each other. The winner often earns the Eclipse Award for Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse, and becomes one of the early favorites for the next year's Kentucky Derby.[1]In 2006, the National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA) wrote in Part 2 of their special series titled Spiraling To The Breeders' Cup that \"Arazi turned in what many still consider to be the single-most spectacular performance in Breeders' Cup history.\"Timber Country was the first Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner to win an American Triple Crown race when he went on to win the 1995 Preakness Stakes. The 2006 winner, Street Sense, became the first to capture the Kentucky Derby.[1] In 2016, Nyquist won the Kentucky Derby as well.","title":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Pharoah Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pharoah_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Santa Anita Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Anita_Park"},{"link_name":"Champagne Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_Stakes_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Aqueduct Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Futurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Futurity"},{"link_name":"Keeneland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeneland"}],"text":"Beginning in 2007, the Breeders' Cup developed the Breeders' Cup Challenge, a series of \"Win and You're In\" races that allot automatic qualifying bids to winners of defined races. Each of the fourteen divisions has multiple qualifying races, which change somewhat from year to year. Note that one horse may win multiple challenge races, while other challenge winners will not be entered in the Breeders' Cup for a variety of reasons such as injury or travel considerations.In the Juvenile division, the number of runners is limited to 14. The 2022 \"Win and You're In\" races were:[2]the American Pharoah Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in October at Santa Anita Park in California\nthe Champagne Stakes, a Grade 1 race run in October at Aqueduct Racetrack in New York\nthe Breeders' Futurity, a Grade 1 race at Keeneland in Kentucky","title":"Automatic berths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midshipman_at_2008_Breeders_Cup_Juvenile.jpg"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Laffit Pincay Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffit_Pincay_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jerry Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Mike E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_E._Smith"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"D. Wayne Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Bob Baffert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Baffert"},{"link_name":"Eugene V. Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Klein"},{"link_name":"Overbrook Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbrook_Farm"},{"link_name":"Michael Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Susan Magnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Magnier"},{"link_name":"Mary West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_West"},{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_(racing)"},{"link_name":"Repole Stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repole_Stable"}],"text":"Midshipman in the 2008 JuvenileMost wins by a jockey:3 – Laffit Pincay Jr. (1985, 1986, 1988)\n3 – Jerry Bailey (1996, 1998, 2000)\n3 – Mike E. Smith (1995, 2002, 2021)Most wins by a trainer:5 – D. Wayne Lukas (1986, 1987, 1988, 1994, 1996)\n5 – Bob Baffert (2002, 2008, 2013, 2018, 2021)Most wins by an owner:2 – Eugene V. Klein (1987, 1988)\n2 – Overbrook Farm (with partners in 1994, 1996)\n2 – Michael Tabor & Susan Magnier (2001, with partners in 2012)\n2 – Gary & Mary West (2013, 2018)\n2 – Godolphin (2009, 2020)\n2 – Repole Stable (2022, 2023)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile"}]	[{"image_text":"Midshipman in the 2008 Juvenile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Midshipman_at_2008_Breeders_Cup_Juvenile.jpg/220px-Midshipman_at_2008_Breeders_Cup_Juvenile.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile \"top three finishers\" and starters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_top_three_finishers"},{"title":"Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup"},{"title":"American thoroughbred racing top attended events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_thoroughbred_racing_top_attended_events"},{"title":"Road to the Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_the_Kentucky_Derby"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Breeders' Cup Juvenile\". www.twinspires.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twinspires.com/breeders-cup/juvenile","url_text":"\"The Breeders' Cup Juvenile\""}]},{"reference":"\"BC announces 2022 \"Win and You're In' schedule\". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/259047/bc-announces-2022-win-and-youre-in-schedule","url_text":"\"BC announces 2022 \"Win and You're In' schedule\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.breederscup.com/","external_links_name":"www.breederscup.com"},{"Link":"https://www.twinspires.com/breeders-cup/juvenile","external_links_name":"\"The Breeders' Cup Juvenile\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/259047/bc-announces-2022-win-and-youre-in-schedule","external_links_name":"\"BC announces 2022 \"Win and You're In' schedule\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/1988-11-05/94099","external_links_name":"1988"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/272/gulfstream-park/1989-11-04/98176","external_links_name":"1989"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/258/belmont-park/1990-10-27/102828","external_links_name":"1990"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/1991-11-02/107737","external_links_name":"1991"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/272/gulfstream-park/1992-10-31/112604","external_links_name":"1992"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/1993-11-06/117686","external_links_name":"1993"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/1994-11-05/122877","external_links_name":"1994"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/258/belmont-park/1995-10-28/128255","external_links_name":"1995"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/259/hollywood-park/1997-11-08/245252","external_links_name":"1997"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/1998-11-07/258699","external_links_name":"1998"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/272/gulfstream-park/1999-11-06/274263","external_links_name":"1999"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/2000-11-04/292988","external_links_name":"2000"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/258/belmont-park/2001-10-27/308136","external_links_name":"2001"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/276/arlington-park/2002-10-26/323978","external_links_name":"2002"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2003-10-25/340748","external_links_name":"2003"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/674/lone-star-park/2004-10-30/360543","external_links_name":"2004"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/258/belmont-park/2005-10-29/393886","external_links_name":"2005"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/2006-11-04/419590","external_links_name":"2006"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/253/monmouth-park/2007-10-27/443079","external_links_name":"2007"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2008-10-25/468398","external_links_name":"2008"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2009-11-07/493896","external_links_name":"2009"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/2010-11-06/517567","external_links_name":"2010"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/2011-11-05/542327","external_links_name":"2011"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2012-11-03/567016","external_links_name":"2012"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2013-11-02/589958","external_links_name":"2013"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2014-11-01/613017","external_links_name":"2014"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/301/keeneland/2015-10-31/637856","external_links_name":"2015"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2016-11-05/662270","external_links_name":"2016"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/308/churchill-downs/2018-11-02/715133","external_links_name":"2018"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/257/santa-anita/2019-11-01/743632","external_links_name":"2019"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/301/keeneland/2020-11-06/771112","external_links_name":"2020"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/444/del-mar/2021-11-05/797349","external_links_name":"2021"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528164729/http://www.ntra.com/bc_index.asp","external_links_name":"Official Breeders' Cup website"},{"Link":"http://helloracefans.com/races/three-great-moments/breeders-cup-juvenile/","external_links_name":"Three Great Moments: Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Hello Race Fans!"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrolution	INEOS Styrolution	["1 Headquarters and sites","2 Product portfolio","3 Corporate history","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) INEOS StyrolutionCompany typeSubcompany of INEOSIndustryChemicalsNumber of locationsFrankfurt am Main, Germany (global and European headquarters), Aurora, Illinois, United States (regional headquarters Americas), Singapore (regional headquarters Asia-Pacific)Key peopleKevin McQuade (Chairman), Steve Harrington (CEO), John van Oorschot (CFO), Rob Buntinx (President, EMEA), Greg Fordyce (President, Americas), Jui Seng Tay (President APAC), Pierre Minguet (President Operations)ProductsStyrenicsRevenue€6.6 billion (sales 2022)Number of employees3,100 (2022)Websitewww.ineos-styrolution.com INEOS Styrolution is a global styrenics supplier and is headquartered in Germany. It is a subcompany of INEOS and provides styrenics applications for many everyday products across a broad range of industries, including automotive, electronics, household, construction, healthcare, packaging and toys/sports/leisure. Headquarters and sites Styrolution employs around 3,100 people. The global and European headquarters is situated in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, regional headquarters are located in Aurora, Illinois (United States) and Singapore. Styrolution operates 16 manufacturing sites across nine countries: Germany (Ludwigshafen, Schwarzheide, Cologne), Belgium (Antwerp), China (Foshan, Ningbo), France (Wingles), Korea (Ulsan, Yeosu), Thailand (Map Ta Phut), the United States (Channahon, Decatur, Texas City, Bayport), Canada (Sarnia) and Mexico (Altamira). Product portfolio Styrolution offers various styrenics commodity and specialty product types, i.e. styrene monomer (SM), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBC), other styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS), and copolymer blends. Styrenics are thermoplastics. Styrene monomer (SM) is an intermediate product. It is a colorless liquid that polymerizes easily. Polystyrene (PS) is a thermoplastic resin that is used in many applications, such as disposable packaging, electronic devices, large appliances (for example in refrigeration liners) and household goods. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic resin, used primarily in colored products that need to be heat and impact-resistant, such as vacuum cleaners or power tools. It is also commonly found in vehicles, mobile phone housings and recreational goods. Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBC) is a thermoplastic resin that is transparent and impact-resistant. It is used to provide a high optical appearance and is mostly found in food and display packaging. Styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS) and blends (ABS/PA, ASA/PA, ASA/PC) are thermoplastic resins that are mainly used in various technical applications, such as vehicles, garden equipment, tools, appliances, consumer electronics, communications devices and computers. Broad range of sustainable ECO products, either based on recycling or on renewable feedstock. ECO products cover all above product families. Corporate history Styrolution was founded in October 2011 as a 50-50 joint venture between BASF and INEOS. It has more than 85 years of experience in the styrenics industry. April 8, 2011: The formation of the joint venture is approved by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) without any remedies. May 12, 2011: Styrolution places a 480 million Euro bond due 2016 on the capital market. May 27, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a joint venture contract, which regulates the formation of the joint venture company Styrolution. June 1, 2011: The EU Commission approves the formation of the joint venture Styrolution. It gives its approval subject to the requirement that the parties sell an ABS production site in Tarragona, Spain. This site accounted for less than 3% of Styrolution’s pro forma EBITDA before exceptionals for the year 2010. October 1, 2011: Styrolution officially starts operating as an independent company, following the approval of the relevant antitrust authorities. November 30, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a letter of intent for a joint venture combining their key styrenics assets. June 30, 2014: Joint statement that INEOS takes over the 50% stake of BASF SE for a purchase price of €1.1bn. November 17, 2014: Styrolution becomes wholly owned by INEOS. January 18, 2016: To embrace its place in the INEOS family of companies, Styrolution announces that it has changed its company name to INEOS Styrolution. February 1, 2022: It was announced that INEOS Styrolution had concluded a joint agreement for Ensinger to acquire its StyLight thermoplastic composite materials business. July 2022: ABS joint venture announced with SINOPEC as part of a $7bn deal between Ineos and SINOPEC November 2023: Inauguration of 600,000 tonnes world-scale ABS plant in Ningbo, China See also Novodur References ^ "INEOS Styrolution Locations". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ "INEOS Styrolution Company". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ "Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News". ^ "Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week". ^ Interpack: com: EU Commission approves formation of joint venture Styrolution, June 13, 2011 Archived May 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine* Styrolution.com: Corporate website international ^ "BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus". ^ "Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional". www.mannheimer-morgen.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ "Styrolution Portal". ^ "Styrolution Portal". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ "Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution". Interplas Insights. 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01. External links Chemanager-online.com: Dedicated to Styrenics, October 14, 2011 ICIS.com: EPCA '11: Styrolution to be a global leader in SM, PS, October 4, 2011 INEOS Styrolution website INEOS website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"styrenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"INEOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INEOS"},{"link_name":"industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)"}],"text":"INEOS Styrolution is a global styrenics supplier and is headquartered in Germany. It is a subcompany of INEOS and provides styrenics applications for many everyday products across a broad range of industries, including automotive, electronics, household, construction, healthcare, packaging and toys/sports/leisure.","title":"INEOS Styrolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ludwigshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen"},{"link_name":"Schwarzheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzheide"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Foshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foshan"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Wingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingles"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"Yeosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeosu"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Map Ta Phut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_Ta_Phut"},{"link_name":"Channahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channahon"},{"link_name":"Texas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Altamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira,_Mexico"}],"text":"Styrolution employs around 3,100 people. The global and European headquarters is situated in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, regional headquarters are located in Aurora, Illinois (United States) and Singapore.[1] Styrolution operates 16 manufacturing sites across nine countries:[2] Germany (Ludwigshafen, Schwarzheide, Cologne), Belgium (Antwerp), China (Foshan, Ningbo), France (Wingles), Korea (Ulsan, Yeosu), Thailand (Map Ta Phut), the United States (Channahon, Decatur, Texas City, Bayport), Canada (Sarnia) and Mexico (Altamira).","title":"Headquarters and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"acrylonitrile butadiene styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"SAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin"},{"link_name":"thermoplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastics"},{"link_name":"Styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"monomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"polymerizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerize"},{"link_name":"Polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"copolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"}],"text":"Styrolution offers various styrenics commodity and specialty product types, i.e. styrene monomer (SM), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBC), other styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS), and copolymer blends.\nStyrenics are thermoplastics.Styrene monomer (SM) is an intermediate product. It is a colorless liquid that polymerizes easily.Polystyrene (PS) is a thermoplastic resin that is used in many applications, such as disposable packaging, electronic devices, large appliances (for example in refrigeration liners) and household goods.Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic resin, used primarily in colored products that need to be heat and impact-resistant, such as vacuum cleaners or power tools. It is also commonly found in vehicles, mobile phone housings and recreational goods.Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBC) is a thermoplastic resin that is transparent and impact-resistant. It is used to provide a high optical appearance and is mostly found in food and display packaging.Styrene-based copolymers (SAN, AMSAN, ASA, MABS) and blends (ABS/PA, ASA/PA, ASA/PC) are thermoplastic resins that are mainly used in various technical applications, such as vehicles, garden equipment, tools, appliances, consumer electronics, communications devices and computers.Broad range of sustainable ECO products, either based on recycling or on renewable feedstock. ECO products cover all above product families.","title":"Product portfolio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"EU Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"EBITDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBITDA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"letter of intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_intent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ensinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensinger_(company)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Styrolution was founded in October 2011 as a 50-50 joint venture between BASF and INEOS. It has more than 85 years of experience in the styrenics industry.April 8, 2011: The formation of the joint venture is approved by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) without any remedies.[3]May 12, 2011: Styrolution places a 480 million Euro bond due 2016 on the capital market.[4]May 27, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a joint venture contract, which regulates the formation of the joint venture company Styrolution.June 1, 2011: The EU Commission approves the formation of the joint venture Styrolution. It gives its approval subject to the requirement that the parties sell an ABS production site in Tarragona, Spain. This site accounted for less than 3% of Styrolution’s pro forma EBITDA before exceptionals for the year 2010.[5]October 1, 2011: Styrolution officially starts operating as an independent company, following the approval of the relevant antitrust authorities.November 30, 2011: BASF and INEOS sign a letter of intent for a joint venture combining their key styrenics assets.June 30, 2014: Joint statement that INEOS takes over the 50% stake of BASF SE for a purchase price of €1.1bn.[6][7]November 17, 2014: Styrolution becomes wholly owned by INEOS.January 18, 2016: To embrace its place in the INEOS family of companies, Styrolution announces that it has changed its company name to INEOS Styrolution.[8][9]February 1, 2022: It was announced that INEOS Styrolution had concluded a joint agreement for Ensinger to acquire its StyLight thermoplastic composite materials business.[10]July 2022: ABS joint venture announced with SINOPEC as part of a $7bn deal between Ineos and SINOPECNovember 2023: Inauguration of 600,000 tonnes world-scale ABS plant in Ningbo, China","title":"Corporate history"}]	[]	[{"title":"Novodur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodur"}]	[{"reference":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/locations","url_text":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/about-us","url_text":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/basf-and-ineos-win-eu-approval-for-e6-4bn-plastics-joint-venture/","url_text":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chemweek.com/chem_ideas/Vincent-Valk/38378.html","url_text":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/newsticker/basf-steigt-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-aus-kunststoff-firma-styrolution-aus-ld.1134306?reduced=true","url_text":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\". www.mannheimer-morgen.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/politik/newsticker-dpa_ticker,-ludwigshafen-basf-verkauft-styrolution-anteil-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-_tickerid,35109.html","url_text":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Styrolution Portal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","url_text":"\"Styrolution Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Styrolution Portal\". www.ineos-styrolution.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","url_text":"\"Styrolution Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\". Interplas Insights. 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://interplasinsights.com/api/content/2113b71a-8351-11ec-99d9-12f1225286c6/","url_text":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"www.ineos-styrolution.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/locations","external_links_name":"\"INEOS Styrolution Locations\""},{"Link":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/portal/de_DE/about-us","external_links_name":"\"INEOS Styrolution Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/news/basf-and-ineos-win-eu-approval-for-e6-4bn-plastics-joint-venture/","external_links_name":"\"Latest Packaging Industry News & Design Updates - Packaging News\""},{"Link":"http://www.chemweek.com/chem_ideas/Vincent-Valk/38378.html","external_links_name":"\"Chem Ideas :: Vincent Valk :: Chemical Week\""},{"Link":"http://www.interpack.com/cipp/md_interpack/custom/pub/content,oid,16520/lang,2/ticket,g_u_e_s_t/~/EU_Commission_approves_formation_of_joint_venture_Styrolution.html","external_links_name":"Interpack: com: EU Commission approves formation of joint venture Styrolution, June 13, 2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515024752/http://www.interpack.com/cipp/md_interpack/custom/pub/content%2Coid%2C16520/lang%2C2/ticket%2Cg_u_e_s_t/~/EU_Commission_approves_formation_of_joint_venture_Styrolution.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"Styrolution.com: Corporate website international"},{"Link":"https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/newsticker/basf-steigt-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-aus-kunststoff-firma-styrolution-aus-ld.1134306?reduced=true","external_links_name":"\"BASF steigt für 1,1 Milliarden Euro aus Kunststoff-Firma Styrolution aus\""},{"Link":"https://www.mannheimer-morgen.de/politik/newsticker-dpa_ticker,-ludwigshafen-basf-verkauft-styrolution-anteil-fuer-11-milliarden-euro-_tickerid,35109.html","external_links_name":"\"Ludwigshafen: BASF verkauft Styrolution-Anteil für 1,1 Milliarden Euro - Newsticker überregional\""},{"Link":"https://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","external_links_name":"\"Styrolution Portal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/de_DE/news/ineos_styrolution_name_change","external_links_name":"\"Styrolution Portal\""},{"Link":"https://interplasinsights.com/api/content/2113b71a-8351-11ec-99d9-12f1225286c6/","external_links_name":"\"Ensinger acquires StyLight from INEOS Styrolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.chemanager-online.com/en/news-opinions/interviews/dedicated-styrenics","external_links_name":"Chemanager-online.com: Dedicated to Styrenics, October 14, 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.icis.com/Articles/2011/10/04/9497257/epca-11-styrolution-to-be-global-leader-in-sm-ps-chief-exec.html","external_links_name":"ICIS.com: EPCA '11: Styrolution to be a global leader in SM, PS, October 4, 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos-styrolution.com/","external_links_name":"INEOS Styrolution website"},{"Link":"http://www.ineos.com/","external_links_name":"INEOS website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Olds	Ransom E. Olds	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Oldsmobile","2.2 Assembly line","2.3 Oldsmar","2.4 Other Lansing businesses","3 Racing","4 Politics","5 Residence","6 Honors","7 Posthumous","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Bibliography","11 External links"]	American businessman (1864–1950) Ransom E. OldsPortrait of Olds, c 1920BornRansom Eli Olds(1864-06-03)June 3, 1864Geneva, Ohio, U.S.DiedAugust 26, 1950(1950-08-26) (aged 86)Lansing, Michigan, U.S.Resting placeMount Hope CemeteryLansing, Michigan, U.S.Occupation(s)Business, AutomobilesPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseMetta Ursula WoodwardParent(s)Pliny Fiske Olds and Sarah Whipple Olds Ransom Eli Olds (June 3, 1864 – August 26, 1950) was a pioneer of the American automotive industry, after whom the Oldsmobile and REO brands were named. He claimed to have built his first steam car as early as 1887 and his first gasoline-powered car in 1896. The modern assembly line and its basic concept is credited to Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, beginning in 1901. Early life Olds was born in Geneva, Ohio, the youngest son of blacksmith and pattern-maker Pliny Fiske Olds and his wife, Sarah Whipple Olds. He was of English descent, with origins in Dorset, England. His parents moved the family to Cleveland, Ohio, when Olds was still a boy. He eventually settled in Lansing, Michigan, where he attended high-school before dropping out so that he could work full-time at the family company, P.F. Olds & Son. The company built and sold some steam engines but made most of its money doing repair work. While in Lansing he also married Metta Ursula Woodward on June 5, 1889. Career Oldsmobile He founded the Olds Motor Vehicle Company in Lansing, Michigan, on August 21, 1897. The company was bought by a copper and lumber magnate named Samuel L. Smith in 1899 and renamed Olds Motor Works. The new company was relocated from Lansing to Detroit. Smith became president while Olds became vice president and general manager. Ransom E. Olds, c 1901 By 1901 Olds had built 11 prototype vehicles, including at least one of each power mode: steam, electricity and gasoline. In 1934, he received a patent for a diesel engine. He was the only American automotive pioneer to produce and sell at least one of each mode of automobile. On March 9, 1901, the Olds Motor Works factory burned to the ground. Only one model, the little Curved Dash runabout, was saved from the flames. Ransom Olds claimed it was the fire that made him select the runabout, from among his many other models, to put into production. His biographer questions the veracity of this story. He points to an Olds advertising blitz that had already led to more than 300 Curved Dash orders even before the fire took place. "Olds did not need the one rescued car from which to reconstruct the plans and patterns for the runabout." Later that year, Olds had his company's test driver, Roy Chapin, drive a Curved Dash runabout to the second annual New York Automobile Show. Along the way, Chapin opted to drive up onto the Erie Canal tow path to escape the mire of New York state roads. After eight days of driving, he reached the Waldorf Astoria hotel but was turned away at the door. His mud-spattered attire was so disreputable that he was sent to the servants' entrance in back. During the auto show Olds pushed hard to make sales. When one dealer offered to purchase 500, Olds retorted, "I would like to see you make this order for a thousand cars. Then the public would drop its jaw and take notice." The deal was signed, and though the dealer ended up selling only 750 to the public, it was the original number that everyone remembered. The Curved Dash Oldsmobile sold for $650, equal to $23,806 today. About 600 were sold in 1901, about 3,000 in 1902 and at least 4,000 in 1904. It was this car, rather than Henry Ford's Model T, that was the first mass-produced, low-priced American motor vehicle. As Smith's son, Frederic L. Smith, came into the business, he and Olds clashed frequently until Fred Smith removed Olds from the position of vice president and general manager in 1904, and Olds left his company. He went on to form the R.E. Olds Motor Car Company. Its name was quickly changed to REO Motor Car Company to avoid a lawsuit from the Olds Motor Works. The name REO came from the initials of his name, but was intended to be an acronym, and thus pronounced as a word. Sometimes it was spelled as "Reo" to emphasize this pronunciation. Olds served as president (until 1925) and later chairman of REO. The band REO Speedwagon took its name from the REO Speed Wagon light delivery truck, an ancestor of pickup trucks, though the band pronounces each letter in REO individually rather than pronouncing REO as a word. The Olds Motor Works was bought by General Motors in 1908. General Motors discontinued the Oldsmobile brand in 2004, after 107 years in business. In 1946, Ransom Olds started building lawnmowers as the Lawn Mower Division of REO motors. Assembly line Olds was the first person to use a stationary assembly line in the automotive industry. Henry Ford came after him, and was the first to use a moving assembly line to manufacture cars. The new assembly approach enabled Olds to more than quintuple his factory's output, from 425 cars in 1901 to 2,500 in 1902. Oldsmar In 1916, Olds purchased 37,547 acres (152 km2) of land by the northern part of Tampa Bay in Florida and developed the area into what is now the city of Oldsmar. He traded his land for the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida in 1926. Other Lansing businesses In 1906, Olds organized the Capital National Bank, later called Lansing National Bank, and Michigan National Bank. Olds was also involved in the organization of the Michigan Screw Company and Atlas Drop Forge Company, all in Lansing, Michigan. Olds was the primary financier of the Olds Tower. When completed in 1931 it was the tallest office building in Lansing and retains that distinction today. Located at 124 West Allegan Street, the building is now called the Boji Tower. Olds was also involved in the Hotel Olds at 111 South Capitol Avenue in Lansing. Today this is known as the George W. Romney Building, where the office of the governor of Michigan is located. Ransom Olds on his single-seat racecar "Olds Pirate", ca. 1896/1897 Racing Olds was also famous for his auto racing on the beaches of Florida at Ormond and Daytona. He had the first timed run on the beach in a solo run sometime between 1894 and 1897. In 1896 or 1897, rich automobile pioneers Olds and Alexander Winton (Winton Motor Carriage Company) staged an unofficial event; Winton beat Olds by 0.20 second. Politics Olds Mansion Wax figure of Ransom E. Olds at the Automotive Hall of Fame Olds was a Republican and served as a delegate from Michigan's 6th District to the 1908 Republican National Convention, which nominated William Howard Taft for president. Residence In the early 1900s, Olds built an elaborate Queen Anne-style mansion on South Washington Avenue in Lansing. Among the home's many technological innovations was a turntable in the garage which allowed Olds to pull in at night and leave again the next morning without driving in reverse. The mansion was demolished in 1966 to make way for Interstate 496, which was then named for Olds himself. The architectural drawings of that house are in the archives of the State of Michigan. Honors He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1946. Posthumous In 1992, the family's mausoleum was vandalized and remains were taken. See also Irving Jacob Reuter Oldsmobile REO Motor Car Company Notes ^ The Olds' residence was designed by Darius Moon. References ^ Michigan Yesterday & Today. Voyageur Press. 2009. ISBN 9781616731380. ^ May, G. Olds, Ransom Eli (1864-1950), pioneer automobile manufacturer. American National Biography. Retrieved 21 Mar. 2022, from https://www-anb-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1001245. ^ "Ransom E. Olds Biography". ^ "Olds Motor Works founded \| HISTORY". ^ "Olds, Ransom e. \| Detroit Historical Society". ^ May (1977), p. 133 ^ May (1977), pp. 147, 152 ^ May (1977), p. 185 ^ Burton (1922), p. 562 ^ May (1977), p. 187 ^ Berger (2001), p. 40 ^ Dunbar & May (1995), p. 424 ^ "How REO Speedwagon Got Its Band Name". May 28, 2020. ^ "The end of the road for Oldsmobile \| HISTORY". ^ "Invention of the Assembly Line". Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2009. ^ Redgap, Curtis (2007). "Pioneers of the auto industry". Retrieved January 8, 2008. ^ Niemeyer, Glenn A. “‘Oldsmar for Health, Wealth, Happiness.’” The Florida Historical Quarterly 46, no. 1 (1967): 18–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30140213. p. 19 ^ Republican National Convention (1908). Official Report of the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Republican National Convention. Press of F. J. Heer. p. 66. ^ Garrett, Bob (August 17, 2010). "Lost Piece of History". Archives of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ "Ten pioneers are named to automotive Hall of Fame". Toledo Blade. Toledo, Ohio. May 1, 1946. p. 10. Retrieved March 5, 2016. ^ "Men named in grave robbing charged again in airport thefts". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. January 30, 1992. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Bibliography 1880 Census of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. p. 321B. Berger, Michael L. (2001). The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-24558-4. Burton, Clarence M., ed. (1922). The City of Detroit, Michigan, Volume I. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. Chevedden, John; Kowalke, Ron (2012). Standard Catalog of Oldsmobile 1897–1997. Krause Publications. Dunbar, Willis F.; May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-7055-4. May, George S. (1977). R. E. Olds: Auto Industry Pioneer. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ransom Eli Olds. R.E. Olds Museum Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American automotive industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile"},{"link_name":"REO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"steam car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_car"},{"link_name":"assembly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Curved Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ransom Eli Olds (June 3, 1864 – August 26, 1950) was a pioneer of the American automotive industry, after whom the Oldsmobile and REO brands were named. He claimed to have built his first steam car as early as 1887 and his first gasoline-powered car in 1896. The modern assembly line and its basic concept is credited to Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, beginning in 1901.[1]","title":"Ransom E. Olds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"pattern-maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern-maker"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Dorset, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset,_England"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Olds was born in Geneva, Ohio, the youngest son of blacksmith and pattern-maker Pliny Fiske Olds and his wife, Sarah Whipple Olds. He was of English descent, with origins in Dorset, England. His parents moved the family to Cleveland, Ohio, when Olds was still a boy. He eventually settled in Lansing, Michigan, where he attended high-school before dropping out so that he could work full-time at the family company, P.F. Olds & Son. The company built and sold some steam engines but made most of its money doing repair work.[2] While in Lansing he also married Metta Ursula Woodward on June 5, 1889.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olds Motor Vehicle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile"},{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Smith_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ransom_olds_c1901.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Olds Motor Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile"},{"link_name":"runabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runabout_(car)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roy Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Chapin"},{"link_name":"New York Automobile Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Waldorf Astoria hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Curved Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"Model T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_T"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Frederic L. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_L._Smith"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"REO Motor Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"REO Speed Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speed_Wagon"},{"link_name":"pickup trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Oldsmobile","text":"He founded the Olds Motor Vehicle Company in Lansing, Michigan, on August 21, 1897. The company was bought by a copper and lumber magnate named Samuel L. Smith[4] in 1899 and renamed Olds Motor Works. The new company was relocated from Lansing to Detroit. Smith became president while Olds became vice president and general manager.[5]Ransom E. Olds, c 1901By 1901 Olds had built 11 prototype vehicles, including at least one of each power mode: steam, electricity and gasoline. In 1934, he received a patent for a diesel engine. He was the only American automotive pioneer to produce and sell at least one of each mode of automobile.[6]On March 9, 1901, the Olds Motor Works factory burned to the ground. Only one model, the little Curved Dash runabout, was saved from the flames. Ransom Olds claimed it was the fire that made him select the runabout, from among his many other models, to put into production. His biographer questions the veracity of this story. He points to an Olds advertising blitz that had already led to more than 300 Curved Dash orders even before the fire took place. \"Olds did not need the one rescued car from which to reconstruct the plans and patterns for the runabout.\"[7]Later that year, Olds had his company's test driver, Roy Chapin, drive a Curved Dash runabout to the second annual New York Automobile Show. Along the way, Chapin opted to drive up onto the Erie Canal tow path to escape the mire of New York state roads. After eight days of driving, he reached the Waldorf Astoria hotel but was turned away at the door. His mud-spattered attire was so disreputable that he was sent to the servants' entrance in back.During the auto show Olds pushed hard to make sales. When one dealer offered to purchase 500, Olds retorted, \"I would like to see you make this order for a thousand cars. Then the public would drop its jaw and take notice.\"[8] The deal was signed, and though the dealer ended up selling only 750 to the public, it was the original number that everyone remembered.The Curved Dash Oldsmobile sold for $650, equal to $23,806 today.[9] About 600 were sold in 1901, about 3,000 in 1902 and at least 4,000 in 1904.[10] It was this car, rather than Henry Ford's Model T, that was the first mass-produced, low-priced American motor vehicle.[11]As Smith's son, Frederic L. Smith, came into the business, he and Olds clashed frequently until Fred Smith removed Olds from the position of vice president and general manager in 1904, and Olds left his company.[12] He went on to form the R.E. Olds Motor Car Company. Its name was quickly changed to REO Motor Car Company to avoid a lawsuit from the Olds Motor Works. The name REO came from the initials of his name, but was intended to be an acronym, and thus pronounced as a word. Sometimes it was spelled as \"Reo\" to emphasize this pronunciation. Olds served as president (until 1925) and later chairman of REO. The band REO Speedwagon took its name from the REO Speed Wagon light delivery truck, an ancestor of pickup trucks, though the band pronounces each letter in REO individually rather than pronouncing REO as a word.[13]The Olds Motor Works was bought by General Motors in 1908. General Motors discontinued the Oldsmobile brand in 2004, after 107 years in business.[14]In 1946, Ransom Olds started building lawnmowers as the Lawn Mower Division of REO motors.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Assembly line","text":"Olds was the first person to use a stationary assembly line in the automotive industry. Henry Ford came after him, and was the first to use a moving assembly line to manufacture cars.[15] The new assembly approach enabled Olds to more than quintuple his factory's output, from 425 cars in 1901 to 2,500 in 1902.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Oldsmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmar,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fort Harrison Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Harrison_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Clearwater, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida"}],"sub_title":"Oldsmar","text":"In 1916, Olds purchased 37,547 acres (152 km2) of land by the northern part of Tampa Bay in Florida and developed the area into what is now the city of Oldsmar.[17] He traded his land for the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida in 1926.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"Boji Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boji_Tower"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other Lansing businesses","text":"In 1906, Olds organized the Capital National Bank, later called Lansing National Bank, and Michigan National Bank. Olds was also involved in the organization of the Michigan Screw Company and Atlas Drop Forge Company, all in Lansing, Michigan.Olds was the primary financier of the Olds Tower. When completed in 1931 it was the tallest office building in Lansing and retains that distinction today. Located at 124 West Allegan Street, the building is now called the Boji Tower.Olds was also involved in the Hotel Olds at 111 South Capitol Avenue in Lansing. Today this is known as the George W. Romney Building, where the office of the governor of Michigan is located.Ransom Olds on his single-seat racecar \"Olds Pirate\", ca. 1896/1897","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auto racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"beaches of Florida at Ormond and Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach_Road_Course"},{"link_name":"Alexander Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Winton"},{"link_name":"Winton Motor Carriage Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Motor_Carriage_Company"}],"text":"Olds was also famous for his auto racing on the beaches of Florida at Ormond and Daytona. He had the first timed run on the beach in a solo run sometime between 1894 and 1897. In 1896 or 1897, rich automobile pioneers Olds and Alexander Winton (Winton Motor Carriage Company) staged an unofficial event; Winton beat Olds by 0.20 second.","title":"Racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olds_Mansion_Exterior,_East_Front.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automotive_Hall_of_Fame_013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Automotive Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1908 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"}],"text":"Olds MansionWax figure of Ransom E. Olds at the Automotive Hall of FameOlds was a Republican and served as a delegate from Michigan's 6th District to the 1908 Republican National Convention,[18] which nominated William Howard Taft for president.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Anne-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Turntable"},{"link_name":"Interstate 496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_496"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrett-20"}],"text":"In the early 1900s, Olds built an elaborate Queen Anne-style mansion[notes 1] on South Washington Avenue in Lansing. Among the home's many technological innovations was a turntable in the garage which allowed Olds to pull in at night and leave again the next morning without driving in reverse. The mansion was demolished in 1966 to make way for Interstate 496, which was then named for Olds himself. The architectural drawings of that house are in the archives of the State of Michigan.[19]","title":"Residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Automotive Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blade-21"}],"text":"He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1946.[20]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"vandalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalized"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1992, the family's mausoleum was vandalized and remains were taken.[21]","title":"Posthumous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Darius Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Moon"}],"text":"^ The Olds' residence was designed by Darius Moon.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Ransom E. Olds, c 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ransom_olds_c1901.jpg/150px-Ransom_olds_c1901.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ransom Olds on his single-seat racecar \"Olds Pirate\", ca. 1896/1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg/220px-RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olds Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Olds_Mansion_Exterior%2C_East_Front.png/200px-Olds_Mansion_Exterior%2C_East_Front.png"},{"image_text":"Wax figure of Ransom E. Olds at the Automotive Hall of Fame","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame_013.jpg/200px-Automotive_Hall_of_Fame_013.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Irving Jacob Reuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Jacob_Reuter"},{"title":"Oldsmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile"},{"title":"REO Motor Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company"}]	[{"reference":"Michigan Yesterday & Today. Voyageur Press. 2009. ISBN 9781616731380.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HQdTa9ZXlVAC&pg=PA29","url_text":"Michigan Yesterday & Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616731380","url_text":"9781616731380"}]},{"reference":"\"Ransom E. Olds Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=Ransom+E.+Olds+Ancestors+england+dorset.+County","url_text":"\"Ransom E. Olds Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olds Motor Works founded \| HISTORY\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/olds-motor-works-founded","url_text":"\"Olds Motor Works founded \| HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olds, Ransom e. \| Detroit Historical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/olds-ransom-e","url_text":"\"Olds, Ransom e. \| Detroit Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"How REO Speedwagon Got Its Band Name\". May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grunge.com/213074/how-reo-speedwagon-got-its-band-name/","url_text":"\"How REO Speedwagon Got Its Band Name\""}]},{"reference":"\"The end of the road for Oldsmobile \| HISTORY\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/the-end-of-the-road-for-oldsmobile","url_text":"\"The end of the road for Oldsmobile \| HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Invention of the Assembly Line\". Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190913080810/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/assbline.htm","url_text":"\"Invention of the Assembly Line\""},{"url":"http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/assbline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Redgap, Curtis (2007). \"Pioneers of the auto industry\". Retrieved January 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allpar.com/corporate/bios/pioneers.html","url_text":"\"Pioneers of the auto industry\""}]},{"reference":"Republican National Convention (1908). Official Report of the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Republican National Convention. Press of F. J. Heer. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66","url_text":"Official Report of the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Republican National Convention"}]},{"reference":"Garrett, Bob (August 17, 2010). \"Lost Piece of History\". Archives of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://seekingmichigan.org/look/2010/08/17/olds-mansion","url_text":"\"Lost Piece of History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archives_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Archives of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"\"Ten pioneers are named to automotive Hall of Fame\". Toledo Blade. Toledo, Ohio. May 1, 1946. p. 10. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19460501&id=K9lOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1P8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7083,56359&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ten pioneers are named to automotive Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade","url_text":"Toledo Blade"}]},{"reference":"\"Men named in grave robbing charged again in airport thefts\". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. January 30, 1992. Retrieved April 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GK0LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6472,1839770&dq=davis+airport+lansing&hl=en","url_text":"\"Men named in grave robbing charged again in airport thefts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington_Daily_News","url_text":"Ludington Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"1880 Census of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. p. 321B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Berger, Michael L. (2001). The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-24558-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24558-4","url_text":"0-313-24558-4"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Clarence M., ed. (1922). The City of Detroit, Michigan, Volume I. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._J._Clarke_Publishing_Company","url_text":"S. J. Clarke Publishing Company"}]},{"reference":"Chevedden, John; Kowalke, Ron (2012). Standard Catalog of Oldsmobile 1897–1997. Krause Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krause_Publications","url_text":"Krause Publications"}]},{"reference":"Dunbar, Willis F.; May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-7055-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing","url_text":"William B. Eerdmans Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-7055-4","url_text":"0-8028-7055-4"}]},{"reference":"May, George S. (1977). R. E. Olds: Auto Industry Pioneer. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HQdTa9ZXlVAC&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"Michigan Yesterday & Today"},{"Link":"https://www-anb-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1001245","external_links_name":"https://www-anb-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1001245"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=Ransom+E.+Olds+Ancestors+england+dorset.+County","external_links_name":"\"Ransom E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Neo_Cortex	Doctor Neo Cortex	["1 Concept and creation","1.1 Voice portrayal","2 Characteristics","3 Appearances","3.1 Main series","3.2 Other games","4 Promotion and reception","5 References","6 External links"]	"Neo Cortex" redirects here. For the part of the mammalian brain, see Neocortex.Character from the Crash Bandicoot series Fictional character Doctor Neo CortexCrash Bandicoot characterCortex from Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About TimeFirst appearanceCrash Bandicoot (1996)Created byAndy GavinJason RubinDesigned byCharles ZembillasVoiced by English Brendan O'Brien (1996) Clancy Brown (1997–2003) Lex Lang (2004–present) Debi Derryberry (child; 2004) Corey Burton (baby; 2017) Japanese Shōzō Iizuka (1996–2017) Yōsuke Akimoto (2006) Masaaki Itatori (2020) Noriko Suzuki (child; 2004) In-universe informationWeaponRaygunNationalityAmerican Doctor Neo Periwinkle Cortex is a character and the main antagonist of the Crash Bandicoot video game series. He has appeared in every mainline game in the series as Crash Bandicoot's archenemy, as well as a playable character in several spin-off titles. Cortex is an egomaniacal mad scientist who seeks to achieve world domination with the use of the Evolvo-Ray, a machine capable of creating genetically enhanced soldiers from ordinary animals. Crash was one such subject but thwarted the scientist's plot; Cortex is subsequently determined to eliminate Crash as an obstacle to world domination. Cortex was created by Naughty Dog founders Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin, and was originally designed by Joe Pearson and Charles Zembillas. Voice actors who have portrayed Cortex include Brendan O'Brien, Clancy Brown and Lex Lang. Cortex has been positively received by reviewers, with much of the praise going to Brown's and Lang's vocal performances as well as the character's portrayal in Crash Twinsanity. Concept and creation During the development of Crash Bandicoot, Naughty Dog founders Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin conceived the idea of Cortex while eating near Universal Interactive Studios. Gavin came up with the idea of an "evil genius villain with a big head" who was "all about his attitude and his minions". Rubin, having become fond of the animated television series Pinky and the Brain, imagined a more malevolent version of the Brain with minions resembling the weasel characters in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. After Gavin put on a voice depicting the attitude in mind for the character, he and Rubin instantly came up with the name "Doctor Neo Cortex". Gavin and Rubin described Cortex to character designer Charles Zembillas as " a huge head but a tiny body, he's a mad scientist, and he dresses a bit like a Nazi from The Jetsons". Rubin owns the original sketches of Cortex by Zembillas. Crash Bandicoot co-artist Joe Pearson wrote a full backstory for Cortex as part of the game's production bible. The backstory details Cortex's birth to a large family of circus performers (his birth is said to have occurred within a gypsy wagon fleeing Peoria, Illinois), the abuse he suffered from being made part of the family act (which culminated in a large "N", standing for "nerd", being tattooed onto his forehead), the murder of his family in a fireworks explosion, and a period of vagrancy and fugitivity with his henchman and high school classmate Nitrus Brio. Cortex was originally envisioned as a self-aware video game character who was bothered by the clichés he embodied and addressed the audience throughout the game. This aspect was removed after Naughty Dog decided that cutscenes would disrupt the game's pacing. Cortex was kept stationary in many of his early appearances because his game model was unable to walk properly due to the short length of his legs. Artist Nicholas Kole adjusted Cortex's proportions for his appearance in Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, though according to Kole, Cortex's more "debonair" build resulted in his animations turning out "too handsome". In response, the game's artists created an expression sheet to preserve Cortex's comedic characterization. Voice portrayal Cortex is voiced by Brendan O'Brien in the first Crash Bandicoot game, and by Clancy Brown from Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back up to Crash Nitro Kart. Brown eventually left the series due to his dissatisfaction with the video game industry's financial compensation for voice actors. For Crash Twinsanity, Lex Lang was called in for an audition to replace Brown, and was given an explanation that Vivendi Universal Games considered Brown's performance to be "too mean". After voice director Chris Borders described Cortex to Lang and had him listen to signature samples of Brown's performance, he encouraged Lang to play Cortex as more flamboyant and self-absorbed. Lang eventually created a depiction of Cortex that was "master evil with a bit of a childish feminine side that leaks out in his tirades" that had everyone laughing at the lines and the character. Monty Python's Flying Circus was an additional influence on Lang's delivery as Cortex. Lang voiced Cortex from Twinsanity onward. In a flashback to Cortex's childhood in Crash Twinsanity, he is voiced by Debi Derryberry, while Corey Burton voiced Cortex when he is momentarily turned into an infant in the Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy. Characteristics Cortex's most distinguishing physical traits are his large head, yellow skin, pointed goatee and the N tattooed onto his forehead. Cortex is near-bald with the exception of a few areas on his head; Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin jokingly explained that Cortex only uses Rogaine on those select areas, while Joe Pearson's production bible suggests that Cortex had been prematurely balding since his infancy. Cortex stands 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) and weighs 59 kilograms (130 lb). Cortex's basic characterization was conceived by Gavin and Rubin as "A villain, all full of himself, unable to conceive of ever doing anything the simple way, but constantly (in his eyes) betrayed by the incompetence of his henchmen". Cortex is depicted as a mad scientist who is ruthlessly and obsessively motivated to dominate the world by the desire to exact vengeance upon a humanity that spurned and humiliated him. He possesses an outrageously high intelligence quotient, which he believes makes him the logical choice to control the world, and he is frequently frustrated by the inferior mentality and failures of his underlings. In awareness of his diminutive build, Cortex avoids physical combat and rationalizes his cowardice by claiming that such engagement is beneath him. Cortex is exceptionally skilled in the fields of engineering and mechanics, which allows him to create a wide variety of devices and machines. Although he is prone to wild mood swings, his single-minded determination keeps him functional. He is highly self-confident and views himself as perfect, which convinces him not to subject himself to the Evolvo-Ray. Cortex is a lifelong loner whose sole friend has been his assistant and childhood associate Doctor Nitrus Brio, whom he treats with contemptuous affection. As a result of his traumatic childhood experiences, Cortex flies into an hysterical rage at imagery of clowns, laugh tracks, seltzer bottles and bananas. Crash Twinsanity artist Daniel Tonkin observed that Cortex is "massively egotistical" and has "a real insecurity complex", while voice actor Lex Lang summarized Cortex's character as a "maniacal narcissist". Appearances Main series In Crash Bandicoot, Cortex and Brio prepare an evolved bandicoot, Crash, for the Cortex Vortex, a machine that will supposedly brainwash Crash into becoming the general of Cortex's army of "Cortex Commandos" and leading a campaign for world domination. After the Vortex rejects Crash, Cortex chases Crash out of his castle and prepares a female bandicoot named Tawna for experimentation. Cortex is eventually confronted and defeated by Crash, who escapes with Tawna on Cortex's airship. In Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, Cortex lands in a cavern where he discovers a large Crystal that he believes will aid him in controlling the world. To this end, he creates a space station armed with a larger version of the Cortex Vortex that is capable of brainwashing the entirety of Earth's populace. However, he is informed by his new henchman Doctor N. Gin that 25 smaller Crystals are needed alongside this "Master Crystal" for the new Cortex Vortex to be functional. To remedy this situation, Cortex abducts Crash and fools him into believing that he is working to save the world from an upcoming solar flux by gathering the Crystals. Cortex is later forced to flee when Crash's sister Coco discovers Cortex's real plan and reveals it to Crash, and Cortex's space station is destroyed by Brio, who has turned against Cortex. In Crash Bandicoot: Warped, the ruins of Cortex's space station crash into Earth and release his master Uka Uka. Cortex takes part in Uka Uka's plan to gather the Crystals in their original places in time by using Doctor Nefarious Tropy's Time-Twisting Machine. Upon Cortex's defeat, the Time-Twisting Machine implodes on itself, trapping Cortex, Tropy and Uka Uka in a prison outside of time and space. In Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex, Cortex creates Crunch Bandicoot in another plot to destroy Crash, and unveils him at a meeting inside Cortex's new space station. After Crunch fails to defeat Crash, Cortex and Uka Uka flee into an escape pod after Uka Uka accidentally causes the space station's catastrophic failure. Their pod lands in a frozen Antarctic wasteland, stranding them both on a large sheet of ice for three years. In Crash Twinsanity, Cortex returns and attempts to eliminate Crash. After another failure, Cortex and Crash encounter a pair of interdimensional parrots named the Evil Twins, who announce their plans to destroy Crash's island and devastate Earth. Cortex temporarily teams up with Crash to defeat the Evil Twins with the aid of the Psychetron, a machine that will allow them to travel between the infinite dimensions. Cortex eventually realizes that the Evil Twins are his childhood pets Victor and Moritz, who were sent to the Tenth Dimension following Cortex's first experiment with the Evolvo-Ray. Cortex sets out with Crash and his niece Nina Cortex to the Tenth Dimension, where they confront and defeat the Evil Twins. After the trio return to their own dimension, Cortex attempts to banish Crash, but the malfunctioning Psychetron teleports Cortex into Crash's brain, where he is trapped with a crowd of dancing Crash duplicates. In Crash of the Titans, Cortex kidnaps Coco and steals a large quantity of Mojo from an ancient temple, planning to use it to create an army of "Titans", which will aid him in the construction of the Doominator, a giant robot capable of destroying the Wumpa Islands. After failing once more to destroy Crash, Cortex is lambasted by Uka Uka, who replaces him with Nina. Incapacitated for much of the game, Cortex is denied the opportunity to watch his Doominator in action. At the end of the game, Cortex rescues Nina from the collapsing Doominator and praises her for her treachery, but nevertheless promises retribution. In Crash: Mind over Mutant, Cortex deposits Nina at his Evil Public School, then reconciles with Brio to invent the NV, a personal digital assistant that controls whoever uses it by transmitting negative Mojo; the Mojo is forcibly extracted from Uka Uka after Cortex takes him captive. Cortex later engages in a fight with Crash inside his new Space Head space station, empowering himself with the use of Brio's mutation formula. Upon losing the fight, Cortex throws a tantrum, causing the Space Head to plummet towards Earth. Cortex returns to normal and escapes the Space Head in a smaller shuttle. In Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, which retcons the games following Warped from continuity, Cortex and Tropy escape from their temporal prison, which creates rifts leading to different dimensions, and they begin a plot to conquer the multiverse. After another defeat to Crash, Cortex prepares to retire until Tropy announces his own plot to reshape the multiverse, which would erase both Crash and Cortex from existence. Cortex, incensed by Tropy's betrayal, teams up with Crash and his group to stop Tropy and seal the dimensional rifts. Following a celebratory trip to a futuristic metropolis, Cortex kidnaps Kupuna-Wa − a magical "Quantum Mask" with time-altering powers − and uses her to travel back in time to his original bid for world domination and avert Crash's creation. However, he is unable to convince his past self to abandon the experiment, and is again defeated by the present Crash. The present Cortex is banished by the Quantum Masks to the end of the universe, where Cortex relaxes on a beach and enjoys the peace and quiet until Uka Uka suddenly appears before him. A series of collectible "Flashback Tapes" in the game detail Cortex's training of the then-unnamed Crash prior to his initiation into Cortex's army, and the final tape featuring Crash includes Cortex christening him with the name "Crashworth Cortex the First", or "Crash" for short. In the subsequent tapes, which take place following Crash's escape from Cortex's castle, Cortex trains Crash's sister, whom he codenames "Coco", hires N. Gin, and creates Dingodile as a potential substitute for Coco, who ultimately escapes Cortex's castle under the guise of undertaking another trial. Other games Cortex appears as a playable character in the racing titles Crash Team Racing, Crash Nitro Kart and Crash Tag Team Racing, as well as the party titles Crash Bash and Crash Boom Bang!. Cortex is the main antagonist in the handheld titles Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure, Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage and Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy. Although Cortex is absent from the narrative of Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced, he is a playable character in the game's multiplayer mode. On mobile platforms, Cortex appears as an antagonist in the racing title Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 3D and the runner game Crash Bandicoot: On the Run!. Cortex is a playable character in the multiplayer game, Crash Team Rumble. Outside of the Crash Bandicoot series, Cortex appeared alongside Crash as a playable character in the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of Skylanders: Imaginators. Promotion and reception Cortex has been featured in a series of Crash Bandicoot action figures produced by Resaurus. For Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, Resaurus produced a "Dr. Neo Cortex" figure bundled with a laser gun, a Wumpa Fruit and a Crystal as seen in the game. A vinyl figure by Funko and a rubber duck by Numskull Designs have also been made in Cortex's image. On July 28, 2020, First 4 Figures unveiled a 21-inch resin collectible figure of Cortex, with an estimated Q3 2021 release date. The figure depicts a scene from the boss fight against him in Crash Bandicoot: Warped, in which Cortex wields a ray gun and a timed mine. The figure will be released in both a standard and exclusive edition; the exclusive version features a light-up hoverboard, mine and smoke trail. Voice actors Clancy Brown and Lex Lang have both received positive critical attention for their performances as Cortex. Cortex has ranked within a number of lists of best video game villains. Robert Workman of GameDaily ranked Cortex number twenty-three on his list of the "Top 25 Evil Masterminds of All Time", stating "His twisted Wario-like hair, his pointy goatee and that big N stamped in the middle of his forehead makes him look like pure evil." Chris Buffa, also of GameDaily, ranked Cortex at number twenty-one in his "Top 25 Craziest Villains" list. In the Guinness World Records' 2013 Gamer's Edition, Cortex was ranked 42nd on its list of 50 greatest video game villains. GamesRadar+ ranked Cortex 98th in their 2013 list of the best villains in video game history. Clancy Brown's vocal performances as Cortex have received positive notice from reviewers. Major Mike of GamePro and Mark Cooke of Game Revolution both praised Brown's performance in Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, with Cooke describing Brown as "hilarious" and "satirical". In his review of Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex, Ben Kosmina of Nintendo World Report singled out Brown's voice-acting as "great", and recalled Cortex's line "...and a woman with nice, big... bags of ice for my head" being a highlight in Crash Bandicoot: Warped. Chris Carter of Destructoid, in his review of the Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy, stated his preference of Brown's performance in the original trilogy over Lex Lang's performance in the remastered version. Cortex's portrayal and Lang's vocal performance in Crash Twinsanity were also praised. Reviewers appreciated the added dimension to Cortex's personality and considered the character and his dialogue to be the most entertaining and accomplished in the game. Nick Valentino of GameZone described Cortex as "nutty in the best possible way", while Andrew Reiner of Game Informer admitted that "turning Cortex into a cross-dressing lunatic brought about a few chuckles". Eddie Makuch of GameSpot, discussing the demo for Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, was delighted by Cortex's "cartoonishly evil" personality, and Alessandro Fillari of the same publication appreciated his humanization after observing him from a distance in the original games, describing him as "sort of like the Wile E. Coyote, but with more advanced technology and a bigger ego. He's somehow always two steps behind Crash, which is hilarious". Alicia Haddick of GamesRadar+ characterized Cortex as a tragic villain who lacks an intimidation factor or much control over his subordinates, is frequently betrayed by his allies, and is never thanked on the rare occasions that he saves the world from a greater threat. References ^ "『クラッシュ・バンディクー4』懐かしのCMソング"クラッシュ万事休す"に合わせて踊る実写映像公開！メインキャラの日本語声優も公開". famitsu.com (in Japanese). September 14, 2020. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020. ^ Radical Entertainment. Crash Tag Team Racing (Multiplatform). Sierra Entertainment. Level/area: Von Clutch Makes a Deal. Doctor Neo Cortex: What is the meaning of this?! Have you any idea with whom you are dealing?! / Ebenezer Von Clutch: The world-renowned evil-doer Doctor Neo Periwinkle Cortex! I have all your games. ^ Pearson, Joe (29 June 2017). "Crash Bandicoot - Artwork - Joe Pearson". Crash Mania. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023. ^ a b c d Gavin, Andy (February 3, 2011). "Making Crash Bandicoot - part 2". All Things Andy Gavin. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011. ^ Hester, Blake (June 22, 2017). "Crash Bandicoot: An oral history". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2020. ^ a b c The Crash Bandicoot Files: How Willy the Wombat Sparked Marsupial Mania. Dark Horse Books. 2018. pp. 137−138. ISBN 978-1-50670-649-8. ^ a b c Pearson, Joe (August 15, 1995). Project Wombat. Universal Interactive Studios. pp. 9–11. ^ Meston, Zach (1996). Crash Bandicoot: The Official Strategy Guide. Dimension Publishing. pp. 11–12. ASIN B000OBI980. ^ Neilson, Micky (2020). The Art of Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time. Activision Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 9781950366231. ^ Naughty Dog (September 9, 1996). Crash Bandicoot (PlayStation). Sony Computer Entertainment. Level/area: Credits. Voice characterization: Brendan O'Brien ^ Universal Staff (1997). Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back Instruction Booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. pp. 14−15. ISBN 0-06-083305-X. ^ Universal Staff (1998). Crash Bandicoot : Warped Instruction Booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. p. 14. ^ Crash Team Racing Instruction Booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1999. p. 26. ^ Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex Instruction Booklet. Universal Interactive. 2001. p. 23. ^ Crash Nitro Kart Instruction Booklet. Fresno, California, United States of America: Universal Interactive. 2003. p. 23. ^ Wojnar, Zak (October 14, 2020). "Ryan Spindell & Clancy Brown Interview: The Mortuary Collection". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020. ^ a b c "Interview with Lex Lang (Dr. Neo Cortex)". Crash Mania. