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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_to_Talk_over_Cellular
Push-to-talk
["1 History","2 Mobile phones","3 Smartphone and computer apps","4 See also","5 References"]
Protocol in half-duplex telecommunication devices Not to be confused with Click-to-call. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Push-to-talk" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Push-to-talk (PTT), also known as press-to-transmit, is a method of having conversations or talking on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode. CB radio with push-to-talk microphone switch History For example, an air traffic controller usually supervises several aircraft and talks on one radio frequency to all of them. Those under the same frequency can hear others' transmissions while using procedure words such as "break", "break break" to separate order during the conversation (ICAO doc 9432). In doing so, they are aware of each other's actions and intentions. Unlike in a conference call, they do not hear background noise from the ones who are not speaking. Similar considerations apply to police radio, the use of business band radios on construction sites, and other scenarios requiring coordination of several parties. Citizens Band is another example of classic push-to-talk operation. The PTT switch is most commonly located on the radio's handheld microphone, or for small hand-held radios, directly on the radio. For heavy radio users, a PTT foot switch may be used, and also can be combined with either a boom-mounted microphone or a headset with integrated microphone. Less commonly, a separate hand-held PTT switch may be used. This type of switch was historically called a pressel. In situations where a user may be too busy to handle a talk switch, voice operated switches are sometimes employed. Some systems use PTT ID to identify the speaker. Mobile phones Push-to-talk over cellular (PTToC) is a service option for a cellular phone network that enables subscribers to use their phones as walkie-talkies with unlimited range. A typical push-to-talk connection connects almost instantly. A significant advantage of PTT is the ability for a single person to reach an active talk group with a single button press; users don't need to make several telephone calls to coordinate with a group. Push-to-talk cellular calls similarly provide half-duplex communications – while one person transmits, the other(s) receive. This combines the operational advantages of PTT with the interference resistance and other virtues of mobile phones. Manufacturers of (POC or PoC) hardware include ToooAir and Hytera US Inc. Mobile push-to-talk services, offered by some mobile carriers directly as well as by independent companies, adds PTT functionality to smartphones and specialized mobile handsets (hand portable and mobile/base station PTT Radio Terminals). In addition to mobile handsets, some services also work on a laptop, desktop, and tablet computers. Smartphone and computer apps Recent development in PTT communications is the appearance of apps on smartphones, some of which can function on multiple platforms. Wireless carrier-grade PTT systems have adapted to and adopted the smartphone platform by providing downloadable apps that support their PTT systems across many mobile platforms. Over-the-top (OTT) applications do not depend on a specific carrier or type of communication network, and may be slower than carrier implementations. See also OMA Instant Messaging and Presence Service Push-to-type operation – TelegraphyPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Click-to-call – form of Web-based communicationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback References ^ Sharon O'Keeffe. "ToooAir Launches a Push to Talk Over Cellular Device". www.farmonline.com.au. November 28, 2017. ^ Jena Tesse Fox. "Hytera introduces the PNC360S series of PoC devices". Hotel Management. May 26, 2022. ^ "Push-to-Talk Services - Orion". www.orionlabs.io. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2024-03-03. Push-to-Talk over Cellular Consortium Phase 2 Specifications and Documentation Open Mobile Alliance - Push to talk over Cellular (PoC) - Architecture Candidate Version 2.0 – 26 February 2008 vteCellular network standardsList of mobile phone generations0G radio telephones (1946) MTS IMTS Altai OLT MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD Mobile TeleSeratout AMTS Autotel (PALM) ARP B-Netz AMR 1G (1979)AMPS family AMPS - N-AMPS TACS - ETACS Other NMT C-450 Hicap Mobitex DataTAC CT1 2G (1991)GSM/3GPP family GSM CSD - HSCSD 3GPP2 family cdmaOne (IS-95) AMPS family D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) Other CDPD iDEN PDC PHS CT2 2G transitional(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)GSM/3GPP family GPRS EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS-2000) CDMA2000 1X Advanced Other WiDEN DECT 3G (1998)IMT-2000 (2001)3GPP family UMTS UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA FOMA UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 (TIA/IS-856) 3G transitional(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)3GPP family HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ DC-HSDPA LTE (E-UTRA) 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) EV-DO Revision B (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) EV-DO Revision C IEEE family Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Flash-OFDM iBurst (IEEE 802.20) WiBro ETSI family HiperMAN 4G (2009)IMT Advanced (2013)3GPP family LTE Advanced (E-UTRA) LTE Advanced Pro (4.5G/4.9G) IEEE family WiMAX (IEEE 802.16m) WiMax 2.1 WiBro 5G (2018)IMT-2020 (2021)3GPP family 5G NR 5G-Advanced NR-IIoT LTE-M NB-IoT Other DECT-5G Related articles Cellular networks Mobile telephony History Comparison of standards Channel access methods FDMA OFDMA TDMA STDMA SSMA CDMA SDMA Spectral efficiency comparison table Frequency bands GSM UMTS LTE 5G NR CDMA Mobile broadband Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service NGMN Alliance Push-to-talk MIMO IMS VoLTE ViLTE VoNR ViNR Wi-Fi Calling Osmocom Telecommunication portal    Telephones portal vteTwo-way radioAmateur and hobbyist Amateur radio Amateur radio repeater Citizens band radio Family Radio Service Public Radio Service General Mobile Radio Service KDR 444 LPD433 Mobile rig Multi-Use Radio Service PMR446 UHF CB (Australia) Aviation (aeronautical mobile) Air traffic control Aircraft emergency frequency Airband Common traffic advisory frequency Mandatory frequency airport MULTICOM Single Frequency Approach UNICOM Land-based commercial and government mobile Base station Business band Mobile radio Professional mobile radio Radio repeater Specialized Mobile Radio Trunked radio system Walkie-talkie Marine (shipboard) 2182 kHz 500 kHz Coast radio station Marine VHF radio Maritime mobile amateur radio Signaling / Selective calling CTCSS D-STAR Dual-tone multi-frequency MDC-1200 Push-to-talk Quik-Call I Quik-Call II Selcall SELCAL System elements and principles Antenna APRS Automatic vehicle location Call sign CAD DC remote Dispatch Dynamic range compression Fade margin Link budget Rayleigh fading Tone remote Radiotelephony procedure Voting (diversity combining) vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution Pioneers Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit Network topologyand switching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment Types of network Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network Notable networks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies) Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons
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Those under the same frequency can hear others' transmissions while using procedure words such as \"break\", \"break break\" to separate order during the conversation (ICAO doc 9432). In doing so, they are aware of each other's actions and intentions. Unlike in a conference call, they do not hear background noise from the ones who are not speaking. Similar considerations apply to police radio, the use of business band radios on construction sites, and other scenarios requiring coordination of several parties. Citizens Band is another example of classic push-to-talk operation.The PTT switch is most commonly located on the radio's handheld microphone, or for small hand-held radios, directly on the radio. For heavy radio users, a PTT foot switch may be used, and also can be combined with either a boom-mounted microphone or a headset with integrated microphone.Less commonly, a separate hand-held PTT switch may be used. This type of switch was historically called a pressel.[citation needed]In situations where a user may be too busy to handle a talk switch, voice operated switches are sometimes employed. 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A significant advantage of PTT is the ability for a single person to reach an active talk group with a single button press; users don't need to make several telephone calls to coordinate with a group.Push-to-talk cellular calls similarly provide half-duplex communications – while one person transmits, the other(s) receive. This combines the operational advantages of PTT with the interference resistance and other virtues of mobile phones. Manufacturers of (POC or PoC) hardware include ToooAir[1] and Hytera US Inc.[2]Mobile push-to-talk services, offered by some mobile carriers directly as well as by independent companies, adds PTT functionality to smartphones and specialized mobile handsets (hand portable and mobile/base station PTT Radio Terminals). In addition to mobile handsets, some services also work on a laptop, desktop, and tablet computers.","title":"Mobile phones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Recent development in PTT communications is the appearance of apps on smartphones, some of which can function on multiple platforms. Wireless carrier-grade PTT systems have adapted to and adopted the smartphone platform by providing downloadable apps that support their PTT systems across many mobile platforms. Over-the-top (OTT) applications do not depend on a specific carrier or type of communication network,[3] and may be slower than carrier implementations.","title":"Smartphone and computer apps"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erard_II_of_Brienne
Erard II, Count of Brienne
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Erard II of Brienne (died 1191) was count of Brienne from 1161 to 1191, and a French general during the Third Crusade, most notably at the Siege of Acre. He was the son of Gautier II, count of Brienne(Gautier II de Brienne ), and Humbeline Baudemont, daughter of Andrew, lord of Baudemont(André de Baudement ) and Agnes of Braine. His paternal grandparents were Erard I, Count of Brienne and Alix de Roucy. During this siege he saw his brother André of Brienne die on 4 October 1189, before being killed himself on 8 February 1191. Erard II's nephew was Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt. Before 1166 he married Agnès of Montfaucon(Agnès de Montfaucon ) († after 1186), daughter of Amadeus II of Montfaucon and of Béatrice of Grandson-Joinville. Their children were: Walter III of Brienne (died 1205) count of Brienne and claimant to the throne of Sicily. William of Brienne (Guillaume de Brienne )(died 1199) lord of Pacy-sur-Armançon, married Eustachie of Courtenay, daughter of Peter I of Courtenay and Elisabeth of Courtenay. John of Brienne (1170–1237), king of Jerusalem (1210–1225), then emperor of Constantinople (1231–1237). Andrew Ida of Brienne who married Ernoul of Reynel lord of Pierrefitte. Ide of Brienne who married Anseau III de Traînel . References ^ Nicholson 1973, p. 184. ^ Schenk 2012, p. 294. ^ a b c d e f Perry 2013, p. 16. Sources Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States: 1134-1199. Brill. Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175-1237. Cambridge University Press. Schenk, Jochen (2012). Templar Families: Landowning Families and the Order of the Temple in France, c.1120-1307. Cambridge University Press. French nobility Preceded byWalter II Count of Brienne 1161–1191 Succeeded byWalter III vteCounts of BrienneHouse of Brienne Engelbert I Engelbert II Engelbert III Engelbert IV Walter I Erard I Walter II Erard II Walter III Walter IV John Hugh Walter V Walter VI House of Enghien Sohier Walter VII Louis I Margaret with John of Luxemburg House of Luxemburg Peter I Louis Peter II Anthony I Charles I Anthony II John II Charles II Louise House of Loménie Louise de Béon with Henri-Auguste Louis Henri Nicholas Athanase Louis Marie
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Their children were:Walter III of Brienne (died 1205) count of Brienne and claimant to the throne of Sicily.[3]\nWilliam of Brienne (Guillaume de Brienne [fr])(died 1199) lord of Pacy-sur-Armançon, married Eustachie of Courtenay, daughter of Peter I of Courtenay and Elisabeth of Courtenay.[3]\nJohn of Brienne (1170–1237), king of Jerusalem (1210–1225), then emperor of Constantinople (1231–1237).[3]\nAndrew[3]\nIda of Brienne who married Ernoul of Reynel lord of Pierrefitte.[3]\nIde of Brienne who married Anseau III de Traînel [fr].","title":"Erard II, Count of Brienne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Counts_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Counts_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Counts_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Counts of Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Engelbert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_I,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_II,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelbert III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_III,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelbert IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_IV,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_I,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Erard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erard_I,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_II,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Walter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_III,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_IV,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_V,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_VI,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_Famille_Brienne.svg"},{"link_name":"Sohier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohier,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Walter VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_IV,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"John of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Beauvoir"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Peter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Anthony I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_I,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Anthony II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_II,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise,_Countess_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise de Béon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_de_B%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri-Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Louis Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Henri_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athanase Louis Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanase_Louis_Marie_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne"}],"text":"Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States: 1134-1199. Brill.\nPerry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175-1237. Cambridge University Press.\nSchenk, Jochen (2012). Templar Families: Landowning Families and the Order of the Temple in France, c.1120-1307. Cambridge University Press.vteCounts of BrienneHouse of Brienne\nEngelbert I\nEngelbert II\nEngelbert III\nEngelbert IV\nWalter I\nErard I\nWalter II\nErard II\nWalter III\nWalter IV\nJohn\nHugh\nWalter V\nWalter VI\nHouse of Enghien\nSohier\nWalter VII\nLouis I\nMargaret with John of Luxemburg\nHouse of Luxemburg\nPeter I\nLouis\nPeter II\nAnthony I\nCharles I\nAnthony II\nJohn II\nCharles II\nLouise\nHouse of Loménie\nLouise de Béon with Henri-Auguste\nLouis Henri\nNicholas\nAthanase Louis Marie","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States: 1134-1199. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175-1237. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schenk, Jochen (2012). Templar Families: Landowning Families and the Order of the Temple in France, c.1120-1307. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Chad
Vice President of Chad
["1 List of vice presidents of Chad","2 See also","3 References"]
Deputy head of state of Chad Vice President of theRepublic of ChadVice PresidentCoat of arms of ChadResidencePresidential Palace, N'DjamenaInaugural holderMamari Djimé NgakinarFormationApril 1975 Politics of Chad Constitution Human rights Government President Mahamat Déby Vice President Vacant Prime Minister Allamaye Halina National Assembly (dissolved) President: Vacant Judiciary Supreme Court Administrative divisions Regions Departments Elections Recent elections Presidential: 20212024 Parliamentary: 20112024 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and African Cooperation Minister: Mahamat Zene Cherif Diplomatic missions of / in Chad Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Africa portal Other countries vte The vice president of Chad (French: Vice-Président du Tchad) was a political position in Chad from 1975 to 1982, from 1990 to 1991 and from 2021 to 2022. There were no provisions defined for succession during the regime of Hissène Habré until 1989. A revision to the constitution in 2020 created again the position of a Vice President appointed by the President of Chad. However, the position was never filled. According to the previous Constitution of Chad, the president of the National Assembly is the successor of President of Chad in case of a vacancy. As of 2021, Vice-President of the Transitional Military Council will succeed President in case of a vacancy. List of vice presidents of Chad Name Took office Left office Head of state Notes Mamari Djimé Ngakinar April 1975 August 1978 Félix Malloum Hissène Habré August 1978 March 1979 Negue Djogo April 1979 August 1979 Lol Mahamat Choua Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué August 1979 June 1982 Goukouni Oueddei Bada Abbas Maldoum December 1990 February 1991 Idriss Déby Djimadoum Tiraina 20 April 2021 8 October 2022 Mahamat Déby See also Politics of Chad List of heads of state of Chad List of prime ministers of Mali References ^ "Chad's Proposed New Constitution: Between Hopes for Refoundation and an Uncertain Future". ConstitutionNet. ^ "Tchad: adoption du projet de loi constitutionnelle instaurant la vice-présidence". RFI (in French). 13 November 2020. ^ "Chad's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2005" (PDF). constituteproject.org. 2012. ^ "Attributions du Président du Conseil Militaire de Transition, Président de la République, Chef de l'Etat" (PDF). Présidence de la République du Tchad. ^ Banks, Arthur S. (1978). Political handbook of the world. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070036901. ^ Mays, Terry M. (2002). Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 9780275976064. ^ "The World Factbook 1982" (PDF). geographic.org. p. 58. ^ Azevedo, M. J. (11 October 2005). The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad. Routledge. ISBN 9781135300814. ^ Lansford, Tom (31 March 2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. CQ Press. ISBN 9781506327150. ^ Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1991Jan-June. 2003. hdl:2027/osu.32435024019754. vteChad articlesHistory Kanem-Bornu Empire Kingdom of Baguirmi Ouaddai Empire French Colonial Period Tombalbaye government Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) 1975 coup d'état Malloum government Transitional government Chadian–Libyan conflict Toyota War 1990 coup d'état Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) Battle of N'Djamena 2006 2008 Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive COVID-19 pandemic Geography Cities Climate Departments Geology Lakes Prefectures Rivers Wildlife Politics Borders Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Chief of the General Staff National Assembly Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Transitional Military Council Economy Agriculture Currency Companies Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups Flag Health Languages LGBT rights List of Chadians Literature Media Music Public holidays Religion Sports Abortion OutlineIndex Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Hissène Habré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"President of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)"},{"link_name":"President of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The vice president of Chad (French: Vice-Président du Tchad) was a political position in Chad from 1975 to 1982, from 1990 to 1991 and from 2021 to 2022.There were no provisions defined for succession during the regime of Hissène Habré until 1989.A revision to the constitution in 2020 created again the position of a Vice President[1] appointed by the President of Chad.[2] However, the position was never filled.According to the previous Constitution of Chad, the president of the National Assembly is the successor of President of Chad in case of a vacancy.[3] As of 2021, Vice-President of the Transitional Military Council will succeed President in case of a vacancy.[4]","title":"Vice President of Chad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of vice presidents of Chad"}]
[]
[{"title":"Politics of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Chad"},{"title":"List of heads of state of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad"},{"title":"List of prime ministers of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Mali"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_monetary_systems
International monetary system
["1 Historical overview","2 History of modern global monetary orders","2.1 The pre-WWI financial order: 1816–1919","2.2 Between the World Wars: 1919–1939","2.3 The Bretton Woods Era: 1944–1973","2.4 The post Bretton Woods system: 1973–present","3 Calls for a \"New Bretton Woods\"","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Global arrangements on currency matters An international monetary system is a set of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between states that have different currencies. It should provide means of payment acceptable to buyers and sellers of different nationalities, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, it needs to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade, and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The system can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, it can arise from a single architectural vision, as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944. Historical overview See also: Reserve currency Historic international currencies. From top left: crystalline gold, a 5th-century BCE Persian daric, an 8th-century English mancus, and an 18th-century Spanish real. Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, sometimes in the form of bullion, and from early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC. Early money took many forms, apart from bullion; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC. At that time, forms of money were also developed in Lydia in Asia Minor, from where its use spread to nearby Greek cities and later to many other places. Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rulers. For example, scholars have tentatively suggested that the Roman king Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the early history of Rome. Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC – several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system. As with bullion, early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite. But by about the 4th century BC coins were widely used in Greek cities. They were generally supported by the city state authorities, who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base or precious metals they were made from. From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe, and eastwards to India. Coins were in use in India from about 400 BC; initially they played a greater role in religion than in trade, but by the 2nd century they had become central to commercial transactions. Monetary systems that were developed in India were so successful that they spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages. As a variety of coins became common within a region, they were exchanged by moneychangers, the predecessors of today's foreign exchange market, as mentioned in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers. In Venice and the other Italian city states of the early Middle Ages, money changers would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies. This partly led to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci which popularised the use of Indo-Arabic numerals, which displaced the more difficult Roman numerals then in use by western merchants. When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony, its currency has been a basis for international trade, and hence for a de facto monetary system. In the West – Europe and the Middle East – an early such coin was the Persian daric. This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman Empire, such as the denarius, then the gold dinar of the Ottoman Empire, and later – from the 16th to 20th centuries, during the Age of Imperialism – by the currency of European colonial powers: the Spanish dollar, the Dutch guilder, the French franc and the British pound sterling; at times one currency has been pre-eminent, at times no one dominated. With the growth of American power, the US dollar became the basis for the international monetary system, formalised in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post–World War II monetary order, with fixed exchange rates of other currencies to the dollar, and convertibility of the dollar into gold. The Bretton Woods system broke down, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility; but the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese yen also being prominent in foreign exchange markets. Since the formation of the euro, the euro has also gained use as a reserve currency and a medium of transactions, though the dollar has remained the most important currency. A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations: for example, English kings minted the gold mancus, presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain; colonial powers sometimes minted coins that resembled those already used in a distant territory; and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization. Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single base for the global monetary system, and the emergence instead of regional trade blocs; he cites the emergence of the euro as an example. See also global financial systems, world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard. History of modern global monetary orders According to J. Lawrence Broz and Jeffry A. Frieden, the sustainability of international monetary cooperation has tended to be affected by: A shared interest in currency stability Interlinkages to other important issues The presence of institutions that formalize the international monetary cooperation The number of actors involved, in particular whether one or a few powerful states are willing to take the lead in managing international monetary affairs Macroeconomic conditions (during economic downturns, states are incentivized to defect from international monetary cooperation) The pre-WWI financial order: 1816–1919 Main article: Gold Standard § Establishment of the international gold standard The British gold sovereign or £1 coin was the preeminent circulating gold coin during the classical gold standard period. of 1816 to 1914 From the 1816 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well-integrated financial order, sometimes known as the "first age of globalisation". There were monetary unions which enabled member countries to accept each other's currencies as legal tender. Such unions included the Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, France) and the Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard, by both independent nations and their colonies. Great Britain was at the time the world's pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since. While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods system were not in place, damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era. In fact Great Britain's capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter-cyclical, rising when Britain's economy went into recession, thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods. Accordingly, this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises. In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre–World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps. The Gilded Age, a time of especially rapid development in North America, falls into this period. Between the World Wars: 1919–1939 This era saw periods of worldwide economic hardship. The image is Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depiction of destitute pea-pickers in California, taken in March 1936. The years between the world wars have been described as a period of "de-globalisation", as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I, countries had abandoned the gold standard. Except for the United States, they later returned to it only briefly. By the early 1930s, the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates. In this era, the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy. To protect their reserves of gold, countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy. The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn, just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth. Economist Nicholas Davenport had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard "sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class". By the end of World War I, Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States, allowing the US to largely displace it as the world's foremost financial power. The United States, however, was reluctant to assume Great Britain's leadership role, partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns. In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era, capital exports from the US were not countercyclical. They expanded rapidly with the United States' economic growth in the 1920s until 1928, but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year. As the Great Depression intensified in 1930, financial institutions were hit hard along with trade; in 1930 alone, 1345 US banks collapsed. During the 1930s, the United States raised trade barriers, refused to act as an international lender of last resort, and refused calls to cancel war debts, all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries. According to economist John Maynard Keynes, another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level, which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace. The Bretton Woods Era: 1944–1973 Main article: Bretton Woods system Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at Bretton Woods British and American policy makers began to plan the post-war international monetary system in the early 1940s. The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing. The principal architects of the new system, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White, created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates so that the currencies were pegged against the dollar, with the dollar itself convertible into gold. So in effect this was a gold – dollar exchange standard. There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard. Two international institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created. A key part of their function was to replace private finance as a more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states. At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development, and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations. The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10% against the dollar (more if approved by the IMF) – thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard. A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment. Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system, and suggested an international currency called bancor be used instead, but he was overruled by the Americans. Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era, the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit, which undermined confidence in the dollar. This, together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold in which the price soared above the official US mandated price, led to speculators running down the US gold reserves. Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only, some, notably France, continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US. Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1971. This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods system; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years, but they were not successful, resulting in a system of floating exchange rates. The post Bretton Woods system: 1973–present Main article: Washington Consensus The New York Stock Exchange. The current era has seen huge and turbulent flows of capital between nations. An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus. While the name was coined in 1989, the associated economic system came into effect years earlier: according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980–2009 (the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period). The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system. The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s: crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar's convertibility into gold in 1971, the United States' abandonment of capital controls in 1974, and the UK's ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies. In some parts of the developing world, liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population – most prominently with Deng Xiaoping's reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after its 1991 crisis. Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era, and according to economist Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age. Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300% – with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies. On the positive side, at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return, with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels. Calls for a "New Bretton Woods" Competing ideas for the next international monetary system System Reserve assets Leaders Flexible exchange rates Dollar, euro, renminbi US, Eurozone, China Special drawing rights standard SDR US, G-20, IMF Gold standard Gold, dollar US Delhi Declaration Currency basket BRICS Leading financial journalist Martin Wolf has reported that all financial crises since 1971 have been preceded by large capital inflows into affected regions. While ever since the seventies there have been numerous calls from the global justice movement for a revamped international system to tackle the problem of unfettered capital flows, it was not until late 2008 that this idea began to receive substantial support from leading politicians. On September 26, 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, then also the President of the European Union, said, "We must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods." On October 13, 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system: We must have a new Bretton Woods, building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead. However, Brown's approach was quite different from the original Bretton Woods system, emphasising the continuation of globalization and free trade as opposed to a return to fixed exchange rates. There were tensions between Brown and Sarkozy, the latter of whom argued that the "Anglo-Saxon" model of unrestrained markets had failed. However European leaders were united in calling for a "Bretton Woods II" summit to redesign the world's financial architecture. G-20 leaders at Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. President Bush was agreeable to the calls, and the resulting meeting was the 2008 G-20 Washington summit. International agreement was achieved for the common adoption of Keynesian fiscal stimulus, an area where the US and China were to emerge as the world's leading actors. Yet there was no substantial progress towards reforming the international financial system, and nor was there at the 2009 meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos. Despite this lack of results leaders continued to campaign for Bretton Woods II. Italian Economics Minister Giulio Tremonti said that Italy would use its 2009 G7 chairmanship to push for a "New Bretton Woods". He had been critical of the U.S.'s response to the global financial crisis of 2008, and had suggested that the dollar may be superseded as the base currency of the Bretton Woods system. Choike, a portal organisation representing Southern Hemisphere NGOs, called for the establishment of "international permanent and binding mechanisms of control over capital flows" and as of March 2009 had achieved over 550 signatories from civil society organisations. March 2009 saw Gordon Brown continuing to advocate for reform and the granting of extended powers to international financial institutions like the IMF at the April G20 summit in London, and was said to have president Obama's support . Also during March 2009, in a speech entitled Reform the International Monetary System, Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the People's Bank of China came out in favour of Keynes's idea of a centrally managed global reserve currency. Dr Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes's bancor. Dr Zhou said that national currencies were unsuitable for use as global reserve currencies as a result of the Triffin dilemma – the difficulty faced by reserve currency issuers in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries' demand for reserve currency. Dr Zhou proposed a gradual move towards increased use of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs) as a centrally managed global reserve currency. His proposal attracted much international attention. In a November 2009 article published in Foreign Affairs magazine, economist C. Fred Bergsten argued that Dr Zhou's suggestion or a similar change to the international monetary system would be in the United States' best interests as well as the rest of the world's. Leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow $250 Billion of SDRs to be created by the IMF, to be distributed to all IMF members according to each countries voting rights. In the aftermath of the summit, Gordon Brown declared "the Washington Consensus is over". However, in a book published during September 2009, Professor Robert Skidelsky, an international expert on Keynesianism, argued it was still too early to say whether a new international monetary system was emerging. On Jan 27, in his opening address to the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos, President Sarkozy repeated his call for a new Bretton Woods, and was met by wild applause by a sizeable proportion of the audience. In December 2011, the Bank of England published a paper arguing for reform, saying that the current international monetary system has performed poorly compared to the Bretton Woods system. In August 2012 in an International Herald Tribune op-ed, Harvard University professor and director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation Hal S. Scott called for a global response to the Euro-zone crisis. He wrote that two failures to address European problems around German power had led to world wars in the 20th century and that the current crisis was also beyond the capacity of Europe, with Germany again at the center, to solve on their own. Accepting that leadership transitions were underway in both China and America, Scott called on all concerned—with Japan included with China and America—to begin organizing a global restructuring through the International Monetary Fund with possibly a Bretton Woods II conference as part of the process. MarketWatch commentator Darrell Delamaide endorsed Scott's idea but concluded "unfortunately it's not likely to happen". He added first the example of the failure of Europe to address successfully the breakup of Yugoslavia without outside assistance as a reason for his endorsement. But he found U.S. presidential and Treasury Department leadership and IMF leadership dramatically lacking in the capacity to mount an initiative such as Scott proposed. See also Bretton Woods Project Eurodad Global financial system History of money International Monetary and Economic Conferences References ^ Oatley, Thomas (2019). International Political Economy: Sixth Edition. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-351-03464-7. ^ a b c d e Jonathan Williams with Joe Cribb and Elizabeth Errington, ed. (1997). Money a History. British Museum Press. pp. 16–27, 111, 127, 129, 131, 136, 136. ISBN 0-7141-0885-5. ^ Raaflaub, Kurt (2005). Social Struggles in Archaic Rome. WileyBlackwell. pp. 59–60. ISBN 1-4051-0061-3. ^ "The Ascent of Money , episode 1". PBS. ^ Broz, J. Lawrence; Frieden, Jeffry A. (2001). "The Political Economy of International Monetary Relations". Annual Review of Political Science. 4 (1): 317–343. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.317. ISSN 1094-2939. ^ a b Ravenhill, John (2005). Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press. pp. 7, 328. ^ Occasionally also called the golden age of capitalism in older sources, and also the first golden age of capitalism in later sources that recognise golden age that spanned approx 1951–73. A few economists such as Barry Eichengreen date the first age of globalisation as starting in the early 1860s with the laying of the first transatlantic cables between Great Britain and the USA. ^ Harold James (2009-06-30). The End of Globalization. Harvard University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780674039087. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Helleiner, Eirc (2005). "6". In John Ravenhill (ed.). Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ^ Helleiner, Eirc (2005). "6". In John Ravenhill (ed.). Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press. p. 156. ^ Skidelsky, Robert (2003). "22". John Maynard Keynes: 1883-1946: Economist,Philosopher, Statesman. Macmillan. p. 346. ^ Stephen J. Lee (1988-10-30). Aspects of European history, 1789-1980. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 9780203930182. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Helleiner, Eric (1996). "2: Bretton Woods and the Endorsement of Capital Controls". States and the reemergence of global finance. Cornell University Press. ^ According to Keynes: "In my view the whole management of the domestic economy depends on being free to have the appropriate rate of interest without reference to rates prevailing elsewhere in the world. Capital control is a corollary to this" ^ a b Laurence Copeland (2005). Exchange Rates and International Finance (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–35. ISBN 0-273-68306-3. ^ a b c Robert Skidelsky (2009). Keynes: The return of the Master. Allen Lane. pp. 116–126. ISBN 978-1-84614-258-1. ^ Fletcher, Gordon (1989). "Introduction". The Keynesian Revolution and Its Critics: Issues of Theory and Policy for the Monetary Production Economy. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. xx. ^ Mansoor Dailami (September 7, 2011). "The New Triumvirate". Foreign Policy. ^ David Bosco (September 7, 2011). "Dreaming of SDRs". Foreign Policy. ^ Jessica Naziri (September 1, 2011). "Gold standard comeback enjoys support". CNBC. ^ "Fourth BRICS Summit - Delhi Declaration". Indian Ministry of External Affairs. March 29, 2012. ^ Mitul Kotecha (April 14, 2011). "Guest post: Rupee can serve as a reserve currency too". Financial Times. ^ George Parker; Tony Barber; Daniel Dombey (October 9, 2008). "Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank/Fund meetings". Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. ^ Agence France-Presse (AFP) (October 13, 2008). "World needs new Bretton Woods, says Brown". Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. ^ Gordon Brown (October 13, 2008). "PM's Speech on the Global Economy". eGov monitor. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. ^ James Kirkup; Bruno Waterfield (2008-10-17). "Gordon Brown's Bretton Woods summit call risks spat with Nicholas Sarkozy". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "European call for 'Bretton Woods II'". Financial Times. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and,Krishna Guha in Washington. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-01-23.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "US and China display united economic stance". Financial Times. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2009-08-05. ^ Martin Wolf. "Why Davos Man is waiting for Obama to save him". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2008-02-12. ^ "Italy queries dollar's role in Bretton Woods reform". Reuters. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ Parmy Olson; Miriam Marcus (2008-10-16). "Bringing The Banking Mess To Broadway". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ Guy Dinmore (2008-10-08). "Giulio Tremonti: A critic demands a new Bretton Woods". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ various - including Action Aid, War on Want, World Council of Churches. "Let's put finance in its place!". Choike. Retrieved 2009-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Edmund Conway (2009-01-30). "Gordon Brown warns of void left by collapse of global financial system". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ George Parker; Andrew Ward in Washington (2009-03-04). "Brown wins Obama's support for a shake-up of global regulation". Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Jamil Anderlini in Beijing (2009-03-23). "China calls for new reserve currency". Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-04-13. ^ Zhou Xiaochuan (2009-03-23). "Reform the International Monetary System". People's Bank of China. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-13. ^ Geoff Dyer in Beijing (2009-08-24). "The dragon stirs". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ^ C. Fred Bergsten (Nov 2009). "The Dollar and the Deficits". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2009-12-15. ^ "Prime Minister Gordon Brown: G20 Will Pump Trillion Dollars Into World Economy". Sky News. 2 April 2009. ^ Gillian Tett (2010-01-28). "Calls for a new Bretton Woods not so mad". Financial Times. Retrieved 2010-01-29. ^ Oliver Bush; Katie Farrant; Michelle Wright (2011-12-09). "Reform of the International Monetary and Financial System" (PDF). Bank of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-18. Retrieved 2011-12-15. ^ Scott, Hal S. (2012-08-15). "The Global (Not Euro-Zone) Crisis". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2012-08-16. ^ Delamaide, Darrell (2012-08-16). "Timid U.S., IMF leaving Europe in the lurch". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2012-08-16. External links The Bretton Woods Project The Rise and Fall of Betton Woods Eurodad: Bretton Woods II conference FAQs Eurodad: IMF back in business as Bretton Woods II conference announced UN Interactive Panel on the Global Financial Crisis UN Commission of Experts on Reform of the International Financial System G20 official website G20 Info Centre (Univ of Toronto) International Monetary System (Banque de France) Global Currency Initiative: Reforming the International Monetary System Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"cross border investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"reallocation of capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"liquidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Monetary_and_Financial_Conference"}],"text":"An international monetary system is a set of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between states that have different currencies.[1] It should provide means of payment acceptable to buyers and sellers of different nationalities, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, it needs to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade, and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The system can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, it can arise from a single architectural vision, as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.","title":"International monetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_money_montage.jpg"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Persian daric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_daric"},{"link_name":"mancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancus"},{"link_name":"Spanish real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_real"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money_a_history-2"},{"link_name":"spade money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spade_money"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money_a_history-2"},{"link_name":"monetary systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_system"},{"link_name":"Servius Tullius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Tullius"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money_a_history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money_a_history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money_a_history-2"},{"link_name":"moneychangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneychanger"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market"},{"link_name":"Jesus and the money changers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_the_money_changers"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci"},{"link_name":"Liber Abaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci"},{"link_name":"Indo-Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ascent-4"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Persian daric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_daric"},{"link_name":"Roman currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"denarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius"},{"link_name":"gold dinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Dinar"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Age of Imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Imperialism"},{"link_name":"Spanish dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"Dutch guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_guilder"},{"link_name":"French franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"British pound sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"US dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system"},{"link_name":"convertibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertibility"},{"link_name":"Nixon shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_shock"},{"link_name":"Japanese yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"reserve currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency"},{"link_name":"mancus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancus"},{"link_name":"Islamic Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Spain"},{"link_name":"dollarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarization"},{"link_name":"European colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Michael Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"trade blocs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc"},{"link_name":"global financial systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_system"},{"link_name":"world-systems approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_approach"},{"link_name":"polarity in international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations"}],"text":"See also: Reserve currencyHistoric international currencies. From top left: crystalline gold, a 5th-century BCE Persian daric, an 8th-century English mancus, and an 18th-century Spanish real.Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, sometimes in the form of bullion, and from early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC.[2] Early money took many forms, apart from bullion; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC. At that time, forms of money were also developed in Lydia in Asia Minor, from where its use spread to nearby Greek cities and later to many other places.[2]Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rulers. For example, scholars have tentatively suggested that the Roman king Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the early history of Rome. Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC – several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system.[3]As with bullion, early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite. But by about the 4th century BC coins were widely used in Greek cities. They were generally supported by the city state authorities, who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base or precious metals they were made from.[2] From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe, and eastwards to India. Coins were in use in India from about 400 BC; initially they played a greater role in religion than in trade, but by the 2nd century they had become central to commercial transactions.[2] Monetary systems that were developed in India were so successful that they spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages.[2]As a variety of coins became common within a region, they were exchanged by moneychangers, the predecessors of today's foreign exchange market, as mentioned in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers. In Venice and the other Italian city states of the early Middle Ages, money changers would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies. This partly led to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci which popularised the use of Indo-Arabic numerals, which displaced the more difficult Roman numerals then in use by western merchants.[4]When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony, its currency has been a basis for international trade, and hence for a de facto monetary system. In the West – Europe and the Middle East – an early such coin was the Persian daric. This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman Empire, such as the denarius, then the gold dinar of the Ottoman Empire, and later – from the 16th to 20th centuries, during the Age of Imperialism – by the currency of European colonial powers: the Spanish dollar, the Dutch guilder, the French franc and the British pound sterling; at times one currency has been pre-eminent, at times no one dominated. With the growth of American power, the US dollar became the basis for the international monetary system, formalised in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post–World War II monetary order, with fixed exchange rates of other currencies to the dollar, and convertibility of the dollar into gold. The Bretton Woods system broke down, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility; but the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese yen also being prominent in foreign exchange markets. Since the formation of the euro, the euro has also gained use as a reserve currency and a medium of transactions, though the dollar has remained the most important currency.A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations: for example, English kings minted the gold mancus, presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain; colonial powers sometimes minted coins that resembled those already used in a distant territory; and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization.Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single base for the global monetary system, and the emergence instead of regional trade blocs; he cites the emergence of the euro as an example. See also global financial systems, world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard.","title":"Historical overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffry A. Frieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffry_Frieden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to J. Lawrence Broz and Jeffry A. Frieden, the sustainability of international monetary cooperation has tended to be affected by:[5]A shared interest in currency stability\nInterlinkages to other important issues\nThe presence of institutions that formalize the international monetary cooperation\nThe number of actors involved, in particular whether one or a few powerful states are willing to take the lead in managing international monetary affairs\nMacroeconomic conditions (during economic downturns, states are incentivized to defect from international monetary cooperation)","title":"History of modern global monetary orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sovereign_Victoria_1842_662015.jpg"},{"link_name":"British gold sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_sovereign"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPE-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Latin Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian monetary union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_monetary_union"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"counter-cyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclical_and_countercyclical_variables"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gilded Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"}],"sub_title":"The pre-WWI financial order: 1816–1919","text":"The British gold sovereign or £1 coin was the preeminent circulating gold coin during the classical gold standard period. of 1816 to 1914From the 1816 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well-integrated financial order, sometimes known as the \"first age of globalisation\".[6][7] There were monetary unions which enabled member countries to accept each other's currencies as legal tender. Such unions included the Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, France) and the Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard, by both independent nations and their colonies. Great Britain was at the time the world's pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since.[8]While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods system were not in place, damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era. In fact Great Britain's capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter-cyclical, rising when Britain's economy went into recession, thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods.[9] Accordingly, this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises. In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre–World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps. The Gilded Age, a time of especially rapid development in North America, falls into this period.","title":"History of modern global monetary orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange"},{"link_name":"Migrant Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Mother"},{"link_name":"pea-pickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea-pickers"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"floating exchange rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"lender of last resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort"},{"link_name":"John Maynard Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations"},{"link_name":"The Economic Consequences of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace"}],"sub_title":"Between the World Wars: 1919–1939","text":"This era saw periods of worldwide economic hardship. The image is Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depiction of destitute pea-pickers in California, taken in March 1936.The years between the world wars have been described as a period of \"de-globalisation\", as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I, countries had abandoned the gold standard. Except for the United States, they later returned to it only briefly. By the early 1930s, the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates.[10] In this era, the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy. To protect their reserves of gold, countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy. The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn, just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth. Economist Nicholas Davenport[11] had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard \"sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class\".By the end of World War I, Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States, allowing the US to largely displace it as the world's foremost financial power. The United States, however, was reluctant to assume Great Britain's leadership role, partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns. In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era, capital exports from the US were not countercyclical. They expanded rapidly with the United States' economic growth in the 1920s until 1928, but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year. As the Great Depression intensified in 1930, financial institutions were hit hard along with trade; in 1930 alone, 1345 US banks collapsed.[12] During the 1930s, the United States raised trade barriers, refused to act as an international lender of last resort, and refused calls to cancel war debts, all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries. According to economist John Maynard Keynes, another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level, which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace.","title":"History of modern global monetary orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Dexter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White"},{"link_name":"John Maynard Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Dexter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Monetary_and_Financial_Conference"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bancor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor"},{"link_name":"trade deficit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copeland-15"},{"link_name":"President Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copeland-15"}],"sub_title":"The Bretton Woods Era: 1944–1973","text":"Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at Bretton WoodsBritish and American policy makers began to plan the post-war international monetary system in the early 1940s. The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing.[13] The principal architects of the new system, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White, created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable[clarification needed] exchange rates so that the currencies were pegged against the dollar, with the dollar itself convertible into gold. So in effect this was a gold – dollar exchange standard. There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard. Two international institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created. A key part of their function was to replace private finance as a more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states. At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development, and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations. The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10% against the dollar (more if approved by the IMF) – thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard. A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies[14] while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment. Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system, and suggested an international currency called bancor be used instead, but he was overruled by the Americans. Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era, the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit, which undermined confidence in the dollar. This, together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold in which the price soared above the official US mandated price, led to speculators running down the US gold reserves. Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only, some, notably France,[15] continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US. Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1971. This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods system; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years, but they were not successful, resulting in a system of floating exchange rates.[15]","title":"History of modern global monetary orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_NYSE.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Lord Skidelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-16"},{"link_name":"switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_displacement_of_Keynesianism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPE-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-16"},{"link_name":"Nixon suspending the dollar's convertibility into gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon#Economy"},{"link_name":"capital controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_control"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"reforms in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_China"},{"link_name":"1991 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_India_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"The post Bretton Woods system: 1973–present","text":"The New York Stock Exchange. The current era has seen huge and turbulent flows of capital between nations.An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus. While the name was coined in 1989, the associated economic system came into effect years earlier: according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980–2009 (the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period).[16] The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system.[6] The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s:[16] crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar's convertibility into gold in 1971, the United States' abandonment of capital controls in 1974, and the UK's ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies.In some parts of the developing world, liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population – most prominently with Deng Xiaoping's reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after its 1991 crisis.Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era, and according to economist Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age.[17] Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300% – with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies. On the positive side, at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return, with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels.","title":"History of modern global monetary orders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wolf"},{"link_name":"capital inflows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_account"},{"link_name":"global justice movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_justice_movement"},{"link_name":"French President Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"President of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_G-20_Washington_summit"},{"link_name":"2008 G-20 Washington summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_G-20_Washington_summit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giulio Tremonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tremonti"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"global financial crisis of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Choike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_del_Tercer_Mundo#Choike"},{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Zhou Xiaochuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuan"},{"link_name":"People's Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China"},{"link_name":"bancor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor"},{"link_name":"Triffin dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma"},{"link_name":"special drawing rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_drawing_rights"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"C. Fred Bergsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Fred_Bergsten"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bersten-40"},{"link_name":"2009 G-20 London summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynes:_The_Return_of_the_Master"},{"link_name":"Robert Skidelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky"},{"link_name":"Keynesianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesianism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-16"},{"link_name":"2010 World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COEDec2011-43"},{"link_name":"International Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Committee on Capital Markets Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Capital_Markets_Regulation"},{"link_name":"Hal S. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_S._Scott"},{"link_name":"Euro-zone crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"MarketWatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Leading financial journalist Martin Wolf has reported that all financial crises since 1971 have been preceded by large capital inflows into affected regions. While ever since the seventies there have been numerous calls from the global justice movement for a revamped international system to tackle the problem of unfettered capital flows, it was not until late 2008 that this idea began to receive substantial support from leading politicians. On September 26, 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, then also the President of the European Union, said, \"We must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods.\"[23]On October 13, 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system:We must have a new Bretton Woods, building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead.[24]However, Brown's approach was quite different from the original Bretton Woods system, emphasising the continuation of globalization and free trade as opposed to a return to fixed exchange rates.[25]There were tensions between Brown and Sarkozy, the latter of whom argued that the \"Anglo-Saxon\" model of unrestrained markets had failed.[26] However European leaders were united in calling for a \"Bretton Woods II\" summit to redesign the world's financial architecture.[27]G-20 leaders at Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy.President Bush was agreeable to the calls, and the resulting meeting was the 2008 G-20 Washington summit. International agreement was achieved for the common adoption of Keynesian fiscal stimulus,[28] an area where the US and China were to emerge as the world's leading actors.[29] Yet there was no substantial progress towards reforming the international financial system, and nor was there at the 2009 meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos.[30]Despite this lack of results leaders continued to campaign for Bretton Woods II. Italian Economics Minister Giulio Tremonti said that Italy would use its 2009 G7 chairmanship to push for a \"New Bretton Woods\". He had been critical of the U.S.'s response to the global financial crisis of 2008, and had suggested that the dollar may be superseded as the base currency of the Bretton Woods system.[31][32][33]Choike, a portal organisation representing Southern Hemisphere NGOs, called for the establishment of \"international permanent and binding mechanisms of control over capital flows\" and as of March 2009 had achieved over 550 signatories from civil society organisations.[34]March 2009 saw Gordon Brown continuing to advocate for reform and the granting of extended powers to international financial institutions like the IMF at the April G20 summit in London,[35] and was said to have president Obama's support\n.[36]\nAlso during March 2009, in a speech entitled Reform the International Monetary System, Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the People's Bank of China came out in favour of Keynes's idea of a centrally managed global reserve currency. Dr Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes's bancor. Dr Zhou said that national currencies were unsuitable for use as global reserve currencies as a result of the Triffin dilemma – the difficulty faced by reserve currency issuers in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries' demand for reserve currency. Dr Zhou proposed a gradual move towards increased use of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs) as a centrally managed global reserve currency.[37][38] His proposal attracted much international attention.[39] In a November 2009 article published in Foreign Affairs magazine, economist C. Fred Bergsten argued that Dr Zhou's suggestion or a similar change to the international monetary system would be in the United States' best interests as well as the rest of the world's.[40]Leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow $250 Billion of SDRs to be created by the IMF, to be distributed to all IMF members according to each countries voting rights. In the aftermath of the summit, Gordon Brown declared \"the Washington Consensus is over\".[41] However, in a book published during September 2009, Professor Robert Skidelsky, an international expert on Keynesianism, argued it was still too early to say whether a new international monetary system was emerging.[16]On Jan 27, in his opening address to the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos, President Sarkozy repeated his call for a new Bretton Woods, and was met by wild applause by a sizeable proportion of the audience.[42]In December 2011, the Bank of England published a paper arguing for reform, saying that the current international monetary system has performed poorly compared to the Bretton Woods system. \n[43]In August 2012 in an International Herald Tribune op-ed, Harvard University professor and director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation Hal S. Scott called for a global response to the Euro-zone crisis. He wrote that two failures to address European problems around German power had led to world wars in the 20th century and that the current crisis was also beyond the capacity of Europe, with Germany again at the center, to solve on their own. Accepting that leadership transitions were underway in both China and America, Scott called on all concerned—with Japan included with China and America—to begin organizing a global restructuring through the International Monetary Fund with possibly a Bretton Woods II conference as part of the process.[44] MarketWatch commentator Darrell Delamaide endorsed Scott's idea but concluded \"unfortunately it's not likely to happen\". He added first the example of the failure of Europe to address successfully the breakup of Yugoslavia without outside assistance as a reason for his endorsement. But he found U.S. presidential and Treasury Department leadership and IMF leadership dramatically lacking in the capacity to mount an initiative such as Scott proposed.[45]","title":"Calls for a \"New Bretton Woods\""}]
[{"image_text":"Historic international currencies. From top left: crystalline gold, a 5th-century BCE Persian daric, an 8th-century English mancus, and an 18th-century Spanish real.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/International_money_montage.jpg/220px-International_money_montage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The British gold sovereign or £1 coin was the preeminent circulating gold coin during the classical gold standard period. of 1816 to 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sovereign_Victoria_1842_662015.jpg/220px-Sovereign_Victoria_1842_662015.jpg"},{"image_text":"This era saw periods of worldwide economic hardship. The image is Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depiction of destitute pea-pickers in California, taken in March 1936.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/220px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at Bretton Woods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/WhiteandKeynes.jpg/220px-WhiteandKeynes.jpg"},{"image_text":"The New York Stock Exchange. The current era has seen huge and turbulent flows of capital between nations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NYC_NYSE.jpg/220px-NYC_NYSE.jpg"},{"image_text":"G-20 leaders at Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg/250px-Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bretton Woods Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Project"},{"title":"Eurodad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodad"},{"title":"Global financial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_system"},{"title":"History of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_money"},{"title":"International Monetary and Economic Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Economic_Conferences"}]
[{"reference":"Oatley, Thomas (2019). International Political Economy: Sixth Edition. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-351-03464-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"International Political Economy: Sixth Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03464-7","url_text":"978-1-351-03464-7"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Williams with Joe Cribb and Elizabeth Errington, ed. (1997). Money a History. British Museum Press. pp. 16–27, 111, 127, 129, 131, 136, 136. ISBN 0-7141-0885-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moneyhistory0000unse_u5i0/page/126/","url_text":"Money a History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-0885-5","url_text":"0-7141-0885-5"}]},{"reference":"Raaflaub, Kurt (2005). Social Struggles in Archaic Rome. 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FAQs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114080607/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=3010","external_links_name":"Eurodad: IMF back in business as Bretton Woods II conference announced"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/ga/president/63/interactive/gfc.shtml","external_links_name":"UN Interactive Panel on the Global Financial Crisis"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml","external_links_name":"UN Commission of Experts on Reform of the International Financial System"},{"Link":"http://www.g20.org/","external_links_name":"G20 official website"},{"Link":"http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20","external_links_name":"G20 Info Centre (Univ of Toronto)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110418205031/http://global-currencies.org/smi/gb/home.php","external_links_name":"International Monetary System (Banque de France)"},{"Link":"https://globalcurrencyinitiative.org/en/","external_links_name":"Global Currency Initiative: Reforming the International Monetary System"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph563238&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lauder_of_Quarrelwood
Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood
["1 Early mentions","2 Career and estates","3 Last mention","4 Children","5 References"]
Urquhart Castle Sir Robert de Lawedre (Lauder), Knt., of Quarrelwood, Edrington, and the Bass (died about 1370) was Justiciar of Scotia, a Scottish soldier of great prominence and Captain of Urquhart Castle. He is recorded by Fordun, in his Scotichronicon, and in Extracta ex variis Cronicis Scocie as "Robertus de Lavedir 'the good'" Early mentions The eldest son of Sir Robert de Lawedre of the Bass (d. September 1337) by his wife Elizabeth (d. before 1358), he was probably born about 1310 and is described in Rymer's Foedera (vol.iii, p. 1022) as the eldest son of Sir Robert de Lawedre, one of the Scottish Ambassadors in 1323 who had been sent to negotiate peace with England. This Robert fils was attached to the train as a page. In a charter in the Calendar of the Laing Charters, A.D. 854–1837 (page 10, number 32) there is a Precept originally written in Norman-French by Patrick de Dunbar, Earl of March, to Sir Robert de Lawedre, younger, (le fitz) for heritable sasine of the reversion of the lands of Whitelaw within the Earldom of Dunbar, plus 10 livres yearly from the mill of Dunbar, and the farms and issues of the granter's said town ('ville') of Dunbar, according to the terms of charters to the grantee. Dated at Berwick-upon-Tweed, 20 October 1324. Career and estates In 1328 Robert Lauder was appointed Justiciary of 'that part of Scotland on the North side of the Water of Forth,' his main estate being close to Elgin in the province of Moray. The Exchequer Rolls record that "Roberto de Lawedir de Moravia, knight", received annual fees in 1329. On 1 October 1363, King David II confirmed a pension of £20 per annum upon the ageing "Robert de Lawedre, militi". Lachlan Shaw writes "the first proprietor of Quarrelwood, of whom we have any distinct account, is Sir Robert Lauder or Lavedre. His father, also Sir Robert, was Justiciary of Lothians, and Ambassador to England in the time of King Robert Bruce, and engaged in similar service for King David Bruce. Both father and son seem to have been present at the battle of Halidon Hill, on 20 July 1333, after which fatal event the younger Sir Robert, being Justiciary of the North, hastened to occupy the Castle of Urquhart on Loch Ness, one of the few fortalices which held out against the power of Edward I of England. He held the lands of Quarrelwood, Grieshop, Brightmoney, and Kinsteary, which continued to be possessed by his descendants, in the female line, for many generations. He designated himself as 'Robertus de Lavadre, Dominus de Quarrelwood, in Moravia.' This Robert Lauder obtained a charter from John Pilmore, Bishop of Moray, for good services, of the half davoch lands of Aberbreachy, and the lands of Auchmunie, within the Barony of Urquhart, dated at Elgin in the feast of St. Nicholas, 1333. He founded a chaplianry in the Cathedral Church of Moray for his own soul, and those of his ancestors and successors. The Deed is dated at Dunfermline, 1 May 1362, which gift is confirmed by a Writ from King David Bruce, dated at Elgin, the 10 May, in the 38th year of his reign. Sir Robert is said to have had a family of sons and daughters. One daughter was married to Sir Robert Chisholm, and her father conveyed to her, or her husband, in her right, the lands of Quarrelwood, Kinsteary, Brightmoney and others." Sir William Fraser, as well as the Scalacronica (p. 161), mention "Robert de Lawder the younger" being captured near Jedburgh in a skirmish between his party led by Sir Andrew de Moray and Archibald Douglas when they ambushed the party of Edward Baliol, in 1332. James Young states that this Robert Lauder fought alongside Archibald Douglas during the battle of Halidon Hill, and quotes a MS Chronicle of England describing the battle. He also cites Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, written before 1424. Bain lists Scots who have been forfeited of properties by King Edward III between 1335 – 1337. Robert de Lawedre fils has forfeited the dower lands in Paxton, Berwickshire which his daughter Mariotta then held from him, the "villa" of Whitelaw, East Lothian, and half the domain lands of Stenton (where he is described as his father's son and heir), the other half being retained by his mother Elizabeth. Bain also has a charter dated circa 1335 which mentions numerous properties in and around Berwick-upon-Tweed which Robert the Bruce had granted to Sir Robert de Louwedere (another spelling in the same charter is Lowedre) senior, and his son Robert. Berwick having now fallen into the hands of the English, Robert de Lawedre junior is forfeited of these properties which are granted by Edward III of England to Adam of Corbridge. His father having died, young Lauder was also forfeited, in 1337, of his paternal inheritance: the lands of "Balmegon" (Balgone), "Balnegog", Wester Crag , Garvald, Fanulton (Fenton), Newhall, Popil, all in Haddingtonshire, and lastly Auldcathy in Linlithgowshire. The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland have "Domini Roberti de Lawedre" in 1337 as the owner of lands in Inverness-shire, and Forres. They included "Dreketh", and "Banchori". "Sir Robert de Lawedre, Justiciar of Scotland on the north side of the water of Forth" was present at the siege of Falkland Castle in February 1337 when he was one of the witnesses to a charter by Duncan (or Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife,1288–1353), to Dame Beatrix de Douglas, widow of Sir Archibald de Douglas, knight, (presumably he who fell at Halidon Hill), of the barony of Wester Caldor, for life, and after her death to her sons and heirs by Sir Archibald. About 1340 Robert de Lawder, Justiciary, was a witness, with James Lord Douglas, Robert de Keith, Henry St.Clair, Alexander de Seaton, all knights, plus the "Lord" William, Rector of the parish of Morham, East Lothian, to a charter of Euphemia, the widow of Sir John Giffard, Lord of Yester, relating to the tenement of land of "Barow" (today: Bara, East Lothian). Robert Lauder was also at the Battle of Neville's Cross and was mentioned, with others in December 1346, as being taken prisoner there. Last mention A charter mentions Sir Robert Lauder gave land "in and near his burgh of Lauder" to Thomas de Borthwick, witnessed by John de Mauteland , the sixth of the Lauderdale family. This transaction was possibly in 1370 and John Maitland's brother William was a witness. The charter was attested by Sir Robert Lauder 's son, Alan, and his grandson, "Roberto filio Alani tunc Ballio de Lawedre". Children Sir Robert's wife is unknown. However, there are records of at least five children, three boys and two girls: William de Lawedre, 'senior', of Burgh Muir, Edinburgh, who died without issue in 1375 when his brother Alan was retoured his heir. Alan de Lawedre, of Whitslaid (Berwickshire), and of Haltoun House (d. before March 1406/7 when his son Robert was retoured his heir). Hector de Lawedre, "armiger de Scot" received safe-conducts from King Edward III on 20 May 1365 and 14 October 1366 (on the latter date accompanied by seven associates) to travel to England. As no other Lauder family than this are on record as armigers at this period of time it is assumed that Hector must belong here. Mariotta de Lawedre, mentioned as "filia Roberti de Lowedre" living in a tenement at Paxton (possibly at Edrington) of which Robert is being forfeited by the English, 1335–36. Ann de Lawedre, who married Sir Robert Chisholm, originally from Roxburghshire, and upon whom her father settled much of his northern lands as dowry. In the archives is a charter of Robert de Lauedre, Knt., in favour of Robert de Chesholm of that ilk of lands, rents, etc., belonging to Lauedre, dated 27 July 1366. Legal offices Preceded byUncertain, last known were Reginald Cheyne, John de Vaux, Robert Keith and William Inge Justiciar of Scotia c. 1328–1370 Succeeded byUncertain References ^ Register Great Seal of Scotland, no. 163. ^ James Young (1884), pp. 36-7. ^ Rotuli Scotiae in Turra Londinensi et in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi asservati (London, 1814–19, 2 vols) under date 8 December 1346. ^ James Young Historical References to the Scottish Family of Lauder, (Glasgow, 1884), p. 38. ^ J.Stewart-Smith, The Grange of St. Giles (Edinburgh, 1898). ^ Rotuli Scotiae in Turri Londinensi et in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi assertvati, London, 1814-1819, 2 vols. ^ National Records of Scotland, RH1/2/128 Dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire, by John Burke, 8th edition. London, 1845, volume 1, p. 591. Exchequer Rolls, 1264–1359, edited by John Stuart, LL.D., and George Burnett, LL.D., Lord Lyon King of Arms, Edinburgh, 1878, vol. 1, pp. 218, 440. History of the Province of Moray, by Lachlan Shaw, 3 vols., Glasgow, 1882. Historical References to the Scottish Family of Lauder, edited by James Young, Glasgow, 1884. Douglas Book, by Sir William Fraser, Edinburgh, 1885, vol. 1, p. 204; vol.3, pp. 391-2. Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, 1307–1357, edited by Joseph Bain, vol.III, Edinburgh, 1887, pp. 218-9, 337-8, 346, 386, 391. Grange of St. Giles, by J.Stewart-Smith, Edinburgh, 1898, pp. 159, 161, 165. Calendar of Writs preserved at Yester House 1166–1625, compiled by Charles C.H.Harvey and John MacLeod, Scottish Record Society, Edinburgh, 1930, p. 19, no. 24.