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ a b c "Lex Lang talks about his role as Dr. Neo Cortex". Phoenix Comic Con. May 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via YouTube. ^ Lang, Lex (August 3, 2019). "@Borgatao No. Just watched a lot of Monty Python as a kid. Haha XD!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ a b Crash Twinsanity Instruction Manual. Vivendi Universal Games. 2004. pp. 10–11. ^ Radical Entertainment (October 19, 2005). Crash Tag Team Racing (Multiplatform). Vivendi Universal Games. Level/area: Credits. ^ "Crash Mania - Crash of the Titans - News". Crash Mania. September 29, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ a b Vicarious Visions (June 30, 2017). Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Credits. ^ Radical Entertainment. Crash Tag Team Racing (Multiplatform). Sierra Entertainment. Level/area: Mystery Island. Park Drone: Hey, man. You trying to sneak around in forbidden areas but can't because of your huge head and bright yellow skin? ^ a b Workman, Robert (December 1, 2008). "Top 25 Evil Masterminds of All Time Gallery and Images". GameDaily. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2009. ^ a b Buffa, Chris (May 11, 2009). "Top 25 Craziest Villains Gallery and Images". GameDaily. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2020. ^ "". Naughty Dog. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2009. ^ Amaze Entertainment. Crash of the Titans (Nintendo DS). Sierra Entertainment. Level/area: Doctor Neo Cortex profile. ^ Crash Bandicoot Instruction Booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1996. p. 19. ^ Bramwell, Tom (October 6, 2004). "Traveller's Tales on Crash Twinsanity". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020. ^ Traveller's Tales (September 28, 2004). Crash Twinsanity (Multiplatform). Vivendi Universal Games. Level/area: Jungle Bungle. Doctor Neo Cortex: Three years I spent alone in the frozen Antarctic wastes, and I missed you! ^ Holt, Kris (June 22, 2020). "Crash Bandicoot 4 pretends the PS2-era games never happened". Engadget. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. ^ Cooper, Dalton (October 6, 2020). "Crash Bandicoot 4 Ending Explained". Game Rant. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 1: Subject #218. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 11: Cortex Vortex Pre-Check. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 12: Subject: Perameles Coco. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 13: N. Gin N.Terview. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 17: Replacement Considerations. ^ Toys for Bob (October 2, 2020). Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4). Activision. Level/area: Flashback Tape 21: The Gauntlet. ^ Crash Team Racing Instruction Booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1999. pp. 24−25. ^ Crash Nitro Kart Instruction Booklet. Fresno, California, United States of America: Universal Interactive. 2003. pp. 20−21. ^ Crash Tag Team Racing Instruction Booklet. Vivendi Universal Games. 2005. p. 10. ^ Crash Bash (PlayStation) instruction booklet, pp. 16–17 ^ Crash Boom Bang! (Nintendo DS) instruction booklet, p. 4 ^ Satterfield, Shane (August 14, 2001). "Hands-on: Crash Bandicoot GBA". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2009. ^ Harris, Craig (April 20, 2004). "Crash Bandicoot Purple". IGN. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020. ^ Harris, Craig (October 22, 2002). "Crash Bandicoot 2". IGN. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2020. ^ "Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 3D". Polarbit. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020. ^ "Crash Bandicoot: On the Run!™ Set to Bring Marsupial Mischief & Mayhem to Mobile!". finance.yahoo.com. July 9, 2020. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ "Get N. Sane with Crash Team Rumble, Launching June 20 on PlayStation and Xbox". blog.activision.com. Archived from the original on 2023-06-25. Retrieved 2023-06-25. ^ Paget, Mat (August 16, 2016). "Another Crash Bandicoot Character Is Playable in Skylanders Imaginators". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016. ^ "". Naughty Dog. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2009. ^ Konrad, Jeremy (September 13, 2017). "Funko Is Giving Us All The Crash Bandicoot Pops We Can Handle". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. ^ Fallon, Sean (August 15, 2019). "Cosplaying Duck Figures Feature Skyrim, Batman, LOTR, Spryo, and More". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. ^ Galvez, Miguel (July 28, 2020). "Crash Bandicoot™ – Dr. Neo Cortex Statue Launch". First 4 Figures. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. ^ "Crash Bandicoot™ – Dr. Neo Cortex (Exclusive Edition)". First 4 Figures. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021. ^ "Bowser crowned 'greatest videogame villain of all time' in poll for Guinness World Records 2013 Gamer's Edition". Guinness World Records. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020. ^ GamesRadar Staff (May 17, 2013). "100 best villains in video games". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013. ^ Major Mike (January 1998). "Pro Review: Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back" (PDF). GamePro. pp. 86–87. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019. ^ Cooke, Mark (June 4, 2004). "Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Backs video game review for the PS". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2009. ^ Kosmina, Ben (February 14, 2003). "Nintendo World Report - GC Review: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2009. ^ Carter, Chris (June 29, 2017). "Review: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy". Destructoid. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2018. ^ Pringle, James B. (October 6, 2004). "IGN: Crash Twinsanity Review". IGN. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2020. ^ Soboleski, Brent (October 7, 2004). "Crash Twinsanity Review (Xbox)". TeamXbox. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2009. ^ Davis, Ryan (October 5, 2004). "Crash Twinsanity for PlayStation 2 Review - PlayStation 2 Crash Twinsanity Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2009. ^ Valentino, Nick (October 8, 2004). "Crash Twinsanity Review - Xbox". GameZone. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2009. ^ Reiner, Andrew; Mason, Lisa (November 2004). "Double Your Displeasure". Game Informer. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ Makuch, Eddie; Fillari, Alessandro (July 24, 2020). "Crash Bandicoot 4 Brings The Nostalgia And That Old-School Challenge". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2021. ^ Haddick, Alicia (March 24, 2024). "Crash Bandicoot's arch nemesis proves that sometimes, mad scientists can be the good guys". GamesRadar+. Future US. Retrieved June 6, 2024. External links Doctor Neo Cortex at Crash Mania vteCrash BandicootList of gamesMain seriesNaughty Dog Crash Bandicoot Cortex Strikes Back Warped Traveller's Tales The Wrath of Cortex Twinsanity Radical Entertainment Crash of the Titans Nintendo DS Mind over Mutant Toys for Bob It's About Time Spin-offsPlatformers The Huge Adventure N-Tranced Ripto's Rampage Racing Team Racing Nitro Kart Tag Team Racing Party Bash Boom Bang! Team Rumble Mobile Nitro Kart 3D Nitro Kart 2 On the Run! Remasters N. Sane Trilogy Team Racing Nitro-Fueled Characters Crash Bandicoot Doctor Neo Cortex Other media Skylanders Academy RelatedGames Spyro Uncharted 4: A Thief's End Skylanders: Imaginators Companies Activision Naughty Dog Radical Entertainment Sony Interactive Entertainment Toys for Bob Traveller's Tales Universal Interactive Vicarious Visions Vivendi Games Portals: 1990s Video games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(character)"},{"link_name":"archenemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenemy"},{"link_name":"egomaniacal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egomania"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"world domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination"},{"link_name":"Naughty Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_Dog"},{"link_name":"Andy Gavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gavin"},{"link_name":"Jason Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Charles Zembillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Zembillas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brendan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"Crash Twinsanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Twinsanity"}],"text":"\"Neo Cortex\" redirects here. For the part of the mammalian brain, see Neocortex.Character from the Crash Bandicoot seriesFictional characterDoctor Neo Periwinkle Cortex[2] is a character and the main antagonist of the Crash Bandicoot video game series. He has appeared in every mainline game in the series as Crash Bandicoot's archenemy, as well as a playable character in several spin-off titles. Cortex is an egomaniacal mad scientist who seeks to achieve world domination with the use of the Evolvo-Ray, a machine capable of creating genetically enhanced soldiers from ordinary animals. Crash was one such subject but thwarted the scientist's plot; Cortex is subsequently determined to eliminate Crash as an obstacle to world domination.Cortex was created by Naughty Dog founders Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin, and was originally designed by Joe Pearson and Charles Zembillas.[3] Voice actors who have portrayed Cortex include Brendan O'Brien, Clancy Brown and Lex Lang. Cortex has been positively received by reviewers, with much of the praise going to Brown's and Lang's vocal performances as well as the character's portrayal in Crash Twinsanity.","title":"Doctor Neo Cortex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Naughty Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_Dog"},{"link_name":"Andy Gavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gavin"},{"link_name":"Jason Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Pinky and the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Charles Zembillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Zembillas"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"The Jetsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jetsons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyGavin2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gypsy wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)"},{"link_name":"Peoria, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"vagrancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy"},{"link_name":"Nitrus Brio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrus_Brio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WillyWombatFiles-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProjectWombat-7"},{"link_name":"addressed the audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"cutscenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProjectWombat-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyGavin2-4"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_4:_It%27s_About_Time"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"During the development of Crash Bandicoot, Naughty Dog founders Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin conceived the idea of Cortex while eating near Universal Interactive Studios. Gavin came up with the idea of an \"evil genius villain with a big head\" who was \"all about his attitude and his minions\". Rubin, having become fond of the animated television series Pinky and the Brain, imagined a more malevolent version of the Brain with minions resembling the weasel characters in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. After Gavin put on a voice depicting the attitude in mind for the character, he and Rubin instantly came up with the name \"Doctor Neo Cortex\". Gavin and Rubin described Cortex to character designer Charles Zembillas as \"[having] a huge head but a tiny body, he's a mad scientist, and he dresses a bit like a Nazi from The Jetsons\". Rubin owns the original sketches of Cortex by Zembillas.[4]Crash Bandicoot co-artist Joe Pearson wrote a full backstory for Cortex as part of the game's production bible.[5] The backstory details Cortex's birth to a large family of circus performers (his birth is said to have occurred within a gypsy wagon fleeing Peoria, Illinois), the abuse he suffered from being made part of the family act (which culminated in a large \"N\", standing for \"nerd\", being tattooed onto his forehead), the murder of his family in a fireworks explosion, and a period of vagrancy and fugitivity with his henchman and high school classmate Nitrus Brio.[6][7] Cortex was originally envisioned as a self-aware video game character who was bothered by the clichés he embodied and addressed the audience throughout the game. This aspect was removed after Naughty Dog decided that cutscenes would disrupt the game's pacing.[7][8]Cortex was kept stationary in many of his early appearances because his game model was unable to walk properly due to the short length of his legs.[4] Artist Nicholas Kole adjusted Cortex's proportions for his appearance in Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, though according to Kole, Cortex's more \"debonair\" build resulted in his animations turning out \"too handsome\". In response, the game's artists created an expression sheet to preserve Cortex's comedic characterization.[9]","title":"Concept and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brendan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_2:_Cortex_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"Crash Nitro Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Nitro_Kart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Crash Twinsanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Twinsanity"},{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexInterview-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexFanFusion-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexInterview-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexFanFusion-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexInterview-17"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TwinsanityManual-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSaneCred-23"},{"link_name":"Debi Derryberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi_Derryberry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TwinsanityManual-20"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_N._Sane_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSaneCred-23"}],"sub_title":"Voice portrayal","text":"Cortex is voiced by Brendan O'Brien in the first Crash Bandicoot game,[10] and by Clancy Brown from Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back up to Crash Nitro Kart.[11][12][13][14][15] Brown eventually left the series due to his dissatisfaction with the video game industry's financial compensation for voice actors.[16] For Crash Twinsanity, Lex Lang was called in for an audition to replace Brown,[17] and was given an explanation that Vivendi Universal Games considered Brown's performance to be \"too mean\".[18] After voice director Chris Borders described Cortex to Lang and had him listen to signature samples of Brown's performance,[17] he encouraged Lang to play Cortex as more flamboyant and self-absorbed.[18] Lang eventually created a depiction of Cortex that was \"master evil with a bit of a childish feminine side that leaks out in his tirades\" that had everyone laughing at the lines and the character.[17] Monty Python's Flying Circus was an additional influence on Lang's delivery as Cortex.[19] Lang voiced Cortex from Twinsanity onward.[20][21][22][23] In a flashback to Cortex's childhood in Crash Twinsanity, he is voiced by Debi Derryberry,[20] while Corey Burton voiced Cortex when he is momentarily turned into an infant in the Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy.[23]","title":"Concept and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyGavin2-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"goatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatee"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDMastermind-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDCrazy-26"},{"link_name":"Rogaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoxidil"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProjectWombat-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyGavin2-4"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"dominate the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_domination"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WillyWombatFiles-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"intelligence quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"mood swings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_swing"},{"link_name":"loner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loner"},{"link_name":"Doctor Nitrus Brio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Nitrus_Brio"},{"link_name":"clowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clown"},{"link_name":"laugh tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugh_track"},{"link_name":"seltzer bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_siphon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WillyWombatFiles-6"},{"link_name":"Crash Twinsanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Twinsanity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"narcissist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexFanFusion-18"}],"text":"Cortex's most distinguishing physical traits are his large head, yellow skin,[4][24] pointed goatee and the N tattooed onto his forehead.[25][26] Cortex is near-bald with the exception of a few areas on his head; Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin jokingly explained that Cortex only uses Rogaine on those select areas,[27] while Joe Pearson's production bible suggests that Cortex had been prematurely balding since his infancy.[7] Cortex stands 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) and weighs 59 kilograms (130 lb).[28]Cortex's basic characterization was conceived by Gavin and Rubin as \"A villain, all full of himself, unable to conceive of ever doing anything the simple way, but constantly (in his eyes) betrayed by the incompetence of his henchmen\".[4] Cortex is depicted as a mad scientist who is ruthlessly and obsessively motivated to dominate the world by the desire to exact vengeance upon a humanity that spurned and humiliated him.[6][29] He possesses an outrageously high intelligence quotient, which he believes makes him the logical choice to control the world, and he is frequently frustrated by the inferior mentality and failures of his underlings. In awareness of his diminutive build, Cortex avoids physical combat and rationalizes his cowardice by claiming that such engagement is beneath him. Cortex is exceptionally skilled in the fields of engineering and mechanics, which allows him to create a wide variety of devices and machines. Although he is prone to wild mood swings, his single-minded determination keeps him functional. He is highly self-confident and views himself as perfect, which convinces him not to subject himself to the Evolvo-Ray. Cortex is a lifelong loner whose sole friend has been his assistant and childhood associate Doctor Nitrus Brio, whom he treats with contemptuous affection. As a result of his traumatic childhood experiences, Cortex flies into an hysterical rage at imagery of clowns, laugh tracks, seltzer bottles and bananas.[6] Crash Twinsanity artist Daniel Tonkin observed that Cortex is \"massively egotistical\" and has \"a real insecurity complex\",[30] while voice actor Lex Lang summarized Cortex's character as a \"maniacal narcissist\".[18]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(character)"},{"link_name":"Tawna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawna_Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_2:_Cortex_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"space station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"Doctor N. Gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_N._Gin"},{"link_name":"Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: Warped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_Warped"},{"link_name":"Uka Uka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uka_Uka"},{"link_name":"Doctor Nefarious Tropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Nefarious_Tropy"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_The_Wrath_of_Cortex"},{"link_name":"Crunch Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"escape pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_pod"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Crash Twinsanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Twinsanity"},{"link_name":"Nina Cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Cortex"},{"link_name":"Crash of the Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_of_the_Titans"},{"link_name":"Crash: Mind over Mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash:_Mind_over_Mutant"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_4:_It%27s_About_Time"},{"link_name":"retcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"different dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dingodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingodile"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Main series","text":"In Crash Bandicoot, Cortex and Brio prepare an evolved bandicoot, Crash, for the Cortex Vortex, a machine that will supposedly brainwash Crash into becoming the general of Cortex's army of \"Cortex Commandos\" and leading a campaign for world domination. After the Vortex rejects Crash, Cortex chases Crash out of his castle and prepares a female bandicoot named Tawna for experimentation. Cortex is eventually confronted and defeated by Crash, who escapes with Tawna on Cortex's airship. In Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, Cortex lands in a cavern where he discovers a large Crystal that he believes will aid him in controlling the world. To this end, he creates a space station armed with a larger version of the Cortex Vortex that is capable of brainwashing the entirety of Earth's populace. However, he is informed by his new henchman Doctor N. Gin that 25 smaller Crystals are needed alongside this \"Master Crystal\" for the new Cortex Vortex to be functional. To remedy this situation, Cortex abducts Crash and fools him into believing that he is working to save the world from an upcoming solar flux by gathering the Crystals. Cortex is later forced to flee when Crash's sister Coco discovers Cortex's real plan and reveals it to Crash, and Cortex's space station is destroyed by Brio, who has turned against Cortex. In Crash Bandicoot: Warped, the ruins of Cortex's space station crash into Earth and release his master Uka Uka. Cortex takes part in Uka Uka's plan to gather the Crystals in their original places in time by using Doctor Nefarious Tropy's Time-Twisting Machine. Upon Cortex's defeat, the Time-Twisting Machine implodes on itself, trapping Cortex, Tropy and Uka Uka in a prison outside of time and space.In Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex, Cortex creates Crunch Bandicoot in another plot to destroy Crash, and unveils him at a meeting inside Cortex's new space station. After Crunch fails to defeat Crash, Cortex and Uka Uka flee into an escape pod after Uka Uka accidentally causes the space station's catastrophic failure. Their pod lands in a frozen Antarctic wasteland, stranding them both on a large sheet of ice for three years.[31] In Crash Twinsanity, Cortex returns and attempts to eliminate Crash. After another failure, Cortex and Crash encounter a pair of interdimensional parrots named the Evil Twins, who announce their plans to destroy Crash's island and devastate Earth. Cortex temporarily teams up with Crash to defeat the Evil Twins with the aid of the Psychetron, a machine that will allow them to travel between the infinite dimensions. Cortex eventually realizes that the Evil Twins are his childhood pets Victor and Moritz, who were sent to the Tenth Dimension following Cortex's first experiment with the Evolvo-Ray. Cortex sets out with Crash and his niece Nina Cortex to the Tenth Dimension, where they confront and defeat the Evil Twins. After the trio return to their own dimension, Cortex attempts to banish Crash, but the malfunctioning Psychetron teleports Cortex into Crash's brain, where he is trapped with a crowd of dancing Crash duplicates.In Crash of the Titans, Cortex kidnaps Coco and steals a large quantity of Mojo from an ancient temple, planning to use it to create an army of \"Titans\", which will aid him in the construction of the Doominator, a giant robot capable of destroying the Wumpa Islands. After failing once more to destroy Crash, Cortex is lambasted by Uka Uka, who replaces him with Nina. Incapacitated for much of the game, Cortex is denied the opportunity to watch his Doominator in action. At the end of the game, Cortex rescues Nina from the collapsing Doominator and praises her for her treachery, but nevertheless promises retribution. In Crash: Mind over Mutant, Cortex deposits Nina at his Evil Public School, then reconciles with Brio to invent the NV, a personal digital assistant that controls whoever uses it by transmitting negative Mojo; the Mojo is forcibly extracted from Uka Uka after Cortex takes him captive. Cortex later engages in a fight with Crash inside his new Space Head space station, empowering himself with the use of Brio's mutation formula. Upon losing the fight, Cortex throws a tantrum, causing the Space Head to plummet towards Earth. Cortex returns to normal and escapes the Space Head in a smaller shuttle.In Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, which retcons the games following Warped from continuity,[32] Cortex and Tropy escape from their temporal prison, which creates rifts leading to different dimensions, and they begin a plot to conquer the multiverse. After another defeat to Crash, Cortex prepares to retire until Tropy announces his own plot to reshape the multiverse, which would erase both Crash and Cortex from existence. Cortex, incensed by Tropy's betrayal, teams up with Crash and his group to stop Tropy and seal the dimensional rifts. Following a celebratory trip to a futuristic metropolis, Cortex kidnaps Kupuna-Wa − a magical \"Quantum Mask\" with time-altering powers − and uses her to travel back in time to his original bid for world domination and avert Crash's creation. However, he is unable to convince his past self to abandon the experiment, and is again defeated by the present Crash. The present Cortex is banished by the Quantum Masks to the end of the universe, where Cortex relaxes on a beach and enjoys the peace and quiet until Uka Uka suddenly appears before him.[33]A series of collectible \"Flashback Tapes\" in the game detail Cortex's training of the then-unnamed Crash prior to his initiation into Cortex's army,[34] and the final tape featuring Crash includes Cortex christening him with the name \"Crashworth Cortex the First\", or \"Crash\" for short.[35] In the subsequent tapes, which take place following Crash's escape from Cortex's castle, Cortex trains Crash's sister, whom he codenames \"Coco\",[36] hires N. Gin,[37] and creates Dingodile as a potential substitute for Coco,[38] who ultimately escapes Cortex's castle under the guise of undertaking another trial.[39]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crash Team Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Team_Racing"},{"link_name":"Crash Nitro Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Nitro_Kart"},{"link_name":"Crash Tag Team Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Tag_Team_Racing"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Crash Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bash"},{"link_name":"Crash Boom Bang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Boom_Bang!"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_The_Huge_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage and Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_Purple:_Ripto%27s_Rampage_and_Spyro_Orange:_The_Cortex_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_2:_N-Tranced"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"mobile platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crash_Bandicoot_mobile_games"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_Nitro_Kart_3D"},{"link_name":"runner game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game#Runner_games"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: On the Run!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_On_the_Run!"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Crash Team Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Team_Rumble"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Skylanders: Imaginators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylanders:_Imaginators"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Other games","text":"Cortex appears as a playable character in the racing titles Crash Team Racing, Crash Nitro Kart and Crash Tag Team Racing,[40][41][42] as well as the party titles Crash Bash and Crash Boom Bang!.[43][44] Cortex is the main antagonist in the handheld titles Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure, Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage and Spyro Orange: The Cortex Conspiracy.[45][46] Although Cortex is absent from the narrative of Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced, he is a playable character in the game's multiplayer mode.[47] On mobile platforms, Cortex appears as an antagonist in the racing title Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 3D and the runner game Crash Bandicoot: On the Run!.[48][49] Cortex is a playable character in the multiplayer game, Crash Team Rumble.[50] Outside of the Crash Bandicoot series, Cortex appeared alongside Crash as a playable character in the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of Skylanders: Imaginators.[51]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resaurus-52"},{"link_name":"Funko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko"},{"link_name":"rubber duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: Warped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_Warped"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clancy_Brown_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lex_Lang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clancy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"GameDaily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDaily"},{"link_name":"Wario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wario"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDMastermind-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDCrazy-26"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"Game Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_2:_Cortex_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePro-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot:_The_Wrath_of_Cortex"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWRNGC-61"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_N._Sane_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Crash Twinsanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Twinsanity"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNTwinsanity-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Wile E. Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wile_E._Coyote_and_the_Road_Runner"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Cortex has been featured in a series of Crash Bandicoot action figures produced by Resaurus. For Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, Resaurus produced a \"Dr. Neo Cortex\" figure bundled with a laser gun, a Wumpa Fruit and a Crystal as seen in the game.[52] A vinyl figure by Funko and a rubber duck by Numskull Designs have also been made in Cortex's image.[53][54] On July 28, 2020, First 4 Figures unveiled a 21-inch resin collectible figure of Cortex, with an estimated Q3 2021 release date. The figure depicts a scene from the boss fight against him in Crash Bandicoot: Warped, in which Cortex wields a ray gun and a timed mine. The figure will be released in both a standard and exclusive edition; the exclusive version features a light-up hoverboard, mine and smoke trail.[55][56]Voice actors Clancy Brown and Lex Lang have both received positive critical attention for their performances as Cortex.Cortex has ranked within a number of lists of best video game villains. Robert Workman of GameDaily ranked Cortex number twenty-three on his list of the \"Top 25 Evil Masterminds of All Time\", stating \"His twisted Wario-like hair, his pointy goatee and that big N stamped in the middle of his forehead makes him look like pure evil.\"[25] Chris Buffa, also of GameDaily, ranked Cortex at number twenty-one in his \"Top 25 Craziest Villains\" list.[26] In the Guinness World Records' 2013 Gamer's Edition, Cortex was ranked 42nd on its list of 50 greatest video game villains.[57] GamesRadar+ ranked Cortex 98th in their 2013 list of the best villains in video game history.[58]Clancy Brown's vocal performances as Cortex have received positive notice from reviewers. Major Mike of GamePro and Mark Cooke of Game Revolution both praised Brown's performance in Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, with Cooke describing Brown as \"hilarious\" and \"satirical\".[59][60] In his review of Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex, Ben Kosmina of Nintendo World Report singled out Brown's voice-acting as \"great\", and recalled Cortex's line \"...and a woman with nice, big... bags of ice for my head\" being a highlight in Crash Bandicoot: Warped.[61] Chris Carter of Destructoid, in his review of the Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy, stated his preference of Brown's performance in the original trilogy over Lex Lang's performance in the remastered version.[62]Cortex's portrayal and Lang's vocal performance in Crash Twinsanity were also praised. Reviewers appreciated the added dimension to Cortex's personality and considered the character and his dialogue to be the most entertaining and accomplished in the game.[63][64][65] Nick Valentino of GameZone described Cortex as \"nutty in the best possible way\",[66] while Andrew Reiner of Game Informer admitted that \"turning Cortex into a cross-dressing lunatic brought about a few chuckles\".[67]Eddie Makuch of GameSpot, discussing the demo for Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, was delighted by Cortex's \"cartoonishly evil\" personality, and Alessandro Fillari of the same publication appreciated his humanization after observing him from a distance in the original games, describing him as \"sort of like the Wile E. Coyote, but with more advanced technology and a bigger ego. He's somehow always two steps behind Crash, which is hilarious\".[68] Alicia Haddick of GamesRadar+ characterized Cortex as a tragic villain who lacks an intimidation factor or much control over his subordinates, is frequently betrayed by his allies, and is never thanked on the rare occasions that he saves the world from a greater threat.[69]","title":"Promotion and reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"『クラッシュ・バンディクー4』懐かしのCMソング\"クラッシュ万事休す\"に合わせて踊る実写映像公開！メインキャラの日本語声優も公開\". famitsu.com (in Japanese). September 14, 2020. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/news/202009/14205710.html","url_text":"\"『クラッシュ・バンディクー4』懐かしのCMソング\"クラッシュ万事休す\"に合わせて踊る実写映像公開！メインキャラの日本語声優も公開\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918001527/https://www.famitsu.com/news/202009/14205710.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Radical Entertainment. Crash Tag Team Racing (Multiplatform). Sierra Entertainment. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Smith	Paul Ray Smith	["1 Early life and education","2 Military career","2.1 Medal of Honor action","3 Personal life","4 Awards and decorations","4.1 Medal of Honor citation","4.2 Other honors","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	United States Army Medal of Honor recipient Paul Ray SmithSmith in 2003Born(1969-09-24)September 24, 1969El Paso, Texas, United StatesDiedApril 4, 2003(2003-04-04) (aged 33)Baghdad, IraqBuriedCenotaph at Arlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1989–2003RankSergeant First ClassUnit11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry DivisionBattles/warsGulf WarBosnian WarKosovo WarIraq War Invasion of Iraq † AwardsMedal of HonorBronze Star MedalPurple Heart Paul Ray Smith (September 24, 1969 – April 4, 2003) was a United States Army soldier who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. While serving with B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division in Baghdad, his team was attacked by a group of Iraqi soldiers and after a firefight he was killed by Iraqi fire. For his actions during this battle he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Two years later, the medal, along with the newly approved Medal of Honor flag, were presented to his family on behalf of him; specifically to his eleven-year-old son David, at a White House ceremony by President George W. Bush. Early life and education Smith was born on September 24, 1969, in El Paso, Texas, to Ivan Smith and Janice Pvirre, but when he was nine the family moved to Tampa, Florida. As a child he attended public schools and enjoyed sports, especially American football. He also liked riding skateboards and bicycles, playing pranks with his friends and younger sister Lisa. In high school he became interested in carpentry, even finding a part-time job as a carpenter's assistant. He also liked to work on cars, especially old ones, and enjoyed taking things apart to see how they worked, even restoring a dune buggy with a friend. In 1989 he graduated from Tampa Bay Vocational Tech High School and shortly thereafter joined the United States Army in October 1989. Military career Smith attended Basic Training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, in 1989, before being sent to Germany for his first duty station, where he joined the 9th Engineer Battalion. Later, he served during the Gulf War. He deployed with B company in October 1996 as part of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, the covering force for Operation Joint Endeavor and Operation Joint Guardian; the battalion returned to Schweinfurt in April 1997. In 1999 he was posted to the 11th Engineer Battalion, with which he was deployed to Kosovo in May 2001, where he was responsible for daily presence patrols in the town of Gnjilane. In the spring of 2002, he received a promotion to sergeant first class and completed the Advanced Non-Commissioned Officer Course in August 2002. As part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he was assigned to B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion of the 3rd Infantry Division. Medal of Honor action Smith's company was supporting the 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment as it made its way through the Karbala Gap, across the Euphrates River and to Saddam International Airport (BIAP) in Baghdad. On April 4, 2003, a 100-man force was assigned to block the highway between Baghdad and the airport, about one mile east of the airport. After a brief battle, several of the Iraqis were captured. Smith spotted a walled enclosure nearby with a tower overlooking it. He and his squad set about building an impromptu enemy prisoner of war (EPW) holding area in the enclosure. Smith and 16 other men used an Armored Combat Earthmover (similar to a bulldozer) to knock a hole in the south wall of the courtyard. On the north side, there was a metal gate that Smith assigned several men to guard. These men noticed 50–100 Iraqi soldiers who had taken positions in trenches just beyond the gate. He summoned a Bradley Fighting Vehicle to attack their position. Three nearby M113 armored personnel carriers came to support the attack. An M113 was hit, possibly by a mortar, and all three crewmen were wounded. The Bradley, damaged and running low on ammunition, withdrew to reload during a lull in the battle. Smith organized the evacuation of the injured M113 crewmen. However, behind the courtyard was a military aid station crowded with 100 combat casualties. To protect it from being overrun, Smith chose to fight on rather than withdraw with the wounded. Smith's B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division in 2005 Meanwhile, some Iraqi soldiers had taken position in the tower overlooking the courtyard, just over the west wall. The Iraqis now had the Americans in the courtyard under an intense crossfire. Smith took command of the M113 and ordered a driver to position it so that he could attack both the tower and the trenches. He manned the M113's machine gun, going through three boxes of ammunition. A separate team led by First Sergeant Tim Campbell attacked the tower from the rear, killing the Iraqis. As the battle ended, Smith's machine gun fell silent. His comrades found him slumped in the turret hatch. His armored vest was peppered with 13 bullet holes, the vest's ceramic armor inserts, both front and back, cracked in numerous places (the M113 he was manning was not fitted with protective ACAV gun shields which had been standard since the Vietnam War, later in the Iraq conflict, modern gunshields were fielded). However, the fatal shot, one of the last from the tower, had entered his neck and passed through his brain, killing him. Before deploying to Iraq, Smith had written to his parents, saying "There are two ways to come home, stepping off the plane and being carried off the plane. It doesn't matter how I come home, because I am prepared to give all that I am to ensure that all my boys make it home." Smith was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Gulf of Mexico, where he loved to fish. He has a memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia, and his marker can be found in memorial Section MD, lot 67. He also has a memorial at his high school outside of the school's Navy Junior ROTC building. At the time of his death Smith had served in the United States Army for thirteen years, and for his actions during the battle, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor. On April 4, 2005, exactly two years after he was killed, his eleven-year-old son David received the Medal of Honor on behalf of his father from President George W. Bush, along with a Medal of Honor flag. Personal life Smith was survived by his wife Birgit, son David and stepdaughter Jessica. Awards and decorations Right breast Left breast Valorous Unit Award Superior Unit Award Combat Action Badge Medal of Honor Bronze Star Purple Heart Army Commendation Medal with 4 bronze Oak leaf clusters (5 awards) Army Achievement Medal with 1 silver Oak leaf cluster (6 awards) Army Good Conduct Medal with 4 bronze Good conduct loops (5 awards) National Defense Service Medal with 1 Service star Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Southwest Asia Service Medal with 3 campaign stars Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Armed Forces Service Medal NCO Professional Development Ribbon with award numeral 2 Army Service Ribbon Army Overseas Service Ribbon with award numeral 3 NATO Medal for ex-Yugoslavia Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) Sapper Tab Marksmanship Badge with rifle component bar SFC Smith also earned the German Marksmanship Badge and French Armed Forces Commando Badge. David Smith receives the Medal of Honor on behalf his father from President George W. Bush on April 4th, 2005. Smith's widow visiting his memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery Medal of Honor citation For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty: Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Baghdad International Airport, Baghdad, Iraq on April 4, 2003. On that day, Sergeant First Class Smith was engaged in the construction of a prisoner of war holding area when his Task Force was violently attacked by a company-sized enemy force. Realizing the vulnerability of over 100 soldiers, Sergeant First Class Smith quickly organized a hasty defense consisting of two platoons of soldiers, one Bradley Fighting Vehicle and three armored personnel carriers. As the fight developed, Sergeant First Class Smith braved hostile enemy fire to personally engage the enemy with hand grenades and anti-tank weapons, and organized the evacuation of three wounded soldiers from an armored personnel carrier struck by a rocket propelled grenade and a 60 mm mortar round. Fearing the enemy would overrun their defenses, Sergeant First Class Smith moved under withering enemy fire to man a .50 caliber machine gun mounted on a damaged armored personnel carrier. In total disregard for his own life, he maintained his exposed position in order to engage the attacking enemy force. During this action, he was mortally wounded. His courageous actions helped defeat the enemy attack, and resulted in as many as 50 enemy soldiers killed, while allowing the safe withdrawal of numerous wounded soldiers. Sergeant First Class Smith's extraordinary heroism and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the Third Infantry Division 'Rock of the Marne,' and the United States Army. Other honors In 2006, he was posthumously awarded the De Fleury Medal (Gold Medal) from the United States Army Corps of Engineers presented by Lieutenant General Carl A. Strock who was, at the time, the Chief of Engineers. The Counter Explosive Hazards Center school house in Fort Leonard Wood, MO is named in Smith's honor. The U.S. Post Office in Holiday, Florida, and the United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center in Orlando, Florida, have been named in his honor. New middle schools were named in honor in Holiday, Florida, on August 25, 2006, as well as one in Tampa, Florida Sgt. Paul R. Smith Middle School on August 18, 2008, and in his hometown of Tampa, Florida, on April 27, 2009. Smith is also honored in the America's Army Game with information about him and a simulation of his battle. Birgit Smith, Smith's widow, sponsored the USS Freedom, the first Freedom class littoral combat ship, and her initials are welded on the ship's keel. The couple's Saint Christopher medal and wedding bands are also embedded in the ship's mast. New fitness centers at Fort Benning and Fort Stewart, Georgia, as well as one in Camp Victory, Baghdad, Iraq are named in his honor. The education center at Fort Stewart is named in his honor. Smith's last battle is mentioned in the non-fiction book Weapons. Key Weapons & Weapon Systems from 1860 to the Present. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Ray Smith. Biography portal List of Medal of Honor recipients References ^ Video: George W Bush 20050404_5_. George W. Bush Presidential Speech Archive. April 4, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2012. ^ a b c "Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor". United States Army. August 25, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010. ^ Larson, Major Chuck; John McCain; General Tommy Franks (January 6, 2009). Heroes Among Us: Firsthand Accounts of Combat From America's Most Decorated Warriors in Iraq and Afghanistan (Reprint ed.). NAL Trade. pp. 185–196. ISBN 978-0-451-22334-0. ^ Weinberger, Caspar W.; Wynton C. Hall (May 29, 2007). Home of the Brave. Macmillan. pp. 210–218. ISBN 978-0-7653-5703-8. ^ "No Greater Honor – The Atlantic (June 2, 2008)". The Atlantic. June 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009. ^ "Smith, Paul Ray". ANC Explorer. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ a b "First Littoral Combat Ship Christened". Navy News. Chief of Naval Operations Public Affairs, United States Navy. September 24, 2006. Retrieved December 6, 2006. ^ "Medal of Honor – Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith". Retrieved July 18, 2009. ^ "The United States Army Engineer Regiment presents the de Fleury Medal" (PDF). Retrieved May 21, 2015. ^ "Public Law 108-292". Retrieved July 18, 2009. – to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 4737 Mile Stretch Drive in Holiday, Florida, as the "Sergeant First Class Paul Ray Smith Post Office Building" ^ "SFC Paul Ray Smith Simulation & Technology Training Center". Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009. ^ Spc. Chris Erickson (August 30, 2006). "Florida School Named for OIF Medal of Honor recipient". DefenseLink. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ "CALL TO DUTY". army.mil. The American Soldier: US Army. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ^ Jones, Meg (November 5, 2008). "Navy's Vessel of Versatility". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ "SFC Paul R. Smith Fitness Center". Fort Benning Directorate of Family and Morale, Welfare and Recreation. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ^ "M2 Browning .50-cal (1933)". Chris McNab and Michael Spilling (eds.): Weapons. Key Weapons & Weapon Systems from 1860 to the Present, pg. 424. Amber Books Ltd., London, United Kingdom (2019). External links "Paul Ray Smith". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved January 24, 2010. "OpinionJournal Federation - WSJ.com". Retrieved July 19, 2009. "Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor". United States Army. March 28, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2005. Leary, Alex (January 25, 2004). "The Last Full Measure of Devotion". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 10, 2004. Leary, Alex Leary (February 2, 2005). "Iraq hero joins hallowed group". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved March 9, 2005. Myers, Steven Lee (September 23, 2003). "Medals for His Valor, Ashes for His Wife". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2005. (requires subscription).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_recognition"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paul Ray Smith (September 24, 1969 – April 4, 2003) was a United States Army soldier who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. While serving with B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division in Baghdad, his team was attacked by a group of Iraqi soldiers and after a firefight he was killed by Iraqi fire. For his actions during this battle he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Two years later, the medal, along with the newly approved Medal of Honor flag, were presented to his family on behalf of him; specifically to his eleven-year-old son David, at a White House ceremony by President George W. Bush.[1]","title":"Paul Ray Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Vocational Tech High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Technical_High_School"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armybio-2"}],"text":"Smith was born on September 24, 1969, in El Paso, Texas, to Ivan Smith and Janice Pvirre, but when he was nine the family moved to Tampa, Florida. As a child he attended public schools and enjoyed sports, especially American football. He also liked riding skateboards and bicycles, playing pranks with his friends and younger sister Lisa. In high school he became interested in carpentry, even finding a part-time job as a carpenter's assistant. He also liked to work on cars, especially old ones, and enjoyed taking things apart to see how they worked, even restoring a dune buggy with a friend. In 1989 he graduated from Tampa Bay Vocational Tech High School and shortly thereafter joined the United States Army in October 1989.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basic Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_training"},{"link_name":"Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leonard_Wood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"9th Engineer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Brigade Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_Combat_Team"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"link_name":"Schweinfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinfurt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armybio-2"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Gnjilane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnjilane"},{"link_name":"sergeant first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_first_class"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armybio-2"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}],"text":"Smith attended Basic Training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, in 1989, before being sent to Germany for his first duty station, where he joined the 9th Engineer Battalion. Later, he served during the Gulf War. He deployed with B company in October 1996 as part of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, the covering force for Operation Joint Endeavor and Operation Joint Guardian; the battalion returned to Schweinfurt in April 1997.[2] In 1999 he was posted to the 11th Engineer Battalion, with which he was deployed to Kosovo in May 2001, where he was responsible for daily presence patrols in the town of Gnjilane. In the spring of 2002, he received a promotion to sergeant first class and completed the Advanced Non-Commissioned Officer Course in August 2002.[2]As part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he was assigned to B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion of the 3rd Infantry Division.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"Euphrates River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_River"},{"link_name":"Saddam International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"enemy prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Armored Combat Earthmover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Combat_Earthmover"},{"link_name":"bulldozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer"},{"link_name":"Bradley Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley"},{"link_name":"M113 armored personnel carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OCPA-2005-03-31-145638.jpg"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._3d_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"First Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Navy Junior ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor action","text":"Smith's company was supporting the 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment as it made its way through the Karbala Gap, across the Euphrates River and to Saddam International Airport (BIAP) in Baghdad. On April 4, 2003, a 100-man force was assigned to block the highway between Baghdad and the airport, about one mile east of the airport. After a brief battle, several of the Iraqis were captured. Smith spotted a walled enclosure nearby with a tower overlooking it. He and his squad set about building an impromptu enemy prisoner of war (EPW) holding area in the enclosure. Smith and 16 other men used an Armored Combat Earthmover (similar to a bulldozer) to knock a hole in the south wall of the courtyard. On the north side, there was a metal gate that Smith assigned several men to guard. These men noticed 50–100 Iraqi soldiers who had taken positions in trenches just beyond the gate. He summoned a Bradley Fighting Vehicle to attack their position. Three nearby M113 armored personnel carriers came to support the attack. An M113 was hit, possibly by a mortar, and all three crewmen were wounded. The Bradley, damaged and running low on ammunition, withdrew to reload during a lull in the battle. Smith organized the evacuation of the injured M113 crewmen. However, behind the courtyard was a military aid station crowded with 100 combat casualties. To protect it from being overrun, Smith chose to fight on rather than withdraw with the wounded.[3]Smith's B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division in 2005Meanwhile, some Iraqi soldiers had taken position in the tower overlooking the courtyard, just over the west wall. The Iraqis now had the Americans in the courtyard under an intense crossfire. Smith took command of the M113 and ordered a driver to position it so that he could attack both the tower and the trenches. He manned the M113's machine gun, going through three boxes of ammunition. A separate team led by First Sergeant Tim Campbell attacked the tower from the rear, killing the Iraqis. As the battle ended, Smith's machine gun fell silent. His comrades found him slumped in the turret hatch. His armored vest was peppered with 13 bullet holes, the vest's ceramic armor inserts, both front and back, cracked in numerous places (the M113 he was manning was not fitted with protective ACAV gun shields which had been standard since the Vietnam War, later in the Iraq conflict, modern gunshields were fielded). However, the fatal shot, one of the last from the tower, had entered his neck and passed through his brain, killing him.[4]Before deploying to Iraq, Smith had written to his parents, saying \"There are two ways to come home, stepping off the plane and being carried off the plane. It doesn't matter how I come home, because I am prepared to give all that I am to ensure that all my boys make it home.\"[5] Smith was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Gulf of Mexico, where he loved to fish.He has a memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia, and his marker can be found in memorial Section MD, lot 67.[6] He also has a memorial at his high school outside of the school's Navy Junior ROTC building.At the time of his death Smith had served in the United States Army for thirteen years, and for his actions during the battle, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor. On April 4, 2005, exactly two years after he was killed, his eleven-year-old son David received the Medal of Honor on behalf of his father from President George W. Bush, along with a Medal of Honor flag.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyNews-7"}],"text":"Smith was survived by his wife Birgit, son David and stepdaughter Jessica.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_great_sacrifice_DVIDS44085.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Ray_Smith_headstone.jpg"}],"text":"SFC Smith also earned the German Marksmanship Badge and French Armed Forces Commando Badge.David Smith receives the Medal of Honor on behalf his father from President George W. Bush on April 4th, 2005.Smith's widow visiting his memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor citation","text":"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Baghdad International Airport, Baghdad, Iraq on April 4, 2003. On that day, Sergeant First Class Smith was engaged in the construction of a prisoner of war holding area when his Task Force was violently attacked by a company-sized enemy force. Realizing the vulnerability of over 100 soldiers, Sergeant First Class Smith quickly organized a hasty defense consisting of two platoons of soldiers, one Bradley Fighting Vehicle and three armored personnel carriers. As the fight developed, Sergeant First Class Smith braved hostile enemy fire to personally engage the enemy with hand grenades and anti-tank weapons, and organized the evacuation of three wounded soldiers from an armored personnel carrier struck by a rocket propelled grenade and a 60 mm mortar round. Fearing the enemy would overrun their defenses, Sergeant First Class Smith moved under withering enemy fire to man a .50 caliber machine gun mounted on a damaged armored personnel carrier. In total disregard for his own life, he maintained his exposed position in order to engage the attacking enemy force. During this action, he was mortally wounded. His courageous actions helped defeat the enemy attack, and resulted in as many as 50 enemy soldiers killed, while allowing the safe withdrawal of numerous wounded soldiers. Sergeant First Class Smith's extraordinary heroism and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the Third Infantry Division 'Rock of the Marne,' and the United States Army.[8]","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Fleury Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Fleury_Medal"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Carl A. Strock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_A._Strock"},{"link_name":"Chief of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Holiday, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday,_Florida"},{"link_name":"United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Simulation_and_Training_Technology_Center"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Holiday, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"USS Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Freedom_(LCS-1)"},{"link_name":"Freedom class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_class_littoral_combat_ship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyNews-7"},{"link_name":"Saint Christopher medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Christopher#Relics_and_medals"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjones-14"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"Fort Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fort Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other honors","text":"In 2006, he was posthumously awarded the De Fleury Medal (Gold Medal) from the United States Army Corps of Engineers presented by Lieutenant General Carl A. Strock who was, at the time, the Chief of Engineers.[9]\nThe Counter Explosive Hazards Center school house in Fort Leonard Wood, MO is named in Smith's honor.\nThe U.S. Post Office in Holiday, Florida, and the United States Army Simulation and Training Technology Center in Orlando, Florida, have been named in his honor.[10][11]\nNew middle schools were named in honor in Holiday, Florida, on August 25, 2006, as well as one in Tampa, Florida Sgt. Paul R. Smith Middle School on August 18, 2008, and in his hometown of Tampa, Florida, on April 27, 2009.[12]\nSmith is also honored in the America's Army Game with information about him and a simulation of his battle.[13]\nBirgit Smith, Smith's widow, sponsored the USS Freedom, the first Freedom class littoral combat ship, and her initials are welded on the ship's keel.[7] The couple's Saint Christopher medal and wedding bands are also embedded in the ship's mast.[14]\nNew fitness centers at Fort Benning and Fort Stewart, Georgia, as well as one in Camp Victory, Baghdad, Iraq are named in his honor.[15]\nThe education center at Fort Stewart is named in his honor.\nSmith's last battle is mentioned in the non-fiction book Weapons. Key Weapons & Weapon Systems from 1860 to the Present.[16]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]	[{"image_text":"Smith's B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry Division in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OCPA-2005-03-31-145638.jpg/220px-OCPA-2005-03-31-145638.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Smith receives the Medal of Honor on behalf his father from President George W. Bush on April 4th, 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_great_sacrifice_DVIDS44085.jpg/170px-A_great_sacrifice_DVIDS44085.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smith's widow visiting his memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Paul_Ray_Smith_headstone.jpg/220px-Paul_Ray_Smith_headstone.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Paul Ray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Ray_Smith"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients#Iraq_War"}]	[{"reference":"Video: George W Bush 20050404_5_. George W. Bush Presidential Speech Archive. April 4, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Political_videos-GeorgeWBush20050404_5_655","url_text":"Video: George W Bush 20050404_5_"}]},{"reference":"\"Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor\". United States Army. August 25, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/medalofhonor/smith","url_text":"\"Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army","url_text":"United States Army"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Major Chuck; John McCain; General Tommy Franks (January 6, 2009). Heroes Among Us: Firsthand Accounts of Combat From America's Most Decorated Warriors in Iraq and Afghanistan (Reprint ed.). NAL Trade. pp. 185–196. ISBN 978-0-451-22334-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780451223340/page/185","url_text":"Heroes Among Us: Firsthand Accounts of Combat From America's Most Decorated Warriors in Iraq and Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780451223340/page/185","url_text":"185–196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-22334-0","url_text":"978-0-451-22334-0"}]},{"reference":"Weinberger, Caspar W.; Wynton C. Hall (May 29, 2007). Home of the Brave. Macmillan. pp. 210–218. 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Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20090312085406/http://www.benningmwr.com/fitnesscenters-main.php","url_text":"\"SFC Paul R. Smith Fitness Center\""},{"url":"http://www.benningmwr.com/fitnesscenters-main.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Ray Smith\". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved January 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/2561","url_text":"\"Paul Ray Smith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Times_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Military Times"}]},{"reference":"\"OpinionJournal Federation - WSJ.com\". Retrieved July 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opinionjournal.com/federation/feature/?id=110008153","url_text":"\"OpinionJournal Federation - WSJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor\". United States Army. March 28, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.mil/medalofhonor/smith","url_text":"\"Sergeant First Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army","url_text":"United States Army"}]},{"reference":"Leary, Alex (January 25, 2004). \"The Last Full Measure of Devotion\". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 10, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sptimes.com/2004/webspecials04/medalofhonor/default.shtml","url_text":"\"The Last Full Measure of Devotion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"}]},{"reference":"Leary, Alex Leary (February 2, 2005). \"Iraq hero joins hallowed group\". St. Petersburg Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish	Yiddish dialects	["1 Varieties","1.1 Western Yiddish","1.2 Eastern Yiddish","1.3 Transitional Yiddish dialects","1.4 Differences between dialects","2 Comparison","3 Development of \"neutral\" form","4 Standardization controversy","5 Documentation","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	Varieties of the Yiddish language Part of a series onJewish culture Languages Hebrew Modern Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Yemenite Tiberian Medieval Mishnaic Biblical Samaritan Babylonian Palestinian Judeo-Aramaic Hulaulá Lishana Deni Lishán Didán Barzani Betanure Lishanid Noshan Targum Biblical Talmudic Palestinian Galilean Judeo-Arabic Yahudic Judeo-Baghdadi Judeo-Moroccan Judeo-Tripolitanian Djerbian Yemenite Other Jewish diaspora languages Yiddish Ladino Haketia Tetuani Yevanic Catalanic Italkian Piedmontese Knaanic Gruzinic Karaim Dzhidi Bukhori Juhuri Zarphatic Golpaygani Shirazi Hamedani Shuadit Judeo-Marathi Judeo-Berber Judeo-Malayalam Krymchak Koiné Greek Mythology Baal El Genesis Adam and Eve Lilith Garden of Eden Tree of Life Forbidden Fruit Patriarchs Abraham Promised Land Gog and Magog Nimrod Tower of Babel Sodom and Gomorrah Noah's Ark Cain and Abel Moses Burning bush Ten Plagues Crossing the Red Sea The Exodus Mount Sinai Golden calf Ten Commandments Tabernacle Conquest of Canaan Yahweh Moloch Gehenna Gathering of Israel Daniel Gideon Saul David and Goliath Solomon Samson Esther Haman Mordecai Job Satan Ezra Ruth Azrael Michael Gabriel Dobiel Ouza Jewish folklore Dybbuk Golem Behemoth Leviathan Shedim Tannin Rahab Bagdana Estries Belial Samael Re'em Baal Berith Lilin Bar Juchne Ziz Naamah Mazzikin Arariel Se'irim Dumah Armilus Broxa Elioud Alukah Rephaite Pardes Yossele Valley of the ants Literature Biblical Hebrew American Ladino Judeo-Tat Yiddish English Yemenite Musar Rabbinic Jewish poetry Biblical Piyyutim Al-Andalus Yemenite Epic Medieval Hebrew Modern Hebrew Holocaust Philosophy Haskalah Philosophers Maimonides Strauss Music Secular Religious Mizrahi Sephardic Klezmer Niggun Zemirot Art Ancient Jewish art Yiddish theatre Judeo-Tat theatre Jewish dance Humour List of Jews in the visual arts List of Jewish film directors Jews in American cinema Science Medicine Astronomy Biblical cosmology Mathematicians Scientists Sport List of Jews in sports Association football Baseball Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Maccabiah Games Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur Cuisine Ancient Israelite Sephardi Mizrahi Ashkenazi Other aspects Symbolism Clothing Architecture Portal:JudaismCategory:Jewish culturevte Yiddish dialects are varieties of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western dialects mostly died out in the 19th-century due to Jewish language assimilation into mainstream culture, the Eastern dialects were very vital until most of Eastern European Jewry was wiped out by the Shoah. The Northeastern dialects of Eastern Yiddish were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, but in the 21st-century, the Southern dialects of Yiddish that are preserved by many Hasidic communities have become the most commonly spoken form of Yiddish. Varieties Yiddish dialects (late 19th-early 20th century): Western dialects Eastern dialects Yiddish dialects are generally grouped into either Western Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish. Western Yiddish developed from the 9th century in Western-Central Europe, in the region which was called Ashkenaz by Jews, while Eastern Yiddish developed its distinctive features in Eastern Europe after the movement of large numbers of Jews from western to central and eastern Europe. General references to the "Yiddish language" without qualification are normally taken to apply to Eastern Yiddish, unless the subject under consideration is Yiddish literature prior to the 19th century, in which case the focus is more likely to be on Western Yiddish. Western Yiddish While most Jews in the Rhineland who escaped persecution in the 14th century fled to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, some continued to survive in the countryside of Switzerland, southern Germany and Alsace. They maintained Jewish customs and spoke Western Yiddish. Western Yiddish included three dialects: Northwestern (spoken in Northern Germany and the Netherlands), Midwestern (spoken in central Germany and Luxembourg), Southwestern (spoken in northern Switzerland, southern Germany and Alsace, extending into Northern Italy). These have a number of clearly distinguished regional varieties, such as Judeo-Alsatian, plus many local subvarieties. The language traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace is Yédisch-Daïtsch or Judeo-Alsatian, originally a mixture of German, Hebrew and Aramaic idioms and virtually indistinguishable from mainstream Yiddish. From the 12th century onwards, due among other things to the influence of the nearby Rashi school, French linguistic elements aggregated as well, and from the 18th century onwards, some Polish elements due to immigrants blended into Yédisch-Daïtsch too. According to C. J. Hutterer (1969), "In western and central Europe the WY dialects must have died out within a short time during the period of reforms following the Enlightenment." In the 18th century, Yiddish was declining in German-speaking regions, as Jews were acculturating, the Haskalah opposed the use of Yiddish, and preference for German grew. By the end of the 18th century, Western Yiddish was mostly out of use, though some speakers were discovered in these regions as late as the mid-20th century. Eastern Yiddish Eastern Yiddish is split into Northern and Southern dialects. Northern / Northeastern Yiddish (Litvish or "Lithuanian" Yiddish) was spoken in modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine, and western Russia. Hiberno-Yiddish spoken by Jews in Ireland is based on this dialect. The Southern dialects are again subdivided: Mideastern Yiddish (Central, Poylish or "Polish" Yiddish) was spoken in Poland, western Galicia (Galitsianer), and much of Hungary. Southeastern Yiddish (Ukrainish or "Ukrainian" Yiddish) was spoken in Volhynia (Volinyer), Podolia (Podolyer), and Bessarabia (Besaraber, in Romania). Ukrainian Yiddish was the basis for standard theatre Yiddish, while Lithuanian Yiddish was the basis of standard literary and academic Yiddish. About three-quarters of contemporary Yiddish speakers speak Southern Yiddish varieties, the majority speaking Polish Yiddish. Most Hasidic communities use southern dialects, with the exception of Chabad which uses Litvish; many Haredim in Jerusalem also preserve Litvish Yiddish. In addition to Russian, Jews who settled in Udmurtia would develop dialects incorporating Udmurt and Tatar vocabulary (Udmurtish or "Udmurt" Yiddish). The Udmurt dialect has been traditionally split into two groupings. Central dialects, which were centered around Izhevsk, Sarapul, and Votkinsk. Southern dialects, which were centered around Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny. Transitional Yiddish dialects Some linguists have proposed the existence of transitional dialects of Yiddish that have been created in areas between Western and Eastern dialects. Transitional Yiddish is spoken in two different regions, a Western part and an Eastern part. The Western part (Bohemia, Moravia, west Slovakia, and west Hungary) are characterized by a Yiddish dialect which was lexically east European but phonologically west European. The Eastern part (the Hungarian lowlands, Transylvania, and Carpathian Rus) is a fusion of the west-Transcarpathian dialect with dialects brought by chasidic immigrants from Galicia. Transition Yiddish countries are sometimes considered jointly Eastern Yiddish countries. Differences between dialects The primary differences between the contemporary dialects are in the quality of stressed vowels, though there are also differences in morphology, lexicon, and grammar. Northern dialects are more conservative in vowel quality, while southern dialects have preserved vowel quantity distinctions. Comparison Stressed vowels in the Yiddish dialects may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by M. Weinreich (1960) to indicate the descendent diaphonemes of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels. Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern o11 is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish /a/. The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish quality (1-=, 2-=, 3-=, 4-=, 5-=), and the second refers to quantity or diphthongization (-1=short, -2=long, -3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, -4=diphthong, -5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25). Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in Middle High German; Katz (1978) argues that they should be collapsed with the -2 series, leaving only 13 in the -3 series. Genetic sources of Yiddish dialect vowels Netherlandic Front Back Close i31 iː32 u52 Close-mid eː25 o51 oː12 Open-mid ɛ21 ɛj22/34 ɔ41 ɔu42/54 Open a11/13 aː24/44 Polish Front Back Close i31/51 iː32/52 u12/13 Close-mid eː~ej25 oː~ou54 Open-mid ɛ21 ɔ41 ɔj42/44 Open a11 aː34 aj22/24 Lithuanian Front Back Close i31/32 u51/52 Close-mid ej22/24/42/44 Open-mid ɛ21/25 ɔ12/13/41 ɔj54 Open a11 aj34 Examples PY Netherlandic Polish Lithuanian 11 (A1) alt alt alt 42 (O2) brɔut brɔjt brejt 13 (A3) vas vus vɔs 24 (E4) ān ajn ejn 54 (U4) hɔuz hōz~houz hɔjz Vowel (Hebrew script) Northern Yiddish (Litvish) Southern Yiddish (Poylish, Galitzish) Comparison (Heb. script = NY = SY) אָ‎ o u דאָס, זאָגן‎ = dos, zogn = dus, zugn אֻ, וּ‎ u i קוגל‎ = kugel = kigel ײַ‎ ai ah זײַן‎ = zayn = zahn אֵ, ײ‎ ey ay קלײן, צװײ‎ = kleyn, tzvey = klayn, tzvay ױ, וֹ‎ ey oy ברױט‎ = breyt = broyt ע‎ e ey שטעטל‎ = shtetl = shteytl (Note: Unstressed /e/ does not change) Some dialects have final consonant devoicing. Merger of /ʃ/ into /s/ was common in Litvish Yiddish in previous generations. Known as Sabesdiker losn, it has been stigmatized and deliberately avoided by recent generations of Litvaks. Development of "neutral" form This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As with many other languages with strong literary traditions, there was a more or less constant tendency toward the development of a neutral written form acceptable to the speakers of all dialects. In the early 20th century, for both cultural and political reasons, particular energy was focused on developing a modern Standard Yiddish. This contained elements from all three Eastern dialects but its phonetic attributes were predominantly based on Northeastern pronunciation. A separate article describes the resulting modern Standard Yiddish phonology, without detailing the phonetic variation among the three contributing dialects or the further distinctions among the myriad local varieties that they subsume. A useful early review of the differences between the three main Eastern dialects is provided by the Yiddish lexicographer Alexander Harkavy in a Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations first published in 1898 together with his Yiddish-English Dictionary (Harkavy 1898). A scanned facsimile is available online. The relevant material is presented there under the heading Dialects. Standardization controversy This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) YIVO on 16th Street in Manhattan, New York CityHarkavy, like others of the early standardizers, regards Litvish as the "leading branch". That assertion has, however, been questioned by many authors and remains the subject of keen controversy. YIVO, the Jewish Scientific Institute, is often seen as the initiating agent in giving phonetic preference to Litvish, but Harkavy's work predates YIVO's and he was not exclusively describing personal preference. A broad-based study provided in the Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (discussed in detail below under the heading Documentation) provides a clearer picture of the more recent YIVO perspective. The heart of the debate is the priority given to the dialect with the smallest number of speakers. One of the alternative proposals put forward in the early discussion of standardizing spoken Yiddish was to base it on the pronunciation of the Southeastern dialect, which was the most widely used form in the Yiddish theatre (c.f. Bühnendeutsch, the stage pronunciation, as a common designation for Standard German). There is nothing unusual about heated debate over language planning and reform. Such normative initiatives are, however, frequently based on legislative authority – something which, with the exception of regulation in the Soviet Union, has never applied to Yiddish. It might therefore be expected that the controversy about the development of Standard Yiddish would be particularly intense. The acrimony surrounding the extensive role played by YIVO is vividly illustrated by in remarks made by Birnbaum:There is no standard pronunciation in Yiddish. However, the members and friends of the Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York, have strong views on the subject. They are convinced that Y should not differ in this respect from the great Western languages, and so they are willing to introduce a standard one. In their publications they speak as if it were already in existence, but this is wishful thinking – acceptance of their system being restricted to their circle. The original proponents of this 'standard' were speakers of the Northern dialect and so, without further ado and without discussing the matter or giving any reasons, they decided that their own pronunciation was the 'standard'. However, the man in the street knows nothing about it. If he happens to be a Southerner he does not exchange his rich phonemic system for the meagre one of the Northern dialect. He does not even know that this is 'supposed to be' the 'standard'. And if he is a Northerner, he goes on speaking as before, without realizing that he would need to change only one of his vowels in order to qualify as a speaker of the 'standard'. It is ironic that the partisans of the 'standard' – all convinced democrats – should ask the majority of Yiddish-speakers to switch over from their own pronunciation to that of a minority, comprising only a quarter of all Yiddish speakers.— Solomon Birnbaum, 1979 Recent criticism of modern Standard Yiddish is expressed by Michael Wex in several passages in Wex 2005. Regardless of any nuance that can be applied to the consideration of these arguments, it may be noted that modern Standard Yiddish is used by very few mother-tongue speakers and is not evoked by the vast bulk of Yiddish literature. It has, however, become a norm in present-day instruction of Yiddish as a foreign language and is therefore firmly established in any discourse about the development of that language. Documentation Between 1992 and 2000, Herzog et al. published a three-volume Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, commonly referred to as the LCAAJ. This provides a detailed description of the phonetic elements of what is presented as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum, and mapping their geographic distribution. A more recent extensive phonetic description, also of both Eastern and Western Yiddish, was published by Neil G. Jacobs in 2005. See also Jewish languages Mordkhe Veynger Notes ^ Some authors use the term "Southeastern Yiddish" as a collective designation for both Poylish and Ukrainish while still applying the term Northeastern Yiddish to Litvish. ^ The two varieties differ slightly. Many words with /oj/ in the standard have /ej/ in Lithuanian Yiddish, e.g. וואוין = Standard /vojn/, Lithuanian /vejn/. See Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7156-2161-0. References ^ See Western Yiddish ^ See Eastern Yiddish. ^ Ariel David (2018-10-14). "Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight". Haaretz. ^ Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien (in French) ^ Structure du parler judéo-alsacien (in French) ^ Quoted in: Jochnowitz, George (2010). "Western Yiddish in Orange County, New York State". jochnowitz.net. Retrieved 14 September 2017. Jochnowitz is a professor emeritus of linguistics at the College of Staten Island, City University of New York. "This article appeared in Les Cahiers du CREDYO. No. 5 (2010), published by the Centre de Recherche, d'Etudes et de Documentation du Yidich Occidental." ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yiddish Dialects ^ "Hiberno-Yiddish – The language of Irish Jews". 15 January 2023. ^ "Алтынцев, А.В., Понятие любви у ашкеназов Удмуртии и Татарстана", Наука Удмуртии. 2013. № 4 (66), с. 131. https://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf ^ "Burko, A., The New Yiddish Dialectology: A Review of Alexander Beider’s The Origins of Yiddish Dialects" https://ingeveb.org/articles/new-yiddish-dialectology ^ Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7156-2161-0. ^ a b c Jacobs (2005:28) ^ Katz (1978:17) ^ Katz (1978:25) ^ Katz (1978:18–23) ^ Harkavy, Alexander. "Dialects". Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations. Retrieved 11 May 2011. ^ "Home". yivo.org. ^ Margolis, Michelle. "Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction". guides.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-17. ^ Jacobs 2005. Birnbaum, Solomon A., Yiddish: A Survey and a Grammar, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1979, ISBN 0-8020-5382-3. Estraikh, Gennady, Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999, ISBN 0-19-818479-4. Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.), Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters, Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 1981, ISBN 90-279-7978-2. Harkavy, Alexander, Harkavy's English-Jewish and Jewish-English Dictionary, Hebrew Publishing Company, New York, 1898. Expanded 6th ed., 1910, scanned facsimile. Herzog, Marvin, et al. ed., The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, 3 vols., Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1992–2000, ISBN 3-484-73013-7. Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77215-X. Katz, Dovid, Grammar of the Yiddish Language, Duckworth, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7156-2161-0. Katz, Dovid (1978). Genetic Notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism (PDF). Weinreich, Uriel, College Yiddish: an Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture, 6th revised ed., YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-914512-26-9. Wex, Michael, Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-312-30741-1. External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Yiddish Jewish Language Research Website LCAAJ Columbia University LCAAJ EYDES Map of Lithuanian Yiddish territory vteJewish languagesAfroasiaticHebrewEras Biblical Mishnaic Medieval Modern Reading traditions Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Italian Yemenite Tiberian Judaeo-Aramaic Biblical Targum Talmudic Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Galilean Barzani Hulaulá Lishana Deni Lishán Didán Lishanid Noshan Betanure Judaeo-Arabic Judaeo-Algerian Judaeo-Egyptian Judaeo-Iraqi Judaeo-Baghdadi Judaeo-Moroccan Judaeo-Palestinian Judaeo-Tripolitanian Judaeo-Syrian Judaeo-Tunisian Judaeo-Yemeni Others Geʽez (Ethiosemitic) Kayla/Qwara (Cushitic) Judaeo-Berber (Berber) Indo-EuropeanGermanicYiddish (dialects/argots) Eastern Galitzish Litvish Poylish Ukrainish Udmurtish Klezmer-loshn Western Judeo-Alsatian Lachoudisch Scots-Yiddish Jewish English Yeshivish Yinglish Heblish Judaeo-Romance Judaeo-Catalan Judaeo-Italian Judaeo-Livornese Judaeo-Mantuan Judaeo-Piedmontese Judaeo-Roman Judaeo-Spanish Haketia Tetuani Judeo-Latin Judeo-Provençal Judeo-Gascon Judaeo-French Judaeo-Portuguese Judaeo-Aragonese Judaeo-Iranian Bukhori Judeo-Tat Judeo-Persian Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi Judeo-Shirazi Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani Judeo-Kashani Judeo-Golpaygani Others Jewish Koine Greek, Yevanic (Hellenic) Knaanic (Slavic) Judeo-Urdu, Judaeo-Marathi (Indo-Aryan) Others Krymchak/Karaim (Turkic) Judaeo-Malayalam (Dravidian) Judaeo-Georgian (Kartvelian) Judaeo-Papiamento (Portuguese-based Creole) Judaeo-Malay (Malayic) Sign languages Israeli Sign Language (German Sign) Algerian Jewish Sign Language (village sign language) Italics indicate extinct languages vteVarieties of languages Albanian Arabic Aragonese Armenian Aromanian Azerbaijani Basque Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Danish Dutch English French Georgian German Greek Hindi Japanese Korean Macedonian Malay Maltese Norwegian Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romani Romanian Russian Serbo-Croatian Slovene Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Yiddish	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Shoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"}],"text":"Yiddish dialects are varieties of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western dialects mostly died out in the 19th-century due to Jewish language assimilation into mainstream culture, the Eastern dialects were very vital until most of Eastern European Jewry was wiped out by the Shoah.The Northeastern dialects of Eastern Yiddish were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, but in the 21st-century, the Southern dialects of Yiddish that are preserved by many Hasidic communities have become the most commonly spoken form of Yiddish.","title":"Yiddish dialects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yidish-dialects-ru.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ashkenaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenaz"}],"text":"Yiddish dialects (late 19th-early 20th century): Western dialects Eastern dialectsYiddish dialects are generally grouped into either Western Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish.[1][2] Western Yiddish developed from the 9th century in Western-Central Europe, in the region which was called Ashkenaz by Jews, while Eastern Yiddish developed its distinctive features in Eastern Europe after the movement of large numbers of Jews from western to central and eastern Europe.General references to the \"Yiddish language\" without qualification are normally taken to apply to Eastern Yiddish, unless the subject under consideration is Yiddish literature prior to the 19th century, in which case the focus is more likely to be on Western Yiddish.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"central Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Germany_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"southern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Alsace#Language_and_origins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"German-speaking regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe"},{"link_name":"acculturating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation"},{"link_name":"Haskalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"}],"sub_title":"Western Yiddish","text":"While most Jews in the Rhineland who escaped persecution in the 14th century fled to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, some continued to survive in the countryside of Switzerland, southern Germany and Alsace. They maintained Jewish customs and spoke Western Yiddish.[3]Western Yiddish included three dialects:Northwestern (spoken in Northern Germany and the Netherlands),\nMidwestern (spoken in central Germany and Luxembourg),\nSouthwestern (spoken in northern Switzerland, southern Germany and Alsace, extending into Northern Italy).These have a number of clearly distinguished regional varieties, such as Judeo-Alsatian, plus many local subvarieties.The language traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace is Yédisch-Daïtsch or Judeo-Alsatian,[4] originally a mixture of German, Hebrew and Aramaic idioms and virtually indistinguishable from mainstream Yiddish. From the 12th century onwards, due among other things to the influence of the nearby Rashi school, French linguistic elements aggregated as well, and from the 18th century onwards, some Polish elements due to immigrants blended into Yédisch-Daïtsch too.[5]According to C. J. Hutterer (1969), \"In western and central Europe the WY dialects must have died out within a short time during the period of reforms [i.e. the movements toward Jewish emancipation] following the Enlightenment.\"[6] In the 18th century, Yiddish was declining in German-speaking regions, as Jews were acculturating, the Haskalah opposed the use of Yiddish, and preference for German grew. By the end of the 18th century, Western Yiddish was mostly out of use, though some speakers were discovered in these regions as late as the mid-20th century.[7]","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"western Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Russia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Podolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"theatre Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"Chabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Jews who settled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Udmurtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"},{"link_name":"Izhevsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhevsk"},{"link_name":"Sarapul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapul"},{"link_name":"Votkinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votkinsk"},{"link_name":"Kambarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambarka"},{"link_name":"Alnashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnashi"},{"link_name":"Agryz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agryz"},{"link_name":"Naberezhnye Chelny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naberezhnye_Chelny"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Yiddish","text":"Eastern Yiddish is split into Northern and Southern dialects.[7]Northern / Northeastern Yiddish (Litvish or \"Lithuanian\" Yiddish) was spoken in modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine, and western Russia.[7] Hiberno-Yiddish spoken by Jews in Ireland is based on this dialect.[8]\nThe Southern dialects are again subdivided:\nMideastern Yiddish (Central, Poylish or \"Polish\" Yiddish) was spoken in Poland, western Galicia (Galitsianer), and much of Hungary.\nSoutheastern Yiddish (Ukrainish or \"Ukrainian\" Yiddish) was spoken in Volhynia (Volinyer), Podolia (Podolyer), and Bessarabia (Besaraber, in Romania).[7][nb 1]Ukrainian Yiddish was the basis for standard theatre Yiddish, while Lithuanian Yiddish was the basis of standard literary and academic Yiddish.[7][nb 2]About three-quarters of contemporary Yiddish speakers speak Southern Yiddish varieties, the majority speaking Polish Yiddish.[7] Most Hasidic communities use southern dialects, with the exception of Chabad which uses Litvish; many Haredim in Jerusalem also preserve Litvish Yiddish.[7]In addition to Russian, Jews who settled in Udmurtia would develop dialects incorporating Udmurt and Tatar vocabulary (Udmurtish or \"Udmurt\" Yiddish). The Udmurt dialect has been traditionally split into two groupings.Central dialects, which were centered around Izhevsk, Sarapul, and Votkinsk.\nSouthern dialects, which were centered around Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny.[9]","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Rus"}],"sub_title":"Transitional Yiddish dialects","text":"Some linguists have proposed the existence of transitional dialects of Yiddish that have been created in areas between Western and Eastern dialects.[10] Transitional Yiddish is spoken in two different regions, a Western part and an Eastern part.The Western part (Bohemia, Moravia, west Slovakia, and west Hungary) are characterized by a Yiddish dialect which was lexically east European but phonologically west European.\nThe Eastern part (the Hungarian lowlands, Transylvania, and Carpathian Rus) is a fusion of the west-Transcarpathian dialect with dialects brought by chasidic immigrants from Galicia. Transition Yiddish countries are sometimes considered jointly Eastern Yiddish countries.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"}],"sub_title":"Differences between dialects","text":"The primary differences between the contemporary dialects are in the quality of stressed vowels, though there are also differences in morphology, lexicon, and grammar.[7][11]Northern dialects are more conservative in vowel quality, while southern dialects have preserved vowel quantity distinctions.[7]","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diaphonemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoneme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j28-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j28-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j28-14"},{"link_name":"Middle High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ʃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yivo-7"},{"link_name":"Sabesdiker losn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabesdiker_losn"}],"text":"Stressed vowels in the Yiddish dialects may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by M. Weinreich (1960) to indicate the descendent diaphonemes of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels.[12]Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern o11 is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish /a/.[12] The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish quality (1-=[a], 2-=[e], 3-=[i], 4-=[o], 5-=[u]), and the second refers to quantity or diphthongization (-1=short, -2=long, -3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, -4=diphthong, -5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25).[12]Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in Middle High German; Katz (1978) argues that they should be collapsed with the -2 series, leaving only 13 in the -3 series.[13][16]Some dialects have final consonant devoicing.Merger of /ʃ/ into /s/ was common in Litvish Yiddish in previous generations.[7] Known as Sabesdiker losn, it has been stigmatized and deliberately avoided by recent generations of Litvaks.","title":"Comparison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standard Yiddish phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_phonology"},{"link_name":"Harkavy 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#harkavy1898"},{"link_name":"available online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/index.utf8.html"},{"link_name":"Dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/0015.png"}],"text":"As with many other languages with strong literary traditions, there was a more or less constant tendency toward the development of a neutral written form acceptable to the speakers of all dialects. In the early 20th century, for both cultural and political reasons, particular energy was focused on developing a modern Standard Yiddish. This contained elements from all three Eastern dialects but its phonetic attributes were predominantly based on Northeastern pronunciation. A separate article describes the resulting modern Standard Yiddish phonology, without detailing the phonetic variation among the three contributing dialects or the further distinctions among the myriad local varieties that they subsume.A useful early review of the differences between the three main Eastern dialects is provided by the Yiddish lexicographer Alexander Harkavy in a Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations first published in 1898 together with his Yiddish-English Dictionary (Harkavy 1898). A scanned facsimile is available online. The relevant material is presented there under the heading Dialects.","title":"Development of \"neutral\" form"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Center_for_Jewish_History_NYC_14.JPG"},{"link_name":"YIVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIVO"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Documentation"},{"link_name":"Yiddish theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_theatre"},{"link_name":"Bühnendeutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BChnendeutsch"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"language planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_planning"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Solomon Birnbaum, 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#birnbaum1979"},{"link_name":"Wex 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wex2005"}],"text":"YIVO on 16th Street in Manhattan, New York CityHarkavy, like others of the early standardizers, regards Litvish as the \"leading branch\". That assertion has, however, been questioned by many authors and remains the subject of keen controversy. YIVO, the Jewish Scientific Institute,[17] is often seen as the initiating agent in giving phonetic preference to Litvish, but Harkavy's work predates YIVO's and he was not exclusively describing personal preference. A broad-based study provided in the Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (discussed in detail below under the heading Documentation) provides a clearer picture of the more recent YIVO perspective.The heart of the debate is the priority given to the dialect with the smallest number of speakers. One of the alternative proposals put forward in the early discussion of standardizing spoken Yiddish was to base it on the pronunciation of the Southeastern dialect, which was the most widely used form in the Yiddish theatre (c.f. Bühnendeutsch, the stage pronunciation, as a common designation for Standard German).There is nothing unusual about heated debate over language planning and reform. Such normative initiatives are, however, frequently based on legislative authority – something which, with the exception of regulation in the Soviet Union, has never applied to Yiddish. It might therefore be expected that the controversy about the development of Standard Yiddish would be particularly intense.The acrimony surrounding the extensive role played by YIVO is vividly illustrated by in remarks made by Birnbaum:There is no standard pronunciation in Yiddish. However, the members and friends of the Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York, have strong views on the subject. They are convinced that Y should not differ in this respect from the great Western languages, and so they are willing to introduce a standard one. In their publications they speak as if it were already in existence, but this is wishful thinking – acceptance of their system being restricted to their circle. The original proponents of this 'standard' were speakers of the Northern dialect and so, without further ado and without discussing the matter or giving any reasons, they decided that their own pronunciation was the 'standard'. However, the man in the street knows nothing about it. If he happens to be a Southerner he does not exchange his rich phonemic system for the meagre one of the Northern dialect. He does not even know that this is 'supposed to be' the 'standard'. And if he is a Northerner, he goes on speaking as before, without realizing that he would need to change only one of his vowels in order to qualify as a speaker of the 'standard'. It is ironic that the partisans of the 'standard' – all convinced democrats – should ask the majority of Yiddish-speakers to switch over from their own pronunciation to that of a minority, comprising only a quarter of all Yiddish speakers.— Solomon Birnbaum, 1979Recent criticism of modern Standard Yiddish is expressed by Michael Wex in several passages in Wex 2005. Regardless of any nuance that can be applied to the consideration of these arguments, it may be noted that modern Standard Yiddish is used by very few mother-tongue speakers and is not evoked by the vast bulk of Yiddish literature. It has, however, become a norm in present-day instruction of Yiddish as a foreign language and is therefore firmly established in any discourse about the development of that language.","title":"Standardization controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Herzog"},{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2005-21"}],"text":"Between 1992 and 2000, Herzog et al. published a three-volume Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, commonly referred to as the LCAAJ. This provides a detailed description of the phonetic elements of what is presented as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum, and mapping their geographic distribution.[18] A more recent extensive phonetic description, also of both Eastern and Western Yiddish, was published by Neil G. Jacobs in 2005.[19]","title":"Documentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Grammar of the Yiddish Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz/page/38"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7156-2161-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-2161-0"}],"text":"^ Some authors use the term \"Southeastern Yiddish\" as a collective designation for both Poylish and Ukrainish while still applying the term Northeastern Yiddish to Litvish.\n\n^ The two varieties differ slightly. Many words with /oj/ in the standard have /ej/ in Lithuanian Yiddish, e.g. וואוין = Standard /vojn/, Lithuanian /vejn/. See Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7156-2161-0.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Yiddish dialects (late 19th-early 20th century): Western dialects Eastern dialects","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Yidish-dialects-ru.png/330px-Yidish-dialects-ru.png"},{"image_text":"YIVO on 16th Street in Manhattan, New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Center_for_Jewish_History_NYC_14.JPG/220px-Center_for_Jewish_History_NYC_14.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Jewish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_languages"},{"title":"Mordkhe Veynger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordkhe_Veynger"}]	[{"reference":"Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7156-2161-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz","url_text":"Grammar of the Yiddish Language"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz/page/38","url_text":"38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-2161-0","url_text":"0-7156-2161-0"}]},{"reference":"Ariel David (2018-10-14). \"Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight\". Haaretz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-oldest-jewish-community-in-switzerland-is-disappearing-but-not-without-a-fight-1.6554118","url_text":"\"Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hiberno-Yiddish – The language of Irish Jews\". 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jwire.com.au/hiberno-yiddish-the-language-of-irish-jews/","url_text":"\"Hiberno-Yiddish – The language of Irish Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Katz, Dovid (1987). Grammar of the Yiddish Language. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 0-7156-2161-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz","url_text":"Grammar of the Yiddish Language"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz/page/38","url_text":"38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-2161-0","url_text":"0-7156-2161-0"}]},{"reference":"Harkavy, Alexander. \"Dialects\". Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations. Retrieved 11 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/0015.png","url_text":"\"Dialects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". yivo.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yivo.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Margolis, Michelle. \"Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction\". guides.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.library.columbia.edu/c.php?g=730523&p=5319433","url_text":"\"Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77215-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77215-X","url_text":"0-521-77215-X"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Dovid (1978). Genetic Notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/1978a.pdf","url_text":"Genetic Notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/index.utf8.html","external_links_name":"available online"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/0015.png","external_links_name":"Dialects"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz","external_links_name":"Grammar of the Yiddish Language"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz/page/38","external_links_name":"38"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yih","external_links_name":"Western Yiddish"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ydd","external_links_name":"Eastern Yiddish"},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-oldest-jewish-community-in-switzerland-is-disappearing-but-not-without-a-fight-1.6554118","external_links_name":"\"Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight\""},{"Link":"http://judaisme.sdv.fr/dialecte/","external_links_name":"Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien"},{"Link":"http://judaisme.sdv.fr/dialecte/articles/plevy.htm","external_links_name":"Structure du parler judéo-alsacien"},{"Link":"http://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/WesternYiddish.html","external_links_name":"Western Yiddish in Orange County, New York State"},{"Link":"http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Language/Yiddish#id0eztae","external_links_name":"Yiddish Dialects"},{"Link":"https://www.jwire.com.au/hiberno-yiddish-the-language-of-irish-jews/","external_links_name":"\"Hiberno-Yiddish – The language of Irish Jews\""},{"Link":"https://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf","external_links_name":"https://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf"},{"Link":"https://ingeveb.org/articles/new-yiddish-dialectology","external_links_name":"https://ingeveb.org/articles/new-yiddish-dialectology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz","external_links_name":"Grammar of the Yiddish Language"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grammarofyiddish0000katz/page/38","external_links_name":"38"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/0015.png","external_links_name":"\"Dialects\""},{"Link":"http://www.yivo.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://guides.library.columbia.edu/c.php?g=730523&p=5319433","external_links_name":"\"Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~raphael/yiddish/harkavy/index.utf8.html","external_links_name":"scanned facsimile."},{"Link":"http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/1978a.pdf","external_links_name":"Genetic Notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishlanguages.org/yiddish","external_links_name":"Jewish Language Research Website"},{"Link":"http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/lcaaj/index.html","external_links_name":"LCAAJ"},{"Link":"http://www.eydes.org/eydes.htm","external_links_name":"LCAAJ"},{"Link":"http://www.dovidkatz.net/WebAtlas/0_TerritoryLitvish.htm","external_links_name":"Map of Lithuanian Yiddish territory"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_realism	Legal realism	["1 Overview","2 Forerunners","2.1 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","3 Key themes","4 Criticisms","5 Influence and continuing relevance","6 Legal realism and the European Court of Human Rights","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Legal philosophy in which jurisprudence should rely on empirical evidence This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Judicial interpretation Forms Constitutional interpretation Statutory interpretation General rules of interpretation Plain meaning rule Mischief rule Golden rule General theories of interpretation Living Constitution / Living tree / Living instrument Originalism (original meaning) Original intent(legislative intent, legislative history) Strict constructionism Textualism Purposive approach Common good constitutionalism Legal realism Legal process Legal formalism vte Legal realism is a naturalistic approach to law; it is the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science, that is, it should rely on empirical evidence. Hypotheses must be tested against observations of the world. Legal realists believe that legal science should only investigate law with the value-free methods of natural sciences, rather than through philosophical inquiries into the nature and meaning of the law that are separate and distinct from the law as it is actually practiced. Indeed, legal realism asserts that the law cannot be separated from its application, nor can it be understood outside of its application. As such, legal realism emphasizes law as it actually exists, rather than law as it ought to be. Locating the meaning of law in places such as legal opinions issued by judges and their deference or dismissal of past precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis, it stresses the importance of understanding the factors involved in judicial decision making. The United States of America is described as "home of the principal realist tradition in jurisprudence". In Scandinavia Axel Hägerström developed another realist tradition that was influential in European jurisprudential circles for most of the 20th century. Overview This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Legal realism is associated with American jurisprudence during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly among federal judges and lawyers within the Roosevelt administration. Notable jurists associated with legal realism include Felix Cohen, Morris Cohen, Arthur Corbin, Walter Wheeler Cook, Robert Hale, Wesley Hohfeld, Karl Llewellyn, Underhill Moore, Herman Oliphant and Warren Seavey, many of whom were associated with Yale Law School. As Keith Bybee argues, "legal realism exposed the role played by politics in judicial decision-making and, in doing so, called into question conventional efforts to anchor judicial power on a fixed, impartial foundation." Contemporary legal scholars working within the Law and Society tradition have expanded upon the foundations set by legal realism to postulate what has been referred to as new legal realism. As a form of jurisprudence, legal realism is defined by its focus on the law as it actually exists in practice, rather than how it exists in books. To this end, it was primarily concerned with the actions of judges and the factors that influenced processes of judicial decision making. As Karl Llewellyn argues, “ehind decisions stand judges; judges are men; as men they have human backgrounds.” The law, therefore, did not exist in a metaphysical realm of fundamental rules or principles, but was inseparable from human action and the power of judges to determine the law. In order to understand the decisions and actions of legal actors, legal realists turned to the ideas of the social sciences in order to understand the human behavior and relationships that culminated in a given legal outcome. American legal realists believe that there is more to adjudication than the "mechanical" application of known legal principles to uncontroversial fact-finding in line with the arguments of legal formalism. Some realists believe that one can never be sure that the facts and law identified in the judge's reasons were the actual reasons for the judgment, whereas other realists accept that a judge's reasons can often be relied upon, but not always. Realists believe that the legal principles that legal formalism treats as uncontroversial actually hide contentious political and moral choices. Due to their value-free approach, legal realists oppose natural law traditions. Legal realists contend that these traditions are historical and social phenomena and should be explained by psychological and sociological hypotheses, conceiving of legal phenomena as determined by human behavior that should be investigated empirically, rather than according to theoretical assumptions about the law. Realism was treated as a conceptual claim for much of the late 20th century due to H. L. A. Hart's misunderstanding of the theory. Hart was an analytical legal philosopher who was interested in the conceptual analysis of concepts such as "law." This entailed identifying the necessary and sufficient conditions for the use of the concept of "law." When realists such as Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. pointed out that individuals embroiled in the legal system generally wanted to know what was going to happen, Hart assumed that they were offering the necessary and sufficient conditions for the use of the concept of "law." Legal theorists tend to recognize that the realists and the conceptual lawyers were interested in different questions. Realists are interested in methods of predicting judges' decisions with more accuracy, whereas conceptual lawyers are interested in the correct use of legal concepts. Legal realism was primarily a reaction to the legal formalism of the late 19th century and early 20th century and was the dominant approach for much of the early 20th century. It succeeded in its negative aspiration of casting doubt upon formalist assumptions that judges always did what they said, so that it is often said that "we are all realists now." However, realism failed in its positive aspiration of discovering a better way of predicting how judges would behave than relying on the reasons given by judges. A theory of law and legal reasoning that arose in the early decades of the twentieth century is broadly characterized by the claim that law can be best understood by focusing on what judges actually do in deciding cases, rather than on what they say they are doing. The central target of legal realism was legal formalism: the classical view that judges don't make law, but mechanically apply it by logically deducing uniquely correct legal conclusions from a set of clear, consistent, and comprehensive legal rules. American legal realism has aptly been described as "the most important indigenous jurisprudential movement in the United States during the twentieth century". Forerunners Although the American legal realist movement first emerged as a cohesive intellectual force in the 1920s, it drew heavily upon a number of prior thinkers and was influenced by broader cultural forces. In the early years of the twentieth century, formalist approaches to the law had been forcefully criticized by thinkers such as Roscoe Pound, John Chipman Gray, and Benjamin Cardozo. Philosophers such as John Dewey had held up empirical science as a model of all intelligent inquiry, and argued that law should be seen as a practical instrument for advancing human welfare. Outside the realm of law, in fields such as economics and history, there was a general "revolt against formalism," a reaction in favor of more empirical ways of doing philosophy and the human sciences. But by far the most important intellectual influence on the legal realists was the thought of the American jurist and Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Holmes is a towering figure in American legal thought for many reasons, but what the realists drew most from Holmes was his famous prediction theory of law, his utilitarian approach to legal reasoning, and his "realist" insistence that judges, in deciding cases, are not deducing legal conclusions with inexorable, machine-like logic, but are influenced by ideas of fairness, public policy, prejudices, and experience. In the opening paragraph of The Common Law, he wrote:The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience. The felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, and even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow-men, have had a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed. The law embodies the story of a nation's development through many centuries, and it cannot be dealt with as if it contained only the axioms and corollaries of a book of mathematics. All these themes can be found in Holmes's famous 1897 essay, "The Path of the Law". There Holmes attacks formalist approaches to judicial decision-making and states a pragmatic definition of law: "The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law". If law is prophecy, Holmes continues, we must reject the view of "text writers" who tell us that law "is something different from what is decided by the courts of Massachusetts or England, that it is a system of reason that is a deduction from principles of ethics or admitted axioms or what not, which may or may not coincide with the decisions". Holmes introduced the "bad-man" theory of law: "f we take the view of our friend the bad man we shall find that he does not care two straws" about either the morality or the logic of the law. For the bad man, "legal duty" signifies only "a prophecy that if he does certain things he will be subjected to disagreeable consequences by way of imprisonment or compulsory payment". The bad man cares nothing for legal theorizing and concerns himself only with practical consequences. In the spirit of pragmatism, Holmes suggests that this is a useful way of laying bare the true meaning of legal concepts. The utilitarian or instrumentalist flavor of "The Path of the Law" also found favor with the realists. The purpose of the law, Holmes insisted, was the deterrence of undesirable social consequences: "I think that the judges themselves have failed adequately to recognize their duty of weighing considerations of social advantage." Before the Civil War, this conception of adjudication as a form of social engineering had been widely shared by American judges, but in the late nineteenth century it had fallen out of favor. One of the aspirations of both Holmes and the realists was to revive it. For example, in his dissent in Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, Holmes wrote, "The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign ... that can be identified," thereby arguing in favor of a pragmatic and more realistic approach to judicial interpretation of common law. Key themes Drawing upon Holmes and other critics of legal formalism, a number of iconoclastic legal scholars launched the legal realist movement in the 1920s and 30s. Among the leading legal realists were Karl Llewellyn, Jerome Frank, Herman Oliphant, Underhill Moore, Walter Wheeler Cook, Leon Green, and Felix Cohen. Two American law schools, Yale and Columbia, were hotbeds of realist thought. Realism was a mood more than it was a cohesive movement, but it is possible to identify a number of common themes. These include: A distrust of the judicial technique of seeming to deduce legal conclusions from so-called rules of law. The realists believed that judges neither do nor should decide cases formalistically. Law is not, as the formalists claimed, a system of rules that is clear, consistent, and complete. Rather, the law is riddled with ambiguities, contradictions, gaps, vague terms, and conflicting rules of interpretation. As a result, there is often (perhaps always) no uniquely correct answer to any hard case that appellate judges decide. Law is incurably "indeterminate". A belief in the instrumental nature of the law. Like Dewey and Pound, the realists believed that law does and should serve social ends. Judges take account of considerations of fairness and public policy, and they are right to do so. A desire to separate legal from moral elements in the law. The realists were legal positivists who believed that law should be treated scientifically. A clear distinction should be drawn between what the law is and what it should be. Law can only be viewed as an empirical science if moralistic notions are either excluded or are translated into empirically verifiable terms. The idea that legal talk of "duty", "right", etc. is really just talk about how judges are likely to decide cases, is a clear example of how many realists tried to purge law of moralistic language and translate everything into "realistic" talk of actual consequences and testable predictions. Criticisms In the 1950s, legal realism was largely supplanted by the legal process movement, which viewed law as a process of "reasoned elaboration" and claimed that appeals to "legislative purpose" and other well-established legal norms could provide objectively correct answers to most legal questions. In his 1961 book The Concept of Law, British legal theorist H. L. A. Hart dealt what many scholars saw as a "decisive blow" to legal realism, by attacking the predictive theory of law that many realists had taken over from Holmes. Hart pointed out that if a law is just a prediction of what courts will do, a judge pondering the legal merits of a case before him is really asking, "How will I decide this case?" As Hart notes, this completely misses the fact that judges use legal rules to guide their decisions, not as data to predict their eventual holdings. Many critics have claimed that the realists exaggerated the extent to which law is "riddled" with gaps, contradictions, and so forth. Other critics, such as Ronald Dworkin and Lon Fuller, have faulted legal realists for their attempt to sharply separate law and morality. Influence and continuing relevance Though many aspects of legal realism are now seen as exaggerated or outdated, most legal theorists would agree that the realists were successful in their central ambition: to refute "formalist" or "mechanical" notions of law and legal reasoning. It is widely accepted that law is not, and cannot be, an exact science, and that it is important to examine what judges are actually doing in deciding cases, not merely what they say they are doing. As ongoing debates about judicial activism and judicial restraint attest, legal scholars continue to disagree about when, if ever, it is legitimate for judges to "make law", as opposed to merely "following" or "applying" existing law. But few would disagree with the realists' core claim that judges (for good or ill) are often strongly influenced by their political beliefs, their personal values, their individual personalities, and other extra-legal factors. Legal realism and the European Court of Human Rights A statistical natural language processing method has been applied to automatically predict the outcome of cases tried by the European Court of Human Rights (violation or no violation of a specific article) based on their textual contents, reaching a prediction accuracy of 79%. A subsequent qualitative analysis of these results provided some support towards the theory of legal realism. The authors write: "In general, and notwithstanding the simplified snapshot of a very complex debate that we just presented, our results could be understood as lending some support to the basic legal realist intuition according to which judges are primarily responsive to non-legal, rather than to legal, reasons when they decide hard cases." See also Law portal Legal positivism New legal realism Scepticism in law References ^ Duxbury, Neil (2005). "English Jurisprudence between Austin and Hart". Virginia Law Review. 91 (1): 1–91. ISSN 0042-6601. JSTOR 3649419. ^ a b Horwitz, Morton J. (1982). "History of the Public/Private Distinction". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 130 (6): 1426. doi:10.2307/3311976. JSTOR 3311976. S2CID 51854776. Retrieved July 7, 2020. ^ Bybee, Keith J. (February 2005). "Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy". Law, Culture and the Humanities. 1 (1): 76. doi:10.1191/1743872105lw249oa. S2CID 145189432. ^ Llewellyn, Karl (June 1931). "Some Realism about Realism: Responding to Dean Pound". Harvard Law Review. 44 (8): 1222–1264. doi:10.2307/1332182. JSTOR 1332182. ^ For example, Jerome Frank frequently turned to the insights of psychoanalysis (which were then authoritative regarding human psychology) to understand the behavior and decisions of legal parties. See Frank, Jerome (1963). Law and the Modern Mind (6th Printing ed.). Garden City, NJ: Anchor Books. ^ Hart, H.L.A. (2012) . "Chapter VII: Formalism and Rule Skepticism". The Concept of Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–154. ISBN 978-0-19-964470-4. ^ Shiner, Robert A. (January 1, 2001). "Legal Realism". In Audi, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 490–491. ISBN 978-0-521-63722-0. ^ Leiter, Brian (January 1, 2001). "American Legal Realism". In Golding, Martin P.; Edmundson, William A. (eds.). The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 50. doi:10.1002/9780470690116.ch3. ISBN 9780470690116. ^ See generally, Duxbury, Neil (1997). "Chapter 2: Evolution of a Mood". Patterns of American Jurisprudence. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 65–161. ISBN 9780198264910. Retrieved July 8, 2020. ^ Holmes, O.W., The Common Law, Boston: Little Brown (1881). ^ a b c Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr., "The Path of the Law", 10 Harvard Law Review 457 (1897). ^ Fisher, William W. III; Horwitz, Morton J; Reed, Thomas A. (1993). American Legal Realism. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780195071238. Retrieved July 8, 2020. ^ Horwitz, Morton J. (1993). The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780674903715. Retrieved July 8, 2020. ^ Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 222 (1917). ^ According to legal scholar Brian Leiter, the "core claim" of legal realism is that judges do not decide cases on purely legal grounds; other factors play a significant and in fact predominant role. Leiter, American Legal Realism, p. 53. ^ Christie, George; Martin, Patrick (December 10, 2007). Jurisprudence : text and readings on the philosophy of law (3rd ed.). Saint Paul, MN: Thomson/West. pp. 642–644. ISBN 978-0314170736. ^ Leiter, American Legal Realism, p. 61. Leiter argues that Hart's criticism was off the mark, and that it was wrongly assumed to have refuted legal realism. ^ See, e.g., Schauer, Frederick (1985). "Easy Cases". Southern California Law Review. 58: 399. Retrieved July 10, 2020. ^ Dworkin, Ronald (November 1, 1978). Taking Rights Seriously: With a new appendix, a response to critics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674867116. Retrieved July 10, 2020. ^ Fuller, Lon L. (1969). The Morality of Law (rev. ed.). New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300010701. ^ See, e.g., Carter, Lief; Burke, Thomas F. (March 4, 2016). Reason in Law (9th ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226328188.(contending that law is frequently indeterminate and that judges often do, and should, make law by employing a variety of legal methods and sources, especially "purposive" interpretation); and Scalia, Antonin; Garner, Brian A. (June 19, 2012). Reading Law : the Interpretation of Legal Texts. Saint Paul, MN: West. ISBN 978-0314275554. (arguing that law is not highly indeterminate and that there is little legitimate leeway for judicial policymaking). ^ Leiter, American Legal Realism, p. 60 (noting that "he paradigm of scholarship established by the Realists—contrasting what courts say they are doing with what they actually do—is one that has become so much the norm that distinguished scholars practice it without even feeling the need, any longer, to self-identify as Realists"). ^ N. Aletras; D. Tsarapatsanis; D. Preotiuc-Pietro; V. Lampos (2016). "Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective". PeerJ Computer Science. 2: e93. doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.93. Further reading Bybee, Keith J. (February 2005). "Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy". Law, Culture and the Humanities. 1 (1): 75–102. doi:10.1191/1743872105lw249oa. S2CID 145189432. Frank, Jerome (1963). Law and the Modern Mind (6th Printing ed.). Garden City, NJ: Anchor Books. Llewellyn, Karl (June 1931). "Some Realism about Realism: Responding to Dean Pound". Harvard Law Review. 44 (8): 1222–1264. doi:10.2307/1332182. JSTOR 1332182. Oliphant, Herman (1928). "A Return to Stare Decisis". American Bar Association Journal. 14 (71): 71–107. JSTOR 25707348. External links Brian Leiter, American Legal Realism, in The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (W. Edmundson & M. Golding, eds., 2003) Michael Steven Green, Legal Realism as Theory of Law, 46 William & Mary Law Review 1915 (2005) Geoffrey MacCormack, Scandinavian Realism 11 Juridical Review (1970) H. Erlanger et al. Is It Time for a New Legal Realism?, Wisconsin Law Review 2005(2): 335-363 Mathieu Deflem. 2008. Sociology of Law: Visions of a Scholarly Tradition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Victoria Nourse & Gregory Shaffer, "Varieties of New Legal Realism: Can a New World Order Prompt a New Legal Theory?, 95 Cornell Law Review (Forthcoming 2009), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1405437. vteJurisprudence Index Legal theory Constitutionalism Critical legal studies Comparative law Economic analysis Legal norms International legal theory Legal history Philosophy of law Sociology of law Philosophers Alexy Aquinas Aristotle Austin Bastiat Beccaria Bentham Blackstone Bobbio Bork Cardozo Durkheim Dworkin Ehrlich Finnis Fuller Grotius Gurvitch Habermas Haller Han Hart Hegel Hobbes Hägerström Jellinek Jhering Kant Kelsen Leoni Llewellyn Luhmann Marx Müller Nussbaum Olivecrona Pashukanis Perelman Petrażycki Posner Pound Pufendorf Radbruch Rawls Raz Reinach Renner Ross Rumi Savigny Scaevola Schmitt Shang Suárez Stahl Unger Voegelin Walzer Weber Theories Analytical jurisprudence Deontological ethics Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law German historical school Interpretivism Legal moralism Legal positivism Legal realism Legalism Libertarian theories of law Natural law Paternalism Utilitarianism Virtue jurisprudence Concepts Dharma Fa Judicial interpretation Justice Law without the state Legal system Li Question of law Rational-legal authority Usul al-Fiqh Category Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"empirical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence"},{"link_name":"Hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"legal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_science"},{"link_name":"meaning of the law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_law"},{"link_name":"legal opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_opinion"},{"link_name":"judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"},{"link_name":"stare decisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_decisis"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Axel Hägerström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Legal realism is a naturalistic approach to law; it is the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science, that is, it should rely on empirical evidence. Hypotheses must be tested against observations of the world.[citation needed]Legal realists believe that legal science should only investigate law with the value-free methods of natural sciences, rather than through philosophical inquiries into the nature and meaning of the law that are separate and distinct from the law as it is actually practiced. Indeed, legal realism asserts that the law cannot be separated from its application, nor can it be understood outside of its application. As such, legal realism emphasizes law as it actually exists, rather than law as it ought to be. Locating the meaning of law in places such as legal opinions issued by judges and their deference or dismissal of past precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis, it stresses the importance of understanding the factors involved in judicial decision making.The United States of America is described as \"home of the principal realist tradition in jurisprudence\".[according to whom?] In Scandinavia Axel Hägerström developed another realist tradition that was influential in European jurisprudential circles for most of the 20th century.[1]","title":"Legal realism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horwitz-2"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms"},{"link_name":"Felix Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_S._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Morris Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Raphael_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Arthur Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Corbin"},{"link_name":"Robert Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Hale"},{"link_name":"Wesley Hohfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Hohfeld"},{"link_name":"Karl Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Underhill Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhill_Moore"},{"link_name":"Herman Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horwitz-2"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%22Bybee76%22-3"},{"link_name":"Law and Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law#Law_and_Society"},{"link_name":"new legal realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_legal_realism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%22Llew%22-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"legal formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_formalism"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"H. L. A. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HartVII-6"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiner-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leiter50-8"}],"text":"Legal realism is associated with American jurisprudence during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly among federal judges[2] and lawyers within the Roosevelt administration. Notable jurists associated with legal realism include Felix Cohen, Morris Cohen, Arthur Corbin, Walter Wheeler Cook, Robert Hale, Wesley Hohfeld, Karl Llewellyn, Underhill Moore, Herman Oliphant and Warren Seavey,[2] many of whom were associated with Yale Law School. As Keith Bybee argues, \"legal realism exposed the role played by politics in judicial decision-making and, in doing so, called into question conventional efforts to anchor judicial power on a fixed, impartial foundation.\"[3] Contemporary legal scholars working within the Law and Society tradition have expanded upon the foundations set by legal realism to postulate what has been referred to as new legal realism.As a form of jurisprudence, legal realism is defined by its focus on the law as it actually exists in practice, rather than how it exists in books. To this end, it was primarily concerned with the actions of judges and the factors that influenced processes of judicial decision making. As Karl Llewellyn argues, “[b]ehind decisions stand judges; judges are men; as men they have human backgrounds.”[4] The law, therefore, did not exist in a metaphysical realm of fundamental rules or principles, but was inseparable from human action and the power of judges to determine the law. In order to understand the decisions and actions of legal actors, legal realists turned to the ideas of the social sciences in order to understand the human behavior and relationships that culminated in a given legal outcome.[5]American legal realists believe that there is more to adjudication than the \"mechanical\" application of known legal principles to uncontroversial fact-finding in line with the arguments of legal formalism. Some realists believe that one can never be sure that the facts and law identified in the judge's reasons were the actual reasons for the judgment, whereas other realists accept that a judge's reasons can often be relied upon, but not always. Realists believe that the legal principles that legal formalism treats as uncontroversial actually hide contentious political and moral choices.Due to their value-free approach, legal realists oppose natural law traditions. Legal realists contend that these traditions are historical and social phenomena and should be explained by psychological and sociological hypotheses, conceiving of legal phenomena as determined by human behavior that should be investigated empirically, rather than according to theoretical assumptions about the law.Realism was treated as a conceptual claim for much of the late 20th century due to H. L. A. Hart's misunderstanding of the theory.[6] Hart was an analytical legal philosopher who was interested in the conceptual analysis of concepts such as \"law.\" This entailed identifying the necessary and sufficient conditions for the use of the concept of \"law.\" When realists such as Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. pointed out that individuals embroiled in the legal system generally wanted to know what was going to happen, Hart assumed that they were offering the necessary and sufficient conditions for the use of the concept of \"law.\" Legal theorists tend to recognize that the realists and the conceptual lawyers were interested in different questions. Realists are interested in methods of predicting judges' decisions with more accuracy, whereas conceptual lawyers are interested in the correct use of legal concepts.Legal realism was primarily a reaction to the legal formalism of the late 19th century and early 20th century and was the dominant approach for much of the early 20th century. It succeeded in its negative aspiration of casting doubt upon formalist assumptions that judges always did what they said, so that it is often said that \"we are all realists now.\" However, realism failed in its positive aspiration of discovering a better way of predicting how judges would behave than relying on the reasons given by judges.A theory of law and legal reasoning that arose in the early decades of the twentieth century is broadly characterized by the claim that law can be best understood by focusing on what judges actually do in deciding cases, rather than on what they say they are doing.[7] The central target of legal realism was legal formalism: the classical view that judges don't make law, but mechanically apply it by logically deducing uniquely correct legal conclusions from a set of clear, consistent, and comprehensive legal rules. American legal realism has aptly been described as \"the most important indigenous jurisprudential movement in the United States during the twentieth century\".[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roscoe Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Pound"},{"link_name":"John Chipman Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chipman_Gray"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Cardozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cardozo"},{"link_name":"John Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duxbury-9"}],"text":"Although the American legal realist movement first emerged as a cohesive intellectual force in the 1920s, it drew heavily upon a number of prior thinkers and was influenced by broader cultural forces. In the early years of the twentieth century, formalist approaches to the law had been forcefully criticized by thinkers such as Roscoe Pound, John Chipman Gray, and Benjamin Cardozo. Philosophers such as John Dewey had held up empirical science as a model of all intelligent inquiry, and argued that law should be seen as a practical instrument for advancing human welfare. Outside the realm of law, in fields such as economics and history, there was a general \"revolt against formalism,\" a reaction in favor of more empirical ways of doing philosophy and the human sciences.[9] But by far the most important intellectual influence on the legal realists was the thought of the American jurist and Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","title":"Forerunners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr."},{"link_name":"prediction theory of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_theory_of_law"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes,_Jr.-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes,_Jr.-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes,_Jr.-11"},{"link_name":"pragmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transformation192-13"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Co._v._Jensen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","text":"Holmes is a towering figure in American legal thought for many reasons, but what the realists drew most from Holmes was his famous prediction theory of law, his utilitarian approach to legal reasoning, and his \"realist\" insistence that judges, in deciding cases, are not deducing legal conclusions with inexorable, machine-like logic, but are influenced by ideas of fairness, public policy, prejudices, and experience. In the opening paragraph of The Common Law, he wrote:The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience. The felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, and even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow-men, have had a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed. The law embodies the story of a nation's development through many centuries, and it cannot be dealt with as if it contained only the axioms and corollaries of a book of mathematics.[10]All these themes can be found in Holmes's famous 1897 essay, \"The Path of the Law\". There Holmes attacks formalist approaches to judicial decision-making and states a pragmatic definition of law: \"The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law\".[11] If law is prophecy, Holmes continues, we must reject the view of \"text writers\" who tell us that law \"is something different from what is decided by the courts of Massachusetts or England, that it is a system of reason that is a deduction from principles of ethics or admitted axioms or what not, which may or may not coincide with the decisions\".[11]Holmes introduced the \"bad-man\" theory of law: \"[I]f we take the view of our friend the bad man we shall find that he does not care two straws\" about either the morality or the logic of the law. For the bad man, \"legal duty\" signifies only \"a prophecy that if he does certain things he will be subjected to disagreeable consequences by way of imprisonment or compulsory payment\".[11] The bad man cares nothing for legal theorizing and concerns himself only with practical consequences. In the spirit of pragmatism, Holmes suggests that this is a useful way of laying bare the true meaning of legal concepts.The utilitarian or instrumentalist flavor of \"The Path of the Law\" also found favor with the realists. The purpose of the law, Holmes insisted, was the deterrence of undesirable social consequences: \"I think that the judges themselves have failed adequately to recognize their duty of weighing considerations of social advantage.\"[12] Before the Civil War, this conception of adjudication as a form of social engineering had been widely shared by American judges, but in the late nineteenth century it had fallen out of favor.[13] One of the aspirations of both Holmes and the realists was to revive it. For example, in his dissent in Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, Holmes wrote, \"The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign ... that can be identified,\" thereby arguing in favor of a pragmatic and more realistic approach to judicial interpretation of common law.[14]","title":"Forerunners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Jerome Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Frank"},{"link_name":"Herman Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"Underhill Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhill_Moore"},{"link_name":"Leon Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Green"},{"link_name":"Felix Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_S._Cohen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%22Juris%22-16"}],"text":"Drawing upon Holmes and other critics of legal formalism, a number of iconoclastic legal scholars launched the legal realist movement in the 1920s and 30s. Among the leading legal realists were Karl Llewellyn, Jerome Frank, Herman Oliphant, Underhill Moore, Walter Wheeler Cook, Leon Green, and Felix Cohen. Two American law schools, Yale and Columbia, were hotbeds of realist thought. Realism was a mood more than it was a cohesive movement, but it is possible to identify a number of common themes. These include:A distrust of the judicial technique of seeming to deduce legal conclusions from so-called rules of law. The realists believed that judges neither do nor should decide cases formalistically. Law is not, as the formalists claimed, a system of rules that is clear, consistent, and complete. Rather, the law is riddled with ambiguities, contradictions, gaps, vague terms, and conflicting rules of interpretation. As a result, there is often (perhaps always) no uniquely correct answer to any hard case that appellate judges decide. Law is incurably \"indeterminate\".\nA belief in the instrumental nature of the law. Like Dewey and Pound, the realists believed that law does and should serve social ends. Judges take account of considerations of fairness and public policy, and they are right to do so.[15]\nA desire to separate legal from moral elements in the law. The realists were legal positivists who believed that law should be treated scientifically. A clear distinction should be drawn between what the law is and what it should be. Law can only be viewed as an empirical science if moralistic notions are either excluded or are translated into empirically verifiable terms.[16] The idea that legal talk of \"duty\", \"right\", etc. is really just talk about how judges are likely to decide cases, is a clear example of how many realists tried to purge law of moralistic language and translate everything into \"realistic\" talk of actual consequences and testable predictions.","title":"Key themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal process movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_process_(jurisprudence)"},{"link_name":"The Concept of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law"},{"link_name":"H. L. A. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ronald Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin"},{"link_name":"Lon Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Fuller"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In the 1950s, legal realism was largely supplanted by the legal process movement, which viewed law as a process of \"reasoned elaboration\" and claimed that appeals to \"legislative purpose\" and other well-established legal norms could provide objectively correct answers to most legal questions. In his 1961 book The Concept of Law, British legal theorist H. L. A. Hart dealt what many scholars saw as a \"decisive blow\"[17] to legal realism, by attacking the predictive theory of law that many realists had taken over from Holmes. Hart pointed out that if a law is just a prediction of what courts will do, a judge pondering the legal merits of a case before him is really asking, \"How will I decide this case?