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He is recorded by Fordun, in his Scotichronicon, and in Extracta ex variis Cronicis Scocie as \"Robertus de Lavedir 'the good'\"","title":"Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sasine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasine"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"}],"text":"The eldest son of Sir Robert de Lawedre of the Bass (d. September 1337) by his wife Elizabeth (d. before 1358), he was probably born about 1310 and is described in Rymer's Foedera (vol.iii, p. 1022) as the eldest son of Sir Robert de Lawedre, one of the Scottish Ambassadors in 1323 who had been sent to negotiate peace with England. This Robert fils was attached to the train as a page.In a charter in the Calendar of the Laing Charters, A.D. 854–1837 (page 10, number 32) there is a Precept originally written in Norman-French by Patrick de Dunbar, Earl of March, to Sir Robert de Lawedre, younger, (le fitz) for heritable sasine of the reversion of the lands of Whitelaw within the Earldom of Dunbar, plus 10 livres yearly from the mill of Dunbar, and the farms and issues of the granter's said town ('ville') of Dunbar, according to the terms of charters to the grantee. Dated at Berwick-upon-Tweed, 20 October 1324.","title":"Early mentions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray"},{"link_name":"David II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"battle of Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Loch Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Quarrelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarrelwood_Castle"},{"link_name":"William Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fraser_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Jedburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh"},{"link_name":"Andrew de Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_de_Moray"},{"link_name":"Edward Baliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Baliol"},{"link_name":"battle of Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wyntoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun"},{"link_name":"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orygynale_Cronykil_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Stenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenton"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"Garvald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvald,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Haddingtonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddingtonshire"},{"link_name":"Linlithgowshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgowshire"},{"link_name":"Exchequer Rolls of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer_Rolls_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Inverness-shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness-shire"},{"link_name":"Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres"},{"link_name":"Falkland Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Castle"},{"link_name":"Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchadh_IV,_Earl_of_Fife"},{"link_name":"Morham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morham"},{"link_name":"Yester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yester"},{"link_name":"Bara, East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1328 Robert Lauder was appointed Justiciary of 'that part of Scotland on the North side of the Water of Forth,' his main estate being close to Elgin in the province of Moray. The Exchequer Rolls record that \"Roberto de Lawedir de Moravia, knight\", received annual fees in 1329. On 1 October 1363, King David II confirmed a pension of £20 per annum upon the ageing \"Robert de Lawedre, militi\".[1]Lachlan Shaw writes \"the first proprietor of Quarrelwood, of whom we have any distinct account, is Sir Robert Lauder or Lavedre. His father, also Sir Robert, was Justiciary of Lothians, and Ambassador to England in the time of King Robert Bruce, and engaged in similar service for King David Bruce. Both father and son seem to have been present at the battle of Halidon Hill, on 20 July 1333, after which fatal event the younger Sir Robert, being Justiciary of the North, hastened to occupy the Castle of Urquhart on Loch Ness, one of the few fortalices which held out against the power of Edward I of England. He held the lands of Quarrelwood, Grieshop, Brightmoney, and Kinsteary, which continued to be possessed by his descendants, in the female line, for many generations. He designated himself as 'Robertus de Lavadre, Dominus de Quarrelwood, in Moravia.' This Robert Lauder obtained a charter from John Pilmore, Bishop of Moray, for good services, of the half davoch [a davoch was at least 416 acres] lands of Aberbreachy, and the lands of Auchmunie, within the Barony of Urquhart, dated at Elgin in the feast of St. Nicholas, 1333. He founded a chaplianry in the Cathedral Church of Moray for his own soul, and those of his ancestors and successors. The Deed is dated at Dunfermline, 1 May 1362, which gift is confirmed by a Writ from King David Bruce, dated at Elgin, the 10 May, in the 38th year of his reign. Sir Robert is said to have had a family of sons and daughters. One daughter was married to Sir Robert Chisholm, and her father conveyed to her, or her husband, in her right, the lands of Quarrelwood, Kinsteary, Brightmoney and others.\"Sir William Fraser, as well as the Scalacronica (p. 161), mention \"Robert de Lawder the younger\" being captured near Jedburgh in a skirmish between his party led by Sir Andrew de Moray and Archibald Douglas when they ambushed the party of Edward Baliol, in 1332.James Young states that this Robert Lauder fought alongside Archibald Douglas during the battle of Halidon Hill, and quotes a MS Chronicle of England describing the battle. He also cites Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, written before 1424.[2]Bain lists Scots who have been forfeited of properties by King Edward III between 1335 – 1337. Robert de Lawedre fils has forfeited the dower lands in Paxton, Berwickshire which his daughter Mariotta then held from him, the \"villa\" [town] of Whitelaw, East Lothian, and half the domain lands of Stenton (where he is described as his father's son and heir), the other half being retained by his mother Elizabeth. Bain also has a charter dated circa 1335 which mentions numerous properties in and around Berwick-upon-Tweed which Robert the Bruce had granted to Sir Robert de Louwedere (another spelling in the same charter is Lowedre) senior, and his son Robert. Berwick having now fallen into the hands of the English, Robert de Lawedre junior is forfeited of these properties which are granted by Edward III of England to Adam of Corbridge. His father having died, young Lauder was also forfeited, in 1337, of his paternal inheritance: the lands of \"Balmegon\" (Balgone), \"Balnegog\", Wester Crag [Craig], Garvald, Fanulton (Fenton), Newhall, Popil, all in Haddingtonshire, and lastly Auldcathy in Linlithgowshire.The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland have \"Domini Roberti de Lawedre\" in 1337 as the owner of lands in Inverness-shire, and Forres. They included \"Dreketh\", and \"Banchori\".\"Sir Robert de Lawedre, Justiciar of Scotland on the north side of the water of Forth\" was present at the siege of Falkland Castle in February 1337 when he was one of the witnesses to a charter by Duncan (or Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife,1288–1353), to Dame Beatrix de Douglas, widow of Sir Archibald de Douglas, knight, (presumably he who fell at Halidon Hill), of the barony of Wester Caldor, for life, and after her death to her sons and heirs by Sir Archibald.About 1340 Robert de Lawder, Justiciary, was a witness, with James Lord Douglas, Robert de Keith, Henry St.Clair, Alexander de Seaton, all knights, plus the \"Lord\" William, Rector of the parish of Morham, East Lothian, to a charter of Euphemia, the widow of Sir John Giffard, Lord of Yester, relating to the tenement of land of \"Barow\" (today: Bara, East Lothian).Robert Lauder was also at the Battle of Neville's Cross and was mentioned, with others in December 1346, as being taken prisoner there.[3]","title":"Career and estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A charter mentions Sir Robert Lauder gave land \"in and near his burgh of Lauder\" to Thomas de Borthwick, witnessed by John de Mauteland [Maitland], the sixth of the Lauderdale family.[4] This transaction was possibly in 1370 and John Maitland's brother William was a witness. The charter was attested by Sir Robert Lauder 's son, Alan, and his grandson, \"Roberto filio Alani tunc Ballio de Lawedre\".[5]","title":"Last mention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burgh Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_Muir"},{"link_name":"Haltoun House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltoun_House"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edrington"},{"link_name":"Roxburghshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sir Robert's wife is unknown. However, there are records of at least five children, three boys and two girls:William de Lawedre, 'senior', of Burgh Muir, Edinburgh, who died without issue in 1375 when his brother Alan was retoured his heir.\nAlan de Lawedre, of Whitslaid (Berwickshire), and of Haltoun House (d. before March 1406/7 when his son Robert was retoured his heir).\nHector de Lawedre, \"armiger de Scot\" received safe-conducts from King Edward III on 20 May 1365 and 14 October 1366 (on the latter date accompanied by seven associates) to travel to England.[6] As no other Lauder family than this are on record as armigers at this period of time it is assumed that Hector must belong here.\nMariotta de Lawedre, mentioned as \"filia Roberti de Lowedre\" living in a tenement [of land] at Paxton (possibly at Edrington) of which Robert is being forfeited by the English, 1335–36.\nAnn de Lawedre, who married Sir Robert Chisholm, originally from Roxburghshire, and upon whom her father settled much of his northern lands as dowry. In the archives is a charter of Robert de Lauedre, Knt., in favour of Robert de Chesholm of that ilk of lands, rents, etc., belonging to Lauedre, dated 27 July 1366.[7]","title":"Children"}]
[{"image_text":"Urquhart Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UrquhartCastle.jpg/300px-UrquhartCastle.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mum_language
Mum language
["1 Phonology","1.1 Vowels","2 References"]
Papuan language of Papua New Guinea Not to be confused with Bamum language. MumKatiatiNative toPapua New GuineaRegionMadang ProvinceNative speakers2,500 (2015)Language familyTrans–New Guinea MadangSouthern AdelbertSogeramSikanMumLanguage codesISO 639-3kqaGlottologmumm1238 Mum, or Katiati, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Phonology Vowels Front Central Back Close i ɨ u Mid (e) Open a References ^ Mum at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ Daniels, Don Roger (June 2015). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram". Alexandria Digital Research Library: 93. vteMadang languagesNorthern Adelbert(Croisilles)Manep–Barem Manep Barem Kumil–Tibor Mauwake Bepour Moere Pamosu Hember Avu Mokati Mawak Kowaki Numugen Usan Karian Yaben Yarawata Parawen Ukuriguma Kaukombar Maia Mala Miani Maiani other Gavak Southern AdelbertTomul (Josephstaal) Anam Anamgura Moresada Osum Wadaginam Sogeram (Wanang) Apali Atemble Faita Gants Magɨyi Musak Nend Mum Paynamar Sileibi Kalam Kalam Kobon Tai MabusoKokan Girawa Kein Gum Amele Bau Gumalu Isebe Panim Sihan Hanseman Bagupi Baimak Gal Garus Kare Matepi Mawan Mosimo Murupi Nake Nobonob Rempi Rapting Samosa Saruga Silopi Utu Wagi Wamas Yoidik other Munit Mindjim Anjam Bongu Male Sam Rai Coast (South Madang)Awung Jilim Rerau Yangulam Brahman Biyom Tauya Evapia Kesawai Kou Sausi Peka Danaru Sop Sumau Urigina Nuru Duduela Kwato Ogea Uya Kabenau Arawum Dumpu Kolom Lemio Siroi other Pulabu Yaganon Dumun Ganglau Saep Yabong (unclear) Amaimon Bargam Wasembo Yamben This Madang languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Cut_(play)
Deep Cut (play)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Play written by Philip Ralph Deep CutWritten byPhilip RalphDate premiered2008Place premieredEdinburgh, ScotlandOriginal languageEnglishGenreDocumentary/DramaSettingDeepcut Barracks Deep Cut is a play to date performed by Cardiff theatre company Sherman Cymru and written by Philip Ralph. It premiered at the Edinburgh Festival in 2008 and won the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression Award in the same year as well as best Actor (Ciaran McIntyre) and Best Actress (Rhian Blythe) awards with The Stage's Stage Awards for Acting Excellence. It concerns the death by gunshot of four trainees and the aftermath at Deepcut Barracks in Surrey (1995–2002) and is based on firsthand testimonies. The play transferred to the Tricycle Theatre for a four-week run in 2009. The rights to the play were optioned in 2009 by Revolution Films for an unspecified period. See also Deaths at Deepcut army barracks References ^ Brown, Angie (2008-08-07). "UK | Scotland | Edinburgh, East and Fife | Parents inspired by Deepcut play". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-06-03. ^ "AIUK: Scotland: 'Deep Cut' wins 2008 Freedom of Expression Award". Amnesty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2010-06-03. ^ "News - Wales News - Deepcut play wins more awards". WalesOnline. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2010-06-03. ^ Spencer, Charles (2009-03-17). "Deep Cut at the Tricycle Theatre - review". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-06-03. ^ Gardner, Lyn (2008-08-02). "Edinburgh festival: Deep Cut". The Guardian. London. ^ Nightingale, Benedict (March 13, 2009). "Deep Cut at the Tricycle Theatre, London". The Times. London. ^ "Sherman Cymru's DEEP CUT Comes To The Tricycle Theater (UK / West End)". Westend.broadwayworld.com. 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2010-06-03. This article on a 2000s play is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Deaths at Deepcut army barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_at_Deepcut_army_barracks"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_roofed_turtle
Assam roofed turtle
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","4 Reproduction","5 Conservation","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Species of turtle Assam roofed turtle Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix II (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Geoemydidae Genus: Pangshura Species: P. sylhetensis Binomial name Pangshura sylhetensisJerdon, 1870 Synonyms Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon, 1870 Jerdonella sylhetensis Gray, 1870 Kachuga sylhetensis Boulenger, 1889 The Assam roofed turtle or Sylhet roofed turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis) is a turtle species of the family Geoemydidae found in the Brahmaputra-Meghna drainage in India (Assam) and parts of eastern Bangladesh. It was formerly placed in the genus Batagur and the defunct genus Kachuga. Description Carapace pattern The species has a triangular and elevated carapace with a prominent spiked keel and 26 strongly serrated marginal plates. The carapace is olive brown, with a lighter (yellowish to beige) keel. The head is small and has a weakly hooked upper jaw; a narrow pink stripe runs from the back of each eye to the middle of the back of the head. Adults may attain a maximum length of 20.5 cm, although body sizes of 16 cm are more common. The species' local names include dura kaso (দূৰা কাছ) in Assamese, śileṭi kaiṭṭa (সিলেটি কাইট্টা), śileṭi kori kaiṭṭa (সিলেটি কড়ি কাইট্টা), kãṭa kachim (কাঁটা কাছিম) and kaṭua~xaṭua/kauṭa~xauta (কাটুয়া/কাউটা) in Bengali. Distribution and habitat The species occurs in the north-eastern and south-eastern parts of Bangladesh, in India (Assam) and possibly in Bhutan. It is found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats in areas with upland tropical moist forest, and fast-flowing streams and perhaps also small rivers. Oxbow lakes may also be inhabited, but shell morphology suggests an adaptation to fast-flowing waters. Ecology The species is amphibious. In the cooler months of the dry season, from December to February, it basks during most of the day; individuals living in cooler hill streams may do so year round. The turtle is shy and never basks on river banks, but only on emergent logs or rocks. At the slightest disturbance, it will dive quickly to the middle of the river, hiding between rocks. Juveniles often flee into accumulations of dead leaves for camouflage and remain motionless. Reproduction Assam roofed turtles nest between late October and February, corresponding with the cool, dry season, and produce clutches of 6 to 12 eggs. Hatchlings appear mainly between March and April, at the beginning of the southeast monsoons. The eggs need to undergo a diapause at cooler temperatures lasting between 6 and 8 weeks in order to hatch successfully. Conservation The Assam roofed turtle is a rare species known only from a few individuals; it is believed to have one of the narrowest distributions of any south Asian geoemydid. It is exploited for its meat and eggs for local consumption and collected for the pet trade, especially in Asia where this turtle fetches high prices as pets. Habitat destruction by logging and incidental capture in fishing gear are also thought to present threats. The species is currently classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. References ^ a b Praschag, P.; Das, I.; Ahmed, M.F.; Singh, S. (2021). "Pangshura sylhetensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10950A499618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10950A499618.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 239. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. ^ a b "Post". Turtle Island (in German). Retrieved 2019-07-09. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). www.ijpaz.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c d e Das, I.; Sengupta, S.; Praschag, P. (2010). "Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 – Assam Roofed Turtle". In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Iverson, J.B.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/ SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 046.1–046.6. doi:10.3854/crm.5.046.sylhetensis.v1.2010. ISBN 978-0965354097. Further reading Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1993). "New locality records for Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon, 1870)". Hamadryad: The Journal of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. 18: 43–45. Das, Indraneil (1997). "Kachuga sylhetensis recorded from northern Bengal, with notes on turtles of Gorumara National Park, Eastern India". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2 (4): 616–617. Jerdon, T. C. (1870). "Notes on Indian Herpetology". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. March 1870: 66–85. Praschag, Peter; Fachbach, Günther (2001). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Assam-Dachschildkröte, Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870) (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae) ". Salamandra. 37 (3): 129–148. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pangshura sylhetensis. Kachuga sylhetensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database vteFamily Geoemydidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Subclass: Anapsida Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Geoemydidae GeneraSpecies of the family Geoemydidae†Banhxeochelys †Banhxeochelys trani Batagur Burmese roofed turtle Northern river terrapin Painted terrapin Red-crowned roofed turtle Southern river terrapin Three-striped roofed turtle Cuora Amboina box turtle Bourret's box turtle Indochinese box turtle McCord's box turtle Keeled box turtle Pan's box turtle Southern Vietnamese box turtle Golden coin turtle Vietnamese three-striped box turtle Yellow-headed box turtle Chinese box turtle Yunnan box turtle Zhou's box turtle Cyclemys Asian leaf turtle Assam leaf turtle Eastern black-bridged leaf turtle Enigmatic leaf turtle Myanmar brown leaf turtle Oldham's leaf turtle Western black-bridged leaf turtle †Echmatemys †Echmatemys septaria †Echmatemys stevensoniana †Echmatemys wyomingensis Geoclemys Black pond turtle Geoemyda Black-breasted leaf turtle Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle Hardella Brahminy river turtle Heosemys Arakan forest turtle Giant Asian pond turtle Spiny turtle Yellow-headed temple turtle Leucocephalon Sulawesi forest turtle Malayemys Malayan snail-eating turtle Mekong snail-eating turtle Khorat snail-eating turtle Mauremys Balkan pond turtle Caspian turtle Chinese pond turtle Chinese stripe-necked turtle Japanese pond turtle Red-necked pond turtle Spanish pond turtle Vietnamese pond turtle Yellow pond turtle Melanochelys Indian black turtle Tricarinate hill turtle Morenia Burmese eyed turtle Indian eyed turtle Notochelys Malayan flat-shelled turtle Orlitia Malaysian giant turtle Pangshura Assam roofed turtle Brown roofed turtle Indian roofed turtle Indian tent turtle †Pangshura tatrotia Rhinoclemmys Black wood turtle Brown wood turtle Colombian wood turtle Furrowed wood turtle Large-nosed wood turtle Maracaibo wood turtle Mexican spotted wood turtle Painted wood turtle Spot-legged wood turtle †Rhinoclemmys panamaensis Sacalia Beale's eyed turtle Four-eyed turtle Siebenrockiella Black marsh turtle Philippine forest turtle Vijayachelys Cane turtle Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. †=Extinct.vteTestudines Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Diapsida Order: Testudines SuborderSuperfamilyFamilyGenusCryptodiraChelonioidea(Sea turtles)Cheloniidae †Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka Dermochelyidae †Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus   †Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus KinosternoideaDermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus TestudinoideaEmydidae †Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys Geoemydidae Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys  Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo TrionychiaCarettochelyidae †Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys Trionychidae Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx   †Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes  Chelydridae Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra †Nanhsiungchelyidae †Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys †Protostegidae †Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys   †Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys Pleurodira †Araripemydidae †Araripemys †Bothremydidae †Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah Chelidae Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae †Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys †Sahonachelyidae †Sahonachelys †Sokatra     †Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct. See also List of Testudines families Taxon identifiersPangshura sylhetensis Wikidata: Q2701972 Wikispecies: Pangshura sylhetensis ARKive: pangshura-sylhetensis BOLD: 499960 CoL: 4CCQD GBIF: 2443289 iNaturalist: 73881 IRMNG: 11232195 ITIS: 949167 IUCN: 10950 NCBI: 429326 Open Tree of Life: 748759 RD: sylhetensis Species+: 3601 WoRMS: 1055801
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"Geoemydidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoemydidae"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"Meghna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_River"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Batagur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batagur"},{"link_name":"Kachuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachuga"}],"text":"The Assam roofed turtle or Sylhet roofed turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis) is a turtle species of the family Geoemydidae found in the Brahmaputra-Meghna drainage in India (Assam) and parts of eastern Bangladesh. It was formerly placed in the genus Batagur and the defunct genus Kachuga.","title":"Assam roofed turtle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PangshuraSylhetensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ijpaz.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-tftsg.org-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ijpaz.com-5"},{"link_name":"Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-tftsg.org-6"}],"text":"Carapace patternThe species has a triangular and elevated carapace with a prominent spiked keel and 26 strongly serrated marginal plates.[4] The carapace is olive brown, with a lighter (yellowish to beige) keel. The head is small and has a weakly hooked upper jaw; a narrow pink stripe runs from the back of each eye to the middle of the back of the head. Adults may attain a maximum length of 20.5 cm,[5] although body sizes of 16 cm are more common.[6][5]The species' local names include dura kaso (দূৰা কাছ) in Assamese, śileṭi kaiṭṭa (সিলেটি কাইট্টা), śileṭi kori kaiṭṭa (সিলেটি কড়ি কাইট্টা), kãṭa kachim (কাঁটা কাছিম) and kaṭua~xaṭua/kauṭa~xauta (কাটুয়া/কাউটা) in Bengali.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-tftsg.org-6"}],"text":"The species occurs in the north-eastern and south-eastern parts of Bangladesh, in India (Assam) and possibly in Bhutan. It is found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats in areas with upland tropical moist forest, and fast-flowing streams and perhaps also small rivers. Oxbow lakes may also be inhabited, but shell morphology suggests an adaptation to fast-flowing waters.[6]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-tftsg.org-6"}],"text":"The species is amphibious. In the cooler months of the dry season, from December to February, it basks during most of the day; individuals living in cooler hill streams may do so year round. The turtle is shy and never basks on river banks, but only on emergent logs or rocks. At the slightest disturbance, it will dive quickly to the middle of the river, hiding between rocks. Juveniles often flee into accumulations of dead leaves for camouflage and remain motionless.[6]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-tftsg.org-6"},{"link_name":"diapause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-4"}],"text":"Assam roofed turtles nest between late October and February, corresponding with the cool, dry season, and produce clutches of 6 to 12 eggs. Hatchlings appear mainly between March and April, at the beginning of the southeast monsoons.[6] The eggs need to undergo a diapause at cooler temperatures lasting between 6 and 8 weeks in order to hatch successfully.[4]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The Assam roofed turtle is a rare species known only from a few individuals; it is believed to have one of the narrowest distributions of any south Asian geoemydid. It is exploited for its meat and eggs for local consumption and collected for the pet trade, especially in Asia where this turtle fetches high prices as pets. Habitat destruction by logging and incidental capture in fishing gear are also thought to present threats. The species is currently classified as critically endangered by the IUCN.[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choudhury, Anwaruddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwaruddin_Choudhury"},{"link_name":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelonian_Conservation_and_Biology"}],"text":"Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1993). \"New locality records for Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon, 1870)\". Hamadryad: The Journal of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. 18: 43–45.\nDas, Indraneil (1997). \"Kachuga sylhetensis recorded from northern Bengal, with notes on turtles of Gorumara National Park, Eastern India\". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2 (4): 616–617.\nJerdon, T. C. (1870). \"Notes on Indian Herpetology\". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. March 1870: 66–85.\nPraschag, Peter; Fachbach, Günther (2001). \"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Assam-Dachschildkröte, Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870) (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae) [\"Contributions to the knowledge of the Assam roofed turtle, Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon, 1870)\"]\". Salamandra. 37 (3): 129–148.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Carapace pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PangshuraSylhetensis.jpg/220px-PangshuraSylhetensis.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Praschag, P.; Das, I.; Ahmed, M.F.; Singh, S. (2021). \"Pangshura sylhetensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10950A499618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10950A499618.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10950/499618","url_text":"\"Pangshura sylhetensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10950A499618.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10950A499618.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). \"Checklist of Chelonians of the World\". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 239. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.57.e30895","url_text":"\"Checklist of Chelonians of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.57.e30895","url_text":"10.3897/vz.57.e30895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1864-5755","url_text":"1864-5755"}]},{"reference":"\"Post\". Turtle Island (in German). Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turtle-island.at/post/copy-of-literacy-program-for-syrian-girls-refugees","url_text":"\"Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). www.ijpaz.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817164229/http://www.ijpaz.com/zoology/comparative-morphometry-and-biogeography-of-the-freshwater-turtles-of-genus-pangshura-testudines-geoemydidae-pangshura.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ijpaz.com/zoology/comparative-morphometry-and-biogeography-of-the-freshwater-turtles-of-genus-pangshura-testudines-geoemydidae-pangshura.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Das, I.; Sengupta, S.; Praschag, P. (2010). \"Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 – Assam Roofed Turtle\". In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Iverson, J.B.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/ SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 046.1–046.6. doi:10.3854/crm.5.046.sylhetensis.v1.2010. ISBN 978-0965354097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3854%2Fcrm.5.046.sylhetensis.v1.2010","url_text":"10.3854/crm.5.046.sylhetensis.v1.2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0965354097","url_text":"978-0965354097"}]},{"reference":"Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1993). \"New locality records for Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon, 1870)\". Hamadryad: The Journal of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. 18: 43–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwaruddin_Choudhury","url_text":"Choudhury, Anwaruddin"}]},{"reference":"Das, Indraneil (1997). \"Kachuga sylhetensis recorded from northern Bengal, with notes on turtles of Gorumara National Park, Eastern India\". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2 (4): 616–617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelonian_Conservation_and_Biology","url_text":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology"}]},{"reference":"Jerdon, T. C. (1870). \"Notes on Indian Herpetology\". Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. March 1870: 66–85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Praschag, Peter; Fachbach, Günther (2001). \"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Assam-Dachschildkröte, Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870) (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae) [\"Contributions to the knowledge of the Assam roofed turtle, Kachuga sylhetensis (Jerdon, 1870)\"]\". Salamandra. 37 (3): 129–148.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers_basketball
Texas Southern Tigers basketball
["1 Notable win","2 Basketball rivalries","2.1 Prairie View A&M basketball rivalry","2.2 Southern University basketball rivalry","3 Postseason results","3.1 NCAA tournament results","3.2 NIT results","3.3 CIT results","3.4 NAIA tournament results","4 Notable players","5 References","6 External links"]
University sports team in Houston For the Texas Southern University women's basketball team, see Texas Southern Lady Tigers basketball. Texas Southern Tigers 2023–24 Texas Southern Tigers basketball team UniversityTexas Southern UniversityHead coachJohnny Jones (6th season)ConferenceSWACLocationHouston, TexasArenaHealth and Physical Education Arena (Capacity: 8,100)NicknameTigersColorsMaroon and gray   NCAA tournament appearances1990, 1994, 1995, 2003, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023Conference tournament champions1990, 1994, 1995, 2003, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023Conference regular season champions1957, 1958, 1977, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 The Texas Southern Tigers basketball team is the basketball team that represents Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas, United States. The team currently competes in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Their current head coach is Johnny Jones, who took over after Mike Davis took the Detroit Mercy head coaching job on June 5, 2018. Texas Southern has appeared in the NCAA tournament 11 times, and most recently in 2023. The Tigers play their home games at the Health and Physical Education Arena. Notable win The Texas Southern Tigers defeated perennial power and nationally ranked Michigan State Spartans on December 20, 2014 in East Lansing, Michigan. The Tigers won in overtime with a score of 71–64. TSU is the first HBCU team to beat a team that went on to reach the Final Four that same season. Basketball rivalries Prairie View A&M basketball rivalry The Texas Southern-Prairie View A&M rivalry is the highest attended and most anticipated basketball series in the SWAC. In February 2015, the game at Texas Southern University had an attendance of 7,500+. Southern University basketball rivalry Since the 1990s, Texas Southern and Southern have been top contenders for the SWAC Championship every year. As a result, matchups between the schools are heavily anticipated and competitive. Home of TSU Basketball (H&PE Arena) Postseason results NCAA tournament results PJ Henry during the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament The Tigers have appeared in eleven NCAA Tournaments, the most in the conference. Their combined record is 3–11, tying them with Alcorn State for the most wins by a SWAC school in the tournament. Year Seed Round Opponent Result 1990 #14 First Round #3 Georgetown L 52–70 1994 #15 First Round #2 Duke L 70–82 1995 #15 First Round #2 Arkansas L 78–79 2003 #16 Opening Round #16 UNC Asheville L 84–92OT 2014 #16 First Four #16 Cal Poly L 69–81 2015 #15 First Round #2 Arizona L 72–93 2017 #16 First Round #1 North Carolina L 64–103 2018 #16 First FourFirst Round #16 North Carolina Central#1 Xavier W 64–46 L 83–102 2021 #16 First FourFirst Round #16 Mount St. Mary's#1 Michigan W 60–52 L 66–82 2022 #16 First FourFirst Round #16 Texas A&M–Corpus Christi#1 Kansas W 76–67 L 56–83 2023 #16 First Four #16 Fairleigh Dickinson L 61–84 NIT results The Tigers have appeared in two National Invitation Tournament (NIT). Their combined record is 0–2. Year Round Opponent Result 2011 First Round Colorado L 74–88 2016 First Round Valparaiso L 73–84 CIT results The Tigers have appeared in the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT), two times. Their record is 3–2. Year Round Opponent Result 2019 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals New OrleansUT–Rio Grande ValleyLouisiana–MonroeGreen Bay W 95–89OT W 94–85 W 108–1023OTL 86–87OT 2024 First Round Tarleton L 71–82 NAIA tournament results The Tigers have appeared in the NAIA Tournament seven times. Their combined record is 18–6. They were NAIA National Champions in 1977. Year Round Opponent Result 1955 First RoundSecond Round AdrianGustavus Adolphus W 102–83L 55–67 1956 First RoundSecond RoundQuarterfinalsSemifinalsNational Championship Game HastingsRockhustMidwestern StateWheatonMcNeese State W 108–61W 64–61W 85–82W 82–73L 55–60 1957 First RoundSecond RoundQuarterfinals New Haven StateBall StatePacific Lutheran W 67–66W 97–72L 72–91 1958 First RoundSecond RoundQuarterfinalsSemifinalsNational 3rd Place Game Oklahoma BaptistDruryCoeTennessee StateGeorgetown (KY) W 79–68W 91–61W 98–78L 85–101W 121–109 1971 First Round Fairmont State L 78–79 1976 First RoundSecond RoundQuarterfinals West FloridaFairmont StateCoppin State W 81–59W 82–75L 77–88 1977 First RoundSecond RoundQuarterfinalsSemifinalsNational Championship Game Central StateWisconsin ParksideEast Texas StateGrand Valley StateCampbell W 89–65W 82–80W 87–68W 69–62W 71–44 Notable players Jeremy Combs (born 1995), basketball player for Israeli team Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim Marvin Jones (born 1993), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League References ^ TSU Graphic Standards (PDF). September 1, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2016. ^ "Detroit Mercy to hire Mike Davis as head coach". CollegeBasketballTalk. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2018-06-13. ^ Miller, Brody (June 25, 2018). "Former LSU basketball coach Johnny Jones to be Texas Southern's new coach". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans, LA. Retrieved June 25, 2018. ^ "Texas Southern stuns No. 22 Michigan State in OT". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22. ^ "Texas Southern - Men's Basketball vs Prairie View A&M; on 2/7/2015". tsuball.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. External links Official website vteTexas Southern Tigers basketballVenues Health and Physical Education Arena (1989–present) People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NAIA national championship in bold vteSouthwestern Athletic Conference men's basketballTeams Alabama A&M Bulldogs Alabama State Hornets Alcorn State Braves Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions Bethune–Cookman Wildcats Florida A&M Rattlers Grambling State Tigers Jackson State Tigers Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils Prairie View A&M Panthers Southern Jaguars Texas Southern Tigers Championships & awards SWAC men's basketball tournament Player of the Year Seasons 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 vteTexas Southern UniversityLocated in: Houston, TexasAcademics Thurgood Marshall School of Law Lone Star College–University Center Barbara Jordan – Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs Athletics Texas Southern Tigers Baseball Football Men's basketball Women's basketball Southwestern Athletic Conference PNC Stadium Health and Physical Education Arena MacGregor Park Life KTSU METRORail University Line Ocean of Soul TSU/UH Athletics District (METRORail station) Founded: 1927The Lawson Academy (WALIPP Prep) was on the TSU property from 2007 to 2017
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Southern Lady Tigers basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southern_Lady_Tigers_basketball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Texas Southern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southern_University"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Johnny Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Jones_(basketball,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Mike Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Davis_(basketball,_born_1960)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament_qualifying_teams"},{"link_name":"Health and Physical Education Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Physical_Education_Arena"}],"text":"For the Texas Southern University women's basketball team, see Texas Southern Lady Tigers basketball.The Texas Southern Tigers basketball team is the basketball team that represents Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas, United States. The team currently competes in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Their current head coach is Johnny Jones, who took over after Mike Davis took the Detroit Mercy head coaching job on June 5, 2018.[2][3] Texas Southern has appeared in the NCAA tournament 11 times, and most recently in 2023. The Tigers play their home games at the Health and Physical Education Arena.","title":"Texas Southern Tigers basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Texas Southern Tigers defeated perennial power and nationally ranked Michigan State Spartans on December 20, 2014 in East Lansing, Michigan. The Tigers won in overtime with a score of 71–64. TSU is the first HBCU team to beat a team that went on to reach the Final Four that same season.[4]","title":"Notable win"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basketball rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Prairie View A&M basketball rivalry","text":"The Texas Southern-Prairie View A&M rivalry is the highest attended and most anticipated basketball series in the SWAC. In February 2015, the game at Texas Southern University had an attendance of 7,500+.[5]","title":"Basketball rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPEFront.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Southern University basketball rivalry","text":"Since the 1990s, Texas Southern and Southern have been top contenders for the SWAC Championship every year. As a result, matchups between the schools are heavily anticipated and competitive.Home of TSU Basketball (H&PE Arena)","title":"Basketball rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P.J._Henry_(7097771).jpg"},{"link_name":"2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"NCAA tournament results","text":"PJ Henry during the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournamentThe Tigers have appeared in eleven NCAA Tournaments, the most in the conference. Their combined record is 3–11, tying them with Alcorn State for the most wins by a SWAC school in the tournament.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"NIT results","text":"The Tigers have appeared in two National Invitation Tournament (NIT). Their combined record is 0–2.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CollegeInsider.com_Postseason_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"CIT results","text":"The Tigers have appeared in the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT), two times. Their record is 3–2.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAIA Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIA_Men%27s_Basketball_Championships"}],"sub_title":"NAIA tournament results","text":"The Tigers have appeared in the NAIA Tournament seven times. Their combined record is 18–6. They were NAIA National Champions in 1977.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremy Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Combs"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Ramat_Gan_Givatayim_B.C."},{"link_name":"Marvin Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Jones_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Israeli Basketball Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League"}],"text":"Jeremy Combs (born 1995), basketball player for Israeli team Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim\nMarvin Jones (born 1993), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League","title":"Notable players"}]
[{"image_text":"Home of TSU Basketball (H&PE Arena)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HPEFront.jpg/220px-HPEFront.jpg"},{"image_text":"PJ Henry during the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/P.J._Henry_%287097771%29.jpg/220px-P.J._Henry_%287097771%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"TSU Graphic Standards (PDF). September 1, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsu.edu/about/administration/university-advancement/pdf/tsu-graphic-standards.pdf","url_text":"TSU Graphic Standards"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Mercy to hire Mike Davis as head coach\". CollegeBasketballTalk. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2018-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/06/05/detroit-mercy-to-hire-mike-davis-as-head-coach/","url_text":"\"Detroit Mercy to hire Mike Davis as head coach\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Brody (June 25, 2018). \"Former LSU basketball coach Johnny Jones to be Texas Southern's new coach\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans, LA. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2018/06/lsu_johnny_jones_texas_souther.html","url_text":"\"Former LSU basketball coach Johnny Jones to be Texas Southern's new coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune","url_text":"The Times-Picayune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_LA","url_text":"New Orleans, LA"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Southern stuns No. 22 Michigan State in OT\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2014/12/20/texas-southern-stuns-michigan-state-71-64-in-ot/20707635/","url_text":"\"Texas Southern stuns No. 22 Michigan State in OT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422123125/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2014/12/20/texas-southern-stuns-michigan-state-71-64-in-ot/20707635/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Southern - Men's Basketball vs Prairie View A&M; on 2/7/2015\". tsuball.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151006132133/http://tsuball.com/boxscore.aspx?path=mbball&id=1373","url_text":"\"Texas Southern - Men's Basketball vs Prairie View A&M; on 2/7/2015\""},{"url":"http://tsuball.com/boxscore.aspx?path=mbball&id=1373","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.tsu.edu/about/administration/university-advancement/pdf/tsu-graphic-standards.pdf","external_links_name":"TSU Graphic Standards"},{"Link":"https://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2018/06/05/detroit-mercy-to-hire-mike-davis-as-head-coach/","external_links_name":"\"Detroit Mercy to hire Mike Davis as head coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2018/06/lsu_johnny_jones_texas_souther.html","external_links_name":"\"Former LSU basketball coach Johnny Jones to be Texas Southern's new coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2014/12/20/texas-southern-stuns-michigan-state-71-64-in-ot/20707635/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Southern stuns No. 22 Michigan State in OT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422123125/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2014/12/20/texas-southern-stuns-michigan-state-71-64-in-ot/20707635/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151006132133/http://tsuball.com/boxscore.aspx?path=mbball&id=1373","external_links_name":"\"Texas Southern - Men's Basketball vs Prairie View A&M; on 2/7/2015\""},{"Link":"http://tsuball.com/boxscore.aspx?path=mbball&id=1373","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tsusports.com/index.aspx?path=mbball&","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFAF_Euro_Top_20
EFAF Euro Top 20
["1 EFAF Euro Top 20","1.1 2017","1.2 2013","2 References","3 External links"]
The EFAF Euro Top 20 is the official EFAF ranking system for American Football club teams in Europe. The list considers only those teams playing in an EFAF member country, and competing in one of the official EFAF international competitions (European Football League, EFAF Cup, EFAF Challenge Cup or EFAF Atlantic Cup). The list is updated after every weekend of European competition, or at least every two weeks, during the EFAF competition period of April to July. EFAF Euro Top 20 2017 Last ranking from May 25, 2017. In 2019 EFAF became part of IFAF Europe Braunschweig Lions Frankfurt Universe Berlin Rebels Amsterdam Crusaders Milano Seamen Badalona Dracs Thonon Black Panthers Rhinos Milano Dauphins de Nice Prague Black Panthers Berlin Adler Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns Dresden Monarchs Swarco Raiders Tirol Vienna Vikings Carlstad Crusaders Basel Gladiators Copenhagen Towers Moscow Patriots Panthers Wrocław 2013 Accurate as of June 20th 2013. 1 Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna 2 Swarco Raiders Tirol 3 Calanda Broncos 4 Berlin Adler 5 Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns 6 Graz Giants 7 Helsinki Roosters 8 Søllerød Gold Diggers 9 Helsinki Wolverines 10 Thonon Black Panthers 11 L'Hospitalet Pioners 12 Nice Dauphins 13 Copenhagen Towers 14 London Blitz 15 Prague Panthers 16 Amiens Spartiates 17 Badalona Dracs 18 Alphen Eagles 19 Brussels Tigers 20 Belfast Trojans References ^ "EFL European Football League". External links Official EFAF Competition website vteInternational American football IFAF World Championship Women's World Championship Junior World Championship World University Championship Olympics (1904, 1932, 2028 flag) World Games (2005, 2017, 2022 flag) Africa IFAF Africa Asia IFAF Asia Beach flag football at the 2014 Asian Beach Games Americas IFAF Americas Europe IFAF Europe: European Championship Women's European Championship European Junior Championship ELF BIG6 Eurobowl EFL EFAF Cup EFAF Challenge Cup EFAF Euro Top 20 Oceania IFAF Oceania
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAF_Europe"},{"link_name":"EFAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAF_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Football_League"},{"link_name":"EFAF Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFAF_Cup"},{"link_name":"EFAF Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFAF_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"EFAF Atlantic Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFAF_Atlantic_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EFAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAF_Europe"}],"text":"The list considers only those teams playing in an EFAF member country, and competing in one of the official EFAF international competitions (European Football League, EFAF Cup, EFAF Challenge Cup or EFAF Atlantic Cup).The list is updated after every weekend of European competition, or at least every two weeks, during the EFAF competition period of April to July.","title":"EFAF Euro Top 20"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EFAF Euro Top 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IFAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig_Lions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Rebels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Crusaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Milano Seamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Seamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Badalona Dracs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badalona_Dracs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Thonon Black Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonon_Black_Panthers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Rhinos Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinos_Milano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Dauphins de Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauphins_de_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague Black Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Black_Panthers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Adler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall_Unicorns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dresden Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Monarchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Swarco Raiders Tirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarco_Raiders_Tirol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Vikings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Carlstad Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_Crusaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Basel Gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basel_Gladiators&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Towers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Patriots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Panthers Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthers_Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Last ranking from May 25, 2017. In 2019 EFAF became part of IFAF EuropeBraunschweig Lions\n Frankfurt Universe\n Berlin Rebels\n Amsterdam Crusaders\n Milano Seamen\n Badalona Dracs\n Thonon Black Panthers\n Rhinos Milano\n Dauphins de Nice\n Prague Black Panthers\n Berlin Adler\n Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns\n Dresden Monarchs\n Swarco Raiders Tirol\n Vienna Vikings\n Carlstad Crusaders\n Basel Gladiators\n Copenhagen Towers\n Moscow Patriots\n Panthers Wrocław","title":"EFAF Euro Top 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Accurate as of June 20th 2013.[1]","title":"EFAF Euro Top 20"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"EFL European Football League\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurobowl.info/text.php3?Inhalt=top20&MenueID=131","url_text":"\"EFL European Football League\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.eurobowl.info/text.php3?Inhalt=top20&MenueID=131","external_links_name":"\"EFL European Football League\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurobowl.com/","external_links_name":"Official EFAF Competition website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jorge_de_Alor