\" As Hart notes, this completely misses the fact that judges use legal rules to guide their decisions, not as data to predict their eventual holdings.Many critics [who?] have claimed that the realists exaggerated the extent to which law is \"riddled\" with gaps, contradictions, and so forth.[18] Other critics, such as Ronald Dworkin and Lon Fuller, have faulted legal realists for their attempt to sharply separate law and morality.[19][20]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judicial activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_activism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Though many aspects of legal realism are now seen as exaggerated or outdated, most legal theorists would agree that the realists were successful in their central ambition: to refute \"formalist\" or \"mechanical\" notions of law and legal reasoning. It is widely accepted that law is not, and cannot be, an exact science, and that it is important to examine what judges are actually doing in deciding cases, not merely what they say they are doing. As ongoing debates about judicial activism and judicial restraint attest, legal scholars continue to disagree about when, if ever, it is legitimate for judges to \"make law\", as opposed to merely \"following\" or \"applying\" existing law.[21] But few would disagree with the realists' core claim that judges (for good or ill) are often strongly influenced by their political beliefs, their personal values, their individual personalities, and other extra-legal factors.[22]","title":"Influence and continuing relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecthr2016-23"}],"text":"A statistical natural language processing method has been applied to automatically predict the outcome of cases tried by the European Court of Human Rights (violation or no violation of a specific article) based on their textual contents, reaching a prediction accuracy of 79%.[23] A subsequent qualitative analysis of these results provided some support towards the theory of legal realism. The authors write: \"In general, and notwithstanding the simplified snapshot of a very complex debate that we just presented, our results could be understood as lending some support to the basic legal realist intuition according to which judges are primarily responsive to non-legal, rather than to legal, reasons when they decide hard cases.\"","title":"Legal realism and the European Court of Human Rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//surface.syr.edu/lawpub/53"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1191/1743872105lw249oa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1191%2F1743872105lw249oa"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145189432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145189432"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1332182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1332182"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1332182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1332182"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25707348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25707348"}],"text":"Bybee, Keith J. (February 2005). \"Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy\". Law, Culture and the Humanities. 1 (1): 75–102. doi:10.1191/1743872105lw249oa. S2CID 145189432.\nFrank, Jerome (1963). Law and the Modern Mind (6th Printing ed.). Garden City, NJ: Anchor Books.\nLlewellyn, Karl (June 1931). \"Some Realism about Realism: Responding to Dean Pound\". Harvard Law Review. 44 (8): 1222–1264. doi:10.2307/1332182. JSTOR 1332182.\nOliphant, Herman (1928). \"A Return to Stare Decisis\". American Bar Association Journal. 14 (71): 71–107. JSTOR 25707348.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Legal positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism"},{"title":"New legal realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_legal_realism"},{"title":"Scepticism in law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepticism_in_law"}]	[{"reference":"Duxbury, Neil (2005). \"English Jurisprudence between Austin and Hart\". Virginia Law Review. 91 (1): 1–91. ISSN 0042-6601. JSTOR 3649419.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649419","url_text":"\"English Jurisprudence between Austin and Hart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6601","url_text":"0042-6601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649419","url_text":"3649419"}]},{"reference":"Horwitz, Morton J. (1982). \"History of the Public/Private Distinction\". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 130 (6): 1426. doi:10.2307/3311976. JSTOR 3311976. S2CID 51854776. Retrieved July 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Horwitz","url_text":"Horwitz, Morton J."},{"url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol130/iss6/6/","url_text":"\"History of the Public/Private Distinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3311976","url_text":"10.2307/3311976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3311976","url_text":"3311976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51854776","url_text":"51854776"}]},{"reference":"Bybee, Keith J. (February 2005). \"Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy\". Law, Culture and the Humanities. 1 (1): 76. doi:10.1191/1743872105lw249oa. S2CID 145189432.","urls":[{"url":"https://surface.syr.edu/lawpub/53","url_text":"\"Legal Realism, Common Courtesy, and Hypocrisy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1191%2F1743872105lw249oa","url_text":"10.1191/1743872105lw249oa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145189432","url_text":"145189432"}]},{"reference":"Llewellyn, Karl (June 1931). \"Some Realism about Realism: Responding to Dean Pound\". Harvard Law Review. 44 (8): 1222–1264. doi:10.2307/1332182. JSTOR 1332182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1332182","url_text":"10.2307/1332182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1332182","url_text":"1332182"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Jerome (1963). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksliste	Deutsche Volksliste	["1 Pre-war Nazi contact with ethnic Germans","2 Motivation for creating the list","2.1 Germanisation","2.2 Multiple ad hoc categorisation schemes","2.3 Himmler's solution","3 Implementation in Poland","3.1 East Upper Silesia","3.2 Benefits of registration","3.3 Polish response","3.4 Results","4 Implementation in other countries","5 Postwar","6 See also","7 References"]	Nazi program classifying inhabitants of German-occupied territory Volksdeutsche meeting in occupied Warsaw in 1940 The Deutsche Volksliste (German People's List), a Nazi Party institution, aimed to classify inhabitants of Nazi-occupied territories (1939–1945) into categories of desirability according to criteria systematised by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. The institution originated in occupied western Poland (occupied 1939–1945). Similar schemes were subsequently developed in Occupied France (1940–1944) and in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (1941–1944). Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) topped the list as a category. They comprised people without German citizenship but of German ancestry living outside Germany (unlike German expatriates). Though Volksdeutsche did not hold German citizenship, the strengthening and development of ethnic German communities throughout east-central Europe formed an integral part of the Nazi vision for the creation of Greater Germany (Großdeutschland). In some areas, such as Romania, Croatia, and Yugoslavia/Serbia, ethnic Germans were legally recognised in legislation as privileged groups. Pre-war Nazi contact with ethnic Germans In 1931, prior to its rise to power, the Nazi Party established the Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP (Foreign Organisation of the German National Socialist Workers Party), whose task was to disseminate Nazi propaganda among the German minorities living outside Germany. In 1936, the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (Ethnic German Welfare Office), commonly known as VoMi, was set up under the direction of Himmler as RKFDV of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) as the liaison bureau for ethnic Germans and was headed by SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz. Motivation for creating the list Germanisation According to the testimony of Kuno Wirsich: The aim of the German People's List was that those people who were of German descent and of German ethnic descent were to be ascertained and were to be Germanised. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it annexed the western part of the country (taking East Upper Silesia, creating the new entities of the Reichsgaue of Danzig-West Prussia and Wartheland, the Zichenau Region (or South East Prussia), and the General Government, the latter for the administration of the rest of its own occupied part of the country. The plan for Poland, as set forth in Generalplan Ost, was to "purify" the newly annexed regions in order to create a Germanised buffer against Polish and Slavic influence. This entailed deporting Poles from these westernmost areas to those under General Government control, and settling the region with ethnic Germans from other places including from the General Government area, from within the pre-war German borders and from various areas that came under the control of Soviet Russia (Baltic States, eastern Polish territories, Volhynia, Galicia, Bukovina, Bessarabia and Dobrudscha). To further its objective of Germanisation, Nazi Germany endeavoured to increase the number of 'Volksdeutsche' in the conquered territories by a policy of Germanising certain classes of the conquered people, mainly those among the Czechs, Poles, and Slovenes who had German ancestors. Thus, the Nazis encouraged the Polish offspring of Germans, or Poles who had family connections with Germans, to join the 'Volksliste', often applying pressure to compel registration. Those who joined enjoyed a privileged status and received special benefits. Registrants were given better food, apartments, farms, workshops, furniture, and clothing—much of it having been confiscated from Jews and Poles who were deported or sent to Nazi concentration camps. Determining who was an ethnic German was not easy in regions that had Poles, ethnic Germans, and individuals of German ancestry who had been Polonised. There were many in western Poland who claimed German ancestry and resisted deportation to the General Government on the basis of it. Similar ambiguities occurred in all other eastern areas, such as Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia. Even Himmler was impressed by this and said that such resistance must be evidence of their Nordic qualities. Furthermore, Nazi officials in charge of the various annexed territories from Poland did not want to see too many economically valuable local nationals sent eastwards, so they, too, desired some form of criteria that would allow them to avoid deporting any skilled Poles with German ancestry. Poles who were considered to be suitable for Germanisation were sent to the Reich as labourers. A "racial assessment" was also performed with regard to the ethnic German returnee with often disappointing results. In 2006, German historian Götz Aly said the Nazi policy was based on French Republic selection criteria that were used after the First World War to expel ethnic Germans from Alsace. Multiple ad hoc categorisation schemes From the beginning of the German occupation of Poland, a number of categorisation schemes were developed at the local level, leading to confusion. For example, in October 1939, the governor of the Warthegau, Gauleiter Arthur Greiser, established a central bureau for the registration of Volksdeutsche, the Deutsche Volksliste (DVL: German Peoples List), also known as the Volksliste. At the beginning of 1940, distinctions were introduced to divide those registered in the DVL into four categories: ethnic Germans active on behalf of the Third Reich, "other" ethnic Germans, Poles of German extraction (Poles with some German ancestry), and Poles who were related to Germans by marriage. Himmler's solution Himmler's solution to the confusing and competing categorisation schemes was the Deutsche Volksliste (DVL), a uniform categorisation scheme that could be applied universally. The Racial Office of the Nazi Party had produced a registry called the Deutsche Volksliste in 1939, but this was only one of the precursors of Himmler's final version. The Deutsche Volksliste consisted of four categories: Category I: Volksdeutsche (German > "Ethnically German") —Persons of German descent who had engaged themselves in favour of the Reich before 1939. Category II: Deutschstämmige (German > "of German Descent") — Persons of German descent who had remained passive. Category III: Eingedeutschte (German > "Voluntarily Germanised") — Indigenous persons considered by the Nazis as partly Polonised (mainly Silesians and Kashubs); refusal to join this list often led to deportation to a concentration camp. Category IV: Rückgedeutschte (German > "Forcibly Germanised") — Persons of Polish nationality considered "racially valuable", but who resisted Germanisation. Those members of the population rated in the highest category were tapped for citizenship and concomitant compulsory military service in the German Armed Forces. At first, only Category I were considered for membership in the SS (Schutzstaffel). Similarly, women recruited for labour in Germany as nannies were required to be classified as Category I or II, because of their close contact with German children and the possibility of sexual exploitation, and so of children; Himmler praised it as a chance to win back blood and benefit the women as well. Himmler declared that no drop of "German blood" would be lost or left behind to mingle with an "alien race". "German blood" was regarded as so valuable that any "German" person would necessarily be of value to any country; therefore, all Germans not supporting the Reich were a danger to it. Persons who had been assigned to one of these categories but who denied their ties to Germany were dealt with very harshly and ordered to concentration camps. Men who had "a particularly bad political record"—had supported persecutions or boycotts of ethnic Germans—were to be sent to concentration camps immediately; their children were to be removed for Germanisation, and their wives either sent to the camps as well, if they had also supported the actions, or removed for Germanisation. Persons of categories III and IV were sent to Germany as labourers and subject to conscription into the Wehrmacht. Implementation in Poland Himmler had the plan prepared and then ordered it to be administered by Wilhelm Frick's Interior Ministry. The Deutsche Volksliste was mandated in March 1941 by decrees of the Minister of the Interior of the Reich (Frick) and of Heinrich Himmler in his function as Kommissar für die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums (Commissioner for the strengthening of Germanhood). Thus, Himmler's plan was finally implemented a year and a half after the ad hoc categorisation processes had begun in Poland. On 3 April 1941 it was expanded to all western Polish areas (Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, East Upper Silesia, and the Zichenau Region. East Upper Silesia The nationality policy in East Upper Silesia was different from the one applied in other Polish areas included in the Reich. The motivation for the difference was the different local economic conditions and the necessity to keep qualified manpower essential to Silesian heavy industry. In some historical analyses, it has also been noticed, although less explicitly, that nationality policy of local German elites was also deliberately different. Apparently, Gauleiter Josef Wagner, as well as his successor, Fritz Bracht, saw the necessity to exclude Silesian people from qualification made only on the basis of race criteria which were emphasised by Heinrich Himmler when he was a Reich commissar for strengthening the Germanhood. Fritz Bracht used also political criteria, which made the situation similar to Pomerelia (former West Prussia, annexed to Danzig-West Prussia) and areas annexed by Germany in Western Europe (such as Alsace-Lorraine). This resulted in a comparatively low number of deportations and in the majority of East Upper Silesians (both Silesian West-Slavs as well as ethnic Poles) being eligible for German citizenship, although their rights are alleged to have been limited compared to those of other German citizens. Benefits of registration The German occupation authorities encouraged Poles to register with the Volksliste, and in many instances even compelled them to do so. In occupied Poland, the status of Volksdeutscher conferred many privileges but also made one subject to conscription into the German military. Polish response Polish response to the institution of the Deutsche Volksliste was mixed. Being accepted into Class III could mean keeping one's property, but it might also mean being sent to the Reich as a labourer or being conscripted into the Wehrmacht. Polish citizens of German ancestry, who often identified themselves with the Polish nation, were confronted with the dilemma of whether to sign the Volksliste. This group included ethnic Germans whose families had lived in Poland proper for centuries, and Germans (who became citizens of Poland after 1920) from the part of Germany that had been transferred to Poland after World War I. Many such ethnic Germans had married Poles and remained defiant. Often the choice was either to sign and be regarded as a traitor by the Poles, or not to sign and be treated by the German occupation as a traitor to the Germanic 'race'. Poles who registered as Germans were treated by other Poles with special contempt, and the fact of them having signed the Volksliste constituted high treason according to the Polish underground law. Poles who preferred to stay with their friends and relatives sometimes resisted Nazi pressures to apply for the DVL, opting for deportation to the General Government over Germanisation. Their children were often taken for Germanisation while they were deported. In some parts of German-occupied Polish Silesia, the Volksliste was compulsory, and both the Polish government in-Exile and Bishop of Katowice, Stanisław Adamski, condoned signing it "to mask and save the Polish element in upper Silesia." Ethnic Poles from German-occupied Polish Silesia were also subject to pressure from Nazi authorities to sign category III or IV. In many cases people were imprisoned, tortured and their close ones threatened if they refused to sign; deportation to concentration camps was also common. In some cases, individuals consulted with the Polish resistance first, before registering with the Volksliste. These Volksdeutsche played an important role in the intelligence activities of the Polish resistance and were at times the primary source of information for the Allies. However, in the eyes of the postwar Communist government, having aided the non-Communist Polish resistance was not considered a mitigating factor; therefore, many of these double-agent Volksdeutsche were prosecuted after the war. Results According to Robert Koehl, "By the introduction of the registration procedure known as the German National List (DVL) some 900,000 more 'Germans' were discovered, most of them semi-Polish minorities such as the Kassubians, the Masurians, and the local Upper Silesians whom the Germans called 'Wasserpolen'. A few thousand 're-Germanizeables' ...had also been shipped back to the Reich." By October 1943, around 90 percent (1,290,000) of Silesians signed the DVL. The total number of registrants for the DVL is estimated to be approximately 2.7 million, with 1 million in classes I and II and the remaining 1.7 million in classes III and IV. In the General Government there were 120,000 Volksdeutsche. Deutsche Volksliste, late 1942 Annexed area DVL (Total) DVL 1 DVL 2 DVL 3 DVL 4 South East Prussia 45,000 8,500 21,500 13,500 1,500 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 1,153,000 150,000 125,000 870,000 8,000 Warthegau 476,000 209,000 191,000 56,000 20,000 East Upper Silesia 1,450,000 120,000 250,000 1,020,000 60,000 Total 3,124,000 487,500 587,500 1,959,500 89,500 Annexed area Deutsche Volksliste, early 1944 Cat. I Cat. II Cat. III Cat. IV Warthegau 230,000 190,000 65,000 25,000 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 115,000 95,000 725,000 2,000 East Upper Silesia 130,000 210,000 875,000 55,000 South East Prussia 9,000 22,000 13,000 1,000 Total 484,000 517,000 1,678,000 83,000 2,762,000 million on Volksliste, plus 723,000 resettlers/Reichsdeutsche and a non-German population of 6,015,000 Source: Wilhelm Deist, Bernhard R Kroener, Germany (Federal Republic). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Germany and the Second World War, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 132,133, ISBN 0-19-820873-1, citing Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, p. 134 Implementation in other countries After Germany occupied Yugoslavia, they partitioned it into various parts including Croatia and Serbia, where ethnic Germans became legalised members of the ruling nationality groups, and so they introduced the 'Volksliste' there. Registered ethnic Germans in Category 1 and 2 living in the Soviet Union were re-settled through Yugoslavia back to Germany. Postwar At the end of the war, the files of the Deutsche Volksliste were generally found extant in the service registration departments of the respective local authorities. The bulk of these documents are today in Polish archives. In Poland members of the Volksliste were subject to a "rehabilitation" process, as of 1950 1,104,100 former German nationals and Volksliste members lived in Poland. After the collapse of Nazi Germany, some Volksdeutsche were tried by the Polish authorities for high treason. Even now, in Poland, the word Volksdeutsch is regarded as an insult, synonymous with a traitor. See also Expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) History of Poland (1939–1945) Volksdeutsche References ^ Testimony of Prosecution Witness Kuno Wirsich, Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Vol. IV, p. 714 ^ a b Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford University Press. pp. 444–450. ISBN 978-019959232-6. ^ "Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe" ^ retrieved from Götz Aly: The logic of horror - signandsight, article appeared first in Zeit, June 2006 ; quote: "... it was in fact Republican France that invented some of the selection criteria later used as the basis for the so-called "Deutsche Volksliste" (German ethnic list) in the areas of Poland annexed by Germany. Later Nazi German criteria were created by their own racist scientists. In 1919, the population of the reclaimed Alsace region were sorted into four groups: full, three-quarter and half French, and Germans. On this basis, Alsatians were accorded full, limited or zero civil rights. In the case of those belonging to Group IV (the Germans), the French authorities ordered expulsion over the Rhine bridge." ^ a b c d e "Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation". Archived from the original on 2003-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-16. ^ a b c d e f Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p543-4 ISBN 0-393-02030-4 ^ Records of the United States Nuremberg War Crimes Trials: United States of America v. Ulrich Greifelt et al. (CASE VIII) October 10, 1947–March 10, 1948; National Archives and Records General Services Administration, Washington, D.C., 1973 ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p255-6, ISBN 0-679-77663-X ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7864-0371-4. ^ learning from history – Home ^ Kaczmarek, Ryszard: "Niemiecka polityka narodowościowa na Górnym Śląsku (1939–1945)" (German nationality policy in Upper Silesia (1939–1945)") in Remembrance and Justice (2 (6)/2004) pp. 115–138 ^ a b Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 247 ISBN 0-679-77663-X ^ Lumans, Valdis. (1993) Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993. ^ a b M. Fidelis. (2010). Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135-136. ^ Koehl, Robert. RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945 (Cambridge, 1957), p. 87 ^ Wilhelm Deist, Bernhard R Kroener, Germany (Federal Republic). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Germany and the Second World War, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 132,133, ISBN 0-19-820873-1, citing Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, p. 134 ^ Ryszard Kaczmarek, Polacy w Wehrmachcie, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010, p.412, ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9 ^ Bykowska, Sylwia (2020). The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II. Peter Lang. p. 239. ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1. vteHeinrich Himmler Reichsführer-SS Chief of German Police Minister of the Interior Reichsführer-SS Ideology of the SS Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS") Adolf Hitler Reinhard Heydrich (Chief of the RSHA) Ernst Kaltenbrunner (successor as Chief of the RSHA) Karl Wolff (Chief of Personal Staff) Hedwig Potthast (secretary) Rudolf Brandt (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS) Hermann Gauch (adjutant) Werner Grothmann (aide-de-camp) Heinz Macher (second personal assistant) Walter Schellenberg (personal aide) Karl Maria Wiligut (occultist) Organizations Schutzstaffel Gestapo Ahnenerbe Lebensborn Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion Responsibility forthe Holocaust The Holocaust Romani genocide Crimes against Poles Crimes against Soviet POWs Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe Persecution of homosexuals Persecution of Serbs Suppression of Freemasonry Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses Persecution of black people Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS Deutsche Volksliste Operation Reinhard Hegewald Posen speeches Himmler-Kersten Agreement Family Margarete Himmler (wife) Gudrun Burwitz (daughter) Hedwig Potthast (mistress) Gebhard Ludwig (older brother) Ernst (younger brother) Katrin Himmler (great-niece) Heinz Kokott (brother-in-law) Richard Wendler (brother-in-law) Military Operation Himmler Army Group Upper Rhine Army Group Vistula Operation Nordwind Failed assassins Václav Morávek Thomas Sneum Claus von Stauffenberg Henning von Tresckow People Erhard Heiden (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS) Karl Hanke (successor as Reichsführer-SS) Falk Zipperer (closest friend) Karl Gebhardt (personal physician) Felix Kersten (personal masseur) Hugo Blaschke (dentist) Sidney Excell (man who arrested Himmler)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiec_warszawskich_volksdeutsch%C3%B3w_w_sali_Roma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Nazi-occupied territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_race"},{"link_name":"Reichsführer-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"occupied western Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Polish_territories_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_France"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"ethnic Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German"},{"link_name":"German expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_expatriate"},{"link_name":"Greater Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland"}],"text":"Volksdeutsche meeting in occupied Warsaw in 1940The Deutsche Volksliste (German People's List), a Nazi Party institution, aimed to classify inhabitants of Nazi-occupied territories (1939–1945) into categories of desirability according to criteria systematised by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. The institution originated in occupied western Poland (occupied 1939–1945). Similar schemes were subsequently developed in Occupied France (1940–1944) and in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (1941–1944).Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) topped the list as a category. They comprised people without German citizenship but of German ancestry living outside Germany (unlike German expatriates). Though Volksdeutsche did not hold German citizenship, the strengthening and development of ethnic German communities throughout east-central Europe formed an integral part of the Nazi vision for the creation of Greater Germany (Großdeutschland). In some areas, such as Romania, Croatia, and Yugoslavia/Serbia, ethnic Germans were legally recognised in legislation as privileged groups.","title":"Deutsche Volksliste"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP/AO"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptamt_Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle"},{"link_name":"Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmler"},{"link_name":"RKFDV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKFDV"},{"link_name":"Schutzstaffel (SS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Obergruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Werner Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Lorenz"}],"text":"In 1931, prior to its rise to power, the Nazi Party established the Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP (Foreign Organisation of the German National Socialist Workers Party), whose task was to disseminate Nazi propaganda among the German minorities living outside Germany. In 1936, the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (Ethnic German Welfare Office), commonly known as VoMi, was set up under the direction of Himmler as RKFDV of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) as the liaison bureau for ethnic Germans and was headed by SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz.","title":"Pre-war Nazi contact with ethnic Germans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motivation for creating the list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"East Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Reichsgaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Danzig-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Zichenau Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zichenau_(region)"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"its own occupied part of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Longerich2012_4449-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Polonised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Longerich2012_4449-2"},{"link_name":"Götz Aly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Aly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Germanisation","text":"According to the testimony of Kuno Wirsich:The aim of the German People's List was that those people who were of German descent and of German ethnic descent were to be ascertained and were to be Germanised.[1]When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it annexed the western part of the country (taking East Upper Silesia, creating the new entities of the Reichsgaue of Danzig-West Prussia and Wartheland, the Zichenau Region (or South East Prussia), and the General Government, the latter for the administration of the rest of its own occupied part of the country.The plan for Poland, as set forth in Generalplan Ost, was to \"purify\" the newly annexed regions in order to create a Germanised buffer against Polish and Slavic influence. This entailed deporting Poles from these westernmost areas to those under General Government control, and settling the region with ethnic Germans from other places including from the General Government area, from within the pre-war German borders and from various areas that came under the control of Soviet Russia (Baltic States, eastern Polish territories, Volhynia, Galicia, Bukovina, Bessarabia and Dobrudscha).[2][3]To further its objective of Germanisation, Nazi Germany endeavoured to increase the number of 'Volksdeutsche' in the conquered territories by a policy of Germanising certain classes of the conquered people, mainly those among the Czechs, Poles, and Slovenes who had German ancestors. Thus, the Nazis encouraged the Polish offspring of Germans, or Poles who had family connections with Germans, to join the 'Volksliste', often applying pressure to compel registration. Those who joined enjoyed a privileged status and received special benefits. Registrants were given better food, apartments, farms, workshops, furniture, and clothing—much of it having been confiscated from Jews and Poles who were deported or sent to Nazi concentration camps.Determining who was an ethnic German was not easy in regions that had Poles, ethnic Germans, and individuals of German ancestry who had been Polonised. There were many in western Poland who claimed German ancestry and resisted deportation to the General Government on the basis of it. Similar ambiguities occurred in all other eastern areas, such as Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia. Even Himmler was impressed by this and said that such resistance must be evidence of their Nordic qualities. Furthermore, Nazi officials in charge of the various annexed territories from Poland did not want to see too many economically valuable local nationals sent eastwards, so they, too, desired some form of criteria that would allow them to avoid deporting any skilled Poles with German ancestry. Poles who were considered to be suitable for Germanisation were sent to the Reich as labourers.\nA \"racial assessment\" was also performed with regard to the ethnic German returnee with often disappointing results.[2]In 2006, German historian Götz Aly said the Nazi policy was based on French Republic selection criteria that were used after the First World War to expel ethnic Germans from Alsace.[4]","title":"Motivation for creating the list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German occupation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"a number of categorisation schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_race"},{"link_name":"Warthegau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warthegau"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Arthur Greiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser"}],"sub_title":"Multiple ad hoc categorisation schemes","text":"From the beginning of the German occupation of Poland, a number of categorisation schemes were developed at the local level, leading to confusion. For example, in October 1939, the governor of the Warthegau, Gauleiter Arthur Greiser, established a central bureau for the registration of Volksdeutsche, the Deutsche Volksliste (DVL: German Peoples List), also known as the Volksliste. At the beginning of 1940, distinctions were introduced to divide those registered in the DVL into four categories: ethnic Germans active on behalf of the Third Reich, \"other\" ethnic Germans, Poles of German extraction (Poles with some German ancestry), and Poles who were related to Germans by marriage.","title":"Motivation for creating the list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggression-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Kashubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggression-5"},{"link_name":"recruited for labour in Germany as nannies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST-Arbeiter#Nannies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overy-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggression-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggression-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aggression-5"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Himmler's solution","text":"Himmler's solution to the confusing and competing categorisation schemes was the Deutsche Volksliste (DVL), a uniform categorisation scheme that could be applied universally. The Racial Office of the Nazi Party had produced a registry called the Deutsche Volksliste in 1939, but this was only one of the precursors of Himmler's final version.The Deutsche Volksliste consisted of four categories:[5][6]Category I: Volksdeutsche (German > \"Ethnically German\") —Persons of German descent who had engaged themselves in favour of the Reich before 1939.[6]\nCategory II: Deutschstämmige (German > \"of German Descent\") — Persons of German descent who had remained passive.[6]\nCategory III: Eingedeutschte (German > \"Voluntarily Germanised\") — Indigenous persons considered by the Nazis as partly Polonised (mainly Silesians and Kashubs); refusal to join this list often led to deportation to a concentration camp.[6]\nCategory IV: Rückgedeutschte (German > \"Forcibly Germanised\") — Persons of Polish nationality considered \"racially valuable\", but who resisted Germanisation.[6]Those members of the population rated in the highest category were tapped for citizenship and concomitant compulsory military service in the German Armed Forces.[7] At first, only Category I were considered for membership in the SS (Schutzstaffel).[5] Similarly, women recruited for labour in Germany as nannies were required to be classified as Category I or II, because of their close contact with German children and the possibility of sexual exploitation, and so of children; Himmler praised it as a chance to win back blood and benefit the women as well.[8]Himmler declared that no drop of \"German blood\" would be lost or left behind to mingle with an \"alien race\".[6] \"German blood\" was regarded as so valuable that any \"German\" person would necessarily be of value to any country; therefore, all Germans not supporting the Reich were a danger to it.[5]\nPersons who had been assigned to one of these categories but who denied their ties to Germany were dealt with very harshly and ordered to concentration camps.[5] Men who had \"a particularly bad political record\"—had supported persecutions or boycotts of ethnic Germans—were to be sent to concentration camps immediately; their children were to be removed for Germanisation, and their wives either sent to the camps as well, if they had also supported the actions, or removed for Germanisation.[5]Persons of categories III and IV were sent to Germany as labourers and subject to conscription into the Wehrmacht.[9]","title":"Motivation for creating the list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"East Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Zichenau Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zichenau_(region)"}],"text":"Himmler had the plan prepared and then ordered it to be administered by Wilhelm Frick's Interior Ministry. The Deutsche Volksliste was mandated in March 1941 by decrees of the Minister of the Interior of the Reich (Frick) and of Heinrich Himmler in his function as Kommissar für die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums (Commissioner for the strengthening of Germanhood).[10] Thus, Himmler's plan was finally implemented a year and a half after the ad hoc categorisation processes had begun in Poland. On 3 April 1941 it was expanded to all western Polish areas (Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, East Upper Silesia, and the Zichenau Region.","title":"Implementation in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Josef Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Wagner_(Gauleiter)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Bracht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Bracht"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Danzig-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"areas annexed by Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alsace-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Silesian West-Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"East Upper Silesia","text":"The nationality policy in East Upper Silesia was different from the one applied in other Polish areas included in the Reich. The motivation for the difference was the different local economic conditions and the necessity to keep qualified manpower essential to Silesian heavy industry. In some historical analyses, it has also been noticed, although less explicitly, that nationality policy of local German elites was also deliberately different. Apparently, Gauleiter Josef Wagner, as well as his successor, Fritz Bracht, saw the necessity to exclude Silesian people from qualification made only on the basis of race criteria which were emphasised by Heinrich Himmler when he was a Reich commissar for strengthening the Germanhood.Fritz Bracht used also political criteria, which made the situation similar to Pomerelia (former West Prussia, annexed to Danzig-West Prussia) and areas annexed by Germany in Western Europe (such as Alsace-Lorraine). This resulted in a comparatively low number of deportations and in the majority of East Upper Silesians (both Silesian West-Slavs as well as ethnic Poles) being eligible for German citizenship, although their rights are alleged to have been limited compared to those of other German citizens.[11]","title":"Implementation in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Benefits of registration","text":"The German occupation authorities encouraged Poles to register with the Volksliste, and in many instances even compelled them to do so. In occupied Poland, the status of Volksdeutscher conferred many privileges but also made one subject to conscription into the German military.","title":"Implementation in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynn_H._Nicholas_p_247-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Polish underground law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Underground_State"},{"link_name":"taken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_for_forced_Germanization_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanization"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynn_H._Nicholas_p_247-12"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Adamski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Adamski"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fidelis-14"},{"link_name":"Polish resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"}],"sub_title":"Polish response","text":"Polish response to the institution of the Deutsche Volksliste was mixed. Being accepted into Class III could mean keeping one's property, but it might also mean being sent to the Reich as a labourer or being conscripted into the Wehrmacht.Polish citizens of German ancestry, who often identified themselves with the Polish nation, were confronted with the dilemma of whether to sign the Volksliste. This group included ethnic Germans whose families had lived in Poland proper for centuries, and Germans (who became citizens of Poland after 1920) from the part of Germany that had been transferred to Poland after World War I. Many such ethnic Germans had married Poles and remained defiant.[12] Often the choice was either to sign and be regarded as a traitor by the Poles, or not to sign and be treated by the German occupation as a traitor to the Germanic 'race'.[13]\nPoles who registered as Germans were treated by other Poles with special contempt, and the fact of them having signed the Volksliste constituted high treason according to the Polish underground law. Poles who preferred to stay with their friends and relatives sometimes resisted Nazi pressures to apply for the DVL, opting for deportation to the General Government over Germanisation. Their children were often taken for Germanisation while they were deported.[12]In some parts of German-occupied Polish Silesia, the Volksliste was compulsory, and both the Polish government in-Exile and Bishop of Katowice, Stanisław Adamski, condoned signing it \"to mask and save the Polish element in upper Silesia.\"[14] Ethnic Poles from German-occupied Polish Silesia were also subject to pressure from Nazi authorities to sign category III or IV. In many cases people were imprisoned, tortured and their close ones threatened if they refused to sign; deportation to concentration camps was also common.In some cases, individuals consulted with the Polish resistance first, before registering with the Volksliste. These Volksdeutsche played an important role in the intelligence activities of the Polish resistance and were at times the primary source of information for the Allies. However, in the eyes of the postwar Communist government, having aided the non-Communist Polish resistance was not considered a mitigating factor; therefore, many of these double-agent Volksdeutsche were prosecuted after the war.","title":"Implementation in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fidelis-14"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Annexed area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"According to Robert Koehl, \"By the introduction of the registration procedure known as the German National List (DVL) some 900,000 more 'Germans' were discovered, most of them semi-Polish minorities such as the Kassubians, the Masurians, and the local Upper Silesians whom the Germans called 'Wasserpolen'. A few thousand 're-Germanizeables' ...had also been shipped back to the Reich.\"[15] By October 1943, around 90 percent (1,290,000) of Silesians signed the DVL.[14]The total number of registrants for the DVL is estimated to be approximately 2.7 million, with 1 million in classes I and II and the remaining 1.7 million in classes III and IV. In the General Government there were 120,000 Volksdeutsche.[16]\nDeutsche Volksliste, late 1942[17]Annexed area\nDVL (Total)\nDVL 1\nDVL 2\nDVL 3\nDVL 4\n\n\nSouth East Prussia\n45,000\n8,500\n21,500\n13,500\n1,500\n\n\nReichsgau Danzig-West Prussia\n1,153,000\n150,000\n125,000\n870,000\n8,000\n\n\nWarthegau\n476,000\n209,000\n191,000\n56,000\n20,000\n\n\nEast Upper Silesia\n1,450,000\n120,000\n250,000\n1,020,000\n60,000\n\n\nTotal\n3,124,000\n487,500\n587,500\n1,959,500\n89,500","title":"Implementation in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"After Germany occupied Yugoslavia, they partitioned it into various parts including Croatia and Serbia, where ethnic Germans became legalised members of the ruling nationality groups, and so they introduced the 'Volksliste' there. Registered ethnic Germans in Category 1 and 2 living in the Soviet Union were re-settled through Yugoslavia back to Germany.","title":"Implementation in other countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"At the end of the war, the files of the Deutsche Volksliste were generally found extant in the service registration departments of the respective local authorities. The bulk of these documents are today in Polish archives. In Poland members of the Volksliste were subject to a \"rehabilitation\" process, as of 1950 1,104,100 former German nationals and Volksliste members lived in Poland.[18]After the collapse of Nazi Germany, some Volksdeutsche were tried by the Polish authorities for high treason. Even now, in Poland, the word Volksdeutsch is regarded as an insult, synonymous with a traitor.","title":"Postwar"}]	[{"image_text":"Volksdeutsche meeting in occupied Warsaw in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wiec_warszawskich_volksdeutsch%C3%B3w_w_sali_Roma.jpg/350px-Wiec_warszawskich_volksdeutsch%C3%B3w_w_sali_Roma.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_after_World_War_II"},{"title":"Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)"},{"title":"History of Poland (1939–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"title":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"}]	[{"reference":"Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford University Press. pp. 444–450. ISBN 978-019959232-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019959232-6","url_text":"978-019959232-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation\". Archived from the original on 2003-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031203151512/http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm","url_text":"\"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation\""},{"url":"http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7864-0371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/83","url_text":"Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/83","url_text":"83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-0371-4"}]},{"reference":"Bykowska, Sylwia (2020). The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II. Peter Lang. p. 239. ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-67940-1","url_text":"978-3-631-67940-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120527021449/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm","external_links_name":"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"},{"Link":"http://www.signandsight.com/features/800.html","external_links_name":"Götz Aly: The logic of horror - signandsight"},{"Link":"http://www.zeit.de/2006/23/Holocaust-Forschung_xml","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031203151512/http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation\""},{"Link":"http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/83","external_links_name":"Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/83","external_links_name":"83"},{"Link":"http://www.holocaust-education.de/?site=archive&mode=glossary&dsStartSite=8&q=&lp=en","external_links_name":"learning from history – Home"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(physician)	Draco (physician)	["1 References","2 Sources"]	Draco (or Dracon, Greek: Δράκον) was the name of several physicians in the family of Hippocrates. Draco I. Lived 5th to 4th centuries BC, was the son of Hippocrates, the famous physician (Hippocrates II). He was the brother of Thessalus. Galen tells us that some of the writings of Hippocrates was attributed to his son Draco. Draco II. According to the Suda, the son of Thessalus and grandson of Hippocrates II. He was the father of Hippocrates IV, and would have been the brother of Hippocrates III. He would have lived in the 4th century BC. Draco III. According to the Suda, the son of Hippocrates IV. There may, however, be some confusion in the Suda, and it is possible that these three physicians are not all distinct persons. References ^ John Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155; Suda, Hippocrates, ι567; Galen, De Difficult. Respir., ii. 8, vol. vii.; Comment in Hippocr. Praedict. I., ii. 52, vol xvi.; Comment in Hippocr. De Nat. Hom., ii. 1, col. xv; Thessali, Orat. ad Aram, and Sorani, Vita Hippocr. in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii ^ Suda, Dracon, δ1497 ^ Suda, Hippocrates, ι567 ^ Suda, Dracon, δ1497 Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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He was the brother of Thessalus.[1] Galen tells us that some of the writings of Hippocrates was attributed to his son Draco.\nDraco II. According to the Suda,[2] the son of Thessalus and grandson of Hippocrates II. He was the father of Hippocrates IV,[3] and would have been the brother of Hippocrates III. He would have lived in the 4th century BC.\nDraco III. According to the Suda,[4] the son of Hippocrates IV.There may, however, be some confusion in the Suda, and it is possible that these three physicians are not all distinct persons.","title":"Draco (physician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Smith, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Draco_(physician)&namespace=0"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help)Index of articles associated with the same name\nThis article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Draco_(physician)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbeschikkingstelling	Involuntary commitment	["1 Purpose","1.1 First aid","1.2 Observation","1.3 Containment of danger","2 Deinstitutionalization","3 Around the world","3.1 France","3.2 United Kingdom","3.3 United States","3.4 United Nations","4 Criticism","4.1 Wrongful involuntary commitment","5 See also","5.1 In the creative arts","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Compulsory hospitalization "Sectioning" and "Sectioned" redirect here. For other uses, see Section. This article is about involuntary hospitalization for those with severe mental disorder. For voluntary treatment, see voluntary commitment. Involuntary commitment, civil commitment, or involuntary hospitalization/hospitalisation is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified person to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is detained in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) where they can be treated involuntarily. This treatment may involve the administration of psychoactive drugs, including involuntary administration. In many jurisdictions, people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community; this is sometimes referred to as outpatient commitment and shares legal processes with commitment. Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws which vary between nations. Commitment proceedings often follow a period of emergency hospitalization, during which an individual with acute psychiatric symptoms is confined for a relatively short duration (e.g. 72 hours) in a treatment facility for evaluation and stabilization by mental health professionals who may then determine whether further civil commitment is appropriate or necessary. Civil commitment procedures may take place in a court or only involve physicians. If commitment does not involve a court there is normally an appeal process that does involve the judiciary in some capacity, though potentially through a specialist court. Purpose For most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is applied to individuals believed to be experiencing a mental illness that impairs their ability to reason to such an extent that the agents of the law, state, or courts determine that decisions will be made for the individual under a legal framework. In some jurisdictions, this is a proceeding distinct from being found incompetent. Involuntary commitment is used in some degree for each of the following although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some jurisdictions limit involuntary treatment to individuals who meet statutory criteria for presenting a danger to self or others. Other jurisdictions have broader criteria. The legal process by which commitment takes place varies between jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have a formal court hearing where testimony and other evidence may also be submitted and the subject of the hearing is typically entitled to legal counsel and may challenge a commitment order through habeas corpus. Other jurisdictions have delegated these power to physicians, though may provide an appeal process that involves the judiciary but may also involve physicians. For example, in the UK a mental health tribunal consists of a judge, a medical member, and a lay representative. First aid Training is gradually becoming available in mental health first aid to equip community members such as teachers, school administrators, police officers, and medical workers with training in recognizing, and authority in managing, situations where involuntary evaluations of behavior are applicable under law. The extension of first aid training to cover mental health problems and crises is a quite recent development. A mental health first aid training course was developed in Australia in 2001 and has been found to improve assistance provided to persons with an alleged mental illness or mental health crisis. This form of training has now spread to a number of other countries (Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Singapore, Scotland, England, Wales, and the United States). Mental health triage may be used in an emergency room to make a determination about potential risk and apply treatment protocols. Observation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Observation is sometimes used to determine whether a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person should be committed. Containment of danger See also: Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion Austria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted commitment criteria based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others. People with suicidal thoughts may act on these impulses and harm or kill themselves. People with psychosis are occasionally driven by their delusions or hallucinations to harm themselves or others. Research has found that those with schizophrenia are between 3.4 and 7.4 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than members of the general public. However, because other confounding factors such as childhood adversity and poverty are correlated with both schizophrenia and violence it can be difficult to determine whether this effect is due to schizophrenia or other factors. In an attempt to avoid these confounding factors, researchers have tried comparing the rates of violence amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia to their siblings in a similar manner to twin studies. In these studies people with schizophrenia are found to be between 1.3 and 1.8 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour. People with certain types of personality disorders can occasionally present a danger to themselves or others. This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every US state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions, the danger to self or others standard has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as "gravely disabled". Deinstitutionalization Main article: Deinstitutionalisation Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide trend toward moving psychiatric patients from hospital settings to less restricting settings in the community, a shift known as "deinstitutionalization". Because the shift was typically not accompanied by a commensurate development of community-based services, critics say that deinstitutionalization has led to large numbers of people who would once have been inpatients as instead being incarcerated or becoming homeless. In some jurisdictions, laws authorizing court-ordered outpatient treatment have been passed in an effort to compel individuals with chronic, untreated severe mental illness to take psychiatric medication while living outside the hospital (e.g. Laura's Law, Kendra's Law). In a study of 269 patients from Vermont State Hospital done by Courtenay M. Harding and associates, about two-thirds of the ex-patients did well after deinstitutionalization. Around the world Main article: Involuntary commitment by country France In 1838, France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country. Édouard Séguin developed a systematic approach for training individuals with mental deficiencies, and, in 1839, he opened the first school for intellectually disabled people. His method of treatment was based on the idea that intellectually disabled people did not suffer from disease. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, provision for the care of the mentally ill began in the early 19th century with a state-led effort. Public mental asylums were established in Britain after the passing of the 1808 County Asylums Act. This empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every county to house the many "pauper lunatics". Nine counties first applied, and the first public asylum opened in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. Parliamentary Committees were established to investigate abuses at private madhouses like Bethlem Hospital - its officers were eventually dismissed and national attention was focused on the routine use of bars, chains and handcuffs and the filthy conditions in which the inmates lived. However, it was not until 1828 that the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. Lord Shaftesbury, a vigorous campaigner for the reform of lunacy law in England, and the Head of the Lunacy Commission for 40 years. The Lunacy Act 1845 was a landmark in the treatment of the mentally ill, as it explicitly changed the status of mentally ill people to patients who required treatment. The Act created the Lunacy Commission, headed by Lord Shaftesbury, focusing on reform of the legislation concerning lunacy. The commission consisted of eleven Metropolitan Commissioners who were required to carry out the provisions of the Act; the compulsory construction of asylums in every county, with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. All asylums were required to have written regulations and to have a resident qualified physician. A national body for asylum superintendents - the Medico-Psychological Association - was established in 1866 under the Presidency of William A. F. Browne, although the body appeared in an earlier form in 1841. At the turn of the century, England and France combined had only a few hundred individuals in asylums. By the late 1890s and early 1900s, those so detained had risen to the hundreds of thousands. However, the idea that mental illness could be ameliorated through institutionalization was soon disappointed. Psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population. The average number of patients in asylums kept increasing. Asylums were quickly becoming almost indistinguishable from custodial institutions, and the reputation of psychiatry in the medical world had was at an extreme low. Sectioning is now regulated by the Mental Health Act 2007 in England and Wales, the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 in Scotland and other legislation in Northern Ireland. United States In the United States, the erection of state asylums began with the first law for the creation of one in New York, passed in 1842. The Utica State Hospital was opened approximately in 1850. The creation of this hospital, as of many others, was largely the work of Dorothea Lynde Dix, whose philanthropic efforts extended over many states, and in Europe as far as Constantinople. Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the Kirkbride Plan, an architectural style meant to have curative effect. In the United States and most other developed societies, severe restrictions have been placed on the circumstances under which a person may be committed or treated against their will as such actions have been ruled by the United States Supreme Court and other national legislative bodies as a violation of civil rights and/or human rights. The Supreme Court case O'Connor v. Donaldson established that the mere presence of mental illness and the necessity for treatment are not sufficient by themselves to justify involuntary commitment, if the patient is capable of surviving in freedom and does not present a danger of harm to themselves or others. Criteria for involuntary commitment are generally set by the individual states, and often have both short- and long-term types of commitment. Short-term commitment tends to be a few days or less, requiring an examination by a medical professional, while longer-term commitment typically requires a court hearing, or sentencing as part of a criminal trial. Indefinite commitment is rare and is usually reserved for individuals who are violent or present an ongoing danger to themselves and others. New York City officials under several administrations have implemented programs involving the involuntary hospitalization of people with mental illnesses in the city. Some of these policies have involved reinterpreting the standard of "harm to themselves or others" to include neglecting their own well-being or posing a harm to themselves or others in the future. In 1987–88, a homeless woman named Joyce Brown worked with the New York Civil Liberties Union to challenge her forced hospitalization under a new Mayor Ed Koch administration program. The trial, which attracted significant media attention, ended in her favor, and while the city won on appeal she was ultimately released after a subsequent case determined she could not be forcibly medicated. In 2022, Mayor Eric Adams announced a similar compulsory hospitalization program, relying on similar legal interpretations. Historically, until the mid-1960s in most jurisdictions in the United States, all committals to public psychiatric facilities and most committals to private ones were involuntary. Since then, there have been alternating trends towards the abolition or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment, a trend known as deinstitutionalisation. In many currents, individuals can voluntarily admit themselves to a mental health hospital and may have more rights than those who are involuntarily committed. This practice is referred to as voluntary commitment. In the United States, Kansas v. Hendricks established the procedures for a long-term or indefinite form of commitment applicable to people convicted of some sexual offences. United Nations United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/119, "Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care", is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment. These principles have been used in many countries where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process. Criticism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (May 2018) The potential dangers of institutions have been noted and criticized by reformers/activists almost since their foundation. Charles Dickens was an outspoken and high-profile early critic, and several of his novels, in particular Oliver Twist and Hard Times demonstrate his insight into the damage that institutions can do to human beings. Enoch Powell, when Minister for Health in the early 1960s, was a later opponent who was appalled by what he witnessed on his visits to the asylums, and his famous "water tower" speech in 1961 called for the closure of all NHS asylums and their replacement by wards in general hospitals: "There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside - the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defenses which we have to storm." Scandal after scandal followed, with many high-profile public inquiries. These involved the exposure of abuses such as unscientific surgical techniques such as lobotomy and the widespread neglect and abuse of vulnerable patients in the US and Europe. The growing anti-psychiatry movement in the 1960s and 1970s led in Italy to the first successful legislative challenge to the authority of the mental institutions, culminating in their closure. During the 1970s and 1990s the hospital population started to fall rapidly, mainly because of the deaths of long-term inmates. Significant efforts were made to re-house large numbers of former residents in a variety of suitable or otherwise alternative accommodation. The first 1,000+ bed hospital to close was Darenth Park Hospital in Kent, swiftly followed by many more across the UK. The haste of these closures, driven by the Conservative governments led by Margaret Thatcher and John Major, led to considerable criticism in the press, as some individuals slipped through the net into homelessness or were discharged to poor quality private sector mini-institutions. Wrongful involuntary commitment Main article: Political abuse of psychiatry See also: Rosenhan experiment There are instances in which mental health professionals have wrongfully deemed individuals to have been displaying the symptoms of a mental disorder, and committed the individual for treatment in a psychiatric hospital upon such grounds. Involuntary commitment is undertaken when the information provided to the doctor during the period of evaluation appears to show that the patient is a danger to themselves or others. This can be challenging in some scenarios, when there isn't enough collateral information to disprove the claims erratic or dangerous behaviors. Therefore, claims of wrongful commitment are a common theme in the anti-psychiatry movement. In 1860, the case of Elizabeth Packard, who was wrongfully committed that year and filed a lawsuit and won thereafter, highlighted the issue of wrongful involuntary commitment. In 1887, investigative journalist Nellie Bly went undercover at an asylum in New York City to expose the terrible conditions that mental patients at the time had to deal with. She published her findings and experiences as articles in New York World, and later made the articles into one book called Ten Days in a Mad-House. In the first half of the twentieth century there were a few high-profile cases of wrongful commitment based on racism or punishment for political dissenters. In the former Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were used as prisons to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society. British playwright Tom Stoppard wrote Every Good Boy Deserves Favour about the relationship between a patient and his doctor in one of these hospitals. Stoppard was inspired by a meeting with a Russian exile. In 1927, after the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti in the United States, demonstrator Aurora D'Angelo was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of the anarchists. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s in Canada, 20,000 Canadian children, called the Duplessis orphans, were wrongfully certified as being mentally ill and as a result were committed to psychiatric institutions where they were allegedly forced to take psychiatric medication that they did not need and were abused. They were named after Maurice Duplessis, the premier of Quebec at the time, who deliberately committed these children to misappropriate additional subsidies from the federal government. Decades later in the 1990s, several of the orphans sued Quebec and the Catholic Church for the abuse and wrongdoing. In 1958, black pastor and activist Clennon Washington King Jr. tried enrolling at the University of Mississippi, which at the time was white, for summer classes; the local police secretly arrested and involuntarily committed him to a mental hospital for 12 days. Patients are able to sue if they believe that they have been wrongfully committed. In one instance, Junius Wilson, an African American man, was committed to Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro, North Carolina in 1925 for an alleged crime without a trial or conviction. He was castrated. He continued to be held at Cherry Hospital for the next 67 years of his life. It turned out he was deaf rather than mentally ill. In many U.S. states, sex offenders who have completed a period of incarceration can be civilly committed to a mental institution based on a finding of dangerousness due to a mental disorder. Although the United States Supreme Court determined that this practice does not constitute double jeopardy, organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association (APA) strongly oppose the practice. The Task Force on Sexually Dangerous Offenders, a component of APA's Council on Psychiatry and Law, reported that "in the opinion of the task force, sexual predator commitment laws represent a serious assault on the integrity of psychiatry, particularly with regard to defining mental illness and the clinical conditions for compulsory treatment. Moreover, by bending civil commitment to serve essentially non-medical purposes, statutes threaten to undermine the legitimacy of the medical model of commitment." See also 5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold) Baker Act Civil confinement Conversion therapy Criminal justice Institutional syndrome John Hunt Medical law Mental Health Act 2007 Special commitment center Giorgio Antonucci Ulysses contract In the creative arts One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel), (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)), (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)) if.... Forrest Gump novel and film based on the novel Cool Hand Luke Rebel without a Cause Notes ^ Also known informally as sectioning, being sectioned, commitment, or being committed. ^ See table 2, many countries such as Australia, Denmark, England and Spain do not require the involvement of the judiciary for commitment. See for a discussion of mental-health tribunals. ^ For a discussion of the role of physicians in mental health tribunals and its effects see ^ "The chair of each Mental Health Tribunal is a legal member who is known as a tribunal judge. There are usually three tribunal members at a hearing, one legal member, one medical member, and one other member, as defined above. Any three or more such members, constituted in this manner, may exercise the jurisdiction of a Mental Health Tribunal" : 99 References ^ "Being sectioned (in England and Wales)". Royal College of Psychiatrists. August 2013. ^ a b Rains, Luke Sheridan; Zenina, Tatiana; Dias, Marisa Casanova; Jones, Rebecca; Jeffreys, Stephen; Branthonne-Foster, Stella; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor; Johnson, Sonia (2019-05-01). "Variations in patterns of involuntary hospitalisation and in legal frameworks: an international comparative study". The Lancet Psychiatry. 6 (5): 403–417. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30090-2. ISSN 2215-0366. PMC 6475657. PMID 30954479. ^ Macgregor, Aisha; Brown, Michael; Stavert, Jill (2019-04-16). "Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature". Health & Social Care in the Community. 27 (4). Wiley: e494–e513. doi:10.1111/hsc.12749. ISSN 0966-0410. PMID 30993806. ^ Texas Young Lawyers Association (January 2008). "Committed To Healing: Involuntary Commitment Procedures" (PDF). Austin, TX: State Bar of Texas. p. 2. The law provides a process known as Involuntary Commitment. Involuntary commitment is the use of legal means to commit a person to a mental hospital or psychiatric ward against their will or over their protests. ^ Thom, Katey; Nakarada-Kordic, Ivana (2013-05-22). "Mental Health Review Tribunals in Action: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature". Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 21 (1). Informa UK Limited: 112–126. doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.790004. ISSN 1321-8719. S2CID 143237902. ^ Basant Puri; Robert Brown; Heather McKee; Ian Treasaden (28 July 2017). Mental Health Law 2EA Practical Guide. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4441-4975-3. ^ "About". Mental Health First Aid USA. National Council for Behavioral Health. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2013-12-21. ^ Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (1 October 2002). "Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviour". BMC Psychiatry. 2: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-2-10. PMC 130043. PMID 12359045. ^ Kitchener, Betty; Jorm, Anthony; Kelly, Claire (2010). Mental Health First Aid Manual (2nd ed.). Parkville, Victoria: ORYGEN Youth Health Resource Centre. ISBN 978-0-9805541-3-7. OCLC 608074743. ^ Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (February 2008). "Mental health first aid: an international program for early intervention". Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x. PMID 21352133. S2CID 11813019. ^ Appelbaum, Paul S. (June 1997). "Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 25 (2): 135–147. PMID 9213286. ^ a b Fazel, Seena; Gulati, Gautam; Linsell, Louise; Geddes, John R.; Grann, Martin (2009-08-11). McGrath, John (ed.). "Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS Medicine. 6 (8). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1000120. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 2718581. PMID 19668362. ^ Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori (March 9, 2012). "Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 9 (3): 23–26. PMC 3342993. PMID 22567607. ^ State Standards for Civil Commitment. Arlington, Virginia: Treatment Advocacy Center. 2018. ^ Dear, Michael J.; Wolch, Jennifer R. (1987). Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Legacy Library. ISBN 9781400858965. ^ "Kendra's Law: Results from New York's First Ten Years with Assisted Outpatient Treatment". Treatment Advocacy Center. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ A Guide to Laura's Law: California's Law for Assisted Outpatient Treatment (PDF). The California Treatment Advocacy Coalition & The Treatment Advocacy Center. 2009. ^ Harding, C.M.; Brooks, G.W.; Ashikaga, T.; Strauss, J.S.; Breier, A. (June 1987). "The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, I: Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later". American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (6): 718–26. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.6.718. PMID 3591991. ^ King, D. Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William Douglas (2007). A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context (4 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 214. ISBN 9780205512133. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (12 June 2013). "Edouard Seguin (American psychiatrist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Unsworth, Clive (Winter 1993). "Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 13 (4): 482. doi:10.1093/ojls/13.4.479. ^ a b Wright, David: "Mental Health Timeline", 1999 ^ Shorter, E. (1997). A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. New York: Wiley. pp. 34, 41. ISBN 0-471-15749-X. OCLC 34513743. ^ Shorter, E. (1997), p. 34 ^ a b c Shorter, E. (1997), p. 46 ^ Rothman, D.J. (1990). The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic. Boston: Little Brown, p. 239. ISBN 978-0-316-75745-4 ^ Shorter, E. (1997), p. 65 ^ Yanni, Carla (2007). The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4939-6. ^ Newman, Andy (2022-12-02). "35 Years of Efforts to Address Mental Illness on New York Streets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. ^ Kasindorf, Jeanie (May 2, 1988). The Real Story of Billie Boggs. New York. pp. 36–44. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ Hampson, Rick (June 3, 1991). "Whatever Happened to Billie Boggs?". AP News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2020. ^ Kim, Elizabeth (November 30, 2022). "New NYC policy to address mental illness will force more people to hospitals. Here's what to know". Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Kanu, Hassan (2022-12-08). "New York plan for forced 'removal' of mentally ill tests limits of the law". Reuters. Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ Hendin, Herbert (1996). Suicide in America. W. W. Norton. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-393-31368-0. OCLC 37916353. ^ Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010). "Civil Commitment in the United States". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 7 (10): 30–40. ISSN 1550-5952. PMC 3392176. PMID 22778709. ^ UN General Assembly (17 December 1991). "A/RES/46/119: Principles for the protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care". United Nations. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ "Mental Health and Development". United Nations. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ "Enoch Powell's Water Tower Speech 1961". studymore.org.uk. ^ "Official Inquiry Reports into National Health Service Mental Hospitals". Socialist Health Association. 6 June 1981. Retrieved 21 December 2013. ^ "UNC study: Mental illness by itself does not predict future violent behavior". UNC Health Care. February 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009. ^ Desai, Nimesh G. (2005). "Antipsychiatry: Meeting the challenge". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 47 (4): 185–187. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.43048. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 2921130. PMID 20711302. ^ Henry A. Nasrallah (December 2011). "The antipsychiatry movement: Who and why" (PDF). Current Psychiatry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2013-08-14. ^ Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010). "Civil Commitment in the United States". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 7 (10): 30–40. ISSN 1550-5952. PMC 3392176. PMID 22778709. ^ Caute, David (2005). The dancer defects: The struggle for cultural supremacy during the Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-19-927883-1. OCLC 434472173. ^ Moshik, Temkin (2009). The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair. Yale University Press Publishers. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-300-12484-2. ^ "Duplessis orphans seek proof of medical experiments". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Jun 18, 2004. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1993-05-21). "Orphans of the 1950's, Telling of Abuse, Sue Quebec". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-14. ^ Tucker, William H. (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-252-02762-8. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ^ "Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane; Demands Mississippi Apologize". UPI. Sarasota Journal 20 June 1958: 3. ^ "Detaining patients against wishes carries legal risks - amednews.com". American Medical News. 2010-08-11. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-13. ^ Orlando, James (Jan 24, 2013). "Involuntary Civil Commitment and Patients' Rights". Connecticut General Assembly. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. ^ "Can an involuntary commitment be false imprisonment if it is not malpractice?: Thompson O'neil Law". Thompson & O'Neil Law. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved 2020-07-13. ^ Swofford, Stan (Jan 30, 1993). "Locked up and castrated for a crime he wasn't convicted of". ^ Wright, Gary (June 24, 1993). "Now 95, deaf man was castrated, locked up for decades". ^ "Deaf Man To Be Released After 67 Years In Psychiatric Hospital". AP News. Nov 10, 1992. ^ Hamilton-Smith, Guy (2018-11-16). "The Endless Punishment of Civil Commitment". Just Future Project. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Signorelli, Nina (2020-07-09). "A Backdoor Around Double Jeopardy". Just Future Project. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 361 (1997) ("The thrust of Hendricks' argument is that the Act establishes criminal proceedings; hence confinement under it necessarily constitutes punishment. He contends that where, as here, newly enacted 'punishment' is predicated upon past conduct for which he has already been convicted and forced to serve a prison sentence, the Constitution's Double Jeopardy and Ex Post Facto Clauses are violated. We are unpersuaded by Hendricks' argument that Kansas has established criminal proceedings."). ^ "APA Opposes Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders After Prison". Just Future Project. 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Dangerous Sex Offenders: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association at 173 (1999). ^ "Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data, Tamara Rice Lave and Franklin E. Zimring, 2018". Prison Legal News. Retrieved 2020-12-03. Further reading Wikiquote has quotations related to Commitment (mental health). Atkinson, Jacqueline M. (2006). Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-61-6. OCLC 475785132. Black, George; Munro, Robin (1993). Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-57977-9. OCLC 27186722. Perlin, Michael L. (1993). "The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone?". Journal of Law and Health. 8 (15): 15–45. Rosenhan, D.L. (19 January 1973). "On being sane in insane places". Science. 179 (4070): 250–258. Bibcode:1973Sci...179..250R. doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250. PMID 4683124. S2CID 146772269. Spitzer, Robert L. (October 1975). "On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of Rosenhan's 'On being sane in insane places'". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 84 (5): 442–452. doi:10.1037/h0077124. PMID 1194504. Sulzberger, A.G.; Carey, Benedict (18 January 2011). "Getting Someone to Psychiatric Treatment Can Be Difficult and Inconclusive". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Torrey, E. Fuller (1998). Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-24532-2. OCLC 502210396. Tsesis, Alexander V. (Fall 1998). "Protecting Children Against Unnecessary Institutionalization". South Texas Law Review. 39 (4): 995–1027. PMID 12778917. SSRN 1031713. United Nations General Assembly Session 46 Resolution 119. The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care A/RES/46/119 17 December 1991. HTML. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into allegations of ill-treatment of patients and other irregularities at the Ely Hospital, Cardiff, HMSO 1969 Extracts of the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Normansfield Hospital - British Medical Journal, 1978, 2, 1560-1563 Erving Goffman Asylums Whyte, William H., The Organization Man, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (excerpts from Whyte's book) The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals Amy Munson- Barkshire 1981 External links National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives (United States) "Baker Act Reporting Center". College of Behavioral and Community Sciences. University of South Florida. Provides information related to Florida's Civil Commitment Statute. National Alliance on Mental Illness (United States) vteMental health lawGeneral Involuntary treatment Involuntary commitment (by country) Outpatient commitment Voluntary commitment Psychiatry Principles Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion Duty to protect Automatism Currently regulated medical interventions Psychoactive drugs Castration Chemical castration Psychosurgery Laws Kendra's Law Laura's Law Courts and Tribunals Court order Mental health tribunal Judicial review Human rights vteAnti-psychiatryTopics Biopsychiatry controversy Controversies about psychiatry Critical psychiatry Hearing Voices Movement History of mental disorders Involuntary commitment Involuntary treatment Martha Mitchell effect Medical ethics Medicalization of sexuality medical model Nouthetic counseling Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement Political abuse of psychiatry Positive disintegration Psychiatric survivors movement Psychoanalytic theory Recovery model Rhetoric of therapy Rosenhan experiment Self-help groups for mental health Therapeutic community Organizations American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization Aspies For Freedom Autism Network International Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law Citizens Commission on Human Rights Critical Psychiatry Network Disability Rights International Hearing Voices Network Icarus Project International Disability Alliance Learning Disability Coalition Mad Pride MindFreedom International National Empowerment Center Radical Psychology Network Rehabilitation International Royal Association for Disability Rights Paranoia Network Soteria Socialist Patients' Collective World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry People Linda Andre Giorgio Antonucci Franco Basaglia Ernest Becker Lauretta Bender Richard Bentall Peter Breggin Paula Caplan Ted Chabasinski Judi Chamberlin David Cooper Lyn Duff Michel Foucault Leonard Roy Frank Erving Goffman James Gottstein Peter C. Gøtzsche Jacques Lacan R. D. Laing Peter Lehmann Kate Millett Loren Mosher Joanna Moncrieff David Oaks Elizabeth Packard Sascha Scatter David Smail Thomas Szasz Stephen Ticktin Robert Whitaker Publications Against Therapy Anatomy of an Epidemic Anti-Oedipus Asylums Crazy Therapies Doctoring the Mind Interpretation of Schizophrenia Liberation by Oppression Mad in America Madness and Civilization Radical Psychology The Gene Illusion The Myth of Mental Illness The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise The Protest Psychosis The Radical Therapist We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse Psychiatry portal Authority control databases: National France BnF data Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"voluntary commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_commitment"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mental disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"treated involuntarily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_treatment"},{"link_name":"psychoactive drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drugs"},{"link_name":"outpatient commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient_commitment"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no-court-5"}],"text":"\"Sectioning\" and \"Sectioned\" redirect here. For other uses, see Section.This article is about involuntary hospitalization for those with severe mental disorder. For voluntary treatment, see voluntary commitment.Involuntary commitment, civil commitment, or involuntary hospitalization/hospitalisation[a] is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified person to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is detained in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) where they can be treated involuntarily. This treatment may involve the administration of psychoactive drugs, including involuntary administration. In many jurisdictions, people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community; this is sometimes referred to as outpatient commitment and shares legal processes with commitment.Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws which vary between nations. Commitment proceedings often follow a period of emergency hospitalization, during which an individual with acute psychiatric symptoms is confined for a relatively short duration (e.g. 72 hours) in a treatment facility for evaluation and stabilization by mental health professionals who may then determine whether further civil commitment is appropriate or necessary. Civil commitment procedures may take place in a court or only involve physicians. If commitment does not involve a court there is normally an appeal process that does involve the judiciary in some capacity, though potentially through a specialist court.[b]","title":"Involuntary commitment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incompetent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompetence_(law)"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no-court-1-3"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribunals-8"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribunal-members-10"}],"text":"For most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is applied to individuals believed to be experiencing a mental illness that impairs their ability to reason to such an extent that the agents of the law, state, or courts determine that decisions will be made for the individual under a legal framework. In some jurisdictions, this is a proceeding distinct from being found incompetent. Involuntary commitment is used in some degree for each of the following although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some jurisdictions limit involuntary treatment to individuals who meet statutory criteria for presenting a danger to self or others. Other jurisdictions have broader criteria. The legal process by which commitment takes place varies between jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have a formal court hearing where testimony and other evidence may also be submitted and the subject of the hearing is typically entitled to legal counsel and may challenge a commitment order through habeas corpus.[4] Other jurisdictions have delegated these power to physicians,[2] though may provide an appeal process that involves the judiciary but may also involve physicians.[c] For example, in the UK a mental health tribunal consists of a judge, a medical member, and a lay representative.[d]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mental health triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_triage"}],"sub_title":"First aid","text":"Training is gradually becoming available in mental health first aid to equip community members such as teachers, school administrators, police officers, and medical workers with training in recognizing, and authority in managing, situations where involuntary evaluations of behavior are applicable under law.[7] The extension of first aid training to cover mental health problems and crises is a quite recent development.[8][9] A mental health first aid training course was developed in Australia in 2001 and has been found to improve assistance provided to persons with an alleged mental illness or mental health crisis. This form of training has now spread to a number of other countries (Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Singapore, Scotland, England, Wales, and the United States).[10] Mental health triage may be used in an emergency room to make a determination about potential risk and apply treatment protocols.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Observation","text":"Observation is sometimes used to determine whether a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person should be committed.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_Dangerousness_Criterion"},{"link_name":"commitment criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_Dangerousness_Criterion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"suicidal thoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"delusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schizophrenia-16"},{"link_name":"confounding factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_factors"},{"link_name":"twin studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_studies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schizophrenia-16"},{"link_name":"personality disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"danger to self or others standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_Dangerousness_Criterion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Containment of danger","text":"See also: Obligatory Dangerousness CriterionAustria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted commitment criteria based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others.[11]People with suicidal thoughts may act on these impulses and harm or kill themselves.People with psychosis are occasionally driven by their delusions or hallucinations to harm themselves or others. Research has found that those with schizophrenia are between 3.4 and 7.4 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than members of the general public. \n[12] However, because other confounding factors such as childhood adversity and poverty are correlated with both schizophrenia and violence it can be difficult to determine whether this effect is due to schizophrenia or other factors. In an attempt to avoid these confounding factors, researchers have tried comparing the rates of violence amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia to their siblings in a similar manner to twin studies. In these studies people with schizophrenia are found to be between 1.3 and 1.8 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour.[12]People with certain types of personality disorders can occasionally present a danger to themselves or others.[13]This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every US state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions,[which?] the danger to self or others standard has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as \"gravely disabled\".[14]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"psychiatric medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_medication"},{"link_name":"Laura's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Kendra's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendra%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Vermont State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_State_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide trend toward moving psychiatric patients from hospital settings to less restricting settings in the community, a shift known as \"deinstitutionalization\". Because the shift was typically not accompanied by a commensurate development of community-based services, critics say that deinstitutionalization has led to large numbers of people who would once have been inpatients as instead being incarcerated or becoming homeless.[15] In some jurisdictions, laws authorizing court-ordered outpatient treatment have been passed in an effort to compel individuals with chronic, untreated severe mental illness to take psychiatric medication while living outside the hospital (e.g. Laura's Law, Kendra's Law).[16][17]In a study of 269 patients from Vermont State Hospital done by Courtenay M. Harding and associates, about two-thirds of the ex-patients did well after deinstitutionalization.[18]","title":"Deinstitutionalization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Édouard Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"In 1838, France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country. Édouard Séguin developed a systematic approach for training individuals with mental deficiencies,[19] and, in 1839, he opened the first school for intellectually disabled people. His method of treatment was based on the idea that intellectually disabled people did not suffer from disease.[20]","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mentally ill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness"},{"link_name":"1808 County Asylums Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Asylums_Act_1808"},{"link_name":"magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Committee"},{"link_name":"Bethlem Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Commissioners in Lunacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_in_Lunacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Lunacy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunacy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Lunacy Act 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunacy_Act_1845"},{"link_name":"patients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patients"},{"link_name":"Lunacy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunacy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Lord Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_1999-26"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright,_1999-26"},{"link_name":"William A. F. Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._F._Browne"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter41-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter34-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter46-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter46-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter46-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shorter65-31"},{"link_name":"Mental Health Act 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_2007"},{"link_name":"Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Health_(Care_and_Treatment)_(Scotland)_Act_2003"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom, provision for the care of the mentally ill began in the early 19th century with a state-led effort. Public mental asylums were established in Britain after the passing of the 1808 County Asylums Act. This empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every county to house the many \"pauper lunatics\". Nine counties first applied, and the first public asylum opened in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. Parliamentary Committees were established to investigate abuses at private madhouses like Bethlem Hospital - its officers were eventually dismissed and national attention was focused on the routine use of bars, chains and handcuffs and the filthy conditions in which the inmates lived. However, it was not until 1828 that the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums.Lord Shaftesbury, a vigorous campaigner for the reform of lunacy law in England, and the Head of the Lunacy Commission for 40 years.The Lunacy Act 1845 was a landmark in the treatment of the mentally ill, as it explicitly changed the status of mentally ill people to patients who required treatment. The Act created the Lunacy Commission, headed by Lord Shaftesbury, focusing on reform of the legislation concerning lunacy.[21] The commission consisted of eleven Metropolitan Commissioners who were required to carry out the provisions of the Act;[22][full citation needed] the compulsory construction of asylums in every county, with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. All asylums were required to have written regulations and to have a resident qualified physician.[22] A national body for asylum superintendents - the Medico-Psychological Association - was established in 1866 under the Presidency of William A. F. Browne, although the body appeared in an earlier form in 1841.[23]At the turn of the century, England and France combined had only a few hundred individuals in asylums.[24] By the late 1890s and early 1900s, those so detained had risen to the hundreds of thousands. However, the idea that mental illness could be ameliorated through institutionalization was soon disappointed.[25] Psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population.[25] The average number of patients in asylums kept increasing.[25] Asylums were quickly becoming almost indistinguishable from custodial institutions,[26] and the reputation of psychiatry in the medical world had was at an extreme low.[27]Sectioning is now regulated by the Mental Health Act 2007 in England and Wales, the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 in Scotland and other legislation in Northern Ireland.","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utica State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica_State_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Lynde Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lynde_Dix"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Kirkbride Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkbride_Plan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"O'Connor v. Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Donaldson"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"homeless woman named Joyce Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_hospitalization_of_Joyce_Brown"},{"link_name":"New York Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Ed Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLC1988-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apnews-35"},{"link_name":"Eric Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Adams"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-2022-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendin-38"},{"link_name":"deinstitutionalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation"},{"link_name":"voluntary commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_commitment"},{"link_name":"Kansas v. Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_v._Hendricks"},{"link_name":"form of commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws"},{"link_name":"sexual offences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_law"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, the erection of state asylums began with the first law for the creation of one in New York, passed in 1842. The Utica State Hospital was opened approximately in 1850. The creation of this hospital, as of many others, was largely the work of Dorothea Lynde Dix, whose philanthropic efforts extended over many states, and in Europe as far as Constantinople. Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the Kirkbride Plan, an architectural style meant to have curative effect.[28]In the United States and most other developed societies, severe restrictions have been placed on the circumstances under which a person may be committed or treated against their will as such actions have been ruled by the United States Supreme Court and other national legislative bodies as a violation of civil rights and/or human rights. The Supreme Court case O'Connor v. Donaldson established that the mere presence of mental illness and the necessity for treatment are not sufficient by themselves to justify involuntary commitment, if the patient is capable of surviving in freedom and does not present a danger of harm to themselves or others. Criteria for involuntary commitment are generally set by the individual states, and often have both short- and long-term types of commitment. Short-term commitment tends to be a few days or less, requiring an examination by a medical professional, while longer-term commitment typically requires a court hearing, or sentencing as part of a criminal trial. Indefinite commitment is rare and is usually reserved for individuals who are violent or present an ongoing danger to themselves and others.New York City officials under several administrations have implemented programs involving the involuntary hospitalization of people with mental illnesses in the city.[29] Some of these policies have involved reinterpreting the standard of \"harm to themselves or others\" to include neglecting their own well-being or posing a harm to themselves or others in the future. In 1987–88, a homeless woman named Joyce Brown worked with the New York Civil Liberties Union to challenge her forced hospitalization under a new Mayor Ed Koch administration program. The trial, which attracted significant media attention, ended in her favor, and while the city won on appeal she was ultimately released after a subsequent case determined she could not be forcibly medicated.[30][31] In 2022, Mayor Eric Adams announced a similar compulsory hospitalization program, relying on similar legal interpretations.[32][33]Historically, until the mid-1960s in most jurisdictions in the United States, all committals to public psychiatric facilities and most committals to private ones were involuntary. Since then, there have been alternating trends towards the abolition or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment,[34] a trend known as deinstitutionalisation. In many currents, individuals can voluntarily admit themselves to a mental health hospital and may have more rights than those who are involuntarily committed. This practice is referred to as voluntary commitment.In the United States, Kansas v. Hendricks established the procedures for a long-term or indefinite form of commitment applicable to people convicted of some sexual offences.[35]","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_for_the_Protection_of_Persons_with_Mental_Illness"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"United Nations","text":"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/119, \"Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care\", is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment.[36] These principles have been used in many countries[which?] where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process.[37]","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist"},{"link_name":"Hard Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Times_(novel)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Enoch Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"lobotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy"},{"link_name":"anti-psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Darenth Park Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darenth_Park_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"}],"text":"The potential dangers of institutions have been noted and criticized by reformers/activists almost since their foundation. [citation needed] Charles Dickens was an outspoken and high-profile early critic, and several of his novels, in particular Oliver Twist and Hard Times demonstrate his insight into the damage that institutions can do to human beings.[citation needed]Enoch Powell, when Minister for Health in the early 1960s, was a later opponent who was appalled by what he witnessed on his visits to the asylums, and his famous \"water tower\" speech in 1961 called for the closure of all NHS asylums and their replacement by wards in general hospitals:[citation needed]\"There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside - the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defenses which we have to storm.\"[38]Scandal after scandal followed, with many high-profile public inquiries.[39] These involved the exposure of abuses such as unscientific surgical techniques such as lobotomy and the widespread neglect and abuse of vulnerable patients in the US and Europe. The growing anti-psychiatry movement in the 1960s and 1970s led in Italy to the first successful legislative challenge to the authority of the mental institutions, culminating in their closure.During the 1970s and 1990s the hospital population started to fall rapidly, mainly because of the deaths of long-term inmates. Significant efforts were made to re-house large numbers of former residents in a variety of suitable or otherwise alternative accommodation. The first 1,000+ bed hospital to close was Darenth Park Hospital in Kent, swiftly followed by many more across the UK. The haste of these closures, driven by the Conservative governments led by Margaret Thatcher and John Major, led to considerable criticism in the press, as some individuals slipped through the net into homelessness or were discharged to poor quality private sector mini-institutions.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosenhan experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment"},{"link_name":"mental disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"anti-psychiatry movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-psychiatry"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasral-46"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Packard"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Nellie Bly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Bly"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World"},{"link_name":"Ten Days in a Mad-House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Days_in_a_Mad-House"},{"link_name":"political dissenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_dissent"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospitals were used as prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"political prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Good_Boy_Deserves_Favour_(play)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sacco and Vanzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti"},{"link_name":"Aurora D'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora_D%27Angelo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"pages needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Duplessis orphans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans"},{"link_name":"Maurice Duplessis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis"},{"link_name":"premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"subsidies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Clennon Washington King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clennon_Washington_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negro_Pastor_Pronounced_Sane-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"double jeopardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_jeopardy"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Wrongful involuntary commitment","text":"See also: Rosenhan experimentThere are instances in which mental health professionals have wrongfully deemed individuals to have been displaying the symptoms of a mental disorder, and committed the individual for treatment in a psychiatric hospital upon such grounds. Involuntary commitment is undertaken when the information provided to the doctor during the period of evaluation appears to show that the patient is a danger to themselves or others. This can be challenging in some scenarios, when there isn't enough collateral information to disprove the claims erratic or dangerous behaviors. Therefore, claims of wrongful commitment are a common theme in the anti-psychiatry movement.[40][41][42]In 1860, the case of Elizabeth Packard, who was wrongfully committed that year and filed a lawsuit and won thereafter, highlighted the issue of wrongful involuntary commitment.[43] In 1887, investigative journalist Nellie Bly went undercover at an asylum in New York City to expose the terrible conditions that mental patients at the time had to deal with. She published her findings and experiences as articles in New York World, and later made the articles into one book called Ten Days in a Mad-House.In the first half of the twentieth century there were a few high-profile cases of wrongful commitment based on racism or punishment for political dissenters. In the former Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were used as prisons to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society. British playwright Tom Stoppard wrote Every Good Boy Deserves Favour about the relationship between a patient and his doctor in one of these hospitals. Stoppard was inspired by a meeting with a Russian exile.[44] In 1927, after the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti in the United States, demonstrator Aurora D'Angelo was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of the anarchists.[45][pages needed] Throughout the 1940s and 1950s in Canada, 20,000 Canadian children, called the Duplessis orphans, were wrongfully certified as being mentally ill and as a result were committed to psychiatric institutions where they were allegedly forced to take psychiatric medication that they did not need and were abused. They were named after Maurice Duplessis, the premier of Quebec at the time, who deliberately committed these children to misappropriate additional subsidies from the federal government.[46] Decades later in the 1990s, several of the orphans sued Quebec and the Catholic Church for the abuse and wrongdoing.[47] In 1958, black pastor and activist Clennon Washington King Jr. tried enrolling at the University of Mississippi, which at the time was white, for summer classes; the local police secretly arrested and involuntarily committed him to a mental hospital for 12 days.[48][49]Patients are able to sue if they believe that they have been wrongfully committed.[50][51][52] In one instance, Junius Wilson, an African American man, was committed to Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro, North Carolina in 1925 for an alleged crime without a trial or conviction. He was castrated. He continued to be held at Cherry Hospital for the next 67 years of his life. It turned out he was deaf rather than mentally ill.[53][54][55]In many U.S. states,[56] sex offenders who have completed a period of incarceration can be civilly committed to a mental institution based on a finding of dangerousness due to a mental disorder.[57] Although the United States Supreme Court determined that this practice does not constitute double jeopardy,[58] organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association (APA) strongly oppose the practice.[59] The Task Force on Sexually Dangerous Offenders, a component of APA's Council on Psychiatry and Law, reported that \"in the opinion of the task force, sexual predator commitment laws represent a serious assault on the integrity of psychiatry, particularly with regard to defining mental illness and the clinical conditions for compulsory treatment. Moreover, by bending civil commitment to serve essentially non-medical purposes, statutes threaten to undermine the legitimacy of the medical model of commitment.\"[60][61]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-no-court_5-0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no-court-1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribunals-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tribunals_8-0"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thom_Nakarada-Kordic_pp._112%E2%80%93126-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tribunal-members_10-0"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PuriBrown2017-9"}],"text":"^ Also known informally as sectioning, being sectioned, commitment, or being committed.[1]\n\n^ See table 2, many countries such as Australia, Denmark, England and Spain do not require the involvement of the judiciary for commitment.[2] See [3] for a discussion of mental-health tribunals.\n\n^ For a discussion of the role of physicians in mental health tribunals and its effects see [5] \n\n^ \"The chair of each Mental Health Tribunal is a legal member who is known as a tribunal judge. There are usually three tribunal members at a hearing, one legal member, one medical member, and one other member, as defined above. Any three or more such members, constituted in this manner, may exercise the jurisdiction of a Mental Health Tribunal\" [6] : 99","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commitment (mental health)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Commitment_(mental_health)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-903765-61-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-61-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"475785132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/475785132"},{"link_name":"Munro, Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Munro"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-57977-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-57977-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27186722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27186722"},{"link_name":"\"The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/jlh/vol8/iss1/4/"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1973Sci...179..250R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...179..250R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.179.4070.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.179.4070.250"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4683124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4683124"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"146772269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146772269"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1037/h0077124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0077124"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1194504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1194504"},{"link_name":"\"Getting Someone to Psychiatric Treatment Can Be Difficult and Inconclusive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/us/19mental.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/us/19mental.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-24532-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24532-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"502210396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/502210396"},{"link_name":"Tsesis, Alexander V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tsesis"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12778917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12778917"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1031713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1031713"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care A/RES/46/119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/46/119"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/46/a46r119.htm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sochealth.co.uk/history/Ely.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1608780&blobtype=pdf"},{"link_name":"Erving Goffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman"},{"link_name":"Asylums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylums_(book)"},{"link_name":"Whyte, William H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whyte"},{"link_name":"excerpts from Whyte's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/whyte-main.html"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sochealth.co.uk/history/Scandal1.html"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Commitment (mental health).Atkinson, Jacqueline M. (2006). Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-61-6. OCLC 475785132.\nBlack, George; Munro, Robin (1993). Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-57977-9. OCLC 27186722.\nPerlin, Michael L. (1993). \"The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone?\". Journal of Law and Health. 8 (15): 15–45.\nRosenhan, D.L. (19 January 1973). \"On being sane in insane places\". Science. 179 (4070): 250–258. Bibcode:1973Sci...179..250R. doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250. PMID 4683124. S2CID 146772269.\nSpitzer, Robert L. (October 1975). \"On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of Rosenhan's 'On being sane in insane places'\". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 84 (5): 442–452. doi:10.1037/h0077124. PMID 1194504.\nSulzberger, A.G.; Carey, Benedict (18 January 2011). \"Getting Someone to Psychiatric Treatment Can Be Difficult and Inconclusive\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03.\nTorrey, E. Fuller (1998). Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-24532-2. OCLC 502210396.\nTsesis, Alexander V. (Fall 1998). \"Protecting Children Against Unnecessary Institutionalization\". South Texas Law Review. 39 (4): 995–1027. PMID 12778917. SSRN 1031713.\nUnited Nations General Assembly Session 46 Resolution 119. The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care A/RES/46/119 17 December 1991. HTML.\nReport of the Committee of Inquiry into allegations of ill-treatment of patients and other irregularities at the Ely Hospital, Cardiff, HMSO 1969 [1]\nExtracts of the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Normansfield Hospital - British Medical Journal, 1978, 2, 1560-1563 [2]\nErving Goffman Asylums\nWhyte, William H., The Organization Man, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (excerpts from Whyte's book)\nThe Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals Amy Munson- Barkshire 1981 [3]","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Lord Shaftesbury, a vigorous campaigner for the reform of lunacy law in England, and the Head of the Lunacy Commission for 40 years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg/220px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg"}]	[{"title":"5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5150_(involuntary_psychiatric_hold)"},{"title":"Baker Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Act"},{"title":"Civil confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_confinement"},{"title":"Conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"title":"Criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"title":"Institutional syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_syndrome"},{"title":"John Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_(psychiatric_patient)"},{"title":"Medical law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_law"},{"title":"Mental Health Act 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_2007"},{"title":"Special commitment center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_commitment_center"},{"title":"Giorgio Antonucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Antonucci"},{"title":"Ulysses contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_contract"}]	[{"reference":"\"Being sectioned (in England and Wales)\". Royal College of Psychiatrists. August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/beingsectionedengland.aspx","url_text":"\"Being sectioned (in England and Wales)\""}]},{"reference":"Rains, Luke Sheridan; Zenina, Tatiana; Dias, Marisa Casanova; Jones, Rebecca; Jeffreys, Stephen; Branthonne-Foster, Stella; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor; Johnson, Sonia (2019-05-01). \"Variations in patterns of involuntary hospitalisation and in legal frameworks: an international comparative study\". The Lancet Psychiatry. 6 (5): 403–417. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30090-2. ISSN 2215-0366. PMC 6475657. PMID 30954479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475657","url_text":"\"Variations in patterns of involuntary hospitalisation and in legal frameworks: an international comparative study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2819%2930090-2","url_text":"10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30090-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366","url_text":"2215-0366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475657","url_text":"6475657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30954479","url_text":"30954479"}]},{"reference":"Macgregor, Aisha; Brown, Michael; Stavert, Jill (2019-04-16). \"Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature\". Health & Social Care in the Community. 27 (4). Wiley: e494–e513. doi:10.1111/hsc.12749. ISSN 0966-0410. PMID 30993806.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhsc.12749","url_text":"\"Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhsc.12749","url_text":"10.1111/hsc.12749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-0410","url_text":"0966-0410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30993806","url_text":"30993806"}]},{"reference":"Texas Young Lawyers Association (January 2008). \"Committed To Healing: Involuntary Commitment Procedures\" (PDF). Austin, TX: State Bar of Texas. p. 2. The law provides a process known as Involuntary Commitment. Involuntary commitment is the use of legal means to commit a person to a mental hospital or psychiatric ward against their will or over their protests.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasbar.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Free_Legal_Information2&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=30801","url_text":"\"Committed To Healing: Involuntary Commitment Procedures\""}]},{"reference":"Thom, Katey; Nakarada-Kordic, Ivana (2013-05-22). \"Mental Health Review Tribunals in Action: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature\". Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 21 (1). Informa UK Limited: 112–126. doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.790004. ISSN 1321-8719. S2CID 143237902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13218719.2013.790004","url_text":"10.1080/13218719.2013.790004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1321-8719","url_text":"1321-8719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143237902","url_text":"143237902"}]},{"reference":"Basant Puri; Robert Brown; Heather McKee; Ian Treasaden (28 July 2017). Mental Health Law 2EA Practical Guide. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4441-4975-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pknOBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mental Health Law 2EA Practical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-4975-3","url_text":"978-1-4441-4975-3"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Mental Health First Aid USA. National Council for Behavioral Health. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2013-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/cs/background","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (1 October 2002). \"Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviour\". BMC Psychiatry. 2: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-2-10. PMC 130043. PMID 12359045.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043","url_text":"\"Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-244X-2-10","url_text":"10.1186/1471-244X-2-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043","url_text":"130043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359045","url_text":"12359045"}]},{"reference":"Kitchener, Betty; Jorm, Anthony; Kelly, Claire (2010). Mental Health First Aid Manual (2nd ed.). Parkville, Victoria: ORYGEN Youth Health Resource Centre. ISBN 978-0-9805541-3-7. OCLC 608074743.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9805541-3-7","url_text":"978-0-9805541-3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608074743","url_text":"608074743"}]},{"reference":"Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (February 2008). \"Mental health first aid: an international program for early intervention\". Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x. PMID 21352133. S2CID 11813019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-7893.2007.00056.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21352133","url_text":"21352133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11813019","url_text":"11813019"}]},{"reference":"Appelbaum, Paul S. (June 1997). \"Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment\". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 25 (2): 135–147. PMID 9213286.","urls":[{"url":"http://jaapl.org/content/25/2/135","url_text":"\"Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Psychiatry_and_the_Law","url_text":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9213286","url_text":"9213286"}]},{"reference":"Fazel, Seena; Gulati, Gautam; Linsell, Louise; Geddes, John R.; Grann, Martin (2009-08-11). McGrath, John (ed.). \"Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\". PLOS Medicine. 6 (8). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1000120. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 2718581. PMID 19668362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718581","url_text":"\"Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000120","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1676","url_text":"1549-1676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718581","url_text":"2718581"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19668362","url_text":"19668362"}]},{"reference":"Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori (March 9, 2012). \"Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression\". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 9 (3): 23–26. PMC 3342993. PMID 22567607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342993","url_text":"\"Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342993","url_text":"3342993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22567607","url_text":"22567607"}]},{"reference":"State Standards for Civil Commitment. Arlington, Virginia: Treatment Advocacy Center. 2018.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dear, Michael J.; Wolch, Jennifer R. (1987). Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Legacy Library. ISBN 9781400858965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GPz_AwAAQBAJ&q=Deinstitutionalization+homeless&pg=PP1","url_text":"Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858965","url_text":"9781400858965"}]},{"reference":"\"Kendra's Law: Results from New York's First Ten Years with Assisted Outpatient Treatment\". Treatment Advocacy Center. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/component/content/article/41","url_text":"\"Kendra's Law: Results from New York's First Ten Years with Assisted Outpatient Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"A Guide to Laura's Law: California's Law for Assisted Outpatient Treatment (PDF). The California Treatment Advocacy Coalition & The Treatment Advocacy Center. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/lauraslawguidetac2009.pdf","url_text":"A Guide to Laura's Law: California's Law for Assisted Outpatient Treatment"}]},{"reference":"Harding, C.M.; Brooks, G.W.; Ashikaga, T.; Strauss, J.S.; Breier, A. (June 1987). \"The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, I: Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (6): 718–26. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.6.718. PMID 3591991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.144.6.718","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.144.6.718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3591991","url_text":"3591991"}]},{"reference":"King, D. Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William Douglas (2007). A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context (4 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 214. ISBN 9780205512133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205512133","url_text":"9780205512133"}]},{"reference":"The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (12 June 2013). \"Edouard Seguin (American psychiatrist)\". Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/532753/Edouard-Seguin","url_text":"\"Edouard Seguin (American psychiatrist)\""}]},{"reference":"Unsworth, Clive (Winter 1993). \"Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'\". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 13 (4): 482. doi:10.1093/ojls/13.4.479.","urls":[{"url":"https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/oxfjls13&div=34","url_text":"\"Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fojls%2F13.4.479","url_text":"10.1093/ojls/13.4.479"}]},{"reference":"Shorter, E. (1997). A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. New York: Wiley. pp. 34, 41. ISBN 0-471-15749-X. OCLC 34513743.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15749-X","url_text":"0-471-15749-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34513743","url_text":"34513743"}]},{"reference":"Yanni, Carla (2007). The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4939-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fJOC_rSW1kgC&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4939-6","url_text":"978-0-8166-4939-6"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andy (2022-12-02). \"35 Years of Efforts to Address Mental Illness on New York Streets\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/02/nyregion/mental-illness-homeless-streets.html","url_text":"\"35 Years of Efforts to Address Mental Illness on New York Streets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kasindorf, Jeanie (May 2, 1988). The Real Story of Billie Boggs. New York. pp. 36–44. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UuUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Real Story of Billie Boggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302140249/https://books.google.com/books?id=UuUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hampson, Rick (June 3, 1991). \"Whatever Happened to Billie Boggs?\". AP News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake	2011 Christchurch earthquake	["1 Geology","1.1 Fault","1.2 Intensity","1.3 Aftershocks","2 Damage and effects","2.1 Central city","2.2 Suburbs","2.3 Beyond Christchurch","3 Casualties","4 Emergency management","4.1 Establishment of Red Zone","4.2 Police","4.3 Search and rescue","4.4 Defence forces","4.5 Medical services","4.6 Humanitarian and welfare services","4.7 Infrastructure and services","5 Response","5.1 International offers of support","5.2 Other messages of support","5.3 Fundraising and charity events","5.4 Memorial services and commemorative events","6 Commission of Inquiry","7 Recovery","7.1 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority","7.2 Port Hills Geotechnical Group","7.3 Housing","7.4 Schools and universities","8 Other impact","8.1 Disruptions to sport","8.2 Postponement of census","8.3 Population loss","8.4 Economic impact","8.5 Mental health","9 Screen portrayals","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links","13.1 Official response and recovery","13.2 Scientific and engineering reports","13.3 News","13.4 Documentaries"]	Coordinates: 43°34′59″S 172°40′48″E / 43.583°S 172.680°E / -43.583; 172.680February 2011 earthquake in New Zealand "Christchurch earthquake" redirects here. For other uses, see Christchurch earthquake (disambiguation). For the aftershock that occurred on 13 June 2011, see June 2011 Christchurch earthquake. 2011 Christchurch earthquakeDamaged Catholic cathedral two months after the earthquakeUTC time2011-02-21 23:51:42ISC event16168897USGS-ANSSComCatLocal date22 February 2011 (2011-02-22)Local time12:51 p.m. NZDTMagnitude6.2 Mw(GCMT) 6.1 Mw(USGS) Depth5 km (3.1 mi)Epicentre43°34′59″S 172°40′48″E / 43.583°S 172.680°E / -43.583; 172.680Port Hills near Christchurch, Canterbury, New ZealandAreas affectedNew ZealandMax. intensityMMI XI (Extreme)Peak acceleration1.51 gTsunami3.5 m (11 ft) tsunami waves in the Tasman Lake, following quake-triggered glacier calving from Tasman GlacierLandslidesSumner and RedcliffsCasualties185 deaths1,500–2,000 injuries, 164 serious A major earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC, 21 February). The Mw6.2 (ML6.3) earthquake struck the Canterbury region in the South Island, centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the central business district. It caused widespread damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in New Zealand's fifth-deadliest disaster. Christchurch's central city and eastern suburbs were badly affected, with damage to buildings and infrastructure already weakened by the magnitude 7.1 Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010 and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt. The earthquake was felt across the South Island and parts of the lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only lasted for approximately 10 seconds, the damage was severe because of the location and shallowness of the earthquake's focus in relation to Christchurch as well as previous quake damage. Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent, to decrease from second- to third-most populous area in New Zealand. Adjusted for inflation, the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes caused over $44.8 billion in damages, making it New Zealand's costliest natural disaster and the 21st-most-expensive disaster in history. Geology class=notpageimage\| Location of the 12:51pm quake epicentre in Christchurch The 6.3-magnitude earthquake may have been an aftershock of the 7.1-magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. New Zealand's GNS Science has stated that the earthquake was part of the aftershock sequence that has been occurring since the September magnitude-7.1 quake, however a seismologist from Geoscience Australia considers it a separate event given its location on a separate fault system. Results of liquefaction; the fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run off Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 earthquake, the February earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from the previous quakes. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement was "almost impossible" for buildings to survive intact. Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which "may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city". 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged. The earthquake also caused an increased spring activity in the Avon and Heathcote Rivers. Fault GNS Science stated that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 km x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills." Satellite picture showing shaking strength(click to enlarge) While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on "blind" or unknown faults, New Zealand's Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction. Intensity Earthquake intensity map Initial measurement of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1.8 g (i.e. 1.8 times the acceleration of gravity), with the highest recording 2.2 g, at Heathcote Valley Primary School, a shaking intensity equivalent to MMI X+. Subsequent analysis revised the Heathcote Valley Primary School acceleration down to 1.37 g, with the 1.89 g reading at Pages Road Pumping Station in Christchurch revised down to 1.51 g. Nevertheless, these were the highest PGAs ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the September 2010 event was 1.26 g, recorded near Darfield. The PGA is also one of the greatest-ever ground accelerations recorded in the world, and was unusually high for a 6.2 quake, and the highest in a vertical direction. The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0.574 and 0.802 g. As a comparison, the 7.0 Mw 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0.5 g. The acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction, with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air. The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was assigned XI (Extreme). The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0.9 g; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1.7 g The force of the earthquake was "statistically unlikely" to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with a PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. Although the rupture was subsurface, satellite images indicated that the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the earthquake. Land movement was varied around the area horizontally—in both east and west directions—and vertically; the Port Hills were raised by 40 cm. The earthquake was a "strike-slip event with oblique motion" which caused mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement, with reverse thrust causing upwards vertical movement. The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. The current New Zealand building code requires a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event. Initial reports by GNS Science suggested that ground motion "considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions", beyond maximum considered events (MCE). By comparison, the 2010 quake—in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings—exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings. The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would "totally flatten" most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealand's stringent building codes limited the disaster. It is also possible that "seismic lensing" contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city. Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 earthquake. Aftershocks The earthquake generated a significant series of its own aftershocks. More than 361 aftershocks occurred in the first week following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake. The largest was a magnitude 5.9 tremor which occurred just under two hours after the main earthquake. A 5.3-magnitude aftershock on 16 April, the largest for several weeks, caused further damage, including power cuts and several large rock falls. An aftershock from the Greendale Fault measuring 5.3 on the Richter scale hit the region on 10 May. It cut power to homes and businesses for several minutes and caused further damage to buildings in the city centre. No deaths or injuries were reported. It was felt as far away as Dunedin and Greymouth. On 6 June, a large aftershock measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale occurred and was felt as far away as Kaikōura and Oamaru. A series of aftershocks occurred on 13 June. A tremor of 5.7 on the Richter scale was felt at 1 pm NZT, with a depth of 9 km, its epicentre at Taylors Mistake. A 6.0 tremor occurred just over an hour later, with a depth of 7 km, located 5 km south-east of the city. Power was cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed and Christchurch Cathedral sustained more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured. These were followed by a magnitude 5.4 quake at a depth of 8 km and centred 10 km south-west of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on 21 June 2011. 