San Jorge de Alor
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°38′43.6″N 7°03′23.6″W / 38.645444°N 7.056556°W / 38.645444; -7.056556This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "San Jorge de Alor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Municipality in Extremadura, Disputed:San Jorge de Alor / São Jorge da LorMunicipalityCoordinates: 38°38′43.6″N 7°03′23.6″W / 38.645444°N 7.056556°W / 38.645444; -7.056556CountryDisputed:  Spain PortugalStatus within SpainExtremaduraStatus within PortugalAlto Alentejo ProvincePopulation (2013) • Total508 San Jorge de Alor (Portuguese: São Jorge da Lor) is a village located on the disputed section of the Portugal–Spain border, near Olivenza. References ^ "São Jorge da Lor". Retrieved 4 December 2017. This article about a location in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Évora location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal–Spain border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_border"},{"link_name":"Olivenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivenza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Municipality in Extremadura, Disputed:San Jorge de Alor (Portuguese: São Jorge da Lor) is a village located on the disputed section of the Portugal–Spain border, near Olivenza.[1]","title":"San Jorge de Alor"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"São Jorge da Lor\". Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitarportugal.pt/distritos/d-evora/c-olivenca/sao-jorge-lor","url_text":"\"São Jorge da Lor\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Library_of_Ipswich
Town Library of Ipswich
["1 The William Smarte donation","2 Cave Beck fore-edge shelfmarking system","3 Some of the books","4 References"]
Coordinates: 52°03′51″N 1°09′06″E / 52.0641°N 1.1516°E / 52.0641; 1.1516Municipal library in Ipswich, England Town Library of IpswichBookcases of the Town Library of Ipswich, 202352°03′51″N 1°09′06″E / 52.0641°N 1.1516°E / 52.0641; 1.1516LocationIpswich School, EnglandTypeParochial/MunicipalEstablished1599CollectionItems collectedBooks published from 1474 to 1760, plus 10 manuscripts. Originally to provide reading material for Town PreacherSize900Access and usePopulation servedHistorically freemen of Ipswich CorporationParent organizationIpswich Corporation The Town Library of Ipswich is a collection of 871 titles organised in 944 volumes published between 1474 and 1760. In addition there are 10 manuscripts. This collection was made by the Ipswich Corporation to provide resources for the Ipswich Town Preacher. It is now located in the headmaster's study at Ipswich School, where they are cared for on behalf of the town. As distinct from the St James Library (now the St Edmundsbury Cathedral Library) which had more limited access in nearby Bury St Edmunds, it was open to all freemen of the Ipswich Corporation. The William Smarte donation The collection was started in 1599 but the first record of a corporation decision to support the library dates to 1610 when they decided to allocate some space in the Grammar School for this purpose. The Ipswich antiquarian Richard Canning wrote in 1747 that William Smarte might be consider the "accidental Founder" of the library as his Latin books were kept in a chest by the Ipswich Corporation until 1612 and then provided an impetus for the corporation to found the library. Cave Beck fore-edge shelfmarking system Cave Beck's fore-edge shelfmark system Cave Beck was appointed Master of the Ipswich Grammar School in 1650. He introduced a fore-edge shelfmarking system and the corporation paid Basil Breame 3 shillings to draw these on many of the books held by the library in April 1651. A diagonal line was drawn across the fore-edge of the books with additional marks to indicate to which shelf the book belonged. Some of the books Alsted's Encyclopedia (1630) Books spines on shelves Terra Sancta, map on display The Proverbs of Salomon References ^ Perkin, Michael Roger; Ker, Neil Ripley (2004). A directory of the parochial libraries of the Church of England and the Church in Wales (Revised ed.). London: Bibliographical society. ISBN 0948170131. ^ a b Blatchly, John. The Town Library of Ipswich. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0851155170. ^ "Ipswich School - a brief history". Ipswich School. Ipswich School. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ Fitch, J. A. (1964). "Some ancient Suffolk parochial libraries" (PDF). Proceedings Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute for Archaeology & History. XXX (Part 1): 44 to 87. ^ Blatchly, John (1989). The Town Library of Ipswich. Woodbridge, GB Wolfeboro, N.H: Boydell press. ISBN 0-85115-517-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Town Library of Ipswich.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscripts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkin_and_Ker_2004-1"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town Preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_Preacher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blatchly_TLI-2"},{"link_name":"Ipswich School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IS_bh-3"},{"link_name":"St Edmundsbury Cathedral Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Edmundsbury_Cathedral_Library&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitch_Suffolk_Libraries-4"}],"text":"Municipal library in Ipswich, EnglandThe Town Library of Ipswich is a collection of 871 titles organised in 944 volumes published between 1474 and 1760. In addition there are 10 manuscripts.[1] This collection was made by the Ipswich Corporation to provide resources for the Ipswich Town Preacher.[2] It is now located in the headmaster's study at Ipswich School, where they are cared for on behalf of the town.[3] As distinct from the St James Library (now the St Edmundsbury Cathedral Library) which had more limited access in nearby Bury St Edmunds, it was open to all freemen of the Ipswich Corporation.[4]","title":"Town Library of Ipswich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blatchly_TLI-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Canning"},{"link_name":"William Smarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smarte"}],"text":"The collection was started in 1599 but the first record of a corporation decision to support the library dates to 1610 when they decided to allocate some space in the Grammar School for this purpose.[2] The Ipswich antiquarian Richard Canning wrote in 1747 that William Smarte might be consider the \"accidental Founder\" of the library as his Latin books were kept in a chest by the Ipswich Corporation until 1612 and then provided an impetus for the corporation to found the library.","title":"The William Smarte donation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_Beck%27s_fore-edge_shelfmark_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cave Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Beck"},{"link_name":"fore-edge shelfmarking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blatchly_1989-5"}],"text":"Cave Beck's fore-edge shelfmark systemCave Beck was appointed Master of the Ipswich Grammar School in 1650. He introduced a fore-edge shelfmarking system and the corporation paid Basil Breame 3 shillings to draw these on many of the books held by the library in April 1651. A diagonal line was drawn across the fore-edge of the books with additional marks to indicate to which shelf the book belonged.[5]","title":"Cave Beck fore-edge shelfmarking system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstedii_encyclopaedia_1-3_%263-7,_Town_Library_of_Ipswich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alsted's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Alsted"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Cursus_Philosophici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_spines,_Town_Library_of_Ipswich.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terra_Sancta,_map_on_display,_Town_Library_of_Ipswich.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Proverbs_of_Salomon,_Town_Library_of_Ipswich.jpg"}],"text":"Alsted's Encyclopedia (1630)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBooks spines on shelves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTerra Sancta, map on display\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Proverbs of Salomon","title":"Some of the books"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Cancer_Research
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
["1 History","1.1 Ontario Cancer Research Network","1.2 Ontario Institute for Cancer Research","2 Cancer Research","2.1 Resources","2.2 Commercialization","2.3 Notable people","3 References"]
Coordinates: 43°39′35.29″N 79°23′20.08″W / 43.6598028°N 79.3889111°W / 43.6598028; -79.3889111Nonprofit cancer research institute Ontario Institute for Cancer ResearchEstablished2005Research typeCancerField of researchGenomics, Bioinformatics, Drug Discovery, Imaging, Cancer Stem Cells, Immuno- and Bio-therapies, Clinical Trials, Health Services Research,PresidentDr. Laszlo RadvanyiStaff300+AddressMaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510LocationToronto, Ontario, CanadaWebsitewww.oicr.on.ca The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR) is a not-for-profit organization based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that focuses on research into the prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. OICR intends to make Ontario more effective in knowledge transfer and commercialization while maximizing the health and economic benefits of research findings for the people of Ontario. OICR was launched in 2005 by the Government of Ontario, which provides funding through the Ministry of Colleges and Universities. The Institute employs more than 300 people at its research hub at the MaRS Centre in downtown Toronto and funds more than 1,900 scientific staff at hospital-based research institutes and universities around the province. In 2018 it was the highest funder of cancer research in Canada. History Ontario Cancer Research Network OICR’s predecessor organization was the Ontario Cancer Research Network (OCRN), a not-for-profit corporation established by the Government of Ontario in November 2001 to increase translational research related to the development of new cancer therapies. OCRN’s four main program areas were: the Ontario Tumour Bank, Clinical Trials Programs, the Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board and the Cancer Research Fund. The organization was headed by Robert A. Phillips. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research In May 2005 the Government of Ontario announced its intent to launch a new cancer research institute in the province. OCRN was asked to evolve into the new institute, which would later be named OICR. OICR was formally launched by Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty in December 2005. OICR was designed to continue OCRN’s translational research programs while building new research capacity in the province. Thomas J. Hudson was appointed President and Scientific Director of OICR in June 2006 and Robert A. Phillips was appointed Deputy Director. Hudson consulted with the Ontario cancer research community and external experts to develop a strategic research plan for the Institute in 2006. In February 2007 the completed strategic plan was approved by the Ministry of Research and Innovation. Laszlo Radvanyi was appointed President and Scientific Director of OICR in May 2018. The current strategic plan is updated to reflect patient partnership as a priority. OICR is funded by the Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities. Cancer Research Resources OICR hosts a number of cancer research resources, including the Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board (OCREB); the Ontario Tumor Bank (OTB); the Ontario Health Study, the Ontario arm of the CanPath longitudinal study - the largest such study in Canada; and the Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network (CCTG). Commercialization As part of its mandate to bring economic benefit to Ontario through cancer research, OICR has a partner organization that focuses on commercialization, FACIT. FACIT provides seed funding to Ontario-based cancer research companies and helps them attract other investors and bring products to market. It claims to have attracted $1.6 billion in investment from $50 million in funding. Notable investments includes Fusion Pharmaceuticals, which was purchased by AstraZeneca for up to $2.4 billion in 2024, and Turnstone Biologics, which is listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. It hosts an annual pitch competition called Falcons' Fortunes, in the style of the Dragons' Den television series. Notable people John Edgar Dick - Cancer stem cell researcher Lincoln Stein - Bioinformatics and Computational biology researcher References ^ OICR website ^ a b Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ^ Canadian Cancer Research Alliance ^ FINDING NEW AND BETTER WAYS TO FIGHT CANCER - DECEMBER 2, 2005 (News Release) ^ Has Ontario found 'THE NEW MESSIAH' of cancer research? Globe and Mail, November 13, 2006 ^ OICR names Dr. Laszlo Radvanyi as new President and Scientific Director OICR, March 28, 2018 ^ Research Strategy Overview, 2022 ^ Cancer solved together OICR Strategic Plan 2021-2026, 2021 ^ "FACIT - Cancer Breakthroughs Realized". FACIT. Retrieved 2024-04-09. ^ "About Us". FACIT. Retrieved 2024-04-09. ^ "FACIT-seeded Fusion Pharmaceuticals acquired for up to US$2.4B by AstraZeneca". FACIT. 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2024-04-09. ^ "FACIT founded Turnstone Biologics debuts on Nasdaq market". FACIT. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2024-04-09. 43°39′35.29″N 79°23′20.08″W / 43.6598028°N 79.3889111°W / 43.6598028; -79.3889111 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"knowledge transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_transfer"},{"link_name":"commercialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-2"},{"link_name":"Government of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Colleges and Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Colleges_and_Universities"},{"link_name":"MaRS Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaRS_Centre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nonprofit cancer research instituteThe Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR) is a not-for-profit organization based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that focuses on research into the prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.[1] OICR intends to make Ontario more effective in knowledge transfer and commercialization while maximizing the health and economic benefits of research findings for the people of Ontario.[2] OICR was launched in 2005 by the Government of Ontario, which provides funding through the Ministry of Colleges and Universities. The Institute employs more than 300 people at its research hub at the MaRS Centre in downtown Toronto and funds more than 1,900 scientific staff at hospital-based research institutes and universities around the province. In 2018 it was the highest funder of cancer research in Canada.[3]","title":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ontario Cancer Research Network","text":"OICR’s predecessor organization was the Ontario Cancer Research Network (OCRN), a not-for-profit corporation established by the Government of Ontario in November 2001 to increase translational research related to the development of new cancer therapies. OCRN’s four main program areas were: the Ontario Tumour Bank, Clinical Trials Programs, the Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board and the Cancer Research Fund. The organization was headed by Robert A. Phillips.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalton McGuinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_McGuinty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Hudson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Laszlo Radvanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oicr.on.ca/leaderships/laszlo-radvanyi-phd/"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research","text":"In May 2005 the Government of Ontario announced its intent to launch a new cancer research institute in the province. OCRN was asked to evolve into the new institute, which would later be named OICR. OICR was formally launched by Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty in December 2005.[4] OICR was designed to continue OCRN’s translational research programs while building new research capacity in the province.[2] Thomas J. Hudson was appointed President and Scientific Director of OICR in June 2006[5] and Robert A. Phillips was appointed Deputy Director. Hudson consulted with the Ontario cancer research community and external experts to develop a strategic research plan for the Institute in 2006. In February 2007 the completed strategic plan was approved by the Ministry of Research and Innovation. Laszlo Radvanyi was appointed President and Scientific Director of OICR in May 2018. [6] The current strategic plan is updated to reflect patient partnership as a priority. [7] [8] OICR is funded by the Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cancer Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tumor Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_Bank"}],"sub_title":"Resources","text":"OICR hosts a number of cancer research resources, including the Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board (OCREB); the Ontario Tumor Bank (OTB); the Ontario Health Study, the Ontario arm of the CanPath longitudinal study - the largest such study in Canada; and the Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network (CCTG).","title":"Cancer Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"AstraZeneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstraZeneca"},{"link_name":"Nasdaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dragons' Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons%27_Den"}],"sub_title":"Commercialization","text":"As part of its mandate to bring economic benefit to Ontario through cancer research, OICR has a partner organization that focuses on commercialization, FACIT.[9] FACIT provides seed funding to Ontario-based cancer research companies and helps them attract other investors and bring products to market. It claims to have attracted $1.6 billion in investment from $50 million in funding.[10] Notable investments includes Fusion Pharmaceuticals, which was purchased by AstraZeneca for up to $2.4 billion in 2024, and Turnstone Biologics, which is listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange.[11][12] It hosts an annual pitch competition called Falcons' Fortunes, in the style of the Dragons' Den television series.","title":"Cancer Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Edgar Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edgar_Dick"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Stein"},{"link_name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"Computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"}],"sub_title":"Notable people","text":"John Edgar Dick - Cancer stem cell researcherLincoln Stein - Bioinformatics and Computational biology researcher","title":"Cancer Research"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"FACIT - Cancer Breakthroughs Realized\". FACIT. Retrieved 2024-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://facit.ca/","url_text":"\"FACIT - Cancer Breakthroughs Realized\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". FACIT. Retrieved 2024-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://facit.ca/about-facit","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"FACIT-seeded Fusion Pharmaceuticals acquired for up to US$2.4B by AstraZeneca\". FACIT. 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2024-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://facit.ca/news/fusion-acquired-by-astrazeneca","url_text":"\"FACIT-seeded Fusion Pharmaceuticals acquired for up to US$2.4B by AstraZeneca\""}]},{"reference":"\"FACIT founded Turnstone Biologics debuts on Nasdaq market\". FACIT. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2024-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://facit.ca/news/turnstone-biologics-ipo","url_text":"\"FACIT founded Turnstone Biologics debuts on Nasdaq market\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekojan
Tambora, Jakarta
["1 Kelurahan (Administrative Villages)","2 List of important places","3 References","4 External links"]
District of West Jakarta, Indonesia The district. Click for broader map and to enable varied magnification. An early 20th century picture showing the area of Jakarta Old Town that is located in Tambora Subdistrict, west of Kali Besar canal. Most of these buildings, including the former Chartered Bank on the left, still exist today. Tambora is a district (kecamatan) of West Jakarta Administrative City, Indonesia. Tambora District is bounded by a railway to the west and to the north, Kali Krukut - Kali Besar canal to the east, and Duri Selatan Road to the south. A mosque in Pekojan, cir. 1910-1921 The Roa Malaka Administrative Village of the Tambora District contains the southwestern area of Jakarta Old Town, the area on the west side of Kali Besar Canal. The area of Jakarta Old Town that was located within Tambora are generally residential areas. Notable colonial buildings are located along the Kali Besar Canal, most of them are former palaces or houses dating from the 18th century. These buildings are now mostly used as offices. Kelurahan (Administrative Villages) The district of Tambora is divided into eleven kelurahan or administrative villages: Tanah Sareal - area code 11210 Tambora - area code 11220 Roa Malaka - area code 11230 Pekojan - area code 11240 Jembatan Lima - area code 11250 Krendang - area code 11260 Duri Utara - area code 11270 Duri Selatan - area code 11270 Kali Anyar - area code 11310 Jembatan Besi - area code 11320 Angke - area code 11330 List of important places Toko Merah Angke Mosque, a Javanese-style mosque that still exists today. Angke Mosque, located in Angke Administrative Village, is the only mosque in Jakarta that has remained unaltered since it was built. Masjid Al-Anshor, which is arguably the oldest mosque in Jakarta. Jami Kampung Baru Inpak Mosque Former Chartered Bank Omni Batavia Hotel Toko Merah Malacca Gallery References ^ Adolf Heuken SJ (2007). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka Foundation, Jakarta. External links Indonesia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tambora, Jakarta. (in Indonesian) Official site vteAdministrative areas of JakartaAdministrative cities and regencies of JakartaCentral Jakarta Cempaka Putih Gambir Johar Baru Kemayoran Menteng Sawah Besar Senen Tanah Abang West Jakarta Cengkareng Grogol Petamburan Kalideres Kebon Jeruk Kembangan Palmerah Taman Sari Tambora South Jakarta Cilandak Jagakarsa Kebayoran Baru Kebayoran Lama Mampang Prapatan Pancoran Pasar Minggu Pesanggrahan Setiabudi Tebet East Jakarta Cakung Cipayung Ciracas Duren Sawit Jatinegara Kramat Jati Makasar Matraman Pasar Rebo Pulo Gadung North Jakarta Cilincing Kelapa Gading Koja Pademangan Penjaringan Tanjung Priok Thousand Islands South Thousand Islands North Thousand Islands See also: List of districts of Jakarta This Jakarta location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"An early 20th century picture showing the area of Jakarta Old Town that is located in Tambora Subdistrict, west of Kali Besar canal. Most of these buildings, including the former Chartered Bank on the left, still exist today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kantoor_van_de_Chartered_Bank_aan_de_Kali_Besar_West_Batavia_TMnr_10015461.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kantoor_van_de_Chartered_Bank_aan_de_Kali_Besar_West_Batavia_TMnr_10015461.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mosque in Pekojan, cir. 1910-1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Moskee_in_Pekodjan_Batavia_TMnr_10016511.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Moskee_in_Pekodjan_Batavia_TMnr_10016511.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toko Merah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Toko_merah_Kota_Tua.JPG/220px-Toko_merah_Kota_Tua.JPG"},{"image_text":"Angke Mosque, a Javanese-style mosque that still exists today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Moskee_te_Angke_bij_Batavia_TMnr_60048715.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Moskee_te_Angke_bij_Batavia_TMnr_60048715.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Adolf Heuken SJ (2007). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka Foundation, Jakarta.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cyu_Stone_Circles
Ōyu Stone Circles