23 December 2011 featured another series of strong shocks, including a 5.8 at 1:58 pm and a 6.0 at 3:18 pm. The earthquakes interrupted power and water supplies, three unoccupied buildings collapsed and there was again liquefaction in eastern suburbs and rockfalls in hill areas. One person died after tripping on uneven ground caused by the earthquake. Below is a list of all aftershocks of Richter, moment, and body-wave magnitudes 5.0 and above that occurred in the region between 22 February 2011 and 15 January 2012. Date Time Richter magnitude (ML) Moment magnitude (Mw) Body-wave magnitude Epicentre Depth (km) Depth (miles) Modified Mercalli 22 February 2011 12:51 pm 6.3 6.2 6.3 10 km south of Christchurch 5.0 km 3.1 miles XI. Extreme 22 February 2011 1:04 pm 5.8 5.5 5.5 10 km south of Christchurch 5.9 km 3.6 miles VII. Very strong 22 February 2011 2:50 pm 5.9 5.6 5.6 Within 5 km of Lyttelton 6.72 km 4.1 miles VII. Very strong 22 February 2011 2:51 pm 5.1 4.5 4.4 Within 5 km of Lyttelton 7.3 km 4.5 miles VI. Strong 22 February 2011 4:04 pm 5.0 4.5 4.4 Within 5 km of Christchurch 12.0 km 7.4 miles VI. Strong 22 February 2011 7:43 pm 5.0 4.4 4.5 20 km south-east of Christchurch 12.0 km 7.4 miles VI. Strong 5 March 2011 7:34 pm 5.0 4.6 4.5 10 km south-east of Christchurch 9.5 km 5.9 miles VI. Strong 20 March 2011 9:47 pm 5.1 4.5 4.5 10 km east of Christchurch 11.83 km 7.3 miles VI. Strong 16 April 2011 5:49 pm 5.3 5.0 5.2 20 km south-east of Christchurch 10.6 km 6.5 miles VI. Strong 30 April 2011 7:04 am 5.2 4.9 4.7 60 km north-east of Christchurch 8.7 km 5.4 miles VI. Strong 10 May 2011 3:04 am 5.2 4.9 5.0 20 km west of Christchurch 14.4 km 8.9 miles VI. Strong 6 June 2011 9:09 am 5.5 5.1 5.1 20 km south-west of Christchurch 8.1 km 5.0 miles VI. Strong 13 June 2011 1:00 pm 5.9 5.3 5.0 10 km south-east of Christchurch 8.9 km 5.5 miles VIII. Severe 13 June 2011 2:20 pm 6.4 6.0 6.0 10 km south-east of Christchurch 6.9 km 4.2 miles VIII. Severe 13 June 2011 2:21 pm 5.1 4.8 4.8 10 km south-east of Christchurch 10.2 km 6.4 miles VI. Strong 15 June 2011 6:27 am 5.2 4.8 5.0 20 km south-east of Christchurch 5.8 km 3.5 miles VI. Strong 21 June 2011 10:34 pm 5.4 5.2 5.2 10 km south-west of Christchurch 8.3 km 5.2 miles VI. Strong 22 July 2011 5:39 am 5.3 4.7 4.7 40 km west of Christchurch 12 km 7.4 miles VI. Strong 2 September 2011 3:29 am 5.0 4.6 4.5 10 km east of Lyttelton 7.6 km 4.7 miles VI. Strong 9 October 2011 8:34 pm 5.5 4.9 5.0 10 km north-east of Diamond Harbour 12.0 km 7.4 miles VI. Strong 23 December 2011 1:58 pm 5.9 5.8 5.8 20 km north-east of Lyttelton 8 km 4.9 miles VIII. Severe 23 December 2011 2:06 pm 5.3 5.4 5.4 21 km east-north-east of Christchurch 10.1 km 6.2 miles VII. Very strong 23 December 2011 3:18 pm 6.2 6.0 5.9 10 km north of Lyttelton 6 km 3.7 miles VIII. Severe 23 December 2011 4:50 pm 5.1 4.7 4.8 20 km east of Christchurch 10 km 6.2 miles VI. Strong 24 December 2011 6:37 am 5.1 4.9 5.1 10 km east of Akaroa 9 km 5.5 miles VI. Strong 2 January 2012 1:27 am 5.1 4.8 4.9 20 km north-east of Lyttelton 13.3 km 8.2 miles VI. Strong 2 January 2012 5:45 am 5.3 20 km north-east of Lyttelton 13.5 km 8.3 miles VII. Very strong 2 January 2012 5:45 am 5.6 5.1 5.1 20 km north-east of Lyttelton 13.5 km 8.3 miles VII. Very strong 6 January 2012 2:22 am 5.0 4.5 4.6 20 km north-east of Lyttelton 6.7 km 4.0 miles VI. Strong 7 January 2012 1:21 am 5.3 4.8 5.0 20 km east of Christchurch 8.4 km 5.2 miles VI. Strong 15 January 2012 2:47 am 5.1 4.6 4.5 10 km east of Christchurch 5.8 km 3.6 miles VI. Strong Damage and effects See also: List of tallest buildings in Christchurch Liquefaction adjacent to the Avon River / Ōtākaro caused lateral spread in Fitzgerald Avenue, causing severe damage 115 bodies were recovered from the CTV Building, which collapsed during the quake Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. A number of cars were crushed by falling debris. In the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. Because the earthquake hit during the lunch hour, some people on the footpaths were buried by collapsed buildings. Central city Damage occurred to many older buildings, particularly those with unreinforced masonry and those built before stringent earthquakes codes were introduced. On 28 February 2011, the Prime Minister announced that there would be an inquiry into the collapse of buildings that had been signed off as safe after the previous earthquake on 4 September 2010, "to provide answers to people about why so many people lost their lives." Of the 3,000 buildings inspected within the four avenues which bound the central business district by 3 March 2011, 45% had been given red or yellow stickers to restrict access because of the safety problems. Many heritage buildings were given red stickers after inspections. As of February 2015, there had been 1240 demolitions within the bounds of the four avenues since the September 2010 earthquakes. The Grand Chancellor had to be demolished The six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building collapsed in the earthquake, leaving only its lift shaft standing, which caught fire. 115 people died in the building, which housed a TV station, a medical clinic and an English language school. On 23 February police decided that the damage was not survivable, and rescue efforts at the building were suspended. Fire-fighting and recovery operations resumed that night, later joined by a Japanese search and rescue squad. Twelve Japanese students from the Toyama College of Foreign Languages died in the building collapse. A government report later found that the building's construction was faulty and should not have been approved. PGC House, following the February 2011 quake The four-storey Pyne Gould Guinness (PGC) House on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, with 18 casualties. On Wednesday morning, 22 hours after the quake, a survivor was pulled from the rubble. The reinforced concrete building had been constructed in 1963–1964. The Forsyth Barr Building survived the earthquake but many occupants were trapped after the collapse of the stairwells, forcing some to abseil out after the quake. Search of the building was technically difficult for USAR teams, requiring the deconstruction of 4-tonne stair sets, but the building was cleared with no victims discovered. The Anglican ChristChurch Cathedral was severely damaged in the earthquake The earthquake destroyed the ChristChurch Cathedral's spire and part of its tower, and severely damaged the structure of the remaining building. The remainder of the tower was demolished in March 2012. The west wall suffered collapses in the June 2011 earthquake and the December 2011 quake due to a steel structure – intended to stabilise the rose window – pushing it in. The Anglican Church decided to demolish the building and replace it with a new structure, but various groups opposed the church's intentions, with actions including taking a case to court. While the judgements were mostly in favour of the church, no further demolition occurred after the removal of the tower in early 2012. Government expressed its concern over the stalemate and appointed an independent negotiator and in September 2017, the Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that ChristChurch Cathedral will be reinstated after promises of extra grants and loans from local and central government. By mid-2019 early design and stabilisation work had begun. Since 15 August 2013 the cathedral congregation has worshipped at the Cardboard Cathedral. Christchurch Hospital was partly evacuated due to damage in some areas, but remained open throughout to treat the injured. On 23 February, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Christchurch's tallest hotel, was reported to be on the verge of collapse. The 26-storey building was displaced by half a metre in the quake and had dropped by 1 metre on one side; parts of the emergency stairwells collapsed. The building was thought to be irreparably damaged and have the potential to bring down other buildings if it fell; an area of a two-block radius around the hotel was thus evacuated. The building was eventually stabilised and, on 4 March it was decided the building would be demolished over the following six months, so that further work could be done with the buildings nearby. Demolition was completed in May 2012. The 21-storey PricewaterhouseCoopers building, the city's tallest office tower, was among the office buildings to be later demolished. The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament before the earthquake. The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament after the earthquake. The Carlton Hotel, a listed heritage building, was undergoing repairs after the September 2010 earthquake damage when the February 2011 earthquake damaged the building further. It was deemed unstable and demolished in April 2011. St Elmo Courts had been damaged in the September 2010 earthquake and the owner intended to repair the building, but further damage caused by the February 2011 event resulted in a decision to demolish, which was done the following month. The historic Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings were severely damaged, with the Stone Chamber completely collapsing. The second civic office building of Christchurch City Council, Our City, had already been damaged in the September earthquake and was heavily braced following the February event. The Civic, the council's third home, was heavily damaged in February and was demolished. Both Our City and the Civic are on the register of Heritage New Zealand. The Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament was also severely damaged, with the towers falling. A decision was made to remove the dome because the supporting structure was weakened. Oxford Terrace Baptist Church was one of many churches damaged by the quake Several other churches were seriously damaged, including: Knox Presbyterian Church, St Luke's Anglican Church, Durham Street Methodist Church, St Paul's-Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church, Oxford Terrace Baptist Church, Holy Trinity Avonside and Holy Trinity, Lyttelton. Sydenham Heritage Church and the Beckenham Baptist Church were heavily damaged, and then demolished days after the earthquake. Concrete block construction fared badly, leaving many modern iconic buildings damaged. Suburbs On 7 March, Prime Minister John Key said that around 10,000 houses would need to be demolished, and liquefaction damage meant that some parts of Christchurch could not be rebuilt on. Residential red zone Several areas in and around Christchurch were deemed infeasible to rebuild due to earthquake damage resulting from soil liquefaction and rockslides. These areas were placed into a residential red zone. Lyttelton Buildings in Lyttelton sustained widespread damage, with a fire officer reporting that 60% of the buildings in the main street had been severely damaged. Two people died on local walking tracks after being hit by rockfalls. The town's historic Timeball Station was extensively damaged, adding to damage from the preceding earthquake in September 2010. The station collapsed on 13 June 2011 after a magnitude 6.0 aftershock. In 2013, it was announced that the tower and ball would be restored, and that funds were to be sought from the community to rebuild the rest of the station. The restoration was completed in 2018 with the site being reopened in November. 54 Raekura Place in Redcliffs was destroyed by rockfall Sumner Landslides occurred in Sumner, crushing buildings. Parts of Sumner were evacuated during the night of 22 February after cracks were noticed on a nearby hillside. Three deaths were reported in the Sumner area, according to the Sumner Chief Fire Officer. The Shag Rock, a notable landmark, was reduced to half of its former height. Redcliffs In contrast to the September 2010 earthquake, Redcliffs and the surrounding hills suffered severe damage. The cliff behind Redcliffs School collapsed onto the houses below. Large boulders were found on the lawns of damaged houses. Twelve streets in Redcliffs were evacuated on the night of 24 February 2015 after some cliffs and hills surrounding Redcliffs were deemed unstable. Redcliffs Primary School, then located at 140 Main Road, right under the cliffs, was moved to Van Asch Deaf Education Centre, 4.5 km from the main site soon afterwards. After 9 years, the school was moved to Redcliffs Park, reopening in July 2020. The cost of the rebuild was $16 million. Beyond Christchurch The quake was felt as far north as Tauranga and as far south as Invercargill, where the 111 emergency network was rendered out of service. Satellite image showing icebergs calved from Tasman Glacier by earthquake At the Tasman Glacier some 200 kilometres (120 miles) from the epicentre, around 30 million tonnes (33 million ST) of ice tumbled off the glacier into Tasman Lake, hitting tour boats with tsunami waves 3.5 metres (11 ft) high. KiwiRail reported that the TranzAlpine service was terminating at Greymouth and the TranzCoastal terminating at Picton. The TranzAlpine was cancelled until 4 March, to allow for personnel resources to be transferred to repairing track and related infrastructure, and moving essential freight into Christchurch, while the TranzCoastal was cancelled until mid-August. KiwiRail also delayed 14 March departure of its Interislander ferry Aratere to Singapore for a 30-metre (98 ft) extension and refit prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. With extra passenger and freight movements over Cook Strait following the earthquake, the company would have been unable to cope with just two ships operating on a reduced schedule so soon after the earthquake, so pushed back the departure to the end of April. The earthquake combined with the urgency created by the unseasonably early break-up of sea ice on the Ross Ice Shelf caused logistical problems with the return of Antarctic summer season research operations from Scott Base and McMurdo Station in Antarctica to Christchurch. Casualties 185 people from more than 20 countries died in the earthquake. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the earthquake. A state of local emergency was initially declared by the Mayor of Christchurch, which was superseded when the government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. Of the 185 victims, 115 people died in the CTV Building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of PGC House, and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street. In each of these cases the buildings that collapsed were known to have been appreciably damaged in the September 2010 earthquake but the local authority had permitted the building to be re-occupied (CTV and PGC buildings) or protective barriers adjacent to them moved closer to areas at risk of falling debris (Colombo Street). An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified. Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries, and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake. Location Deaths Canterbury Television building 115 Pyne Gould building 18 Colombo Street 10 Red Bus #702 8 Cashel Street 4 Manchester Street 4 Lichfield Street 3 Methodist Mission Church 3 Elsewhere in Central City (Four Avenues) 4 Outside the Four Avenues 12 Unlocated 4 Total 185 The nationalities of the deceased are as follows. Country Deaths New Zealand – Christchurch – Waimakariri & Selwyn – rest of NZ 97 87 8 2 Japan 28 China 23 Philippines 11 Thailand 6 Israel 3 Korea 2 Canada Ireland Malaysia Peru Romania Russia Serbia Taiwan Turkey United States 1 each No nationality recorded 5 Total 185 Emergency management The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, Christchurch Immediately following the earthquake, 80% of Christchurch was without power. Water and wastewater services were disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. Prime Minister John Key confirmed that, "All Civil Defence procedures have now been activated; the Civil Defence bunker at parliament is in operation here in Wellington." It was only the second time that New Zealand had declared a national civil defence emergency; the first occasion was the 1951 waterfront dispute. The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help victims. A full response management structure was put in place within minutes of the quake, with the Christchurch City Council's alternate Emergency Operations Centre re-established in the City Art Gallery and the regional Canterbury CDEM Group Emergency Coordination Centre (ECC) activated in its post-earthquake operational facility adjacent to the Canterbury Regional Council offices. Within two hours of the quake national co-ordination was operating from the National Crisis Management Centre located in the basement of the Beehive in Wellington. A composite "Christchurch Response Centre" was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-resilient building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage. On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared the situation a state of national emergency, the country's first for a civil defence emergency (the only other one was for the 1951 waterfront dispute). Meanwhile, the Canterbury CDEM Group ECC had relocated to the fully operational University of Canterbury Innovation (UCi3) building to the West of the city, when the Copthorne Hotel adjacent to the Regional Council offices threatened to fall onto the offices and ECC. Once the composite Christchurch Coordination Centre was established on 23 February the CDEM Group Controllers and ECC personnel relocated to the City Art Gallery to supplement the management personnel available to the National Controller. As per the protocols of New Zealand's Coordinated Incident Management System, the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, and the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan and Guide, Civil Defence Emergency Management became lead agency—with the Director of the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management John Hamilton as National Controller. CDEM were supported by local authorities, New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations. Gerry Brownlee, a Cabinet Minister, had his regular portfolios distributed amongst other cabinet ministers so that he could focus solely on earthquake recovery. Establishment of Red Zone A Central City Red Zone was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in central Christchurch. Both COGIC, French Civil Protection and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services. Search and rescue mark on earthquake damaged building confirming all present have been accounted for Police Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around the country, along with a 323-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total number of officers in the city to 1200. Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival. Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of the affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp. They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand Taiwan and Israel. Search and rescue A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV building The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, with support from the Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams from New Zealand, Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, totalling 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from overseas. They also responded to fires, serious structural damage reports, and landslides working with structural engineers, seismologists and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane and digger operators and demolition experts. NSW Task Force 1, a team of 72 urban search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia was sent to Christchurch on two RAAF C-130J Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the quake. A second team of 70 from Queensland, Queensland Task Force 1, (including three sniffer dogs), was sent the following day on board a RAAF C-17 . A team of 55 Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team members from the Singapore Civil Defence Force were sent. The United States sent Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member heavy rescue team consisting of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment. Japan sent 70 search-and-rescue personnel including specialists from the coastguard, police and fire fighting service, as well as three sniffer dogs. The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9.0 earthquake which struck Japan on 11 March 2011. The United Kingdom sent a 53 strong search and rescue team including nine Welsh firefighters who had assisted the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Taiwan sent a 22-member team from the National Fire Agency, along with two tons of specialist search and rescue equipment. China sent a 10-member specialist rescue team. Defence forces The New Zealand Defence Force—staging their largest-ever operation on New Zealand soil— provided logistics, equipment, transport, airbridges, evacuations, supply and equipment shipments, survey of the Port and harbour, and support to the agencies, including meals; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian aid particularly to Lyttelton, which was isolated from the city in the first days. Over 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved, and Territorials (Army Reserve) were called up. They were supplemented by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for a training exercise at the time of the earthquake, who assisted in the cordon of the city. HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quake The Royal New Zealand Air Force provided an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using two Boeing 757 and three C-130 Hercules, and bringing in emergency crews and equipment and evacuating North Island residents and tourists out of Christchurch. One P-3 Orion was deployed in the initial stages of the disaster to provide images and photographs of the city. Three RNZAF Bell UH-1H Iroquois helicopters were also used to transport Police, VIP's and aid to locations around Christchurch. Three RNZAF Beechcraft Super King Air aircraft were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The crew of the Navy ship Canterbury, in Lyttelton harbour at the time of the earthquake, provided meals for 1,000 people left homeless in that town, and accommodation for a small number of locals. The Royal Australian Air Force also assisted with air lifts. On one of their journeys, an RAAF Hercules sustained minor damage in an aftershock. The army also operated desalination plants to provide water to the eastern suburbs. Medical services The emergency department of Christchurch Hospital treated 231 patients within one hour of the earthquake. The department responded to the situation by activating their crisis plan, forming 20 trauma teams. After a downturn in demand, a second wave of patients started arriving, many with much more severe injuries. Staff were grateful that they did not have to employ triage, but were able to deal with all patients. A field hospital providing 75 beds was set up in the badly affected eastern suburbs on 24 February. It was equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dental care, isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and to provide primary care since most general practices in the area were unable to open. Australia's foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealand's Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully had asked for further help from Australia. He said Australia would send counsellors over and a disaster medical assistance team comprising 23 emergency and surgical personnel. Humanitarian and welfare services Humanitarian support and welfare were provided by various agencies, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross and the Salvation Army. Welfare Centres and support networks were established throughout the city. Some government departments and church groups provided grants and assistance. Some residents went several days without official contact, so neighbours were encouraged to attend to those around them. Official visitation teams were organised by Civil Defence and there were engineers or assessors from EQC. The primarily wilderness all-volunteer search and rescue organisation, LandSAR, deployed 530 people to the city to perform welfare checks. Over the course of a week, LandSAR teams visited 67,000 premises. Infrastructure and services Workers trying to restore water service The 66 kV subtransmission cables supplying Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from Transpower's Bromley substation were damaged beyond repair, which necessitated the erection of temporary 66 kV overhead lines from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get power into the eastern suburbs. Power had been restored to 82% of households within five days, and to 95% within two weeks. Electricity distribution operator Orion later stated the power outages caused by the earthquake added to 3261 SAIDI minutes, or equivalent to the entire city being without power for 54 hours and 21 minutes. Response RNZAF aerial survey of damage, showing flooding due to soil liquefaction in Christchurch On the day of the earthquake, Prime Minister John Key said that 22 February, "...may well be New Zealand's darkest day", and Mayor of Christchurch Bob Parker warned that New Zealanders are "going to be presented with statistics that are going to be bleak". Generators were donated, and telephone companies established emergency communications and free calls. The army provided desalination plants, and bottled supplies were sent in by volunteers and companies. With limited water supplies for firefighting, a total fire ban was introduced, and the fire service brought in water tankers from other centres. Mains water supply was re-established to 70% of households within one week. Waste water and sewerage systems were severely damaged. Thousands of portaloos and chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and overseas were brought into the city. Community laundries were set up in affected suburbs. Portable shower units were also established in the eastern suburbs. Thousands of people helped with the clean-up efforts—involving the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction silt—including Canterbury University's Student Volunteer Army which was created in response to the earthquake that September and the Federated Farmers' "Farmy Army". The "Rangiora Earthquake Express" provided over 250 tonnes of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot meals, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck. International offers of support "I know that thoughts are with the people of New Zealand as they grapple with this enormous tragedy in Christchurch. ... We will be doing everything we can to work with our New Zealand family, with Prime Minister Key and his emergency services personnel, his military officers, his medical people, his search and rescue teams. We will be working alongside them to give as much relief and assistance to New Zealand as we possibly can." Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard on the earthquake. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard offered Australia's assistance. The Australian Government also pledged A$5 million (NZ$6.7 million) to the Red Cross Appeal. On 1 March, it was announced that the New South Wales Government would be donating A$1 million (NZ$1.3 million) to the victims of the Christchurch earthquake. The UN and the European Union offered assistance. Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretary-General, sent a message of support to the Prime Minister and stated "our heart and condolences go immediately to the bereaved." He added that the thoughts and prayers of the Commonwealth were with the citizens of New Zealand, and Christchurch especially. Sixty-six Japanese USAR members and three specialist search and rescue dogs arrived in Christchurch within two days of the February earthquake. They started work immediately in a multi-agency response to the collapse of the CTV Building on Madras Street. Many of the people trapped in that building were Japanese and other foreign English language students. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper released a statement saying: "The thoughts and prayers of Canadians are with all those affected by the earthquake. Canada is standing by to offer any possible assistance to New Zealand in responding to this natural disaster." David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, issued a statement and sent SMS text messages to Commonwealth prime ministers. In his formal statement, he commented that the loss of life was "dreadful" and the "thoughts and prayers of the British people were with them". Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, issued a statement on behalf of the UN expressing his "deep sadness" and stressed the "readiness of the United Nations to contribute to its efforts in any way needed". China gave US$500,000 to the earthquake appeal, and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao expressed his deep condolences to New Zealand. Twenty Chinese students were reported missing following the quake. Other messages of support The Queen of New Zealand said she was "utterly shocked" and her "thoughts were with all those affected". Her son and heir to the New Zealand throne, The Prince of Wales, also said to New Zealand's governor-general and prime minister: "My wife and I were horrified when we heard the news early this morning... The scale of the destruction all but defies belief when we can appreciate only too well how difficult it must have been struggling to come to terms with last year's horror ... Our deepest sympathy and constant thoughts are with you and all New Zealanders." Barack Obama, President of the United States, issued a statement from the White House Press Office on the disaster by way of an official announcement that "On behalf of the American people, Michelle and I extend our deepest condolences to the people of New Zealand and to the families and friends of the victims in Christchurch, which has suffered its second major earthquake in just six months... As our New Zealand friends move forward, may they find some comfort and strength in knowing that they will have the enduring friendship and support of many partners around the world, including the United States." The President also made a call to Prime Minister Key. Pope Benedict XVI issued an announcement on the earthquake in a statement during his Wednesday audience on 23 February, stating that he was praying for the dead and the injured victims of the devastating earthquake, and encouraging those involved in the rescue efforts. Fundraising and charity events Various sporting events were set up to raise money, such as the "Fill the Basin" cricket match at the Basin Reserve, featuring ex-New Zealand internationals, All Blacks and actors from The Hobbit, which raised more than $500,000. New Zealand cricket team captain Daniel Vettori put his personal memorabilia up for auction. All Black Sonny Bill Williams and Sky Television both made large donations from Williams' fourth boxing bout which was dubbed "The Clash For Canterbury". Several charity concerts were held both in New Zealand and overseas including a previously unscheduled visit to New Zealand by American rock group Foo Fighters, who performed a Christchurch benefit concert in Auckland on 22 March 2011 and raised more than $350,000 for the earthquake relief fund. Local jazz flautist Miho Wada formed the ensemble Miho's Jazz Orchestra to raise money for recovery efforts. Memorial services and commemorative events A national memorial service was held on 18 March at North Hagley Park, coinciding with a one-off provincial holiday for Canterbury, which required the passing of the Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 to legislate. Prince William, made a two-day trip to the country to tour the areas affected by the earthquake, attended on the Queen's behalf and made an address during the service. New Zealand's governor-general, Sir Anand Satyanand, attended, along with John Key, Bob Parker, and a number of local and international dignitaries. Australia's official delegation included Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Prime Minister Julia Gillard, and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott. A two minutes silence was nationally held exactly a week after the earthquake on 1 March at 12:51pm. Church bells were struck throughout the country to signify the beginning and of the silence. A second memorial service was held at the Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial on 22 February 2021 to mark ten years since the earthquake and was attended by Christchurch Mayor Lianne Dalziel, Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. A minute's silence was held at 12:51pm, and the names of all the victims were read aloud by Christchurch residents and first responders, before a wreath laying ceremony at the memorial. The River of Flowers ceremony, in which members of the public drop flowers into the Avon River / Ōtākaro in memory of those who died during the earthquake, was inaugurated on the first anniversary of the event (22 February 2012) and remains an annual commemorative ritual. Commission of Inquiry Handover of the final report of the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission, at Government House, Wellington, on 29 November 2012. Left to right: Sir Ron Carter; Colin McDonald (secretary and chief executive of the Department of Internal Affairs); the governor-general, Sir Jerry Mateparae; Mark Cooper; Richard Fenwick; and Justine Gilliland (executive director of the Royal Commission). In March 2011 the government established The Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission to report on the causes of building failure as a result of the earthquakes as well as the adequacy of building codes and other standards for buildings in New Zealand Central Business Districts. The Commission examined issues with specific reference to the Canterbury Television (CTV), Pyne Gould Corporation (PGC), Forsyth Barr and Hotel Grand Chancellor buildings. It excluded the investigation of any questions of liability, the earthquake search and rescue effort, and the rebuilding of the city. The commission was chaired by High Court judge Justice Mark Cooper with support from two other commissioners, engineers Sir Ron Carter and Professor Richard Fenwick. They took into account a technical investigation undertaken by the Department of Building and Housing. The inquiry began in April 2011 and was completed in November 2012. The Royal Commission made a total of 189 recommendations and found that the Canterbury Television building should not have been granted a building permit by the Christchurch City Council. Recovery Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority Main article: Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority On 29 March 2011, Prime Minister John Key and Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker announced the creation of the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) to manage the earthquake recovery, co-operating with the government, local councils and residents, under chief executive John Ombler. Port Hills Geotechnical Group Main article: Port Hills Geotechnical Group PHGG Engineering Geologist using rope access techniques during rockfall mitigation works The Port Hills Geotechnical Group (PHGG) was established in Christchurch, New Zealand as part of the response and recovery to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. It was formed from several local and international engineering consultancies. The group's initial function was to manage the response to geotechnical issues caused by the earthquakes in the Port Hills, including the southern suburbs of Christchurch, Lyttelton, Rāpaki, Governors Bay and other settlements around Lyttelton Harbour and the Banks Peninsula. PHGG was subsequently contracted by Christchurch City Council and Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority to map and define the locations of mass movement hazards, such as rockfall and landslide, and to collate geospatial information for use in the rezoning of the city. This information was subsequently used by PHGG in the assessment and mitigation of risks from these types of hazard, where they affected roads, property and infrastructure throughout the region. The information continues to be used in regional and local geotechnical risk assessments. Housing Temporary housing in Linwood Park With an estimated 10,000 houses requiring demolition and over 100,000 damaged, plans were developed for moderate-term temporary housing. Approximately 450 fully serviced mobile homes would be located on sites across the city including Canterbury Agricultural Park and Riccarton Racecourse. The Department of Building and Housing also released a plan for the construction of 500 modular homes. While emergency repairs were performed on damaged houses by Fletcher Construction, rebuilding would be delayed by the need for full land assessments, with the possibility that some of the worst-affected areas in the eastern suburbs might need to be abandoned due to land depression and severe liquefaction, with the residents offered relocation to new subdivisions under their EQC insurance policies. Schools and universities On the day of the earthquake, the main secondary school teachers' union, the Post Primary Teachers Association, had arranged a paid union meeting to be held that afternoon for members in the Christchurch area. This meant most secondary schools in the city had closed early that day and most students had returned home before the earthquake hit, coincidentally limiting potential casualties. The University of Canterbury partially reopened on 14 March 2011, with many lectures held in tents and marquees while work was carried out on university buildings. All courses expected to resume by 28 March, with plans for the April break to be shortened by two weeks to make up for lost time. The UC CEISMIC Canterbury Earthquakes Digital Archive programme was established in 2011 by University of Canterbury Professor Paul Millar. It is a project of the Digital Humanities department, with the aim of preserving the knowledge, memories and earthquake experiences of people of the Canterbury region. 163 primary and secondary schools were affected by the earthquake, most of which were closed for three weeks; 90 had full structural clearance and were able to reopen, 24 had reports indicating further assessment and 11 were seriously damaged. Site-sharing plans were made to enable affected schools to relocate, while 9 "learning hubs" were established throughout the city to provide resources and support for students needing to work from home. Some students relocated to other centres – by 5 March, a total of 4879 Christchurch students had enrolled in other schools across New Zealand. Wānaka Primary School alone had received 115 new enrolments as Christchurch families moved to their holiday homes in the town. Due to the extensive damage of a number of secondary schools, many were forced to share with others, allowing one school to use the ground in the morning and the other in the afternoon. This included Shirley Boys' High School sharing with Papanui High School, Linwood College sharing with Cashmere High School and Avonside Girls High School sharing with Burnside High School and Marian College sharing with St Bedes College and Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti sharing with Halswell Residential College. Linwood College and Shirley Boys' High School moved back to their original sites on 1 August (the first day of Term 3), and 13 September 2011 respectively. Avonside Girls' High School returned to its original site at the start of 2012. Marian College did not return to the original site in Shirley but instead moved to a site at Cathedral College on Barbadoes Street. Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti could not return to its central city buildings due to demolitions and it has no long term site. In September 2012, Minister of Education Hekia Parata announced plans to permanently close and/or merge a number of schools due to falling roll numbers and quake damage. The proposals were heavily criticised for relying on incorrect information, leading one school, Phillipstown Primary, to seek a judicial review over its proposed merger with Woolston Primary. The court subsequently ruled in favour of Phillipstown and overturned the merger. The plans were confirmed in February 2013, with seven schools closing, 10 schools merging into five (not including the overturned Phillipstown-Woolston merger), and three high schools taking on additional year levels. Other impact Disruptions to sport Christchurch was set to host five pool matches and two quarter finals of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The International Rugby Board and the New Zealand Rugby World Cup organisers announced in March 2011 that the city would be unable to host the World Cup matches. The quarter final matches were moved to Auckland. New Zealand Cricket's offices were damaged by the earthquake. Some matches needed to be rescheduled. The Super Rugby Round 2 match between the Crusaders and Hurricanes scheduled for 26 February 2011 at Westpac Stadium in Wellington was abandoned. The Crusaders' first two home matches of the season, originally to be played in Christchurch, were moved to Trafalgar Park in Nelson. The Crusaders played their entire home schedule away from Christchurch,. In the ANZ Netball Championship, the earthquake caused significant damage to the Canterbury Tactix's main home venue, CBS Canterbury Arena, and the franchise's head office at Queen Elizabeth II Park. The team's round three match against the Northern Mystics in Auckland was postponed, while their round four home match against the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic was moved to the Energy Events Centre in Rotorua. AMI Stadium was going to host the rugby league ANZAC Test, however, on 4 March it was announced the match would be moved to Skilled Park on the Gold Coast. The Canterbury Rugby League cancelled their pre-season competition. The 2011 Inter Dominion harness racing series was scheduled to be held at Addington Raceway in March and April however the series was instead contested in Auckland. The public grandstand at Addington was later demolished due to damage from the earthquake and aftershocks. Postponement of census The chief executive of Statistics New Zealand, Geoff Bascand, announced on 25 February that the national census planned for 8 March 2011 would not take place due to the disruption and displacement of people in the Canterbury region, and the loss of Statistics New Zealand's Christchurch building where census information was to be processed. The cancellation required an amendment to the Statistics Act 1975, which legally requires a census to be taken every five years. The Governor-General also had to revoke his previous proclamation of the date of the census. It is the third time the census has been cancelled in New Zealand; the other occasions occurred in 1931, due to the Great Depression, and in 1941 due to World War II. Much of the NZ$90 million cost of the 2011 census was written off. The census was ultimately deferred to 5 March 2013. Population loss In the year to June 2011, the population of Christchurch had fallen by 8,900 people or 2.4% of its population, with a historic annual population growth of 1%. It is estimated that 10,600 people moved away from Christchurch, with the 1,700 people difference to the population loss explained through some people moving to Christchurch. Statistics New Zealand expects Christchurch's population growth rate to return to pre-earthquake levels. The surrounding districts, Selwyn and Waimakariri, have two of the three highest growth rates in New Zealand, at 2.2% and 1.6%, respectively. In October 2008, the population of the Christchurch main urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, had for the first time exceeded the Wellington equivalent (at 386,100 versus 386,000), which made Christchurch the second largest city in New Zealand (after Auckland). The population loss caused by the earthquake reversed this, with the Wellington main urban area back in second position. Statistics New Zealand's main urban area definition for Christchurch includes Kaiapoi, which belongs to Waimakariri District, and Prebbleton, which belongs to Selwyn District. Porirua, Upper Hutt, and Lower Hutt, all outside of the Wellington City Council area, are included in the Wellington main urban area definition. Looking at territorial areas only, i.e. not including outlying urban areas from other districts, Christchurch continues to have a significantly larger population than Wellington. Economic impact In April 2013 the Government estimated the total cost of the rebuild would be as much as $40 billion, up from an earlier estimate of $30 billion. Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover. The earthquake was the most damaging in a year-long earthquake swarm affecting the Christchurch area. It was followed by a large aftershock on 13 June (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of large shocks on 23 December 2011. Finance Minister Bill English advised that the effects of the 2011 quake were likely to be more costly than the September 2010 quake. His advice was that the 2011 earthquake was a "new event" and that EQC's reinsurance cover was already in place after the previous 2010 event. New Zealand's Earthquake Commission (EQC), a government organisation, levies policyholders to cover a major part of the earthquake risk. The EQC further limits its own risk by taking out cover with a number of large reinsurance companies, for example Munich Re. The EQC pays out the first NZ$1.5 billion in claims, and the reinsurance companies are liable for all amounts between NZ$1.5 billion and NZ$4 billion. The EQC again covers all amounts above NZ$4 billion. EQC chief executive Ian Simpson said that the $4 billion cap for each earthquake is unlikely to be exceeded by the costs of residential building and land repairs, so $3 billion would be left in the EQC's Natural Disaster Fund after payouts. Claims from the 2010 shock were estimated at NZ$2.75–3.5 billion. Prior to the 2010 quake, the EQC had a fund of NZ$5.93 billion according to the EQC 2010 Annual Report, with NZ$4.43 billion left prior to the 2011 quake, after taking off the NZ$1.5 billion cost. EQC cover for domestic premises entitles the holder to up to NZ$100,000 plus tax (GST) for each dwelling, with any further amount above that being paid by the policyholder's insurance company. For personal effects, EQC pays out the first NZ$20,000 plus tax. It also covers land damage within 8 metres of a home; this coverage is uncapped. Commercial properties are not insured by the EQC, but by private insurance companies. These insurers underwrite their commercial losses to reinsurers, who will again bear the brunt of these claims. JPMorgan Chase & Co say the total overall losses related to this earthquake may be US$12 billion. That would make it the third most costly earthquake event in history, after the 2011 Japan and 1994 California earthquakes. Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee echoed that fewer claims were expected through the EQC than for 2010. In the 2010 earthquake, 180,000 claims were processed as opposed to the expected 130,000 claims for the 2011 aftershock. The total number of claims for the two events was expected to be 250,000, as Brownlee explained that many of the claims were "overlapping". The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) announced it would be the largest single event they had paid out for, with an estimated 7,500 injury claims costing over $200 million. On 2 March 2011, John Key said he expected an interest rate cut to deal with the earthquake. The reaction to the statement sent the New Zealand dollar down. In January 2013 Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee said repairs to damaged homes to date had totalled more than $1 billion. A KPMG survey in March 2013 suggested as much as $1.5 billion could be sucked from the rebuild in fraud. In March 2013 a researcher at the University of Canterbury said after the quake, residents – particularly women – turned to comfort food and began eating unhealthily. Mental health The Christchurch earthquake of 2011 had widespread mental health effects on the population. Research following the Christchurch earthquakes has shown that increasing exposure to the damage and trauma of a natural disaster is correlated with an increase in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Those with the most exposure suffer the most from mental health deficits, compared with those that are relatively unaffected. Increases in trauma exposure are related to increased dependence on alcohol and nicotine, as well as prescribed psychiatric medication. In addition, in the year after the 2011 earthquake there was a significant increase in cardiovascular disease and heart attacks amongst those whose houses were most damaged. This information is important to consider when reacting to future earthquakes and other natural disasters. There is evidence that suggests that the mental health effects of natural disasters can be debilitating and detrimental to the community affected. Evidence from research on the Christchurch earthquakes reveals that increased trauma exposure is not exclusively correlated with negative outcomes. Those with relatively high exposure to earthquake damage show an increase in positive effects, including an increase in personal strength, growth in social relationships, the bringing of families closer, and realizing what's important in life. It's thought that natural disasters, such as earthquakes, are able to induce these positive effects because they affect an entire community, in comparison to an event that targets only an individual. The damage on a community can lead members to engage in pro-social behaviors which are driven by empathy and desire to support others who have endured a similar traumatizing experience. Positive effects, such as a greater sense of community connection, can aide in helping the community heal as a whole. Implemented programs can use this knowledge to help survivors focus on the positive effects, possibly working with families to help them get through the disaster with the people they feel closest with. Predictors of poor mental health after a trauma, such as mental health status prior to a trauma and individual characteristics, can help determine those who will be more vulnerable to developing mental health problems. Those that exhibit lower mental health prior to an earthquake will be more likely to experience negative life changes than positive life changes with regard to personal strength. Depressive symptoms before a disaster can predict higher chances of developing PTSD following a trauma. People who exhibit lower mental health prior to the trauma don't adapt as well following trauma, and show higher levels of PTSD. Personality traits, such as neuroticism and low self-control are associated with a lower sense of normality following an earthquake, however optimism is predictive of lower and less severe PTSD symptoms. Studying earthquakes has shown to be a difficult task when considering all the limitations created by natural disasters. Clinical interviews are difficult because of the widespread damage to infrastructure and roads, which leads to reliance on self-report. Self-report can introduce bias to results, leading to skewed data. Researchers are unable to reliably compare an individual's mental health status to their health status previous to the trauma because they must rely on retrospective self-report. Retrospective self-report is affected greatly by the individual's current state of distress. The displacement of large numbers of citizens following a trauma poses as a problem for researchers of natural disasters. It is predicted that the people who are displaced experience the worst of the damage, and therefore the reported levels of PTSD and depression are often lower than they would have been had the displaced citizens been available to collect data from. Because large number of citizens are being displaced, it is difficult to find a representative sample population. For example, after the Christchurch earthquakes, studies reported that older educated females of European New Zealand descent were over represented in their sample population, which isn't accurate of the Christchurch population as a whole. Researching the mental health effects of earthquakes and other disasters is important so communities can heal properly after experiencing a traumatic event. This is a difficult topic to research because fixing the physical damage from a disaster is usually the first step a city takes towards recovery. Each individual can react differently to traumatic events, and more research needs to be done to learn how to predict vulnerability and access the effects to find solutions that work best. Because it has been found that different demographics are affected differently, this also needs to be taken into account when finding solutions to aid recovery. Different demographics may benefit from different types of mental counseling to help them recover from trauma. It will be important to have information on a wide variety of demographic groups because the same mental health treatment will not help all of those affected by a trauma. Screen portrayals When A City Falls (2011): feature-length documentary about the 2010 and 2011 quakes in Christchurch directed & produced by Gerard Smyth and released in cinemas in November 2011. Hope and Wire (2014): 3-part television mini-series dramatising the 2011 Christchurch quake. Screened on TV3 in July 2014. Sunday (2014): feature film set in Christchurch one year after the 2011 quake, depicting a young couple living amongst the re-building of the city. See also New Zealand portal List of earthquakes in 2011 List of earthquakes in New Zealand Earthquake Commission Geology of the Canterbury Region List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll Christchurch Central Recovery Plan 2016 Christchurch earthquake 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, New Zealand's deadliest natural disaster References ^ a b "M 6.1 – South Island of New Zealand". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. 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Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ "Quake repairs pass billion-dollar mark". 3 News NZ. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ "Rebuild fraud could top $1.5 billion". 3 News NZ. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013. ^ "Chch women resorting to comfort food". 3 News NZ. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dorahy, M.J., Rowlands, A., Renouf, C., Hanna, D., Britt, E., & Carter, J.D. (2015). Impact of average household income and damage exposure on post-earthquake distress and functioning, A community study following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. British Journal of Psychology, 106, 526–543. ^ a b c d e f g Erskine, N., Daley, V., Stevenson, Su. Rhodes, B., & Becker, L. (2013). Smoking prevalence increases following Canterbury earthquakes. The Scientific World Journal. ^ a b c d e f g Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, J., Boden, J.M., & Mulder, R.T. (2014). Impact of a major disaster on the mental health of a well-studied cohort. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(9), 1025–1031. ^ a b c d e Fergusson, D.M., Boden, J.M., Horwood, L.J., & Mulder, R.T. (2015). Perceptions of distress and positive consequences following exposure to a major disaster amongst a well-studied cohort. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(4), 351–9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kuijer, R.G., Marshall, E.M., & Bishop, A.N. (2014). Prospective predictors of short-term adjustment after the Canterbury earthquakes: Personality and depression. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 6(4), 361–9. ^ a b c d e Surgenor, L.J., Snell, D.L., & Dorathy, M.L. (2015). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in Police Staff 12–18 months after the Canterbury earthquakes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 162–6. ^ Teng, Andrea M.; Blakely, Tony; Ivory, Vivienne; Kingham, Simon; Cameron, Vicky (2017). "Living in areas with different levels of earthquake damage and association with risk of cardiovascular disease: a cohort-linkage study". The Lancet. Planetary Health. 1 (6): e242–e253. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30101-8. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 29851609. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Marshall, E.M., Frazier, P., Frankfurt, S., & Kuijer, R.G. (2015). Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 7(2), 112–121. ^ "'When A City Falls' – Movie Review". morefm.co.nz. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014. ^ "Hope and Wire". nzonair.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014. ^ "Dec 20: New release movie SUNDAY". raglan23.co.nz. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014. Further reading "The Canterbury Earthquakes: Scientific answers to critical questions" (PDF). Royal Society of New Zealand. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2011. Creusons plus! " CHCH earthquake updates and stories in French from the French Blend Martin Van Beynen, Trapped: Remarkable Stories of Survival from the 2011 Canterbury Earthquake, Penguin, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Canterbury earthquake. Official response and recovery Canterbury Earthquake – information for affected residents Canterbury earthquake recovery – New Zealand Government website Christchurch earthquake official statements at the New Zealand Police Christchurch Quake Map Red zone streetcam from Terralink Christchurch Quake Live Scientific and engineering reports Satellite radar images of earth deformation Earthquake information at Geonet (GNS Science) Wikieducator learning resource . An inquiry into the earthquake developed for students aged 13–17. "Preliminary Report from the Christchurch 22 Feb 2011 6.3mw Earthquake: Pre-1970s RC(reinforced concrete) and RCM(reinforced concrete blocks masonry) Buildings, and Precast Staircase Damage". Archived from the original on 11 March 2011.. (1.04 MB) Retrieved 5 March 2011 The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. News Earthquake news at The Press (Christchurch newspaper) Earthquake photos Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine at Stuff Christchurch earthquake page at TV3 Christchurch Earthquake Video – 22nd February 2011 on YouTube; live footage (24 min) from TV3 broadcast immediately after the earthquake Christchurch earthquake page at Radio Live Visual representation of Christchurch earthquakes since 4 September 2010 Videos at Educated Earth Documentaries 1996 Christchurch documentary why buildings collapse, predicting many of the 2011 events vteChristchurch earthquakesEarthquakesLocated in or near Christchurch June 1869 September 2010 Boxing Day 2010 February 2011 June 2011 December 2011 February 2016 Located elsewhere causingdamage in Christchurch 1855 Wairarapa 1881 Castle Hill 1888 North Canterbury 1901 Cheviot 1922 Motunau 2016 Kaikōura BuildingsLost Bus Exchange Christchurch Central Library Te Pae Convention Centre Crowne Plaza The Civic Clarendon Tower Cranmer Centre Cranmer Court CTV Building Durham Street Methodist Church Excelsior Hotel Guthrey Centre Hornby Clocktower Hotel Grand Chancellor Linwood House Lyttelton Borough Council Chambers Lyttelton Road Tunnel Administration Building Lyttelton Times Building Majestic Theatre Manchester Courts Oxford Terrace Baptist Church PGC building Press Building St John's Church St Luke's Church St Paul's Church Warner's Hotel Weston House Westpac Canterbury Centre Wharetiki House Demolition Implosion of Radio Network House Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament Central Police Station Lancaster Park Music Centre of Christchurch Twinkle Toes Damaged withuncertain future Antonio Hall Odeon Theatre Remaining Antigua Boat Sheds Arts Centre (Dux de Lux, Registry Building) Bridge of Remembrance Canterbury Club Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings Chief Post Office Christchurch Art Gallery Christ Church Cathedral Christchurch Club St Michael Church Citizens' War Memorial City Mall Curator's House Forsyth Barr Building Godley Statue Isaac Theatre Royal Knox Church McDougall Art Gallery McLean's Mansion Midland Club Building New Brighton Pier New Regent Street Lyttelton Timeball Station Old Government Building Our City Peterborough Centre Public Trust Building Riccarton House Rolleston Statue Scott Statue Shand's Emporium Sign of the Kiwi St Saviour's Chapel Town Hall Trinity Congregational Church Victoria Clock Tower Victoria Mansions Worcester Chambers New 185 empty chairs (unofficial memorial) Cardboard Cathedral Christchurch Catholic Cathedral Pallet Pavilion Re:START Lists historic places tall buildings LandCategories Central City Red Zone Residential red zone (East Lake) TC3 Suburbs worst affected Central City Avonside Avondale Dallington Bexley Southshore Brooklands Kaiapoi PeopleAssociated with earthquakes Ann Brower Gerry Brownlee Kaila Colbin Clayton Cosgrove Ruth Dyson Antony Gough John Hamilton Andrew Holden Warwick Isaacs Sam Johnson André Lovatt Neil MacLean Tony Marryatt John Ombler Bob Parker Nigel Priestley Mark Quigley Alan Reay Ken Ring Gerald Shirtcliff Roger Sutton Deon Swiggs Coralie Winn Died in earthquake Jo Giles Amanda Hooper Recovery Plan (1) The Frame (Margaret Mahy Playground) (2) Te Pae Convention Centre (3) Christchurch Stadium (4) Metro Sports Facility (5) Bus Interchange (6) Avon River Precinct (7) Te Puna Ahurea Cultural Centre (8) The Square (9) Performing Arts Precinct (10) Justice and Emergency Services Precinct (11) Health Precinct (12) Cricket Oval (13) Residential Demonstration Project (14) Tūranga (Central Library) (15) Innovation Precinct (16) Retail Precinct Earthquake Memorial (official) OrganisationsPublic sector CCDU CERA Christchurch City Council Civil Defence Regenerate Christchurch SCIRT Selwyn District Council Waimakariri District Council Private and voluntary sector Farmy Army Gap Filler Greening the Rubble Ministry of Awesome Student Volunteer Army The Press Services Christchurch Recovery Map The Shuttle Legislation Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act 2010 Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011 Commission of Inquiry Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission Mark Cooper (chair) Ron Carter (commissioner) Richard Fenwick (commissioner) vte← Earthquakes in 2011 →January Tirúa, Chile (7.1, Jan 2) Balochistan, Pakistan (7.2, Jan 19) February Christchurch, New Zealand (6.3, Feb 22)† March Sendai, Japan (7.2, Mar 9) Yunnan, China (5.4, Mar 10) Tōhoku, Japan (Great East Japan) (9.1, Mar 11)†‡ Sakae, Japan (6.7, Mar 11) Nagano, Japan (6.7, Mar 12) Shizuoka, Japan (6.0, Mar 15) Shan State, Myanmar (6.8, Mar 24)† April Miyagi, Japan (7.1, Apr 7) Fukushima, Japan (6.6, Apr 11) May Guerrero, Mexico (5.7, May 5) Lorca, Spain (5.1, May 11) Simav, Turkey (5.8, May 19) June Christchurch, New Zealand (6.3, June 13) July Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) (6.2, July 19) August Trinidad, Colorado (5.3, Aug 22) Mineral, Virginia (5.8, Aug 23) September Aceh Singkil, Indonesia (6.7, Sep 6) Sikkim, India (6.8, Sep 18)† October Van, Turkey (7.2, Oct 23)† November Prague, Oklahoma (5.7, Nov 6) Van, Turkey (5.6, Nov 10)† December Guerrero, Mexico (6.5, Dec 10) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year vteEarthquakes in New ZealandPre-colonisation 1100 Alpine Fault 1460 Wellington 1600s Alpine Fault 1717 Alpine Fault 1815 New Plymouth 1817 Fiordland 1826 Fiordland 1835 Auckland 1838 Waitotara Forest 19th century 1843 Wanganui† 1848 Marlborough† 1855 Wairarapa† 1863 Hawke's Bay 1868 Cape Farewell 1869 Christchurch 1888 North Canterbury† 20th century 1901 Cheviot† 1904 Cape Turnagain† 1914 East Cape† 1921 Kaweka Forest 1929 Arthur's Pass 1929 Murchison† 1931 Hawke's Bay† 1934 Pahiatua† June 1942 Wairarapa† August 1942 Wairarapa 1947 Gisborne 1968 Inangahua† 1979 Invercargill 1986 Raoul Island 1987 Edgecumbe 21st century 2003 Fiordland 2004 Tasman Sea 2007 Gisborne 2009 Fiordland 2010 Canterbury February 2011 Christchurch† June 2011 Christchurch† 2013 Seddon 2014 Eketāhuna 2016 Christchurch 2016 Te Araroa 2016 Kaikōura† 2021 Kermadec Islands Related articles Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act 2010 Earthquake Commission † indicates earthquake known to have resulted in fatalities vte Seismic faults of New ZealandNorth IslandNorth Island Fault System Kaweka Fault Mohaka Fault Patoka Fault Ruahine Fault Rukumoana Fault Te Whaiti Fault Waimana Fault Waiohau Fault Waiotahi Fault Wairarapa Fault Wellington Fault Wheao Fault Whakatane Fault Taupō Volcanic Zone (Taupo Rift) Aratiatia Fault Edgecumbe Fault Matata Fault Manawahe Fault Haukari West Whangamata Fault Horohoro Fault Kaiapo Fault Karioi Fault Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault National Park Fault Ohakune Fault Orakonui Fault Paeroa Fault Poutu Fault Zone Puketarata Fault Rangipo Fault Raurimu Fault Taupō Fault Belt Thorpe - Poplar Fault Upper Waikato Stream Fault Wahianoa Fault Waihi Fault Zone Waipuna Fault Hauraki Rift Firth of Thames Fault Hauraki Fault Kerepehi Fault Auckland regional faults Wairoa North Fault South IslandAlpine Fault Marlborough fault system Awatere Fault Clarence Fault Elliott Fault Hope Fault Kekerengu Fault Wairau Fault Canterbury fault system Hundalee Fault Christchurch Fault Greendale Fault Port Hills Fault Ostler Fault Zone Otago fault system Akatore Fault Green Island Fault Kaikorai Fault Titri Fault Hyde Fault OtherPredominantly oceanic faults Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone (Hikurangi Margin) Macquarie Fault Faults in New Zealand List of earthquakes in New Zealand Pacific Plate Indo-Australian Plate Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch earthquake (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_earthquake_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"June 2011 Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"local time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoNet_Technical-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoNet_Details-10"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw"},{"link_name":"ML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#ML"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_usp000huvq_region-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-now184-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listdeceased-8"},{"link_name":"New Zealand's fifth-deadliest disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_New_Zealand_by_death_toll"},{"link_name":"Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake"},{"link_name":"liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction"},{"link_name":"silt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"the 21st-most-expensive disaster in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_by_cost"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"February 2011 earthquake in New Zealand\"Christchurch earthquake\" redirects here. For other uses, see Christchurch earthquake (disambiguation).For the aftershock that occurred on 13 June 2011, see June 2011 Christchurch earthquake.A major earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC, 21 February).[2][10] The Mw6.2 (ML6.3) earthquake struck the Canterbury region in the South Island, centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the central business district.[11] It caused widespread damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people[7][8] in New Zealand's fifth-deadliest disaster.Christchurch's central city and eastern suburbs were badly affected, with damage to buildings and infrastructure already weakened by the magnitude 7.1 Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010 and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt. The earthquake was felt across the South Island and parts of the lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only lasted for approximately 10 seconds, the damage was severe because of the location and shallowness of the earthquake's focus in relation to Christchurch as well as previous quake damage. Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent, to decrease from second- to third-most populous area in New Zealand. Adjusted for inflation, the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes caused over $44.8 billion in damages, making it New Zealand's costliest natural disaster and the 21st-most-expensive disaster in history.[12][13][14]","title":"2011 Christchurch earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch,_New_Zealand_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch,_New_Zealand_map.svg"},{"link_name":"aftershock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershock"},{"link_name":"2010 Canterbury earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake"},{"link_name":"GNS Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNS_Science"},{"link_name":"Geoscience Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia"},{"link_name":"fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnderson-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch_quake_cars,_2011-02-22.jpg"},{"link_name":"epicentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_Herald_%E2%80%94_Things_to_Come-18"},{"link_name":"peak ground acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockfall-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChchOverview-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HERA-23"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_River_/_%C5%8Ct%C4%81karo"},{"link_name":"Heathcote Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathcote_River"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"class=notpageimage\| Location of the 12:51pm quake epicentre in ChristchurchThe 6.3-magnitude earthquake may have been an aftershock of the 7.1-magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. New Zealand's GNS Science has stated that the earthquake was part of the aftershock sequence that has been occurring since the September magnitude-7.1 quake, however a seismologist from Geoscience Australia considers it a separate event given its location on a separate fault system.[15][16]Results of liquefaction; the fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run offAlthough smaller in magnitude than the 2010 earthquake, the February earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from the previous quakes.[17][18] The peak ground acceleration (PGA) was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement was \"almost impossible\" for buildings to survive intact.[19] Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt[20][21] which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which \"may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city\".[22] 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged.[23] The earthquake also caused an increased spring activity in the Avon and Heathcote Rivers.[24]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChchOverview-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch_from_space,_4_March_2011,_showing_quake_shaking_strength,_with_key.png"},{"link_name":"Earthquake Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Commission"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnderson-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Fault","text":"GNS Science stated that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 km x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills.\"[22]Satellite picture showing shaking strength(click to enlarge)While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on \"blind\" or unknown faults, New Zealand's Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction.[16][25]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Canterbury_earthquake_intensity.jpg"},{"link_name":"peak ground acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration"},{"link_name":"acceleration of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCarter-26"},{"link_name":"Heathcote Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathcote_Valley"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoNet_Story-27"},{"link_name":"MMI X+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale#Modified_Mercalli_Intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allott-Gorman-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCarter-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-Allen-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chug24-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndFault-31"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_City#Geography"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"2010 Haiti earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-Allen-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockfall-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin-Allen-29"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godedetal19-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndFault-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dearnaley-34"},{"link_name":"subsurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston28-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PortHills-36"},{"link_name":"strike-slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike-slip"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockfall-19"},{"link_name":"reverse thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip-slip_faults"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geonet23-37"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockfall-19"},{"link_name":"GNS Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNS_Science"},{"link_name":"ground motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_motion"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"maximum considered events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_considered_event"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HERA-23"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dearnaley-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAnderson-16"},{"link_name":"Port Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hills"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davison25-39"},{"link_name":"liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockfall-19"}],"sub_title":"Intensity","text":"Earthquake intensity mapInitial measurement of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1.8 g (i.e. 1.8 times the acceleration of gravity),[26] with the highest recording 2.2 g, at Heathcote Valley Primary School,[27] a shaking intensity equivalent to MMI X+.[28] Subsequent analysis revised the Heathcote Valley Primary School acceleration down to 1.37 g, with the 1.89 g reading at Pages Road Pumping Station in Christchurch revised down to 1.51 g.[3][4] Nevertheless, these were the highest PGAs ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the September 2010 event was 1.26 g, recorded near Darfield.[26] The PGA is also one of the greatest-ever ground accelerations recorded in the world,[29] and was unusually high for a 6.2 quake,[30] and the highest in a vertical direction.[31] The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0.574 and 0.802 g.[32] As a comparison, the 7.0 Mw 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0.5 g.[29] The acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction,[19] with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air.[29]The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was assigned XI (Extreme).[33]The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0.9 g; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1.7 g[31] The force of the earthquake was \"statistically unlikely\" to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with a PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand.[34] Although the rupture was subsurface, satellite images indicated that the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the earthquake.[35] Land movement was varied around the area horizontally—in both east and west directions—and vertically; the Port Hills were raised by 40 cm.[36]The earthquake was a \"strike-slip event with oblique motion\" which caused mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement,[19] with reverse thrust causing upwards vertical movement.[37][failed verification] The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration.[19]The current New Zealand building code requires a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event. Initial reports by GNS Science suggested that ground motion \"considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions\",[38] beyond maximum considered events (MCE).[23] By comparison, the 2010 quake—in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings—exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings.[34] The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would \"totally flatten\" most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealand's stringent building codes limited the disaster.[16] It is also possible that \"seismic lensing\" contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city.[39] Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 earthquake.[19]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aftershocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershocks"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashock-42"},{"link_name":"Greendale Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greendale_Fault"},{"link_name":"Richter scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Kaikōura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura"},{"link_name":"Oamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oamaru"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashock-42"},{"link_name":"NZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZT"},{"link_name":"Taylors Mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Mistake"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"A 6.0 tremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoNet_June_Technical-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoNet_June_Details-46"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton Timeball Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton_Timeball_Station"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeonetAftershocks-58"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Aftershocks","text":"The earthquake generated a significant series of its own aftershocks. More than 361 aftershocks occurred in the first week following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake.The largest was a magnitude 5.9 tremor which occurred just under two hours after the main earthquake.[40]\nA 5.3-magnitude aftershock on 16 April,[41] the largest for several weeks, caused further damage, including power cuts and several large rock falls.[42]\nAn aftershock from the Greendale Fault measuring 5.3 on the Richter scale hit the region on 10 May. It cut power to homes and businesses for several minutes and caused further damage to buildings in the city centre. No deaths or injuries were reported. It was felt as far away as Dunedin and Greymouth.[43]\nOn 6 June, a large aftershock measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale occurred and was felt as far away as Kaikōura and Oamaru.[42]\nA series of aftershocks occurred on 13 June. A tremor of 5.7 on the Richter scale was felt at 1 pm NZT, with a depth of 9 km, its epicentre at Taylors Mistake.[44] A 6.0 tremor occurred just over an hour later, with a depth of 7 km,[45] located 5 km south-east of the city.[46] Power was cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed[47] and Christchurch Cathedral sustained more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured.[48][49] These were followed by a magnitude 5.4 quake at a depth of 8 km and centred 10 km south-west of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on 21 June 2011.[50]\n23 December 2011 featured another series of strong shocks, including a 5.8 at 1:58 pm and a 6.0 at 3:18 pm.[51][52][53] The earthquakes interrupted power and water supplies,[54] three unoccupied buildings collapsed and there was again liquefaction in eastern suburbs and rockfalls in hill areas.[55][56] One person died after tripping on uneven ground caused by the earthquake.[57]Below is a list of all aftershocks of Richter, moment, and body-wave magnitudes 5.0 and above that occurred in the region between 22 February 2011 and 15 January 2012.[58][failed verification]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of tallest buildings in Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Christchurch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fitzgerald_Avenue_94.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avon River / Ōtākaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_River_/_%C5%8Ct%C4%81karo"},{"link_name":"Fitzgerald Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Avenues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Canterbury_Television_(CTV)_building,_24_February_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"CTV Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Building"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Soil liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radionz1-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"See also: List of tallest buildings in ChristchurchLiquefaction adjacent to the Avon River / Ōtākaro caused lateral spread in Fitzgerald Avenue, causing severe damage115 bodies were recovered from the CTV Building, which collapsed during the quakeRoad and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts.[59] Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred.[60] Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks.[61] A number of cars were crushed by falling debris.[62] In the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings.[63] Because the earthquake hit during the lunch hour, some people on the footpaths were buried by collapsed buildings.[64]","title":"Damage and effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unreinforced masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreinforced_masonry_building"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cumming5-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"four avenues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_avenues"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Chancellor-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Grand_Chancellor,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Television (CTV) building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Building"},{"link_name":"lift shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_shaft"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listdeceased-8"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyne_Gould_Building_destroyed_by_earthquake,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_-_20110224.jpg"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Pyne Gould Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_Island_companies"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Forsyth Barr Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_Barr_Building"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahana-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_-_2011_earthquake_damage.jpg"},{"link_name":"ChristChurch Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristChurch_Cathedral,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"June 2011 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"rose window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Diocesan Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_Synod"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Cardboard Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Hotel Grand Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Grand_Chancellor,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahana-77"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch,_NZ_(2603214481).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch_33.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"St Elmo Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Elmo_Courts"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_demo-93"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Provincial_Council_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-17"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Our City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_City,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25_Feb_2011_Oxford_Tce_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford Terrace Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Terrace_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"St Luke's Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Durham Street Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Street_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"St Paul's-Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Oxford Terrace Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Terrace_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Avonside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Avonside"},{"link_name":"Sydenham Heritage Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Heritage_Church"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Central city","text":"Damage occurred to many older buildings, particularly those with unreinforced masonry and those built before stringent earthquakes codes were introduced.[65] On 28 February 2011, the Prime Minister announced that there would be an inquiry into the collapse of buildings that had been signed off as safe after the previous earthquake on 4 September 2010, \"to provide answers to people about why so many people lost their lives.\"[66][67]Of the 3,000 buildings inspected within the four avenues which bound the central business district by 3 March 2011, 45% had been given red or yellow stickers to restrict access because of the safety problems. Many heritage buildings were given red stickers after inspections.[68] As of February 2015, there had been 1240 demolitions within the bounds of the four avenues since the September 2010 earthquakes.[69]The Grand Chancellor had to be demolishedThe six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building collapsed in the earthquake, leaving only its lift shaft standing, which caught fire. 115 people died in the building, which housed a TV station, a medical clinic and an English language school.[70] On 23 February police decided that the damage was not survivable, and rescue efforts at the building were suspended.[8] Fire-fighting and recovery operations resumed that night,[71] later joined by a Japanese search and rescue squad. Twelve Japanese students from the Toyama College of Foreign Languages died in the building collapse.[72] A government report later found that the building's construction was faulty and should not have been approved.[73]PGC House, following the February 2011 quakeThe four-storey Pyne Gould Guinness (PGC) House[74] on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, with 18 casualties. On Wednesday morning, 22 hours after the quake, a survivor was pulled from the rubble.[75] The reinforced concrete building had been constructed in 1963–1964.[76]The Forsyth Barr Building survived the earthquake but many occupants were trapped after the collapse of the stairwells, forcing some to abseil out after the quake.[77] Search of the building was technically difficult for USAR teams, requiring the deconstruction of 4-tonne stair sets, but the building was cleared with no victims discovered.[78]The Anglican ChristChurch Cathedral was severely damaged in the earthquakeThe earthquake destroyed the ChristChurch Cathedral's spire and part of its tower, and severely damaged the structure of the remaining building.[79] The remainder of the tower was demolished in March 2012. The west wall suffered collapses in the June 2011 earthquake and the December 2011 quake[80] due to a steel structure – intended to stabilise the rose window – pushing it in. The Anglican Church decided to demolish the building and replace it with a new structure, but various groups opposed the church's intentions, with actions including taking a case to court. While the judgements were mostly in favour of the church, no further demolition occurred after the removal of the tower in early 2012. Government expressed its concern over the stalemate and appointed an independent negotiator and in September 2017, the Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that ChristChurch Cathedral will be reinstated[81] after promises of extra grants and loans from local and central government.[82] By mid-2019 early design and stabilisation work had begun.[83] Since 15 August 2013 the cathedral congregation has worshipped at the Cardboard Cathedral.Christchurch Hospital was partly evacuated due to damage in some areas,[84] but remained open throughout to treat the injured.On 23 February, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Christchurch's tallest hotel, was reported to be on the verge of collapse.[85] The 26-storey building was displaced by half a metre in the quake and had dropped by 1 metre on one side; parts of the emergency stairwells collapsed.[77] The building was thought to be irreparably damaged and have the potential to bring down other buildings if it fell; an area of a two-block radius around the hotel was thus evacuated.[86][87] The building was eventually stabilised and, on 4 March it was decided the building would be demolished over the following six months,[88] so that further work could be done with the buildings nearby.[89] Demolition was completed in May 2012. The 21-storey PricewaterhouseCoopers building, the city's tallest office tower, was among the office buildings to be later demolished.[90][91]The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament before the earthquake.The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament after the earthquake.The Carlton Hotel, a listed heritage building, was undergoing repairs after the September 2010 earthquake damage when the February 2011 earthquake damaged the building further. It was deemed unstable and demolished in April 2011.[92] St Elmo Courts had been damaged in the September 2010 earthquake and the owner intended to repair the building, but further damage caused by the February 2011 event resulted in a decision to demolish, which was done the following month.[93]The historic Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings were severely damaged, with the Stone Chamber completely collapsing.[17][94]The second civic office building of Christchurch City Council, Our City, had already been damaged in the September earthquake and was heavily braced following the February event.The Civic, the council's third home, was heavily damaged in February and was demolished.[95] Both Our City and the Civic are on the register of Heritage New Zealand.[96][97]The Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament was also severely damaged, with the towers falling. A decision was made to remove the dome because the supporting structure was weakened.[98][99][100]Oxford Terrace Baptist Church was one of many churches damaged by the quakeSeveral other churches were seriously damaged, including: Knox Presbyterian Church, St Luke's Anglican Church, Durham Street Methodist Church, St Paul's-Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church, Oxford Terrace Baptist Church, Holy Trinity Avonside and Holy Trinity, Lyttelton. Sydenham Heritage Church and the Beckenham Baptist Church were heavily damaged, and then demolished days after the earthquake.[101] Concrete block construction fared badly, leaving many modern iconic buildings damaged.[102]","title":"Damage and effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Key"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"soil liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction"},{"link_name":"rockslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockslides"},{"link_name":"residential red zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_red_zone"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EQRecoveryLearning-104"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZ-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Timeball Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton_Timeball_Station"},{"link_name":"earthquake in September 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake"},{"link_name":"magnitude 6.0 aftershock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landmark_Inc_helps_save_Lytellton_Timeball_with...-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_New_Zealand_:_News_:_Christchurch_Earthquake_:_$1m_donation_to_rebuild_timeball:-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagenz-109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54_Raekura_Place,_Redcliffs.JPG"},{"link_name":"Redcliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffs"},{"link_name":"Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Shag Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_Rock"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Redcliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffs"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODT_Feb_2021-118"}],"sub_title":"Suburbs","text":"On 7 March, Prime Minister John Key said that around 10,000 houses would need to be demolished, and liquefaction damage meant that some parts of Christchurch could not be rebuilt on.[103]Residential red zoneSeveral areas in and around Christchurch were deemed infeasible to rebuild due to earthquake damage resulting from soil liquefaction and rockslides. These areas were placed into a residential red zone.[104]LytteltonBuildings in Lyttelton sustained widespread damage, with a fire officer reporting that 60% of the buildings in the main street had been severely damaged.[105] Two people died on local walking tracks after being hit by rockfalls.[106] The town's historic Timeball Station was extensively damaged, adding to damage from the preceding earthquake in September 2010. The station collapsed on 13 June 2011 after a magnitude 6.0 aftershock. In 2013, it was announced that the tower and ball would be restored, and that funds were to be sought from the community to rebuild the rest of the station.[107][108] The restoration was completed in 2018 with the site being reopened in November.[109]54 Raekura Place in Redcliffs was destroyed by rockfallSumnerLandslides occurred in Sumner, crushing buildings.[110][111] Parts of Sumner were evacuated during the night of 22 February after cracks were noticed on a nearby hillside.[112] Three deaths were reported in the Sumner area, according to the Sumner Chief Fire Officer.[113] The Shag Rock, a notable landmark, was reduced to half of its former height.[114]RedcliffsIn contrast to the September 2010 earthquake, Redcliffs and the surrounding hills suffered severe damage. The cliff behind Redcliffs School collapsed onto the houses below.[115] Large boulders were found on the lawns of damaged houses.[116]Twelve streets in Redcliffs were evacuated on the night of 24 February 2015 after some cliffs and hills surrounding Redcliffs were deemed unstable.[117]Redcliffs Primary School, then located at 140 Main Road, right under the cliffs, was moved to Van Asch Deaf Education Centre, 4.5 km from the main site soon afterwards. After 9 years, the school was moved to Redcliffs Park, reopening in July 2020. The cost of the rebuild was $16 million.[118]","title":"Damage and effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"111 emergency network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_(emergency_telephone_number)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tasman_glacier_2011_CHCH_quake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tasman Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Glacier"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Tasman Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Lake"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"KiwiRail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiwiRail"},{"link_name":"TranzAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TranzAlpine"},{"link_name":"Greymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth"},{"link_name":"TranzCoastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TranzCoastal"},{"link_name":"Picton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radionz1-60"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tranzscenic-122"},{"link_name":"Interislander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interislander"},{"link_name":"Aratere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEV_Aratere"},{"link_name":"Cook Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Strait"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Ross Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf"},{"link_name":"Scott Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Base"},{"link_name":"McMurdo Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurdo_Station"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Beyond Christchurch","text":"The quake was felt as far north as Tauranga[119] and as far south as Invercargill, where the 111 emergency network was rendered out of service.[120]Satellite image showing icebergs calved from Tasman Glacier by earthquakeAt the Tasman Glacier some 200 kilometres (120 miles) from the epicentre, around 30 million tonnes (33 million ST) of ice tumbled off the glacier into Tasman Lake, hitting tour boats with tsunami waves 3.5 metres (11 ft) high.[121]KiwiRail reported that the TranzAlpine service was terminating at Greymouth and the TranzCoastal terminating at Picton.[60] The TranzAlpine was cancelled until 4 March, to allow for personnel resources to be transferred to repairing track and related infrastructure, and moving essential freight into Christchurch, while the TranzCoastal was cancelled until mid-August.[122] KiwiRail also delayed 14 March departure of its Interislander ferry Aratere to Singapore for a 30-metre (98 ft) extension and refit prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. With extra passenger and freight movements over Cook Strait following the earthquake, the company would have been unable to cope with just two ships operating on a reduced schedule so soon after the earthquake, so pushed back the departure to the end of April.[123]The earthquake combined with the urgency created by the unseasonably early break-up of sea ice on the Ross Ice Shelf caused logistical problems with the return of Antarctic summer season research operations from Scott Base and McMurdo Station in Antarctica to Christchurch.[124]","title":"Damage and effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZH-toll-125"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Television (CTV) Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Building"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Government"},{"link_name":"state of national emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Red Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bus_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Colombo Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Street"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listdeceased-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listdeceased-8"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unidentified-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listdeceased-8"}],"text":"185 people from more than 20 countries died in the earthquake.[125] Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the earthquake. A state of local emergency was initially declared by the Mayor of Christchurch, which was superseded when the government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011.[126]Of the 185 victims, 115 people died in the CTV Building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of PGC House, and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street.[8] In each of these cases the buildings that collapsed were known to have been appreciably damaged in the September 2010 earthquake but the local authority had permitted the building to be re-occupied (CTV and PGC buildings) or protective barriers adjacent to them moved closer to areas at risk of falling debris (Colombo Street). An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch.[8] Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified.[127] Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries,[128] and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake.[129]\nRescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake.[130]The nationalities of the deceased are as follows.[8]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sink_holes_and_liquefaction_North_New_Brighton_Feb_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefaction"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Civil Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Defence_%26_Emergency_Management_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Civil Defence bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crisis_Management_Centre"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzherald_10708003-134"},{"link_name":"1951 waterfront dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Earthquake-135"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"response management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Response_management&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Crisis Management Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crisis_Management_Centre"},{"link_name":"Beehive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzherald_10708003-134"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"state of national emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emergency-138"},{"link_name":"1951 waterfront dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-139"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Coordinated Incident Management System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Incident_Management_System"},{"link_name":"Civil Defence Emergency Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Defence_%26_Emergency_Management_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"John Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hamilton_(Director_of_the_Minsitry_of_CDEM_and_retired_RNZAF_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Incident_Management_System#Incident_Control"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Gerry Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"text":"The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, ChristchurchImmediately following the earthquake, 80% of Christchurch was without power. Water and wastewater services were disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. Prime Minister John Key confirmed that, \"All Civil Defence procedures have now been activated; the Civil Defence bunker at parliament is in operation here in Wellington.\"[134] It was only the second time that New Zealand had declared a national civil defence emergency; the first occasion was the 1951 waterfront dispute.[135] The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help victims.[136] A full response management structure was put in place within minutes of the quake, with the Christchurch City Council's alternate Emergency Operations Centre re-established in the City Art Gallery and the regional Canterbury CDEM Group Emergency Coordination Centre (ECC) activated in its post-earthquake operational facility adjacent to the Canterbury Regional Council offices. Within two hours of the quake national co-ordination was operating from the National Crisis Management Centre located in the basement of the Beehive in Wellington.[134]A composite \"Christchurch Response Centre\" was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-resilient building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage.[137] On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared the situation a state of national emergency,[138] the country's first for a civil defence emergency (the only other one was for the 1951 waterfront dispute).[139] Meanwhile, the Canterbury CDEM Group ECC had relocated to the fully operational University of Canterbury Innovation (UCi3) building to the West of the city, when the Copthorne Hotel adjacent to the Regional Council offices threatened to fall onto the offices and ECC. Once the composite Christchurch Coordination Centre was established on 23 February the CDEM Group Controllers and ECC personnel relocated to the City Art Gallery to supplement the management personnel available to the National Controller.[citation needed]As per the protocols of New Zealand's Coordinated Incident Management System, the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, and the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan and Guide, Civil Defence Emergency Management became lead agency—with the Director of the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management John Hamilton as National Controller. CDEM were supported by local authorities, New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations.[140]Gerry Brownlee, a Cabinet Minister, had his regular portfolios distributed amongst other cabinet ministers so that he could focus solely on earthquake recovery.[141]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central City Red Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City_Red_Zone"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGS"},{"link_name":"International Charter on Space and Major Disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters"},{"link_name":"MCDEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCDEM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Search_and_rescue_mark_on_Christchurch_earthquake_damaged_building.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of Red Zone","text":"A Central City Red Zone was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in central Christchurch. Both COGIC, French Civil Protection and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services.Search and rescue mark on earthquake damaged building confirming all present have been accounted for","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustPolice-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aussie_cops-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustTribute-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aussie_Police-147"},{"link_name":"coroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Burnham Military Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Military_Camp"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Police2M-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Police2M-148"}],"sub_title":"Police","text":"Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around the country, along with a 323-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total number of officers in the city to 1200.[142][143][144][145][146] Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival.[147] Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of the affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp.[148] They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand[149] Taiwan and Israel.[148]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_urban_search_and_rescue_team_in_Christchurch,_24_February_2011_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"Urban Search and Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Search_and_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone-150"},{"link_name":"urban search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-130J Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130J_Hercules"},{"link_name":"sniffer dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniffer_dogs"},{"link_name":"RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-latest-151"},{"link_name":"Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_Assistance_and_Rescue_Team"},{"link_name":"Singapore Civil Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MINDEF_Singapore-152"},{"link_name":"Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Search_and_Rescue_California_Task_Force_2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"9.0 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"National Fire Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Agency"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Search and rescue","text":"A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV buildingThe New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, with support from the Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams from New Zealand, Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, totalling 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from overseas.[150] They also responded to fires, serious structural damage reports, and landslides working with structural engineers, seismologists and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane and digger operators and demolition experts.NSW Task Force 1, a team of 72 urban search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia was sent to Christchurch on two RAAF C-130J Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the quake. A second team of 70 from Queensland, Queensland Task Force 1, (including three sniffer dogs), was sent the following day on board a RAAF C-17 .[151] A team of 55 Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team members from the Singapore Civil Defence Force were sent.[152] The United States sent Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member heavy rescue team consisting of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment.[153][154]\nJapan sent 70 search-and-rescue personnel including specialists from the coastguard, police and fire fighting service, as well as three sniffer dogs.[155] The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9.0 earthquake which struck Japan on 11 March 2011.[156] The United Kingdom sent a 53 strong search and rescue team including nine Welsh firefighters who had assisted the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[157] Taiwan sent a 22-member team from the National Fire Agency, along with two tons of specialist search and rescue equipment.[158][159] China sent a 10-member specialist rescue team.[160]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DF6-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DF8-163"},{"link_name":"Territorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Army#Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Singapore Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Army"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MINDEF_Singapore-152"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAVS_lined_up_at_Lyttelton_Port,_HMNZS_Canterbury_at_pier.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMNZS Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNZS_Canterbury_(L421)"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"air bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Bell UH-1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1H"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Super King Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNZS_Canterbury_(L421)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"}],"sub_title":"Defence forces","text":"The New Zealand Defence Force—staging their largest-ever operation on New Zealand soil[161]— provided logistics, equipment, transport, airbridges, evacuations, supply and equipment shipments, survey of the Port and harbour, and support to the agencies, including meals; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian aid particularly to Lyttelton, which was isolated from the city in the first days.[162] Over 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved,[163] and Territorials (Army Reserve) were called up.[164] They were supplemented by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for a training exercise at the time of the earthquake, who assisted in the cordon of the city.[152][165]HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quakeThe Royal New Zealand Air Force provided an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using two Boeing 757 and three C-130 Hercules, and bringing in emergency crews and equipment and evacuating North Island residents and tourists out of Christchurch. One P-3 Orion was deployed in the initial stages of the disaster to provide images and photographs of the city. Three RNZAF Bell UH-1H Iroquois helicopters were also used to transport Police, VIP's and aid to locations around Christchurch. Three RNZAF Beechcraft Super King Air aircraft were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The crew of the Navy ship Canterbury, in Lyttelton harbour at the time of the earthquake, provided meals for 1,000 people left homeless in that town,[166] and accommodation for a small number of locals.[167] The Royal Australian Air Force also assisted with air lifts. On one of their journeys, an RAAF Hercules sustained minor damage in an aftershock.[168]The army also operated desalination plants to provide water to the eastern suburbs.[169]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"crisis plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_plan"},{"link_name":"triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-latest-151"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Murray McCully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_McCully"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Medical services","text":"The emergency department of Christchurch Hospital treated 231 patients within one hour of the earthquake. The department responded to the situation by activating their crisis plan, forming 20 trauma teams. After a downturn in demand, a second wave of patients started arriving, many with much more severe injuries. Staff were grateful that they did not have to employ triage, but were able to deal with all patients.[170]A field hospital providing 75 beds was set up in the badly affected eastern suburbs on 24 February.[151] It was equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dental care, isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and to provide primary care since most general practices in the area were unable to open.[171]Australia's foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealand's Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully had asked for further help from Australia. He said Australia would send counsellors over and a disaster medical assistance team comprising 23 emergency and surgical personnel.[172]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"EQC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQC"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"sub_title":"Humanitarian and welfare services","text":"Humanitarian support and welfare were provided by various agencies, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross[173] and the Salvation Army. Welfare Centres and support networks were established throughout the city. Some government departments and church groups provided grants and assistance. Some residents went several days without official contact, so neighbours were encouraged to attend to those around them. Official visitation teams were organised by Civil Defence and there were engineers or assessors from EQC. The primarily wilderness all-volunteer search and rescue organisation, LandSAR, deployed 530 people to the city to perform welfare checks. Over the course of a week, LandSAR teams visited 67,000 premises.[174]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repairing_earthquake_damage_to_valve,_Parkview_School_well,_Christchurch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpower_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"kV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathewson-177"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_New_Zealand_Limited"},{"link_name":"SAIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIDI"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"}],"sub_title":"Infrastructure and services","text":"Workers trying to restore water serviceThe 66 kV subtransmission cables supplying Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from Transpower's Bromley substation were damaged beyond repair, which necessitated the erection of temporary 66 kV overhead lines from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get power into the eastern suburbs.[175] Power had been restored to 82% of households within five days,[176] and to 95% within two weeks.[177] Electricity distribution operator Orion later stated the power outages caused by the earthquake added to 3261 SAIDI minutes, or equivalent to the entire city being without power for 54 hours and 21 minutes.[178]","title":"Emergency management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch_-_2011_earthquake_damage_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"John Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Key"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-65-dead-179"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Bob Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Parker_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_%E2%80%94_New_Zealand_Quake-180"},{"link_name":"water tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tender"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"portaloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_toilet"},{"link_name":"chemical toilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathewson-177"},{"link_name":"Canterbury University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_University"},{"link_name":"Student Volunteer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Army"},{"link_name":"Federated Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Farmers"},{"link_name":"Farmy Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmy_Army"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Rangiora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiora"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"text":"RNZAF aerial survey of damage, showing flooding due to soil liquefaction in ChristchurchOn the day of the earthquake, Prime Minister John Key said that 22 February, \"...may well be New Zealand's darkest day\",[179] and Mayor of Christchurch Bob Parker warned that New Zealanders are \"going to be presented with statistics that are going to be bleak\".[180]Generators were donated, and telephone companies established emergency communications and free calls. The army provided desalination plants, and bottled supplies were sent in by volunteers and companies. With limited water supplies for firefighting, a total fire ban was introduced, and the fire service brought in water tankers from other centres.[181][182] Mains water supply was re-established to 70% of households within one week.[183] Waste water and sewerage systems were severely damaged. Thousands of portaloos and chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and overseas were brought into the city.[184] Community laundries were set up in affected suburbs.[185] Portable shower units were also established in the eastern suburbs.[177]Thousands of people helped with the clean-up efforts—involving the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction silt—including Canterbury University's Student Volunteer Army which was created in response to the earthquake that September and the Federated Farmers' \"Farmy Army\".[186] The \"Rangiora Earthquake Express\" provided over 250 tonnes of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot meals, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck.[187]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillard-188"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar"},{"link_name":"NZ$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OANDA-190"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff-latest-151"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OANDA-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff-192"},{"link_name":"Kamalesh Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalesh_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-193"},{"link_name":"CTV Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Building"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-193"},{"link_name":"Chinese Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Wen Jiabao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"sub_title":"International offers of support","text":"\"I know that [Australians'] thoughts are with the people of New Zealand as they grapple with this enormous tragedy in Christchurch. ... We will be doing everything we can to work with our New Zealand family, with Prime Minister Key and his emergency services personnel, his military officers, his medical people, his search and rescue teams. We will be working alongside them to give as much relief and assistance to New Zealand as we possibly can.\"\n\n\nAustralian Prime Minister Julia Gillard on the earthquake.[188]Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard offered Australia's assistance.[189]\nThe Australian Government also pledged A$5 million (NZ$6.7 million[190]) to the Red Cross Appeal.[151] On 1 March, it was announced that the New South Wales Government would be donating A$1 million (NZ$1.3 million[190]) to the victims of the Christchurch earthquake.[191]The UN and the European Union offered assistance.[192] Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretary-General, sent a message of support to the Prime Minister and stated \"our heart and condolences go immediately to the bereaved.\" He added that the thoughts and prayers of the Commonwealth were with the citizens of New Zealand, and Christchurch especially.[193]Sixty-six Japanese USAR members and three specialist search and rescue dogs arrived in Christchurch within two days of the February earthquake. They started work immediately in a multi-agency response to the collapse of the CTV Building on Madras Street. Many of the people trapped in that building were Japanese and other foreign English language students.[194]Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper released a statement saying: \"The thoughts and prayers of Canadians are with all those affected by the earthquake. Canada is standing by to offer any possible assistance to New Zealand in responding to this natural disaster.\"[195][196]David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, issued a statement and sent SMS text messages to Commonwealth prime ministers. In his formal statement, he commented that the loss of life was \"dreadful\" and the \"thoughts and prayers of the British people were with them\".[197]Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, issued a statement on behalf of the UN expressing his \"deep sadness\" and stressed the \"readiness of the United Nations to contribute to its efforts in any way needed\".[193]China gave US$500,000 to the earthquake appeal, and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao expressed his deep condolences to New Zealand.[198] Twenty Chinese students were reported missing following the quake.[199]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Associated_Press-200"},{"link_name":"New Zealand throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"New Zealand's governor-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-193"}],"sub_title":"Other messages of support","text":"The Queen of New Zealand said she was \"utterly shocked\" and her \"thoughts were with all those affected\".[200] Her son and heir to the New Zealand throne, The Prince of Wales, also said to New Zealand's governor-general and prime minister: \"My wife and I were horrified when we heard the news early this morning... The scale of the destruction all but defies belief when we can appreciate only too well how difficult it must have been struggling to come to terms with last year's horror ... Our deepest sympathy and constant thoughts are with you and all New Zealanders.\"[201]Barack Obama, President of the United States, issued a statement from the White House Press Office on the disaster by way of an official announcement that \"On behalf of the American people, Michelle and I extend our deepest condolences to the people of New Zealand and to the families and friends of the victims in Christchurch, which has suffered its second major earthquake in just six months... As our New Zealand friends move forward, may they find some comfort and strength in knowing that they will have the enduring friendship and support of many partners around the world, including the United States.\" The President also made a call to Prime Minister Key.[202]Pope Benedict XVI issued an announcement on the earthquake in a statement during his Wednesday audience on 23 February, stating that he was praying for the dead and the injured victims of the devastating earthquake, and encouraging those involved in the rescue efforts.[193]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basin Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_Reserve"},{"link_name":"ex-New Zealand internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_cricketers"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_4764707-203"},{"link_name":"Daniel Vettori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vettori"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Sonny Bill Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bill_Williams"},{"link_name":"Sky Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Television_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3_News_216501-207"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Miho Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miho_Wada"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"}],"sub_title":"Fundraising and charity events","text":"Various sporting events were set up to raise money, such as the \"Fill the Basin\" cricket match at the Basin Reserve, featuring ex-New Zealand internationals, All Blacks and actors from The Hobbit, which raised more than $500,000.[203] New Zealand cricket team captain Daniel Vettori put his personal memorabilia up for auction.[204] All Black Sonny Bill Williams and Sky Television both made large donations from Williams' fourth boxing bout which was dubbed \"The Clash For Canterbury\".[205][206][207]Several charity concerts were held both in New Zealand and overseas including a previously unscheduled visit to New Zealand by American rock group Foo Fighters, who performed a Christchurch benefit concert in Auckland on 22 March 2011[208] and raised more than $350,000 for the earthquake relief fund.[209] Local jazz flautist Miho Wada formed the ensemble Miho's Jazz Orchestra to raise money for recovery efforts.[210]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Hagley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hagley_Park"},{"link_name":"provincial holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Earthquake_Commemoration_Day_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Quentin Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Bryce"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Opposition Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Earthquake_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Lianne Dalziel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianne_Dalziel"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dame Patsy Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Patsy_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Jacinda Ardern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Avon River / Ōtākaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_River_/_%C5%8Ct%C4%81karo"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"}],"sub_title":"Memorial services and commemorative events","text":"A national memorial service was held on 18 March at North Hagley Park, coinciding with a one-off provincial holiday for Canterbury, which required the passing of the Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 to legislate.[211] Prince William, made a two-day trip to the country to tour the areas affected by the earthquake,[212] attended on the Queen's behalf and made an address during the service.[213] New Zealand's governor-general, Sir Anand Satyanand, attended, along with John Key, Bob Parker, and a number of local and international dignitaries.[214] Australia's official delegation included Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Prime Minister Julia Gillard, and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott.[215]A two minutes silence was nationally held exactly a week after the earthquake on 1 March at 12:51pm. Church bells were struck throughout the country to signify the beginning and of the silence.[216][217]A second memorial service was held at the Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial on 22 February 2021 to mark ten years since the earthquake and was attended by Christchurch Mayor Lianne Dalziel, Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.[218][219] A minute's silence was held at 12:51pm, and the names of all the victims were read aloud by Christchurch residents and first responders, before a wreath laying ceremony at the memorial.[220]The River of Flowers ceremony, in which members of the public drop flowers into the Avon River / Ōtākaro in memory of those who died during the earthquake, was inaugurated on the first anniversary of the event (22 February 2012) and remains an annual commemorative ritual.[221]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Earthquake_Royal_Commission_report_handover_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Government House, Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Sir Ron Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carter_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Sir Jerry Mateparae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mateparae"},{"link_name":"Mark Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Richard Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fenwick_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mark Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Sir Ron Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carter_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Richard Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Fenwick_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Christchurch City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"text":"Handover of the final report of the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission, at Government House, Wellington, on 29 November 2012. Left to right: Sir Ron Carter; Colin McDonald (secretary and chief executive of the Department of Internal Affairs); the governor-general, Sir Jerry Mateparae; Mark Cooper; Richard Fenwick; and Justine Gilliland (executive director of the Royal Commission).In March 2011 the government established The Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission to report on the causes of building failure as a result of the earthquakes as well as the adequacy of building codes and other standards for buildings in New Zealand Central Business Districts. The Commission examined issues with specific reference to the Canterbury Television (CTV), Pyne Gould Corporation (PGC), Forsyth Barr and Hotel Grand Chancellor buildings. It excluded the investigation of any questions of liability, the earthquake search and rescue effort, and the rebuilding of the city.[citation needed]The commission was chaired by High Court judge Justice Mark Cooper with support from two other commissioners, engineers Sir Ron Carter and Professor Richard Fenwick. They took into account a technical investigation undertaken by the Department of Building and Housing.[222]The inquiry began in April 2011 and was completed in November 2012.[223] The Royal Commission made a total of 189 recommendations and found that the Canterbury Television building should not have been granted a building permit by the Christchurch City Council.[224]","title":"Commission of Inquiry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ombler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ombler"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"}],"sub_title":"Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority","text":"On 29 March 2011, Prime Minister John Key and Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker announced the creation of the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) to manage the earthquake recovery, co-operating with the government, local councils and residents, under chief executive John Ombler.[225]","title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PHGG_Geo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Port Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hills"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Rāpaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_R%C4%81paki-o-Te_Rakiwhakaputa"},{"link_name":"Governors Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Banks Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Christchurch City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Earthquake_Recovery_Authority"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"}],"sub_title":"Port Hills Geotechnical Group","text":"PHGG Engineering Geologist using rope access techniques during rockfall mitigation worksThe Port Hills Geotechnical Group (PHGG) was established in Christchurch, New Zealand as part of the response and recovery to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[226] It was formed from several local and international engineering consultancies.[227] The group's initial function was to manage the response to geotechnical issues caused by the earthquakes in the Port Hills, including the southern suburbs of Christchurch, Lyttelton, Rāpaki, Governors Bay and other settlements around Lyttelton Harbour and the Banks Peninsula.PHGG was subsequently contracted by Christchurch City Council and Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority to map and define the locations of mass movement hazards, such as rockfall and landslide, and to collate geospatial information for use in the rezoning of the city. [228] This information was subsequently used by PHGG in the assessment and mitigation of risks from these types of hazard, where they affected roads, property and infrastructure throughout the region. The information continues to be used in regional and local geotechnical risk assessments.[229]","title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temp_housing_in_Linwood_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EQCdrained-230"},{"link_name":"mobile homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_home"},{"link_name":"Riccarton Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccarton_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Department of Building and Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Building_and_Housing"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Construction"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"Temporary housing in Linwood ParkWith an estimated 10,000 houses requiring demolition and over 100,000 damaged,[230] plans were developed for moderate-term temporary housing. Approximately 450 fully serviced mobile homes would be located on sites across the city including Canterbury Agricultural Park and Riccarton Racecourse. The Department of Building and Housing also released a plan for the construction of 500 modular homes.[231] While emergency repairs were performed on damaged houses by Fletcher Construction, rebuilding would be delayed by the need for full land assessments, with the possibility that some of the worst-affected areas in the eastern suburbs might need to be abandoned due to land depression and severe liquefaction, with the residents offered relocation to new subdivisions under their EQC insurance policies.[232]","title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post Primary Teachers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Primary_Teachers_Association"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"University of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"UC CEISMIC Canterbury Earthquakes Digital Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_CEISMIC_Canterbury_Earthquakes_Digital_Archive"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press2-236"},{"link_name":"Digital Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press2-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Wānaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81naka"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Shirley Boys' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Boys%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Papanui High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papanui_High_School"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Linwood College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwood_College"},{"link_name":"Cashmere High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_High_School"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Avonside Girls High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonside_Girls_High_School"},{"link_name":"Burnside High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_High_School"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"St Bedes College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bede%27s_College,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimited_Paenga_Tawhiti"},{"link_name":"Term 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Hekia Parata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekia_Parata"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Phillipstown Primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipstown_School"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"}],"sub_title":"Schools and universities","text":"On the day of the earthquake, the main secondary school teachers' union, the Post Primary Teachers Association, had arranged a paid union meeting to be held that afternoon for members in the Christchurch area. This meant most secondary schools in the city had closed early that day and most students had returned home before the earthquake hit, coincidentally limiting potential casualties.[233]The University of Canterbury partially reopened on 14 March 2011, with many lectures held in tents and marquees while work was carried out on university buildings.[234] All courses expected to resume by 28 March, with plans for the April break to be shortened by two weeks to make up for lost time.[235] The UC CEISMIC Canterbury Earthquakes Digital Archive programme was established in 2011 by University of Canterbury Professor Paul Millar.[236] It is a project of the Digital Humanities department, with the aim of preserving the knowledge, memories and earthquake experiences of people of the Canterbury region.[236]163 primary and secondary schools were affected by the earthquake, most of which were closed for three weeks; 90 had full structural clearance and were able to reopen, 24 had reports indicating further assessment and 11 were seriously damaged. Site-sharing plans were made to enable affected schools to relocate, while 9 \"learning hubs\" were established throughout the city to provide resources and support for students needing to work from home.[237][238] Some students relocated to other centres – by 5 March, a total of 4879 Christchurch students had enrolled in other schools across New Zealand. Wānaka Primary School alone had received 115 new enrolments as Christchurch families moved to their holiday homes in the town.[239]Due to the extensive damage of a number of secondary schools, many were forced to share with others, allowing one school to use the ground in the morning and the other in the afternoon. This included Shirley Boys' High School sharing with Papanui High School,[240] Linwood College sharing with Cashmere High School[241] and Avonside Girls High School sharing with Burnside High School[242] and Marian College sharing with St Bedes College and Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti sharing with Halswell Residential College. Linwood College and Shirley Boys' High School moved back to their original sites on 1 August (the first day of Term 3), and 13 September 2011 respectively.[243][244] Avonside Girls' High School returned to its original site at the start of 2012. Marian College did not return to the original site in Shirley but instead moved to a site at Cathedral College on Barbadoes Street. Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti could not return to its central city buildings due to demolitions and it has no long term site.In September 2012, Minister of Education Hekia Parata announced plans to permanently close and/or merge a number of schools due to falling roll numbers and quake damage. The proposals were heavily criticised for relying on incorrect information,[245] leading one school, Phillipstown Primary, to seek a judicial review over its proposed merger with Woolston Primary. The court subsequently ruled in favour of Phillipstown and overturned the merger.[246] The plans were confirmed in February 2013, with seven schools closing, 10 schools merging into five (not including the overturned Phillipstown-Woolston merger), and three high schools taking on additional year levels.[247][248]","title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"International Rugby Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Cricket"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circket_world-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_Rugby)"},{"link_name":"Westpac Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westpac_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Park,_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epic_crusade-255"},{"link_name":"ANZ Netball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_Championship"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tactix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tactix"},{"link_name":"CBS Canterbury Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Canterbury_Arena"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Park"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tutty-256"},{"link_name":"Northern Mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mystics"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tutty-256"},{"link_name":"Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Bay_of_Plenty_Magic"},{"link_name":"Energy Events Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Events_Centre"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"AMI Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Park"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"ANZAC Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Test"},{"link_name":"Skilled Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robina_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_4697115-258"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10710159-259"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_4720240-260"},{"link_name":"Inter Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Dominion"},{"link_name":"Addington Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"}],"sub_title":"Disruptions to sport","text":"Christchurch was set to host five pool matches and two quarter finals of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The International Rugby Board and the New Zealand Rugby World Cup organisers announced in March 2011 that the city would be unable to host the World Cup matches. The quarter final matches were moved to Auckland.[249]New Zealand Cricket's offices were damaged by the earthquake.[250] Some matches needed to be rescheduled.[251][252] The Super Rugby Round 2 match between the Crusaders and Hurricanes scheduled for 26 February 2011 at Westpac Stadium in Wellington was abandoned.[253] The Crusaders' first two home matches of the season, originally to be played in Christchurch, were moved to Trafalgar Park in Nelson.[254] The Crusaders played their entire home schedule away from Christchurch,.[255] In the ANZ Netball Championship, the earthquake caused significant damage to the Canterbury Tactix's main home venue, CBS Canterbury Arena, and the franchise's head office at Queen Elizabeth II Park.[256] The team's round three match against the Northern Mystics in Auckland was postponed,[256] while their round four home match against the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic was moved to the Energy Events Centre in Rotorua.[257] AMI Stadium was going to host the rugby league ANZAC Test, however, on 4 March it was announced the match would be moved to Skilled Park on the Gold Coast.[258][259] The Canterbury Rugby League cancelled their pre-season competition.[260]\nThe 2011 Inter Dominion harness racing series was scheduled to be held at Addington Raceway in March and April however the series was instead contested in Auckland.[261] The public grandstand at Addington was later demolished due to damage from the earthquake and aftershocks.[262]","title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistics New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Geoff Bascand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Bascand"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quilliam-263"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"}],"sub_title":"Postponement of census","text":"The chief executive of Statistics New Zealand, Geoff Bascand, announced on 25 February that the national census planned for 8 March 2011 would not take place due to the disruption and displacement of people in the Canterbury region, and the loss of Statistics New Zealand's Christchurch building where census information was to be processed. The cancellation required an amendment to the Statistics Act 1975, which legally requires a census to be taken every five years. The Governor-General also had to revoke his previous proclamation of the date of the census. It is the third time the census has been cancelled in New Zealand; the other occasions occurred in 1931, due to the Great Depression, and in 1941 due to World War II.[263] Much of the NZ$90 million cost of the 2011 census was written off. The census was ultimately deferred to 5 March 2013.[264]","title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistics New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwyn_District"},{"link_name":"Waimakariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimakariri_District"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Kaiapoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiapoi"},{"link_name":"Prebbleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebbleton"},{"link_name":"Porirua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua"},{"link_name":"Upper Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Wellington City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"}],"sub_title":"Population loss","text":"In the year to June 2011, the population of Christchurch had fallen by 8,900 people or 2.4% of its population, with a historic annual population growth of 1%. It is estimated that 10,600 people moved away from Christchurch, with the 1,700 people difference to the population loss explained through some people moving to Christchurch. Statistics New Zealand expects Christchurch's population growth rate to return to pre-earthquake levels. The surrounding districts, Selwyn and Waimakariri, have two of the three highest growth rates in New Zealand, at 2.2% and 1.6%, respectively.[265]In October 2008, the population of the Christchurch main urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, had for the first time exceeded the Wellington equivalent (at 386,100 versus 386,000), which made Christchurch the second largest city in New Zealand (after Auckland). The population loss caused by the earthquake reversed this, with the Wellington main urban area back in second position. Statistics New Zealand's main urban area definition for Christchurch includes Kaiapoi, which belongs to Waimakariri District, and Prebbleton, which belongs to Selwyn District. Porirua, Upper Hutt, and Lower Hutt, all outside of the Wellington City Council area, are included in the Wellington main urban area definition. Looking at territorial areas only, i.e. not including outlying urban areas from other districts, Christchurch continues to have a significantly larger population than Wellington.[266][267]","title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3news.co.nz-269"},{"link_name":"aftershock on 13 June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"Earthquake Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Commission"},{"link_name":"reinsurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance"},{"link_name":"Munich Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Re"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"reinsurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eqcdetails-270"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eqcdetails-270"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"2011 Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"1994 California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpmorgan-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austcost-275"},{"link_name":"Gerry Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_4680587-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Accident Compensation Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_Compensation_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Gerry Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"}],"sub_title":"Economic impact","text":"In April 2013 the Government estimated the total cost of the rebuild would be as much as $40 billion, up from an earlier estimate of $30 billion.[268] Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover.[269] The earthquake was the most damaging in a year-long earthquake swarm affecting the Christchurch area. It was followed by a large aftershock on 13 June (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of large shocks on 23 December 2011.Finance Minister Bill English advised that the effects of the 2011 quake were likely to be more costly than the September 2010 quake. His advice was that the 2011 earthquake was a \"new event\" and that EQC's reinsurance cover was already in place after the previous 2010 event. New Zealand's Earthquake Commission (EQC), a government organisation, levies policyholders to cover a major part of the earthquake risk. The EQC further limits its own risk by taking out cover with a number of large reinsurance companies, for example Munich Re.[citation needed]The EQC pays out the first NZ$1.5 billion in claims, and the reinsurance companies are liable for all amounts between NZ$1.5 billion and NZ$4 billion. The EQC again covers all amounts above NZ$4 billion. EQC chief executive Ian Simpson said that the $4 billion cap for each earthquake is unlikely to be exceeded by the costs of residential building and land repairs, so $3 billion would be left in the EQC's Natural Disaster Fund after payouts.[270][271][272]Claims from the 2010 shock were estimated at NZ$2.75–3.5 billion. Prior to the 2010 quake, the EQC had a fund of NZ$5.93 billion according to the EQC 2010 Annual Report, with NZ$4.43 billion left prior to the 2011 quake, after taking off the NZ$1.5 billion cost.[273]EQC cover for domestic premises entitles the holder to up to NZ$100,000 plus tax (GST) for each dwelling, with any further amount above that being paid by the policyholder's insurance company. For personal effects, EQC pays out the first NZ$20,000 plus tax. It also covers land damage within 8 metres of a home; this coverage is uncapped.[270]Commercial properties are not insured by the EQC, but by private insurance companies. These insurers underwrite their commercial losses to reinsurers, who will again bear the brunt of these claims. JPMorgan Chase & Co say the total overall losses related to this earthquake may be US$12 billion. That would make it the third most costly earthquake event in history, after the 2011 Japan and 1994 California earthquakes.[274][275]Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee echoed that fewer claims were expected through the EQC than for 2010. In the 2010 earthquake, 180,000 claims were processed as opposed to the expected 130,000 claims for the 2011 aftershock. The total number of claims for the two events was expected to be 250,000, as Brownlee explained that many of the claims were \"overlapping\".[276][277]The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) announced it would be the largest single event they had paid out for, with an estimated 7,500 injury claims costing over $200 million.[278]On 2 March 2011, John Key said he expected an interest rate cut to deal with the earthquake. The reaction to the statement sent the New Zealand dollar down.[279]In January 2013 Earthquake Recovery Minister Gerry Brownlee said repairs to damaged homes to date had totalled more than $1 billion.[280]A KPMG survey in March 2013 suggested as much as $1.5 billion could be sucked from the rebuild in fraud.[281]In March 2013 a researcher at the University of Canterbury said after the quake, residents – particularly women – turned to comfort food and began eating unhealthily.[282]","title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2015-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surgenor-288"},{"link_name":"natural disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2015-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2015-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"psychiatric medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_medication"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"heart attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2015-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surgenor-288"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"neuroticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism"},{"link_name":"self-control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-control"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"optimism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2014-285"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fergusson2015-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surgenor-288"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"self-report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surgenor-288"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surgenor-288"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-290"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erskine-284"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuijer-287"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorahy-283"}],"sub_title":"Mental health","text":"The Christchurch earthquake of 2011 had widespread mental health effects on the population.[283][284][285][286][287][288] Research following the Christchurch earthquakes has shown that increasing exposure to the damage and trauma of a natural disaster is correlated with an increase in depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[283][285][286][287] Those with the most exposure suffer the most from mental health deficits, compared with those that are relatively unaffected.[283][285][286][287] Increases in trauma exposure are related to increased dependence on alcohol and nicotine, as well as prescribed psychiatric medication.[283][284] In addition, in the year after the 2011 earthquake there was a significant increase in cardiovascular disease and heart attacks amongst those whose houses were most damaged.[289] This information is important to consider when reacting to future earthquakes and other natural disasters. There is evidence that suggests that the mental health effects of natural disasters can be debilitating and detrimental to the community affected.[283][284][285][286][287][288][290]Evidence from research on the Christchurch earthquakes reveals that increased trauma exposure is not exclusively correlated with negative outcomes.[285][290] Those with relatively high exposure to earthquake damage show an increase in positive effects, including an increase in personal strength, growth in social relationships, the bringing of families closer, and realizing what's important in life.[285][290] It's thought that natural disasters, such as earthquakes, are able to induce these positive effects because they affect an entire community, in comparison to an event that targets only an individual.[290] The damage on a community can lead members to engage in pro-social behaviors[290] which are driven by empathy and desire to support others who have endured a similar traumatizing experience. Positive effects, such as a greater sense of community connection, can aide in helping the community heal as a whole. Implemented programs can use this knowledge to help survivors focus on the positive effects, possibly working with families to help them get through the disaster with the people they feel closest with.Predictors of poor mental health after a trauma, such as mental health status prior to a trauma and individual characteristics, can help determine those who will be more vulnerable to developing mental health problems.[283][287][290] Those that exhibit lower mental health prior to an earthquake will be more likely to experience negative life changes than positive life changes with regard to personal strength.[290] Depressive symptoms before a disaster can predict higher chances of developing PTSD following a trauma.[287] People who exhibit lower mental health prior to the trauma don't adapt as well following trauma, and show higher levels of PTSD.[287][290] Personality traits, such as neuroticism and low self-control are associated with a lower sense of normality following an earthquake,[287] however optimism is predictive of lower and less severe PTSD symptoms.[287]Studying earthquakes has shown to be a difficult task when considering all the limitations created by natural disasters.[283][284][285][286][287][288][290] Clinical interviews are difficult because of the widespread damage to infrastructure and roads, which leads to reliance on self-report.[287][288][290] Self-report can introduce bias to results, leading to skewed data. Researchers are unable to reliably compare an individual's mental health status to their health status previous to the trauma because they must rely on retrospective self-report.[288][290] Retrospective self-report is affected greatly by the individual's current state of distress.[290] The displacement of large numbers of citizens following a trauma poses as a problem for researchers of natural disasters.[283][284][287] It is predicted that the people who are displaced experience the worst of the damage, and therefore the reported levels of PTSD and depression are often lower than they would have been had the displaced citizens been available to collect data from.[283] Because large number of citizens are being displaced, it is difficult to find a representative sample population.[284][287] For example, after the Christchurch earthquakes, studies reported that older educated females of European New Zealand descent were over represented in their sample population,[284][287] which isn't accurate of the Christchurch population as a whole.Researching the mental health effects of earthquakes and other disasters is important so communities can heal properly after experiencing a traumatic event. This is a difficult topic to research because fixing the physical damage from a disaster is usually the first step a city takes towards recovery. Each individual can react differently to traumatic events, and more research needs to be done to learn how to predict vulnerability and access the effects to find solutions that work best. Because it has been found that different demographics are affected differently,[283] this also needs to be taken into account when finding solutions to aid recovery. Different demographics may benefit from different types of mental counseling to help them recover from trauma. It will be important to have information on a wide variety of demographic groups because the same mental health treatment will not help all of those affected by a trauma.","title":"Other impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"}],"text":"When A City Falls (2011): feature-length documentary about the 2010 and 2011 quakes in Christchurch directed & produced by Gerard Smyth and released in cinemas in November 2011.[291]\nHope and Wire (2014): 3-part television mini-series dramatising the 2011 Christchurch quake. Screened on TV3 in July 2014.[292]\nSunday (2014): feature film set in Christchurch one year after the 2011 quake, depicting a young couple living amongst the re-building of the city.[293]","title":"Screen portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Canterbury Earthquakes: Scientific answers to critical questions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924092446/http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/Information-paperThe-Canterbury-Earthquakes-Scientific-answers-to-critical-questions3.pdf"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/Information-paperThe-Canterbury-Earthquakes-Scientific-answers-to-critical-questions3.pdf"},{"link_name":"Creusons plus!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171010092715/http://www.front.blendnz.com/2011/04/19/creusons-plus/"},{"link_name":"the French Blend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110914230247/http://www.front.blendnz.com/"}],"text":"\"The Canterbury Earthquakes: Scientific answers to critical questions\" (PDF). Royal Society of New Zealand. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2011.\nCreusons plus! \" CHCH earthquake updates and stories in French from the French Blend\nMartin Van Beynen, Trapped: Remarkable Stories of Survival from the 2011 Canterbury Earthquake, Penguin, 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Results of liquefaction; the fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run off","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Christchurch_quake_cars%2C_2011-02-22.jpg/170px-Christchurch_quake_cars%2C_2011-02-22.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satellite picture showing shaking strength(click to enlarge)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Christchurch_from_space%2C_4_March_2011%2C_showing_quake_shaking_strength%2C_with_key.png/220px-Christchurch_from_space%2C_4_March_2011%2C_showing_quake_shaking_strength%2C_with_key.png"},{"image_text":"Earthquake intensity map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2011_Canterbury_earthquake_intensity.jpg/220px-2011_Canterbury_earthquake_intensity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liquefaction adjacent to the Avon River / Ōtākaro caused lateral spread in Fitzgerald Avenue, causing severe damage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fitzgerald_Avenue_94.jpg/220px-Fitzgerald_Avenue_94.jpg"},{"image_text":"115 bodies were recovered from the CTV Building, which collapsed during the quake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ruins_of_the_Canterbury_Television_%28CTV%29_building%2C_24_February_2011.jpg/170px-Ruins_of_the_Canterbury_Television_%28CTV%29_building%2C_24_February_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Grand Chancellor had to be demolished","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Chancellor-2.jpg/170px-Grand_Chancellor-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"PGC House, following the February 2011 quake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pyne_Gould_Building_destroyed_by_earthquake%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_20110224.jpg/220px-Pyne_Gould_Building_destroyed_by_earthquake%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_20110224.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Anglican ChristChurch Cathedral was severely damaged in the earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Christ_Church_Cathedral_-_2011_earthquake_damage.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_-_2011_earthquake_damage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament before the earthquake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch%2C_NZ_%282603214481%29.jpg/220px-The_Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch%2C_NZ_%282603214481%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament after the earthquake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg/220px-Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament%2C_Christchurch_33.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oxford Terrace Baptist Church was one of many churches damaged by the quake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/25_Feb_2011_Oxford_Tce_Baptist_Church.jpg/220px-25_Feb_2011_Oxford_Tce_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"54 Raekura Place in Redcliffs was destroyed by rockfall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/54_Raekura_Place%2C_Redcliffs.JPG/220px-54_Raekura_Place%2C_Redcliffs.JPG"},{"image_text":"Satellite image showing icebergs calved from Tasman Glacier by earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tasman_glacier_2011_CHCH_quake.jpg/220px-Tasman_glacier_2011_CHCH_quake.jpg"},{"image_text":"The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, Christchurch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sink_holes_and_liquefaction_North_New_Brighton_Feb_2011.jpg/220px-Sink_holes_and_liquefaction_North_New_Brighton_Feb_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Search and rescue mark on earthquake damaged building confirming all present have been accounted for","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Search_and_rescue_mark_on_Christchurch_earthquake_damaged_building.jpg/220px-Search_and_rescue_mark_on_Christchurch_earthquake_damaged_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Japanese_urban_search_and_rescue_team_in_Christchurch%2C_24_February_2011_b.jpg/220px-Japanese_urban_search_and_rescue_team_in_Christchurch%2C_24_February_2011_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/LAVS_lined_up_at_Lyttelton_Port%2C_HMNZS_Canterbury_at_pier.jpg/220px-LAVS_lined_up_at_Lyttelton_Port%2C_HMNZS_Canterbury_at_pier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Workers trying to restore water service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Repairing_earthquake_damage_to_valve%2C_Parkview_School_well%2C_Christchurch.jpg/220px-Repairing_earthquake_damage_to_valve%2C_Parkview_School_well%2C_Christchurch.jpg"},{"image_text":"RNZAF aerial survey of damage, showing flooding due to soil liquefaction in Christchurch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Christchurch_-_2011_earthquake_damage_001.jpg/220px-Christchurch_-_2011_earthquake_damage_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handover of the final report of the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission, at Government House, Wellington, on 29 November 2012. Left to right: Sir Ron Carter; Colin McDonald (secretary and chief executive of the Department of Internal Affairs); the governor-general, Sir Jerry Mateparae; Mark Cooper; Richard Fenwick; and Justine Gilliland (executive director of the Royal Commission).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canterbury_Earthquake_Royal_Commission_report_handover_2012.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Earthquake_Royal_Commission_report_handover_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"PHGG Engineering Geologist using rope access techniques during rockfall mitigation works","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PHGG_Geo.jpg/220px-PHGG_Geo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Temporary housing in Linwood Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Temp_housing_in_Linwood_Park.jpg/220px-Temp_housing_in_Linwood_Park.jpg"}]	[{"title":"New Zealand portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2011"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Earthquake Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Commission"},{"title":"Geology of the Canterbury Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Canterbury_Region"},{"title":"List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_New_Zealand_by_death_toll"},{"title":"Christchurch Central Recovery Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_Recovery_Plan"},{"title":"2016 Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"title":"1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Hawke%27s_Bay_earthquake"}]	[{"reference":"\"M 6.1 – South Island of New Zealand\". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000huvq/executive","url_text":"\"M 6.1 – South Island of New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617050650/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000huvq/executive","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"M 6.2 Christchurch Tue, Feb 22 2011: Technical\". GeoNet. GNS Science. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/3468575","url_text":"\"M 6.2 Christchurch Tue, Feb 22 2011: Technical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNS_Science","url_text":"GNS Science"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418140341/https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/3468575","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goto, Hiroyuki; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Naguit, Muriel; Young, John (5 January 2021). \"Records of Extreme Ground Accelerations during the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake Sequence Contaminated by a Nonlinear, Soil–Structure Interaction\". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 111 (2): 704–722. Bibcode:2021BuSSA.111..704G. doi:10.1785/0120200337. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tod	John Tod	["1 Early years and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 Sources"]	American judge and politician For the Scottish rugby union player, see John Tod (rugby union). For people with very similar names, see John Todd. John TodMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 8th districtIn office1821–1823Preceded byRobert PhilsonSucceeded bySamuel D. Ingham, Thomas Jones RogersMember of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th congressional districtIn office1823–1824Preceded byAndrew StewartSucceeded byAlexander ThomsonMember of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 14th districtIn office1815–1818Preceded bydistrict createdSucceeded byWilliam PiperMember of the Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesIn office1810–1813 Personal detailsBorn1779 (1779)Suffield, Connecticut, USDiedMarch 27, 1830(1830-03-27) (aged 50–51)Bedford, Pennsylvania, USPolitical partyDemocratic-Republican John Tod (1779 – March 27, 1830) was an American judge and politician who served as a Democratic-Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district from 1821 to 1823 and for Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district from 1823 to 1824. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 14th district from 1815 to 1818 including as Speaker from 1815 to 1816 and as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1810 to 1813 including two terms as Speaker. He served as presiding judge of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas for the 16th district from 1824 to 1827 and as an associate judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1827 until his death in 1830. Early years and education In 1779, Tod was born in Suffield, Connecticut, and was educated in the common schools and at Yale College. He studied law under his brother George and received his legal certificate around 1799. He moved with his father to Aquasco, Maryland, and began teaching as Assistant Master of Charlotte Hall. In 1802, he moved to Bedford, Pennsylvania, was admitted to the bar in 1803 and commenced the practice of law. In 1805, he worked as postmaster of Bedford and served as a clerk to the county commissioners of Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in 1806 and 1807. Career Tod was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1810 to 1813, serving twice as its Speaker. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 14th district from 1815 to 1818 including as Speaker from 1815 to 1816. In 1820–1821, he was elected to the Seventeenth and then later into the Eighteenth Congress and served until his resignation from Congress in 1824. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Manufactures during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses. In March–April 1824, Tod was honored with a single vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the party's candidate for U.S. Vice President at the election later that year. Tod served as presiding judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Common pleas for the sixteenth judicial district from 1824 from 1827 and as associate judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1827 until his death in 1830. Tod died on March 27, 1830, at about the age of 50 in Bedford, Pennsylvania. Personal life In 1810, he married Mary Read Hanna, the daughter of U.S. Representative John A. Hanna, and together they had five children. See also Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Footnotes ^ a b c "Pennsylvania State Senate - John Tod Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ a b "Pennsylvania House of Representatives House Speaker Biographies John Tod (1811-1813)". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved June 11, 2019. Sources United States Congress. "John Tod (id: T000290)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Political Graveyard Pennsylvania House of Representatives Preceded by Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 1810-1813 Succeeded by Pennsylvania State Senate Preceded byDistrict Created Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 14th district 1815-1818 Succeeded byWilliam Piper U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byRobert Philson Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district 1821–1823 Succeeded bySamuel D. InghamThomas Jones Rogers Preceded byAndrew Stewart Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district 1823–1824 Succeeded byAlexander Thomson vteSpeakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Bingham Wynkoop Latimer Evans Weaver Snyder Porter Snyder Boileau Engle Weber Tod R. Smith St. Clair Holgate Hill Davidson Hill J. Lawrence Gilmore J. Lawrence Sutherland Ritner Middleswarth F. Smith Laporte Findley Anderson W. Patterson J. Thompson Middleswarth Dewart Hopkins Crabb Snowden H. Wright Snowden F. Patterson Cooper Packer McCalmont Cessna Rhey Schell Chase Strong R. Wright Getz Longaker W. Lawrence Davis Rowe Cessna Johnson Olmstead Kelley Glass Davis Clark Strang Webb Elliott McCormick S. Patterson Myer Long Hewitt Faunce Graham Boyer C. Thompson Walton Boyer Farr Marshall Walton McClain Cox Shreve Alter Ambler Baldwin Spangler Whitaker Goodnough Bluett McClure Hess Goodnough Talbot Sarig Furman Turner Kilroy Fiss Lichtenwalter Sorg C. Smith Andrews Helm Andrews Helm Hamilton Lee Fineman Lee Fineman Irvis Seltzer Ryan Irvis Manderino O'Donnell DeWeese Ryan Perzel O'Brien McCall S. Smith Turzai Cutler Rozzi McClinton Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Tod (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tod_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"John Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"14th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_14"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Courts_of_Common_Pleas"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"For the Scottish rugby union player, see John Tod (rugby union). For people with very similar names, see John Todd.John Tod (1779 – March 27, 1830) was an American judge and politician who served as a Democratic-Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district from 1821 to 1823 and for Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district from 1823 to 1824. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 14th district from 1815 to 1818 including as Speaker from 1815 to 1816 and as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1810 to 1813 including two terms as Speaker.He served as presiding judge of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas for the 16th district from 1824 to 1827 and as an associate judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1827 until his death in 1830.","title":"John Tod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suffield, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"Aquasco, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquasco,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hall_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bedford, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"postmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster"},{"link_name":"Bedford County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASenateBio-1"}],"text":"In 1779, Tod was born in Suffield, Connecticut, and was educated in the common schools and at Yale College. He studied law under his brother George and received his legal certificate around 1799. He moved with his father to Aquasco, Maryland, and began teaching as Assistant Master of Charlotte Hall. In 1802, he moved to Bedford, Pennsylvania, was admitted to the bar in 1803 and commenced the practice of law. In 1805, he worked as postmaster of Bedford and served as a clerk to the county commissioners of Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in 1806 and 1807.[1]","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HouseSpeakerBio-2"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"14th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASenateBio-1"},{"link_name":"Seventeenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States House Committee on Manufactures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Manufactures"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"U.S. Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Vice_President"},{"link_name":"election later that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"Tod was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1810 to 1813, serving twice as its Speaker.[2] He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 14th district from 1815 to 1818 including as Speaker from 1815 to 1816.[1]In 1820–1821, he was elected to the Seventeenth and then later into the Eighteenth Congress and served until his resignation from Congress in 1824. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Manufactures during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses.In March–April 1824, Tod was honored with a single vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the party's candidate for U.S. Vice President at the election later that year.Tod served as presiding judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Common pleas for the sixteenth judicial district from 1824 from 1827 and as associate judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1827 until his death in 1830.Tod died on March 27, 1830, at about the age of 50 in Bedford, Pennsylvania.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John A. Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Hanna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASenateBio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HouseSpeakerBio-2"}],"text":"In 1810, he married Mary Read Hanna, the daughter of U.S. Representative John A. Hanna,[1] and together they had five children.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PASenateBio_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PASenateBio_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PASenateBio_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate - John Tod Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=2651&body=S"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HouseSpeakerBio_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HouseSpeakerBio_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pennsylvania House of Representatives House Speaker Biographies John Tod (1811-1813)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/SpeakerBios/SpeakerBio.cfm?id=131"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Pennsylvania State Senate - John Tod Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved June 11, 2019.\n\n^ a b \"Pennsylvania House of Representatives House Speaker Biographies John Tod (1811-1813)\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved June 11, 2019.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John Tod (id: T000290)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000290"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"The Political Graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tivy-tod.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Speakers_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Speakers_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Wynkoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Wynkoop_II"},{"link_name":"Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Latimer_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwalader_Evans"},{"link_name":"Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Weaver,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Porter_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Boileau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Boileau"},{"link_name":"Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Engle"},{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weber_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Tod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Holgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Holgate"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rees_Hill"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davidson_(Pennsylvania_representative)"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rees_Hill"},{"link_name":"J. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lawrence_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilmore_(representative)"},{"link_name":"J. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lawrence_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Barlow_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Ritner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ritner"},{"link_name":"Middleswarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner_Middleswarth"},{"link_name":"Laporte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laporte_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Anderson_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"J. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thompson_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Middleswarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner_Middleswarth"},{"link_name":"Dewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Dewart"},{"link_name":"Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ross_Snowden"},{"link_name":"H. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright"},{"link_name":"Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ross_Snowden"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Packer"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cessna"},{"link_name":"Getz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawrence_Getz"},{"link_name":"W. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caldwell_Anderson_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cessna"},{"link_name":"Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Kelley_(Pennsylvania_state_representative)"},{"link_name":"Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Glass"},{"link_name":"S. 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Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)"},{"link_name":"Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_G._Andrews"},{"link_name":"Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Stuart_Helm"},{"link_name":"Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_G._Andrews"},{"link_name":"Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Stuart_Helm"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_B._Lee"},{"link_name":"Fineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fineman"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_B._Lee"},{"link_name":"Fineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fineman"},{"link_name":"Irvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Leroy_Irvis"},{"link_name":"Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Jack_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Irvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Leroy_Irvis"},{"link_name":"Manderino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Manderino"},{"link_name":"O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"DeWeese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_DeWeese"},{"link_name":"Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Perzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perzel"},{"link_name":"O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_M._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_R._McCall"},{"link_name":"S. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Turzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Turzai"},{"link_name":"Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Rozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rozzi"},{"link_name":"McClinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_McClinton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6260945#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/11375094"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx7F4qgWWMMpyqW8FBT3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87896546"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000290"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gx676b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tod&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania-Representative-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania-Representative-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania-Representative-stub"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"John Tod (id: T000290)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\nThe Political GraveyardvteSpeakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives\nBingham\nWynkoop\nLatimer\nEvans\nWeaver\nSnyder\nPorter\nSnyder\nBoileau\nEngle\nWeber\nTod\nR. Smith\nSt. Clair\nHolgate\nHill\nDavidson\nHill\nJ. Lawrence\nGilmore\nJ. Lawrence\nSutherland\nRitner\nMiddleswarth\nF. Smith\nLaporte\nFindley\nAnderson\nW. Patterson\nJ. Thompson\nMiddleswarth\nDewart\nHopkins\nCrabb\nSnowden\nH. Wright\nSnowden\nF. Patterson\nCooper\nPacker\nMcCalmont\nCessna\nRhey\nSchell\nChase\nStrong\nR. Wright\nGetz\nLongaker\nW. Lawrence\nDavis\nRowe\nCessna\nJohnson\nOlmstead\nKelley\nGlass\nDavis\nClark\nStrang\nWebb\nElliott\nMcCormick\nS. Patterson\nMyer\nLong\nHewitt\nFaunce\nGraham\nBoyer\nC. Thompson\nWalton\nBoyer\nFarr\nMarshall\nWalton\nMcClain\nCox\nShreve\nAlter\nAmbler\nBaldwin\nSpangler\nWhitaker\nGoodnough\nBluett\nMcClure\nHess\nGoodnough\nTalbot\nSarig\nFurman\nTurner\nKilroy\nFiss\nLichtenwalter\nSorg\nC. Smith\nAndrews\nHelm\nAndrews\nHelm\nHamilton\nLee\nFineman\nLee\nFineman\nIrvis\nSeltzer\nRyan\nIrvis\nManderino\nO'Donnell\nDeWeese\nRyan\nPerzel\nO'Brien\nMcCall\nS. Smith\nTurzai\nCutler\nRozzi\nMcClintonAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress\nOther\nSNACThis article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate - John Tod Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer	Executive producer	["1 Motion pictures","2 Television","3 Music","4 Video games","5 Radio","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Profession Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the production of media. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights or royalties). In films, the executive producer generally contributes to the film's budget and their involvement depends on the project, with some simply securing funds and others being involved in the filmmaking process. Motion pictures Main article: Film producer In films, executive producers may finance the film, participate in the creative effort, or work on set. Their responsibilities vary from funding or attracting investors into the movie project to legal, scripting, marketing, advisory and supervising capacities. Executive producers vary in involvement, responsibility and power. Some executive producers have hands-on control over every aspect of production, some supervise the producers of a project, while others are involved in name only. The crediting of executive producers in the film industry has risen over time. In the mid-to-late 1990s, there were an average of just under two executive producers per film. In 2000, the number jumped to 2.5 (more than the number of standard "film producers"). In 2013, there were an average of 4.4 executive producers per film. One reason for the increase in executive producers per film is the desire to spread risk, whether due to increasing cost of film making for larger budget films, often met by multiple studios banding together, or alternatively the need to attract multiple smaller investors for lower budget independent films. Television Main articles: Showrunner and Television producer In television, the executive producer credit is often applied to individuals who are involved with the production in a hands-on capacity; an executive producer usually supervises the creative content, plans and schedules the filming with the producer and team and may be involved in the financial budgeting of a production. Some writers, like Aaron Sorkin, Stephen J. Cannell, Tina Fey, and Ryan Murphy, have worked as both the creator and the producer of the same show. As in film, executive producer credits in television are also commonly applied to individuals who are involved in the production in a more hands-off capacity, such as the owner of the show's production company. In the case of multiple executive producers on a television show, the one responsible for day-to-day production is usually called the showrunner, or the leading executive producer. Music See also: Music executive In recorded music, record labels distinguish between an executive producer and a record producer. The executive producer is responsible for business decisions and more recently, organizing the recordings along with the music producer, whereas the record producer makes the music. Sometimes the executive producer organizes the recording and selects recording-related crew, such as sound engineers and session musicians. Video games Main article: Video game producer In the video game industry, the title "executive producer" is not well-defined. It may refer to an external producer working for the publisher, who works with the developers. For example, in 2012, Jay-Z was announced as executive producer for NBA 2K13. His role consisted of appearing in an introduction, picking songs for the game's soundtrack and contributing to the designs of its in-game menus "and other visual elements". Radio Main article: Radio producer An executive radio producer helps create, develop, and implement strategies to improve product and ratings. See also Film producer Creative executive Development executive Line producer Senior producer and supervising producer Showrunner Studio executive Unit production manager Music supervisor References ^ "What is an Executive Producer?". WiseGEEK. Retrieved 21 January 2014. ^ "Executive Producer". CareersinFilm.com. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ "Executive Producer (aka Executive in Charge of Production)". Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ Russell, Jim (9 March 2013). "What is an Executive Producer?". The Program Doctor. Retrieved 16 May 2019. ^ Follows, Stephen (17 March 2014). "How many movie producers does a film need?". Stephen Follows Film Data and Education. Retrieved 4 May 2016. ^ Bailey, Jason (8 August 2016). "Why Are There So Damn Many Production Company Logo Animations Before Movies?". Flavorwire. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Producers Guild of America". Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2013. ^ "Executive producer in the film and TV drama industries". ScreenSkills. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ August, John (21 October 2004). "Producer credits and what they mean". Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ "There can be multiple executive producers on a series, but the one in charge is called the showrunner". Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013. ^ Discovery Channel (3 January 2011). "What does a music executive producer do?". Curiosity. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013. ^ "Argent said Jay-Z's influence would be felt immediately in the game, starting during its video introduction. Jay-Z also handpicked the game's soundtrack". CNN. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ^ "Jay-Z NBA 2K13: Rapper Announced As 'Executive Producer'". BBC News. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. ^ "Executive Producer". Radio & Television Business Report. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018. External links "What is the point of executive producers?" BBC News. 19 October 2007. vteFilm crew (filmmaking)Above the line Actor Voice actor Leading actor Supporting actor Ensemble cast Character actor Bit actor Cameo actor Film director Screenwriter Film producer Executive producer Line producer Below the linePre-production Unit production manager Production coordinator Production accountant Assistant director Script supervisor Script coordinator Casting director Production assistant Location manager Location scout Storyboard Storyboard artist Production design Production designer Art director Costume designer Greensman Hairdresser Make-up artist Set decorator Set dresser Property master Weapons master Visual arts Matte painter Illustrator Scenic design Photography Cinematographer / director of photography Camera operator Focus puller Clapper loader Steadicam Digital imaging technician Second unit Gaffer Best boy electric Lighting technician Key grip Best boy grip Dolly grip Grip Sound Director of audiography Production sound mixer Boom operator Utility sound technician Dialogue editor Re-recording mixer Foley artist Dubbing ADR Subtitles Composer Music supervisor Music editor Orchestrator Special effects Special effects supervisor Visual effects supervisor Animation Animator Visual effects Modeling Rigging Layout artist Talent Acting coach Body double Dialect coach Movement director Choreographer Extra Talent agent Stand-in Acting instructor Intimacy coordinator Stage combat Stunt double Stunt performer Under-five Post-production Film editor Sound editor Colorist Animator Technical director Visual effects VFX creative director Visual effects editor Compositor Computer-generated imagery Rendering Other Swing gang Unit still photographer vteTelevision productionMain / general Audience Broadcast network History of television Television crew Television show Television studio Places Central apparatus room Changing room Master control room Network operations center Production control room Stage (theatre) Transmission control room Profiles Celebrity Director of network programming Host News presenter Sports commentator News director Showrunner Pre-production Casting director Costume designer TV director Assistant director Location manager Make-up artist Production designer Researcher Set designer TV producer Television program creator Executive producer Line producer Production manager Writer Head writer Screenwriter Script editor Story editor Production Audio engineer Boom operator Camera operator Cinematographer Videographer Character generator (CG) operator Studio floor manager Graphics coordinator Stage manager gaffer grip Key grip Dolly grip Unit production manager Production assistant Gofer Stunt coordinator Technical director Television director Broadcast engineering Technical director Post-production Sound editor Foley artist Composer Colorist Editor Publicist Visual effects artist Types, formatsand genres Beauty pageant Broadcasting of sports events TV commercials Event television Game show Live television Variety show Police crime drama Reality television Television film Documentary film Mockumentary Television show Television special Series Animated series Limited-run series Miniseries Procedural drama Serial Sitcom Soap opera Talk show Late-night talk show News Breaking news Debate show News broadcasting Political commentary Traffic reports Weather forecasts Valuation Audience measurement List of television awards Television content rating system Television criticism Technical Broadcast reference monitor Character generator Digital on-screen graphic Mixing console Microphones Multiple-camera setup Outside broadcasting Production truck Professional video camera Stage lighting Lighting control console Vision mixer Issues Agenda-setting Censorship Concentration of media ownership Counterculture Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Influence of mass media Media activism Media bias Media manipulation Public opinion Regulation Broadcast law Bleep censor Communications law Entertainment law Fairness Doctrine Media policy Media reform Media regulation Pixelization Theory Media culture Media studies Television studies	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"management accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_accounting"},{"link_name":"copyrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"royalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalties"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"film's budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the production of media. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights or royalties).[citation needed] In films, the executive producer generally contributes to the film's budget and their involvement depends on the project, with some simply securing funds and others being involved in the filmmaking process.[1][2]","title":"Executive producer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_finance"},{"link_name":"scripting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In films, executive producers may finance the film, participate in the creative effort, or work on set. Their responsibilities vary from funding or attracting investors into the movie project to legal, scripting, marketing, advisory and supervising capacities.[3]Executive producers vary in involvement, responsibility and power. Some executive producers have hands-on control over every aspect of production, some supervise the producers of a project, while others are involved in name only.[4]The crediting of executive producers in the film industry has risen over time. In the mid-to-late 1990s, there were an average of just under two executive producers per film. In 2000, the number jumped to 2.5 (more than the number of standard \"film producers\"). In 2013, there were an average of 4.4 executive producers per film.[5] One reason for the increase in executive producers per film is the desire to spread risk, whether due to increasing cost of film making for larger budget films, often met by multiple studios banding together, or alternatively the need to attract multiple smaller investors for lower budget independent films.[6]","title":"Motion pictures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Sorkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin"},{"link_name":"Stephen J. Cannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Cannell"},{"link_name":"Tina Fey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Fey"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In television, the executive producer credit is often applied to individuals who are involved with the production in a hands-on capacity; an executive producer usually supervises the creative content, plans and schedules the filming with the producer and team and may be involved in the financial budgeting of a production. Some writers, like Aaron Sorkin, Stephen J. Cannell, Tina Fey, and Ryan Murphy, have worked as both the creator and the producer of the same show.[7]As in film, executive producer credits in television are also commonly applied to individuals who are involved in the production in a more hands-off capacity, such as the owner of the show's production company.[8][9] In the case of multiple executive producers on a television show, the one responsible for day-to-day production is usually called the showrunner,[10] or the leading executive producer.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_executive"},{"link_name":"sound engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineer"},{"link_name":"session musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discovery_Channel-11"}],"text":"See also: Music executiveIn recorded music, record labels distinguish between an executive producer and a record producer. The executive producer is responsible for business decisions and more recently, organizing the recordings along with the music producer, whereas the record producer makes the music. Sometimes the executive producer organizes the recording and selects recording-related crew, such as sound engineers and session musicians.[11]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the video game industry, the title \"executive producer\" is not well-defined. It may refer to an external producer working for the publisher, who works with the developers.For example, in 2012, Jay-Z was announced as executive producer for NBA 2K13. His role consisted of appearing in an introduction, picking songs for the game's soundtrack and contributing to the designs of its in-game menus \"and other visual elements\".[12][13]","title":"Video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"An executive radio producer helps create, develop, and implement strategies to improve product and ratings.[14]","title":"Radio"}]	[]	[{"title":"Film producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"title":"Creative executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_executive"},{"title":"Development executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_executive"},{"title":"Line producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_producer"},{"title":"Senior producer and supervising producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_producer"},{"title":"Showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"title":"Studio executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_executive"},{"title":"Unit production manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_production_manager"},{"title":"Music supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_supervisor"}]	[{"reference":"\"What is an Executive Producer?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_E13A	Aichi E13A	["1 Operational history","2 Variants","2.1 Production","3 Operators","4 Surviving aircraft","5 Specifications (E13A1)","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Japanese reconnaissance floatplane E13A E13A1 in flight Role Reconnaissance floatplaneType of aircraft Manufacturer Aichi Kokuki KK First flight mid-late 1939 Introduction 1941 Retired 1947 Primary users Imperial Japanese Navy Air ServiceRoyal Thai NavyFrench Naval Aviation Number built 1,418 The Aichi E13A (Allied reporting name: "Jake") was a long-range reconnaissance seaplane used by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) from 1941 to 1945. Numerically the most important floatplane of the IJN, it could carry a crew of three and a bombload of 250 kg (550 lb). The Navy designation was "Navy Type Zero Reconnaissance Seaplane" (零式水上偵察機). Operational history In China, it operated from seaplane tenders and cruisers. Later, it was used as a scout for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and was encountered in combat by the United States Navy during the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway. It was in service throughout the conflict, for coastal patrols, strikes against navigation, liaison, officer transports, castaway rescues, and other missions, along with some kamikaze missions in the last days of war. It also served on the super battleships Yamato and Musashi as catapult launched reconnaissance aircraft. One Aichi E13A was operated by Nazi Germany alongside two Arado Ar 196s out of the base at Penang. The three aircraft formed the East Asia Naval Special Service to assist the German Monsun Gruppe as well as local Japanese naval operations. Eight examples were operated by the French Navy Air Force during the First Indochina War from 1945 until 1947, while others were believed to be operated by the Naval Air Arm of the Royal Thai Navy before the war. One example (MSN 4326) was surrendered to New Zealand forces after the end of hostilities and was flown briefly by RNZAF personnel, but was not repaired after a float was damaged and subsequently sank at its moorings in Jacquinot Bay. Variants An Aichi E13A, probably from Kamikawa Maru's air unit, possibly photographed at Deboyne Islands during the Battle of the Coral Sea. E13A1 Prototypes and first production model, later designated Model 11. E13A1-K Trainer version with dual controls E13A1a Redesigned floats, improved radio equipment E13A1a-S Night-flying conversion E13A1b As E13A1a, with Air-Surface radar E13A1b-S Night-flying conversion of above E13A1c Anti-surface vessel version equipped with two downward-firing belly-mounted 20 mm Type 99 Mark II cannons in addition to bombs or depth charges Production Constructed by Aichi Tokei Denki KK:133 Constructed by Watanabe (Kyushu Hikoki KK):1,237 Constructed by Dai-Juichi Kaigun Kokusho: 48 Operators France French Navy Aeronavale French Air Force - Captured Japanese aircraft. Japan Imperial Japanese Navy Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Nazi Germany Kriegsmarine Thailand Royal Thai Navy People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Air Force - surplus or derelict Japanese aircraft Surviving aircraft The wrecks of a number of sunken aircraft are recorded. The wreckage of one aircraft is located on-land at an abandoned seaplane base at Lenger Island, off Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. One E13A was raised from where it sank and is displayed at the Kakamigahara Aerospace Museum, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan. However, it is reportedly in poor condition, lacking its engine, tail floats and one wing. Another Aichi, a model E13A1 (MSN 4116) was raised from the sea in 1992, close to Minamisatsuma (called Kaseda at the time), and is now on display at the Bansei Tokkō Peace Museum. Specifications (E13A1) Aichi E13A1 drawing Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific WarGeneral characteristics Crew: 3 Length: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in) Wingspan: 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in) Height: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) Wing area: 36 m2 (390 sq ft) Empty weight: 2,642 kg (5,825 lb) Gross weight: 3,640 kg (8,025 lb) Max takeoff weight: 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) Powerplant: 1 × Mitsubishi MK8 Kinsei 43 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 790 kW (1,060 hp) for take-off 810 kW (1,080 hp) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Propellers: 3-bladed metal propeller Performance Maximum speed: 376 km/h (234 mph, 203 kn) at 2,180 m (7,150 ft) Cruise speed: 222 km/h (138 mph, 120 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Range: 2,089 km (1,298 mi, 1,128 nmi) Endurance: 14+ hours Service ceiling: 8,730 m (28,640 ft) Time to altitude: 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 6 minutes 5 seconds Wing loading: 101.1 kg/m2 (20.7 lb/sq ft) Power/mass: 0.2163 kW/kg (0.1316 hp/lb) Armament Guns: 1× flexible, rearward-firing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 92 machine gun for observer Some aircraft fitted 2× 20mm Type 99-2 cannons in a downwards firing position in the belly Bombs: 250 kg (551 lb) of bombs See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Arado Ar 196 Aichi E16A Curtiss SOC Seagull Kawanishi E15K Northrop N-3PB Vought OS2U Kingfisher Yokosuka E14Y Related lists List of aircraft of World War II References Notes ^ Geerken, Horst H. (9 June 2017). Hitler's Asian Adventure. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-3-7386-3013-8. ^ Dorr and Bishop (1996), p. 234. ^ Homewood, Dave (ed.). "RNZAF Life in the Pacific". Wings Over Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. ^ Francillon (1979), p. 277. ^ Francillon (1979), p. 281. ^ Pelletier (1995), p. 23 ^ World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL), archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 30 August 2012 ^ "Aichi E13A1 Jake". Pacific Wrecks. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-10-01. ^ "E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number ?". Pacific Wrecks. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-10-01. ^ "E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number 4116". Pacific Wrecks. 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-07-25. ^ "It Was Like This When We Found It. (Aichi E13A)". Deviant Art. 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2023-07-25. ^ "Aichi E13A". FlyTeam. 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-07-25. ^ "Japanese Aviation History (to 1945)". J-Hangarspace. Retrieved 2023-07-25. ^ Francillon (1979), pp. 277-281. Bibliography Dorr, Robert E.; Bishop, Chris (1996), Vietnam Air War Debrief, London, UK: Aerospace Publishing, ISBN 1-874023-78-6 Francillon, René J. (1979), Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (2nd ed.), London, UK: Putnam & Company, ISBN 0-370-30251-6 Millot, Bernard (June 1977). "Aichi E13A "Jake": l'hydravion à tout-fair de la marine impériale" . Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 91. pp. 24–27. ISSN 0757-4169. Pelletier, Alain (August 1995). "Les Avions japonais à Cocardes françaises" . Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 309. pp. 14–23. ISSN 0757-4169. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aichi E13A. AirToAirCombat.com: Aichi E13A Jake vteAichi aircraftManufacturerdesignations AB-1 AB-2 AB-3 AB-4 AB-5 AB-6 AB-7 AB-8 AB-9 AB-10 AB-11 AB-12 AB-13 AB-14 AM-7 AM-10 AM-15 AM-16 AM-17 AM-19 AM-20 AM-21 AM-22 AM-23 AM-24 Imperial Japanese Navy short designations B7A C4A D1A D3A E3A E8A E10A E11A E13A E16A F1A H9A M6A S1A World War IIAllied reporting names Grace Hank Jake Laura Paul Susie Val vteImperial Japanese Navy aircraft designations (short system)Fighters (A) Nakajima A1N Nakajima A2N Nakajima A2N Nakajima A4N Mitsubishi A5M Mitsubishi A6M Zero A7He Mitsubishi A7M Seversky A8V AXB1 AXD1 AXG1 AXH1 AXHe1 AXV1 Torpedo bombers (B) Mitsubishi B1M Mitsubishi B2M Nakajima B3N Kugisho B3Y Mitsubishi B4M Nakajima B4N Yokosuka B4Y Mitsubishi B5M Nakajima B5N Nakajima B6N Aichi B7A BXN1 C6N1-B2 Shipboard reconnaissance (C) C1M C2N Nakajima C3N Aichi C4A Mitsubishi C5M Nakajima C6N CXP1 Yokosuka D4Y1-C2 Nakajima E4N2-C2 Dive bombers (D) Aichi D1A Aichi D1A Nakajima D2N Yokosuka D2Y Aichi D3A Mitsubishi D3M Nakajima D3N Yokosuka D3Y Yokosuka D4Y Yokosuka D3Y DXD1 DXHe1 Reconnaissance seaplanes (E) E1Y E2N E3A E4N E5K E5Y E6Y E7K E8A E8K E8N E9W E10A E10K E11A E11K E12A E12K E12N E13A E13K E14W E14Y E15K E16A Observation seaplanes (F) F1A F1M J1N1-F2 Land-based bombers (G) G1M (I) G1M (II) G2H G3M G4M G5N G6M G7M G8N G9K G10N Flying Boats (H) H1H H2H H3H H3K H4H H5Y H6K H7Y H8K H9A H10H H11K HXC1 HXD1 HXP1 Land-based Fighters (J) J1N J2M J3K J4M J5N J6K J7W J8M J9N3 N1K1-J/N1K2-J2 Trainers (K) K1Y K2Y K3M K4Y K5Y K6K K6M K6W K7M K8K K8Ni K8P K8W K9W K10W K11W KXA1 KXBu1 KXC1 KXJ1 KXHe1 KXL1 A5M4-K2 A6M2-K2 B5N1-K2 D3Y1-K2 E13A1-K2 F1M2-K2 G6M1-K2 M6A1-K2 Q1W1-K2 Transports (L) L1N L2D L3Y L4M L7P LXC1 LXD1 LXF1 LXG (KR-2)1 LXG (G-21)1 LXHe1 LXJ (Ju 60)1 LXJ (Ju 86)1 LXK1 LXM1 G5N2-L2 G6M1-L2 H6K2-L/H6K4-L2 H8K1-L/H8K2-L/H8K4-L2 H11K1-L2 K3M3-L2 Special-purpose (M)1 M6A MXJ1 MXY1 MXY2 MXY3 MXY4 MXY5 MXY6 MXY7 MXY8 MXY9 MXY10 MXY11 MXZ1 Floatplane fighters (N) N1K A6M2-N2 Land-based bombers (P) P1Y P2M Patrol (Q) Q1W Q2M Q3W Land-based reconnaissance (R) R1Y R2Y D4Y2-R2 J1N1-R2 Night fighters (S) S1A C6N1-S2 D4Y2-S2 E13A1a-S/E13A1b-S2 J1N1-S2 P1Y1-S/P1Y2-S2 1 X as second letter is for experimental aircraft or imported technology demonstrators not intended for service, 2 Hyphenated trailing letter (-J, -K, -L, -N or -S) denotes design modified for secondary role, 3 Possibly incorrect designation, but used in many sources vteWorld War II Allied reporting names for Japanese aircraftAircraft in Japanese service Abdul Alf Ann Babs Baka Belle Betty Bob Buzzard Cedar Cherry Clara Claude Cypress Dave Dick Dinah Dot Edna Emily Eva Eve Frances Frank Gander George Glen Goose Grace Gwen Hamp Hank Hap Helen Hickory Ida (Ki-36) Ida (Ki-55) Irving Jack Jake Jane Jean Jerry Jill Jim Judy Kate Kate 61 Laura Lily Liz Lorna Loise Louise Luke Mabel Mary Mavis Myrt Nate Nell Nick Norm Oak Oscar Pat Patsy Paul Peggy Perry Pete Pine Rex Rita Rob Rufe Ruth Sally Sally III Sam Sandy Slim Sonia Spruce Stella Steve Susie Tabby Tess Thalia Thelma Theresa Thora Tina Tillie Toby Tojo Tony Topsy Val Willow Zeke Zeke 32 Foreign aircraftthought to be in Japanese service Bess (Heinkel He 111) Doc (Messerschmitt Bf 110) Fred (Focke Wulf Fw 190) Irene (Junkers Ju 87) Janice (Junkers Ju 88) Mike (Messerschmitt Bf 109) Millie (Vultee V-11) Trixie (Junkers Ju 52) Trudy (Focke-Wulf Fw 200)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_seaplane"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"}],"text":"The Aichi E13A (Allied reporting name: \"Jake\") was a long-range reconnaissance seaplane used by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) from 1941 to 1945. Numerically the most important floatplane of the IJN, it could carry a crew of three and a bombload of 250 kg (550 lb). The Navy designation was \"Navy Type Zero Reconnaissance Seaplane\" (零式水上偵察機).","title":"Aichi E13A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"seaplane tenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battles of Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_aircraft"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 196s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_196"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Monsun Gruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geerken2017-1"},{"link_name":"French Navy Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorr_&Bishop_p234-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer%27s_serial_number"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Jacquinot Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquinot_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In China, it operated from seaplane tenders and cruisers. Later, it was used as a scout for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and was encountered in combat by the United States Navy during the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway. It was in service throughout the conflict, for coastal patrols, strikes against navigation, liaison, officer transports, castaway rescues, and other missions, along with some kamikaze missions in the last days of war. It also served on the super battleships Yamato and Musashi as catapult launched reconnaissance aircraft.One Aichi E13A was operated by Nazi Germany alongside two Arado Ar 196s out of the base at Penang. The three aircraft formed the East Asia Naval Special Service to assist the German Monsun Gruppe as well as local Japanese naval operations.[1]Eight examples were operated by the French Navy Air Force during the First Indochina War from 1945 until 1947,[2] while others were believed to be operated by the Naval Air Arm of the Royal Thai Navy before the war. One example (MSN 4326) was surrendered to New Zealand forces after the end of hostilities and was flown briefly by RNZAF personnel, but was not repaired after a float was damaged and subsequently sank at its moorings in Jacquinot Bay.[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamikawa_Maru_Aichi_E13A_seaplane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamikawa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_tender_Kamikawa_Maru"},{"link_name":"Deboyne Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deboyne_Islands"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"Prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Type 99 Mark II cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_99_cannon"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"}],"text":"An Aichi E13A, probably from Kamikawa Maru's air unit, possibly photographed at Deboyne Islands during the Battle of the Coral Sea.E13A1Prototypes and first production model, later designated Model 11.[4]E13A1-KTrainer version with dual controlsE13A1aRedesigned floats, improved radio equipmentE13A1a-SNight-flying conversionE13A1bAs E13A1a, with Air-Surface radarE13A1b-SNight-flying conversion of aboveE13A1cAnti-surface vessel version equipped with two downward-firing belly-mounted 20 mm Type 99 Mark II cannons in addition to bombs or depth charges","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aichi Tokei Denki KK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi"},{"link_name":"Kyushu Hikoki KK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Hikoki_K.K."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francillon1979p281-5"},{"link_name":"Dai-Juichi Kaigun Kokusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro_Naval_Arsenal"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Constructed by Aichi Tokei Denki KK:133\nConstructed by Watanabe (Kyushu Hikoki KK):1,237[5]\nConstructed by Dai-Juichi Kaigun Kokusho: 48","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Aeronavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronavale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldairforces.com-7"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"}],"text":"FranceFrench Navy\nAeronavale[6]\nFrench Air Force - Captured Japanese aircraft.[citation needed]JapanImperial Japanese Navy\nImperial Japanese Navy Air ServiceNazi GermanyKriegsmarineThailandRoyal Thai Navy[7]People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Liberation Army Air Force - surplus or derelict Japanese aircraft","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pohnpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kakamigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakamigahara"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer%27s_serial_number"},{"link_name":"Minamisatsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamisatsuma"},{"link_name":"Bansei Tokkō Peace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansei_Tokk%C5%8D_Peace_Museum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The wrecks of a number of sunken aircraft are recorded. The wreckage of one aircraft is located on-land at an abandoned seaplane base at Lenger Island, off Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia.[8]One E13A was raised from where it sank and is displayed at the Kakamigahara Aerospace Museum, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan. However, it is reportedly in poor condition, lacking its engine, tail floats and one wing.[9]Another Aichi, a model E13A1 (MSN 4116) was raised from the sea in 1992, close to Minamisatsuma (called Kaseda at the time), and is now on display at the Bansei Tokkō Peace Museum.[10][11][12][13]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aichi_E13A1_3-view_line_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francillon1979p277-281-14"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi MK8 Kinsei 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_MK8_Kinsei_43"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"Type 92 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_machine_gun"}],"text":"Aichi E13A1 drawingData from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[14]General characteristicsCrew: 3\nLength: 11.3 m (37 ft 1 in)\nWingspan: 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in)\nHeight: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)\nWing area: 36 m2 (390 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 2,642 kg (5,825 lb)\nGross weight: 3,640 kg (8,025 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 4,000 kg (8,818 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Mitsubishi MK8 Kinsei 43 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 790 kW (1,060 hp) for take-off810 kW (1,080 hp) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)Propellers: 3-bladed metal propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 376 km/h (234 mph, 203 kn) at 2,180 m (7,150 ft)\nCruise speed: 222 km/h (138 mph, 120 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)\nRange: 2,089 km (1,298 mi, 1,128 nmi)\nEndurance: 14+ hours\nService ceiling: 8,730 m (28,640 ft)\nTime to altitude: 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 6 minutes 5 seconds\nWing loading: 101.1 kg/m2 (20.7 lb/sq ft)\nPower/mass: 0.2163 kW/kg (0.1316 hp/lb)ArmamentGuns: 1× flexible, rearward-firing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 92 machine gun for observerSome aircraft fitted 2× 20mm Type 99-2 cannons in a downwards firing position in the bellyBombs: 250 kg (551 lb) of bombs","title":"Specifications (E13A1)"}]	[{"image_text":"An Aichi E13A, probably from Kamikawa Maru's air unit, possibly photographed at Deboyne Islands during the Battle of the Coral Sea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kamikawa_Maru_Aichi_E13A_seaplane.jpg/220px-Kamikawa_Maru_Aichi_E13A_seaplane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aichi E13A1 drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aichi_E13A1_3-view_line_drawing.svg/220px-Aichi_E13A1_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Arado Ar 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_196"},{"title":"Aichi E16A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_E16A"},{"title":"Curtiss SOC Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SOC_Seagull"},{"title":"Kawanishi E15K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K"},{"title":"Northrop N-3PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_N-3PB"},{"title":"Vought OS2U Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher"},{"title":"Yokosuka E14Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"}]	[{"reference":"Geerken, Horst H. (9 June 2017). Hitler's Asian Adventure. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-3-7386-3013-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GiGCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hitler's Asian Adventure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7386-3013-8","url_text":"978-3-7386-3013-8"}]},{"reference":"Homewood, Dave (ed.). \"RNZAF Life in the Pacific\". Wings Over Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217031454/http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Pacific.htm","url_text":"\"RNZAF Life in the Pacific\""},{"url":"http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Pacific.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL), archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 30 August 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125054737/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/thailand/thl.html","url_text":"World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL)"},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/thailand/thl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aichi E13A1 Jake\". Pacific Wrecks. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/1111.html","url_text":"\"Aichi E13A1 Jake\""}]},{"reference":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number ?\". Pacific Wrecks. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/gifu.html","url_text":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number 4116\". Pacific Wrecks. 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/4116.html","url_text":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number 4116\""}]},{"reference":"\"It Was Like This When We Found It. (Aichi E13A)\". Deviant Art. 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deviantart.com/davidkrigbaum/art/It-Was-Like-This-When-We-Found-It-Aichi-E13A-645783215","url_text":"\"It Was Like This When We Found It. (Aichi E13A)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aichi E13A\". FlyTeam. 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://flyteam.jp/photo/3716103","url_text":"\"Aichi E13A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Aviation History (to 1945)\". J-Hangarspace. Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j-hangarspace.jp/japanese-aviation-history","url_text":"\"Japanese Aviation History (to 1945)\""}]},{"reference":"Dorr, Robert E.; Bishop, Chris (1996), Vietnam Air War Debrief, London, UK: Aerospace Publishing, ISBN 1-874023-78-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-78-6","url_text":"1-874023-78-6"}]},{"reference":"Francillon, René J. (1979), Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (2nd ed.), London, UK: Putnam & Company, ISBN 0-370-30251-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30251-6","url_text":"0-370-30251-6"}]},{"reference":"Millot, Bernard (June 1977). \"Aichi E13A \"Jake\": l'hydravion à tout-fair de la marine impériale\" [Aichi E13A: The All-purpose Seaplane of the Imperial Navy]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 91. pp. 24–27. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]},{"reference":"Pelletier, Alain (August 1995). \"Les Avions japonais à Cocardes françaises\" [Japanese airplanes in French colours]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 309. pp. 14–23. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GiGCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Hitler's Asian Adventure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217031454/http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Pacific.htm","external_links_name":"\"RNZAF Life in the Pacific\""},{"Link":"http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Pacific.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125054737/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/thailand/thl.html","external_links_name":"World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL)"},{"Link":"http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/thailand/thl.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/1111.html","external_links_name":"\"Aichi E13A1 Jake\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/gifu.html","external_links_name":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number ?\""},{"Link":"https://pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/e13a/4116.html","external_links_name":"\"E13A1 Jake Manufacture Number 4116\""},{"Link":"https://www.deviantart.com/davidkrigbaum/art/It-Was-Like-This-When-We-Found-It-Aichi-E13A-645783215","external_links_name":"\"It Was Like This When We Found It. (Aichi E13A)\""},{"Link":"https://flyteam.jp/photo/3716103","external_links_name":"\"Aichi E13A\""},{"Link":"http://www.j-hangarspace.jp/japanese-aviation-history","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Aviation History (to 1945)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614122432/http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=269","external_links_name":"AirToAirCombat.com: Aichi E13A Jake"}]

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