["1 Description","2 UNESCO listing","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°16′18″N 140°48′14″E / 40.27167°N 140.80389°E / 40.27167; 140.80389Ōyu Stone Circles大湯環状列石Ōyu Stone CirclesŌyu Stone CirclesShow map of Akita PrefectureŌyu Stone Circles (Japan)Show map of JapanLocationKazuno, Akita, JapanRegionTōhoku regionCoordinates40°16′18″N 140°48′14″E / 40.27167°N 140.80389°E / 40.27167; 140.80389Typestone circleHistoryFounded2000 BCEPeriodsJōmon periodSite notesPublic accessYesSpecial National Historic Site of Japan The Ōyu Stone Circles (大湯環状列石, Ōyu Kanjyō Resseki) is a late Jōmon period (approx. 2,000 – 1,500 BC) archaeological site in the city of Kazuno, Akita Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The remains were designated a Special National Historic Site of Japan in 1956 by the Japanese government. The site is located approximately ten minutes by car from Towada-Minami on the JR East Hanawa Line of the Towada Interchange on the Tohoku Expressway. Description The site consists of two large stone circles built on an artificially flattened plateau on the left bank of the Ōyu River, a tributary of the Yoneshiro River in northeastern Akita Prefecture. The site was discovered in 1931, with detailed archaeological excavations taking place in 1946 and in 1951-1952. The larger circle, named the Manza (万座) circle, has a diameter of 46 metres and is the largest stone circle found in Japan. Several reconstructions of Jomon period dwellings have been built around the site. The slightly smaller circle, named the Nonakadō (野中堂) circle, is 42 metres in diameter and is around 90 metres away, separated from the Manza circle by Akita Prefectural Route 66. Each circle is made from rounded river stones brought from another river approximately 7 kilometres away. Each circle consists of two concentric rings separated by an open strip approximately 8 metres wide. Each circle contains smaller clusters of stone, including standing stones surrounded by elongated stones in a radiating orientation, forming a sundial pointing toward the sunset on the summer solstice, and allows for calculation of the winter solstice, the vernal equinox and the sun's movements. Each circle is surrounded by the remains of buildings, storage pits and midden, and clay figurines, clayware and stoneware (including everyday pottery), stone swords and objects have been discovered. Although the form of the stone circles may have been based on the shape of circular settlements, there is no indication of permanent settlement on the site. UNESCO listing The site is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions. See also History portalJapan portal List of Historic Sites of Japan (Akita) Matagi References ^ "Oyu Stone Circles". Jomon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku. Jomon Japan. 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ Naumann, Nelly (2000). Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period. Asien-und Afrika-Studien der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Book 6). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 36–37. ISBN 3447043296. ^ Habu, Junko (2000). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0521776708. ^ "Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions". UNESCO. Retrieved 19 June 2012. ^ 「北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群」の世界文化遺産登録をめざして (in Japanese). Hokkaidō Government Board of Education. Retrieved 9 November 2013. External links Media related to Oyu stone circles at Wikimedia Commons 大湯環状列石 Agency for Cultural Affairs (in Japanese) "Excavation report" The Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_v._BSDI
UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
["1 Background","2 USL's complaint","3 Pretrial","4 University's countersuit","5 Settlement","6 See also","7 References"]
1992 lawsuit in the United States USL v. BSDi was a lawsuit brought in New Jersey federal court in 1992 by Unix System Laboratories against Berkeley Software Design, Inc and the Regents of the University of California over intellectual property related to the Unix operating system; a culmination of the Unix wars. The case was settled out of court in 1994 after the judge expressed doubt in the validity of USL's intellectual property, with Novell (who by that time had bought USL) and the University agreeing not to litigate further over the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Background The suit has its roots at the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, which had a license for the source code of UNIX from AT&T's Bell Labs. Students doing operating systems research at the CSRG modified and extended UNIX, and the CSRG made several releases of the modified operating system beginning in 1978, with AT&T's blessing. Because this Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) contained copyrighted AT&T Unix source code, it was only available to organizations with a source code license for Unix from AT&T. Students and faculty at the CSRG audited the software code for the TCP/IP stack, removing all the AT&T intellectual property, and released it to the general public in 1988 as "Net/1", under the BSD license. When it became apparent that the Berkeley CSRG would soon close, students and faculty at the CSRG began an effort to remove all the remaining AT&T code from the BSD and replace it with their own. This effort resulted in the public release of Net/2 in 1991, again under the BSD license. Net/2 contained enough code for a nearly complete UNIX-like system, which the CSRG believed contained no AT&T intellectual property. Berkeley Software Design (BSDi) obtained the source for Net/2, filled in the missing pieces, and ported it to the Intel i386 computer architecture. BSDi then sold the resulting BSD/386 operating system, which could be ordered through 1-800-ITS-UNIX. This drew the ire of AT&T, which did not agree with BSDi's claim that BSD/386 was free of AT&T intellectual property. AT&T's Unix System Laboratories subsidiary filed suit against BSDi in New Jersey in April 1992, a suit that was later amended to include The Regents of the University of California. USL's complaint In the lawsuit, USL alleged that: The Regents of the University of California, by releasing Net/2 "based upon, substantially copied from, or derived from proprietary UNIX", had breached USL's software license contract; infringed on USL's copyright on UNIX; diluted USL's trademark on UNIX; misappropriated USL's trade secret on UNIX. On these grounds, USL asked the court for a preliminary injunction that would bar BSDi from distributing the Net/2 software until the case was decided. Pretrial At a hearing, BSDi contended that they were using the sources freely distributed by the University of California plus six additional files. BSDi accepted liability for their own six files, but refused to account for the other files distributed by the University of California. The judge agreed with BSDI's argument and told USL to restate their complaint based solely on the six files or he would dismiss it. Rather than narrow down their claim, USL chose to sue BSDi and the University of California, and requested a preliminary injunction on the distribution of Net/2 from both. In 1993, judge Dickinson R. Debevoise denied a preliminary injunction, on the grounds that USL had no valid copyright over 32V and could not show any obvious trade secret. Works published in the U.S. between January 1, 1978 and March 1, 1989, were subject to the provisions of 17 U.S.C. § 405(a), which required the copyright owner to properly affix a copyright notice to the work in order to claim copyright protection. AT&T released V32 in 1978, but omitted a notice from thousands of copies and failed to copyright 32V until 1992. University's countersuit In 1993, a few days after the dismissal of the preliminary injunction, the University filed a countersuit against USL in California, claiming that USL had failed to credit the University for the use of BSD code in System V, as required by the software license contract. The University demanded that USL be forced to reprint all their documentation with the appropriate due credit added, to notify all their licensees of their oversight, and to run full-page advertisements in major publications such as The Wall Street Journal and Fortune Magazine informing the public of their omission. Settlement In July 1993, soon after UC filed its countersuit, USL was purchased by Novell. Novell CEO Ray Noorda favored a settlement that was reached in February 1994. The salient points were: 4.4BSD-lite to be released containing no disputed files. University to encourage licensees to switch from Net/2. University to cease distribution of certain files. USL to grant three months' grace period to users of disputed files. Certain files distributed by University to carry USL copyright notice. Certain files distributed by USL to carry University copyright notices. USL to permit free distribution of certain files. University not to actively assist in legal attempts to challenge USL's rights to certain files. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the upcoming 4.4BSD-Lite release. See also SCO-Linux controversies SCO and SGI SCO v. IBM Red Hat v. SCO SCO v. DaimlerChrysler SCO v. AutoZone SCO v. Novell Unix wars Clean room design References ^ Unix System Laboratories v. Berkeley Software, 832 F. Supp. 790 (D.N.J. 1993). ^ a b Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable Archived 2005-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, by Marshall Kirk McKusick ^ Court opinion Archived 2018-03-07 at the Wayback Machine Civ. No. 92-1667 (1993) ^ USL v. BSDi settlement agreement Archived 2004-12-11 at the Wayback Machine (Adobe .pdf format), HTML version Archived 2010-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"New Jersey federal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Unix System Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Software Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Design"},{"link_name":"Regents of the University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-832_F.Supp._790-1"},{"link_name":"Unix wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars"},{"link_name":"Novell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Software Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"}],"text":"USL v. BSDi was a lawsuit brought in New Jersey federal court in 1992 by Unix System Laboratories against Berkeley Software Design, Inc and the Regents of the University of California over intellectual property related to the Unix operating system;[1] a culmination of the Unix wars. The case was settled out of court in 1994 after the judge expressed doubt in the validity of USL's intellectual property, with Novell (who by that time had bought USL) and the University agreeing not to litigate further over the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).","title":"UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer Systems Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Systems_Research_Group"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"TCP/IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"},{"link_name":"Net/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net/1"},{"link_name":"BSD license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_license"},{"link_name":"Net/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net/2"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"i386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-32"},{"link_name":"BSD/386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD/386"},{"link_name":"Unix System Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories"}],"text":"The suit has its roots at the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, which had a license for the source code of UNIX from AT&T's Bell Labs. Students doing operating systems research at the CSRG modified and extended UNIX, and the CSRG made several releases of the modified operating system beginning in 1978, with AT&T's blessing. Because this Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) contained copyrighted AT&T Unix source code, it was only available to organizations with a source code license for Unix from AT&T.Students and faculty at the CSRG audited the software code for the TCP/IP stack, removing all the AT&T intellectual property, and released it to the general public in 1988 as \"Net/1\", under the BSD license. When it became apparent that the Berkeley CSRG would soon close, students and faculty at the CSRG began an effort to remove all the remaining AT&T code from the BSD and replace it with their own. This effort resulted in the public release of Net/2 in 1991, again under the BSD license. Net/2 contained enough code for a nearly complete UNIX-like system, which the CSRG believed contained no AT&T intellectual property.Berkeley Software Design (BSDi) obtained the source for Net/2, filled in the missing pieces, and ported it to the Intel i386 computer architecture. BSDi then sold the resulting BSD/386 operating system, which could be ordered through 1-800-ITS-UNIX. This drew the ire of AT&T, which did not agree with BSDi's claim that BSD/386 was free of AT&T intellectual property. AT&T's Unix System Laboratories subsidiary filed suit against BSDi in New Jersey in April 1992, a suit that was later amended to include The Regents of the University of California.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract"},{"link_name":"infringed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Infringement"},{"link_name":"diluted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_dilution"},{"link_name":"misappropriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret#Misappropriation"},{"link_name":"injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction"}],"text":"In the lawsuit, USL alleged that:The Regents of the University of California, by releasing Net/2 \"based upon, substantially copied from, or derived from proprietary UNIX\", had\nbreached USL's software license contract;\ninfringed on USL's copyright on UNIX;\ndiluted USL's trademark on UNIX;\nmisappropriated USL's trade secret on UNIX.On these grounds, USL asked the court for a preliminary injunction that would bar BSDi from distributing the Net/2 software until the case was decided.","title":"USL's complaint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccusick-2"},{"link_name":"Dickinson R. Debevoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_R._Debevoise"},{"link_name":"32V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX/32V"},{"link_name":"17 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_U.S.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At a hearing, BSDi contended that they were using the sources freely distributed by the University of California plus six additional files. BSDi accepted liability for their own six files, but refused to account for the other files distributed by the University of California. The judge agreed with BSDI's argument and told USL to restate their complaint based solely on the six files or he would dismiss it. Rather than narrow down their claim, USL chose to sue BSDi and the University of California, and requested a preliminary injunction on the distribution of Net/2 from both.[2]In 1993, judge Dickinson R. Debevoise denied a preliminary injunction, on the grounds that USL had no valid copyright over 32V and could not show any obvious trade secret. Works published in the U.S. between January 1, 1978 and March 1, 1989, were subject to the provisions of 17 U.S.C. § 405(a), which required the copyright owner to properly affix a copyright notice to the work in order to claim copyright protection. AT&T released V32 in 1978, but omitted a notice from thousands of copies and failed to copyright 32V until 1992.[3]","title":"Pretrial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Fortune Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccusick-2"}],"text":"In 1993, a few days after the dismissal of the preliminary injunction, the University filed a countersuit against USL in California, claiming that USL had failed to credit the University for the use of BSD code in System V, as required by the software license contract. The University demanded that USL be forced to reprint all their documentation with the appropriate due credit added, to notify all their licensees of their oversight, and to run full-page advertisements in major publications such as The Wall Street Journal and Fortune Magazine informing the public of their omission.[2]","title":"University's countersuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell"},{"link_name":"Ray Noorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Noorda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"4.4BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.4BSD"}],"text":"In July 1993, soon after UC filed its countersuit, USL was purchased by Novell. Novell CEO Ray Noorda favored a settlement that was reached in February 1994. The salient points were:[4]4.4BSD-lite to be released containing no disputed files. University to encourage licensees to switch from Net/2.\nUniversity to cease distribution of certain files.\nUSL to grant three months' grace period to users of disputed files.\nCertain files distributed by University to carry USL copyright notice.\nCertain files distributed by USL to carry University copyright notices.\nUSL to permit free distribution of certain files.\nUniversity not to actively assist in legal attempts to challenge USL's rights to certain files.Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the upcoming 4.4BSD-Lite release.","title":"Settlement"}]
[]
[{"title":"SCO-Linux controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO-Linux_controversies"},{"title":"SCO and SGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_and_SGI"},{"title":"SCO v. IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._IBM"},{"title":"Red Hat v. SCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_v._SCO"},{"title":"SCO v. DaimlerChrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._DaimlerChrysler"},{"title":"SCO v. AutoZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._AutoZone"},{"title":"SCO v. Novell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._Novell"},{"title":"Unix wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_wars"},{"title":"Clean room design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design"}]
[{"reference":"Unix System Laboratories v. Berkeley Software","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/832/790/1428569/","external_links_name":"832 F. Supp. 790"},{"Link":"http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/kirkmck.html","external_links_name":"Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050914050905/http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/kirkmck.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sco.tuxrocks.com/Docs/USL/Doc-92.html","external_links_name":"Court opinion"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180307020845/http://sco.tuxrocks.com/Docs/USL/Doc-92.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/USLsettlement.pdf","external_links_name":"USL v. BSDi settlement agreement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211142119/http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/USLsettlement.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20041126130302760","external_links_name":"HTML version"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100505081744/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20041126130302760","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_Parliament
State Opening of Parliament
["1 Significance","2 Sequence of events","2.1 Searching of the cellars","2.2 Assembly of Peers and Commons","2.3 Delivery of parliamentary hostage","2.4 Arrival of royal regalia","2.5 Arrival of the Sovereign and assembly of Parliament","2.6 Royal summons of the Commons to the Lords' chamber","2.7 Procession of the Commons","2.8 Delivery of the speech from the throne","2.9 Departure of monarch","2.10 Debate on the speech","3 Variations","3.1 Openings in the absence of the monarch","3.2 Reduced ceremonial","3.3 Double and cancelled Openings","4 History","4.1 Origins","4.2 The Tudors","4.3 Subsequent developments","5 Equivalents in other countries","6 References","7 Notes","8 External links","8.1 A selection of newsreels and other footage"]
Coordinates: 51°29′56″N 0°07′30″W / 51.499°N 0.125°W / 51.499; -0.125Ceremonial event marking the beginning of a session of the UK Parliament This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "State Opening of Parliament" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 2023 State Opening of Parliament. The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. At its core is His (or Her) Majesty's "gracious speech from the throne" (also known as the King's or Queen's Speech), which is read by the monarch but written by HM Government. In the speech the monarch gives notice of forthcoming state visits, before setting out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. No business of either House of Parliament (the House of Lords or the House of Commons) can proceed until the Sovereign’s speech has been delivered. The State Opening takes place in the House of Lords chamber within the Palace of Westminster on the first day of the new parliamentary session. This traditionally tends to fall in November, but can occur at any time of year (depending on the timing of General Elections and parliamentary session start dates). It takes place in front of a formal gathering of both Houses of Parliament; the monarch customarily wears the Imperial State Crown and a robe of state, and members of the House of Lords wear their parliament robes (in contrast to the House of Commons, whose members wear day dress). State Openings of Parliament are documented from as early as the 14th century, with the first visual depictions dating from the 15th century. The most recent State Opening (the first attended by Charles III as King) was held on 7 November 2023. Significance The Palace of Westminster is home of the two houses of the British Parliament, and it is to here that the monarch travels to open parliament. The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremony filled with historical ritual, constitutional symbolism and practical significance relating to the governance of the United Kingdom. Parliament is composed of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, and a State Opening is the only routine occasion when the three are gathered together in one place. The monarch is seated on the throne, at one end of the chamber in front of the Cloth of Estate (with the consort, if present, seated alongside), flanked by an entourage of Great Officers of State and members of the Royal Household. The Lords are seated on "the floor of the House" (i.e. in the main body of the chamber), while the Commons attend at "the bar of the House" (the boundary rail at the far end, facing the throne). In addition to the Lords themselves, others are provided with seats on the floor of the House on the occasion of a State Opening, namely: such members of the Royal Family as His Majesty may direct Judges summoned by writ the officers and attendants of the House such Peeresses and members of the Diplomatic Corps as are in possession of an invitation issued by the Lord Great Chamberlain. Sequence of events Yeomen of the Guard embarking on their traditional search of the cellars prior to the State Opening (2022). The State Coach carrying the Imperial State Crown, which is visible through the central window. The coach carrying the maces, which are to be carried by the Sergeants-at-Arms in procession. The ceremonial surrounding the opening of parliament can be broken down into several parts (the following descriptions refer to the full ceremonial of the event; for occasions when, for various reasons, reduced ceremonial has been used, see below): Searching of the cellars First, the cellars of the Palace of Westminster are searched by the Yeomen of the Guard in order to prevent a modern-day Gunpowder Plot. The Plot of 1605 involved a failed attempt by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill the Protestant King James I and aristocracy. Since that year, the cellars have been searched, now largely, but not only, for ceremonial purposes. This is supervised by the Lord Great Chamberlain, and the Yeomen are paid for their services with a small glass of port wine. Assembly of Peers and Commons Peers and peeresses assemble in the House of Lords. The Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal wear their Parliament robes for the occasion. They are joined by senior representatives of the judiciary, who sit on woolsacks in the centre of the Chamber, and members of the diplomatic corps, who are seated behind the Bishops. The Commons assemble in their own chamber, wearing ordinary day dress, and begin the day, as any other, with prayers. Beforehand the Speaker's Procession takes place in the usual way: preceded by a doorkeeper, the Serjeant at Arms, leads the Speaker of the House of Commons from his official residence to the Commons Chamber, followed by his trainbearer, chaplain and secretary. In the Central Lobby, a police inspector makes the traditional cry of "Hats off, strangers!", instructing those assembled to remove their hats in deference to the highest-ranking commoner in the realm. Delivery of parliamentary hostage On the morning of the State Opening, the Treasurer, Comptroller and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household (all of whom are government whips) assemble with other senior members of the Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, carrying their ceremonial white staves of office. The Treasurer and Comptroller, along with other senior members of the Royal Household, accompany the monarch in the carriage procession; but the Lord Chamberlain does not join them. Instead, on behalf of the monarch, he remains at Buckingham Palace keeping one MP (the Vice-Chamberlain) "hostage" for the duration of the state opening, by tradition as a surety for the safe return of the monarch. The hostage MP is well entertained until the successful conclusion of the ceremony, when they are released upon the safe return of the monarch. The Vice-Chamberlain's imprisonment is now purely ceremonial, though they do remain under guard; originally, it guaranteed the safety of the Sovereign as they entered a possibly hostile Parliament. The tradition is said to stem from the time of Charles I, who had a contentious relationship with Parliament and was eventually beheaded in 1649 during the Civil War between the monarchy and Parliament (a copy of Charles I's death warrant is displayed in the robing room used by the monarch as a ceremonial reminder of what can happen to a monarch who attempts to interfere with Parliament); however it has been suggested that the custom in its present form is of much more recent origin (mention of hostage-taking only dating back to the 1960s or 70s). In 1845, by contrast, the Lord Chamberlain's routine absence from the State Opening was said to be due to "the department over which his lordship presides not being acknowledged in His Majesty's Palace at Westminster" (where the Lord Great Chamberlain instead has the equivalent authority). Hostage MPs in recent years (all of whom were serving as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household at the time) have included: 2014: Desmond Swayne 2015–16: Kris Hopkins 2017: Chris Heaton-Harris 2019: Stuart Andrew 2021: Marcus Jones 2022: James Morris 2023: Jo Churchill Arrival of royal regalia Arrival of the Regalia at the Sovereign's Entrance (2022). Before the arrival of the sovereign, the Imperial State Crown is brought to the Palace of Westminster, together with the Great Sword of State and the Cap of Maintenance, in their own carriage (usually Queen Alexandra's State Coach). The King's Bargemaster and Watermen accompany it, acting as footmen (a reminder of past times when the regalia were brought from the Tower of London by river). On arrival at the Sovereign's Entrance, under the Victoria Tower, the Crown is passed by the Bargemaster to the Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Office, under the watchful eye of the Crown Jeweller. The regalia are then carried to be displayed in the Royal Gallery. Also in the procession, usually in King Edward VII's Town Coach, are the two maces (separate from the three used by parliament) which are carried by the Serjeants-at-Arms of the Royal Household who escort the regalia in procession. Arrival of the Sovereign and assembly of Parliament See also: State Procession at the State Opening of Parliament The monarch travels "in State" from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster, arriving at the Sovereign's Entrance under the Victoria Tower. Travelling in a state coach, the monarch is usually accompanied by his or her consort and sometimes by other members of the royal family. Senior members of the Royal Household follow in other carriages. The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment provides a Sovereign's Escort, and other members of the armed forces line the processional route from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster. At the monarch's arrival, the national anthem is played, a gun salute is sounded in Green Park and the Royal Standard is hoisted in place of the Union Flag at the top of the Victoria Tower (where it remains until the monarch departs). The monarch is greeted on arrival by the Lord Great Chamberlain (who has oversight of the royal areas of the Palace of Westminster) and the Earl Marshal (who has responsibility for State ceremonial), before proceeding to the Robing Room, where he or she puts on the Parliament Robe of State and the Imperial State Crown. A procession is formed of heralds, Great Officers of State and members of the Royal Household, and when all is ready a fanfare is sounded and the monarch proceeds in State through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords. Directly ahead of the monarch walk two peers: one (nowadays usually the Leader of the House of Lords) carrying the Cap of Maintenance, and the other (nowadays generally a retired senior military officer) carrying the Great Sword of State. Once seated on the throne, the monarch, wearing the Imperial State Crown, instructs the House by saying, "My Lords, pray be seated"; his or her consort, if present, sits on a throne to the sovereign’s left, and his or her children, if present, may be provided with seats elsewhere on the dais. The Imperial State Crown has not been worn invariably: for example, on four occasions in the 20th century Parliament was opened by as yet uncrowned monarchs (i.e. after their accession to the throne, but before their coronation); on these occasions the robe of state was worn but the crown was not (instead it was carried on a cushion by one of the Great Officers of State). Royal summons of the Commons to the Lords' chamber Sarah Clarke (Black Rod) knocks on the chamber door, October 2019 Motioned by the monarch, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises his white staff of office to signal the official known as Black Rod to summon the House of Commons. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords, proceeds to the Members' Lobby of the House of Commons, and reaches the doors of the Commons. On Black Rod's approach, the Doorkeeper of the Commons orders that the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch. The Usher of the Black Rod then strikes with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod) three times on the closed doors of the Commons Chamber, and is then admitted (there is a mark on the door of the Commons showing the repeated indentations made by Black Rods over the years). Leading 17th-century parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated This ritual is strongly associated with the occasion when (in 1642) King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament, including the celebrated English patriot and leading parliamentarian John Hampden. (Since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting.) The door-closing ritual, however, predates the 1640s, and although it has long since come to symbolise the independence of the Lower House, its primary purpose (according to Erskine May) is for the Commons to establish Black Rod's identity. (Once this has been achieved, Black Rod cannot be refused admission, and all other business of whatever kind in the House must cease.) The doors having been opened, the Chief Door-keeper of the House of Commons introduces Black Rod. At the bar, Black Rod bows to the Speaker before proceeding to the table, bowing again, and announcing the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons, in the following words: Mr/Madam Speaker, The King/Queen commands this honourable House to attend His/Her Majesty immediately in the House of Peers. During the later decades of Elizabeth II's reign, a tradition developed for this command to be greeted with a defiant topical comment by republican-leaning Labour MP Dennis Skinner, upon which, with some mirth, the House rose to make its way to the Lords' Chamber. This customary intervention was omitted by Mr Skinner in 2015, claiming that he had "bigger fish to fry than uttering something", due to a dispute over seating with the Scottish Nationalists. Skinner resumed the practice in 2016, until he was unseated in 2019. Procession of the Commons The procession in October 2019 The Speaker proceeds to attend the summons at once. The Serjeant-at-Arms picks up the ceremonial mace and, with the Speaker and Black Rod, leads the Members of the House of Commons as they walk, in pairs, towards the House of Lords. By custom, the members saunter, with much discussion and joking, rather than formally process. The Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition followed by The Deputy Prime Minister, First Secretary of State or another member of the government and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition usually walk side by side, leading the two lines of MPs. The Commons then arrive at the Bar of the House of Lords. The only people required to bow are the House of Commons Speaker, Commons Clerk, senior Lords official Black Rod and the Serjeant-at-Arms. No person who is not a member of the Upper House may pass the Bar unbidden when it is in session; a similar rule applies to the Commons. They remain standing at the Bar during the speech. Delivery of the speech from the throne The royal thrones, c. 1902 The monarch reads a prepared speech, known as the "Speech from the Throne" or the "King's/Queen's Speech", outlining the Government's agenda for the coming year. The speech is written by the Prime Minister and their cabinet members, and reflects the legislative agenda for which the Government seeks the agreement of both Houses of Parliament. It is traditionally written on goatskin vellum, and presented on bended knee for the monarch to read by the Lord Chancellor, who produces the scroll from a satchel-like bag. Traditionally, rather than turning their back on the Sovereign, which might appear disrespectful, the Lord Chancellor walks backwards down the steps of the throne, continuing to face the monarch. Lord Irvine of Lairg, the Lord Chancellor at the time, sought to break the custom and applied successfully for permission to turn his back on the sovereign and walk down the steps forwards. The next Lord Chancellor, Jack Straw, continued the former tradition but succeeding Lords Chancellor have mostly chosen to walk forwards. The whole speech is addressed to "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons", with one significant exception that the monarch says specifically, "Members of the House of Commons, estimates for the public services will be laid before you", since the budget is constitutionally reserved to the Commons. The monarch reads the entire speech in a neutral and formal tone, implying neither approval nor disapproval of the proposals of their Government: the monarch makes constant reference to "My Government" when reading the text. After listing the main bills to be introduced during the session, the monarch states: "Other measures will be laid before you", thus leaving the government scope to introduce bills not mentioned in the speech. The monarch mentions any state visits they intend to make and also any planned state visits of foreign heads of state to the United Kingdom during the parliamentary session. The monarch concludes the speech in saying: "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels." Traditionally, the members of both houses of Parliament listen to the speech respectfully, showing neither approval or dissent towards its contents before it is debated in each house. This silence, however, was broken in 1998, when Queen Elizabeth II announced the government's plan of abolishing the right of hereditary peers to automatically sit in the House of Lords. A few Labour members of the House of Commons cried "yes" and "hear", prompting several of the Lords to shout "no" and "shame". The Queen continued delivering her speech without any pause, ignoring the intervention. The conduct of those who interrupted the speech was strongly criticised at the time. Departure of monarch The Queen returns to Buckingham Palace in the Irish State Coach via Whitehall and Horse Guards in 2008. The return procession crossing Horse Guards Parade in 2015. Following the speech, the monarch and his or her retinue leave the chamber. The monarch bows to both sides of the House of Peers and then leaves the chamber, walking in procession back to the Robing Room, before the Commons bow again and return to their Chamber. Debate on the speech After the departure of the monarch from the palace, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an "Address in Reply to His/ Her Majesty's Gracious Speech." But first, each House considers a bill pro forma to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill, while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill. The bills are considered for the sake of ceremony only, and do not make any actual legislative progress. For the address in reply, a chosen member moves "That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, as follows". The following is the form used in the House of Lords and is nearly identical to that used in the House of Commons: Most Gracious Sovereign, We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, beg leave to thank Your Majesty for the most gracious Speech which Your Majesty has addressed to both Houses of Parliament. The first speech of the debate in the Commons is, by tradition, a humorous one given by a member selected in advance. The consideration of the address in reply to the Throne Speech is the occasion for a debate on the Government's agenda. The debate on the Address in Reply is spread over several days. On each day, a different topic, such as foreign affairs or finance, is considered. The debate provides an indication of the views of Parliament regarding the government's agenda. Following this debate, a vote is taken on the Government Programme. This vote is treated as a vote of no confidence and losing this vote will automatically trigger a general election. When the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was in force, a general election was not automatically triggered if the vote was lost. Variations Openings in the absence of the monarch King Charles III, at the time the Prince of Wales, reading the speech on behalf of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II in 2022. Since 1901, the monarch has opened Parliament in person on all but six occasions. In 1929 and 1935 King George V was too ill to attend; in 1951 King George VI was too ill to attend; in 1959 and 1963 Queen Elizabeth II was pregnant and did not attend. In each of these years Lords Commissioners were appointed to preside over the opening, with the speech being read by the Presiding Commissioner (namely the Lord Chancellor). The speech was prefaced with the words: "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, We are commanded to deliver to you His/Her Majesty’s Speech in His/Her Majesty's own words". In 2022, when the Queen was absent on the day at short notice due to "episodic mobility problems", the heir-apparent to the throne and his elder son (the then Prince of Wales, now Charles III, and the Duke of Cambridge, now Prince of Wales) were appointed under the authority of section 6 of the Regency Act 1937 to open Parliament as Counsellors of State, with the then-Prince of Wales reading the speech from the consort's throne on this occasion. Reduced ceremonial Edward VIII departs following his only State Opening of Parliament, 3 November 1936: due to heavy rain he had 'reluctantly' cancelled the carriage procession and travelled there and back by car. On certain other occasions through history, ceremonial aspects of the State Opening have been scaled back for specific reasons (including plague in 1593, threats of assassination in 1679 and wartime restrictions in place from 1917-1919 and 1939-1948). On three occasions in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (namely March 1974, June 2017 and December 2019) the State Opening was conducted in a "dressed-down" manner, due to the snap general elections held in those years. On these occasions the Queen attended in day dress, rather than the traditional ceremonial robes of state, and the Imperial State Crown was carried in front of the Queen rather than worn. Inside the Palace, there were reduced numbers in the procession, and outside motor cars were used in place of horse-drawn carriages (and no military escort accompanied them). Otherwise, the ceremony remained largely the same. In 2021, the ceremony was scaled down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Queen wore day dress and arrived by car at Westminster, where seating was restricted: 74 were allowed in the Lords Chamber, whilst 34 further MPs and peers were able to participate from the gallery. To prevent the spread of the virus, mask-wearing and testing was enforced, and the Lord Chancellor did not directly pass the speech to the Queen, but placed it on a table next to the throne. The State Opening in May 2022 was also scheduled to take place with reduced ceremonial, due to the Queen suffering "episodic mobility problems" (which eventually led to her being absent on the day). Double and cancelled Openings Throughout the twentieth century (including in wartime) the State Opening took place on an annual basis, with the following exceptions: There were two State Openings in 1914 (and no State Opening in 1915); There were two State Openings in 1921 (and no State Opening in 1923); The first State Opening took place on 15 February 1921. Nine months later, on 10 November, Parliament was prorogued to 30 January; in the meantime, negotiations were taking place with regard to an Anglo-Irish Treaty. The treaty was signed on 6 December, and the following day a proclamation was issued summoning Parliament to meet in a week's time: a State Opening duly took place on 14 December, the King declaring 'I have summoned you to meet at this unusual time in order that the Articles of Agreement which have been signed by My Ministers and the Irish Delegation may be at once submitted for your approval. No other business will be brought before you in the present Session'. Parliament was then once again prorogued (to 31st January) on 19 December 1921. There were two State Openings in 1924 (and no State Opening in 1925); There were two State Openings in 1948 (and no State Opening in 1949). On 24 June, it was announced that in order to secure the passing of the Parliament Bill, there would be a short session from 14 to 24 September, followed by an adjournment, then a new session from 26 October. On 14 September, the King opened Parliament with a very brief speech (just 74 words), announcing that the only business of the session would be the bill to amend the Parliament Act. On 24 September, it adjourned as planned, and the new session was again opened by the King on 26 October. The two weeks in September formed Parliament's shortest modern session. There were two State Openings in 1974. In the twenty-first century the State Opening continued on an annual basis, with the following exceptions: There was no State Opening in 2011, as it was cancelled to ease the pressure for the planned introduction of legislation for fixed-term Parliaments; There was no State Opening in 2018, as it was cancelled to lengthen the timeframe for the passing of Brexit-related legislation. There were two State Openings in 2019 (and no State Opening in 2020). History Henry VIII going to open Parliament (contemporary illustration: part of The Procession of Parliament 1512, a 18 ft (5.5 m) long vellum parchment roll). Origins For broader historical background, see Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Opening of Parliament began out of practical necessity. By the late 14th century, the manner in which the King gathered his nobles and representatives of the Commons had begun to follow an established pattern. First of all, Peers' names were checked against the list of those who had been summoned, and representatives of the Commons were checked against the sheriffs' election returns. The Peers were robed and sat in the Painted Chamber at the Palace of Westminster; the Commons were summoned, and stood at the Bar (threshold) of the Chamber. A speech or sermon was then given (usually by the Lord Chancellor) explaining why Parliament had been summoned, after which the Lords and Commons went separately to discuss the business in hand. The monarch normally presided, not only for the Opening but also for the deliberations which followed (unless prevented by illness or other pressing matters); the Painted Chamber was one of the monarch's private apartments. The Tudors In the Tudor period, the modern structure of Parliament began to emerge, and the monarch no longer attended during normal proceedings. For this reason, the State Opening took on greater symbolic significance as an occasion for the full constitution of the State (Monarch, Lords and Commons) to be seen. In this period, the parliamentary gathering began to be preceded by an open-air State Procession (which often attracted large numbers of onlookers): the Monarch, together with Household retinue, would proceed in State from whichever royal residence was being used, first to Westminster Abbey for a service (usually a Mass of the Holy Ghost, prior to the Reformation), and thence on foot (accompanied by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in their robes) to the Palace of Westminster for the Opening itself. Opening of Parliament by Henry VIII at Bridewell in 1523; a contemporary illustration from the Wriothesley Garter Book The Wriothesley Garter Book, a 1523 illustration by Thomas Wriothesley, depicts King Henry VIII seated in Parliament in that year. It shows a remarkable visual similarity between State Openings of the 16th and 21st centuries. In both cases, the monarch sits on a throne before the Cloth of Estate, crowned and wearing a crimson robe of state; at his right hand sit Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor, with arms above under a cardinal's hat, and William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, with arms above. Behind stands Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Cap of Maintenance and Sword of State are borne by peers standing before the monarch on the left and right respectively; the Lord Great Chamberlain stands alongside, bearing his white wand of office, near the Garter King of Arms in his tabard displaying the royal arms (Thomas Wriothesley himself, the illustrator). Members of the Royal retinue are arrayed behind the King (top right). In the main body of the Chamber, the Bishops are seated on benches to the King's right wearing their parliamentary robes, with the Mitred Abbots behind them. The Lords Temporal are seated to the King's left and on the cross-bench, the status of peers is indicated by the number of miniver bars (white fur edged with gold oak-leaf lace) on their peerage robes: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount, and 2 for a baron. Thus there are 2 dukes, both wearing ducal coronets, the first holding a Marshal's Baton, thus he is the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England. William Weston, Prior of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, premier baron in the roll of peers, dressed in black, sits at the end of the cross-bench. The judges (red-robed and coifed) are on the woolsacks in the centre (two Chief Justices, eight judges, and four Serjeants-at-Law), and behind them kneel the clerks (with quills and inkpots). At the bottom of the picture members of the House of Commons can be seen behind the Bar of the House, with Thomas More, Speaker of the House of Commons, in the centre, wearing his black and gold robe of state. The Palace of Westminster ceased to be a royal residence following a fire in 1512. Afterwards another of the King's residences was on occasion used (in 1523, for instance, the State Opening took place at Bridewell Palace, and the Mass beforehand at Blackfriars Priory). When (in 1530) the King moved into the Palace at Whitehall, however, the ceremony returned to Westminster. In 1536, the State Opening was held for the first time in the White Chamber of the Palace of Westminster, which is where the House of Lords sat; and so began the custom of the State Opening taking place in the Upper House of Parliament. Subsequent developments George III travelling to the State Opening of Parliament in the Gold State Coach, 1762. The route, as today, goes via Horse Guards (right). Since that time the ceremonial has evolved, but not dramatically. In 1679 neither the procession nor the Abbey service took place, due to fears of a Popish Plot; although the procession was subsequently restored, the service in the Abbey was not. The monarch's role in the proceedings changed over time: early on, the monarch would say some introductory words, before calling upon the Lord Chancellor (or Lord Keeper) to address the assembly. James I, however, was accustomed to speak at greater length himself, and sometimes dispensed with the Chancellor's services as spokesman. This varying pattern continued in subsequent reigns (and during the Commonwealth, when Cromwell gave the speech), but from 1679 onwards it became the norm for the monarch alone to speak. Since then, the monarch (if present) has almost invariably given the speech, with the exception of George I (whose command of English was poor) and Victoria (after the death of Prince Albert). During the Regency of 1811-1820, the Prince of Wales attended in full state and gave a Prince Regent's Speech. Queen Victoria Opening Parliament in the Painted Chamber, 1845. A dramatic change was occasioned by the destruction of the old Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834. After that, the Painted Chamber (which had been gutted in the blaze) was roofed over and fitted up to serve as a temporary house of Lords, pending the rebuilding of the palace; the State Opening took place there until 1847, when the new Lords' chamber was opened. The new palace was designed with the ceremony of the State Opening very much in mind; the choreography of the modern ceremony may be said to date from 1852, when the "Victoria Tower entrance" was used for the first time, and likewise "the Royal Staircase, Norman Porch, new Robing Room and Royal Gallery", establishing the modern processional route. Between 1837 and 1861, Queen Victoria missed the State Opening on only four occasions (each time due to pregnancy); but following the death of the Prince Consort she avoided ceremonial events. She attended the State Opening in 1866 wearing a black dress and veil rather than the robe of state (which was instead draped over the throne); on this occasion she delegated the reading of the speech to the Lord Chancellor. Victoria attended the State Opening on six further occasions (in the 1870s-80s), wearing a small diamond crown in place of the Imperial State Crown; but otherwise delegated the opening of Parliament to Lords Commissioners (one of whom was usually the Prince of Wales). It was not until the latter's accession as Edward VII in 1901 that the full state ceremonial of the event was restored (with the king being in regular attendance and reading the speech himself). King George V resumed wearing the Imperial State Crown in 1913. King George V and Queen Mary photographed in the Robing Room, ready for the State Opening of Parliament. During the two world wars the ceremonial was reduced, and by necessity modified: for example, in 1940 the entire State Opening took place in Church House, Westminster for reasons of security; and then from 1941-1944 it took place in the Robing Room, which was serving as a temporary chamber for the Lords while theirs was in use by the Commons (whose chamber had been destroyed in the Blitz). Full ceremonial was restored for the most part in 1948, with the crown and robes returning two years later (once the Lords had vacated the Robing Room). Queen Elizabeth II opened every session of Parliament during her reign, except in 1959, 1963, and 2022. In 1959 and 1963, she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward respectively and those two sessions were opened by Lords Commissioners, headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Geoffrey Fisher in 1959 and Michael Ramsey in 1963), empowered by the Queen. The Queen also missed the 2022 State Opening on the advice of her doctors. That session was opened by her son Charles, Prince of Wales and her grandson Prince William, Duke of Cambridge who, in their capacity as Counsellors of State, were empowered to do so by Letters Patent issued by the Queen for the occasion, the Prince of Wales reading the Queen's Speech (from the consort's throne) on behalf of his mother. In 1958, the entire State Opening of Parliament was filmed and televised for the first time. In 1998, minor adjustments were made to the ceremonial inside Parliament with a view to shortening the proceedings. In the 1998 Queen's Speech, Elizabeth II faced an unprecedented outburst when she outlined the government's plan to ban most hereditary peers from sitting in the House of Lords. The Queen's Speech was interrupted by shouts of "hear hear" from Labour MPs, and some peers appeared to respond to the interruption with "shame". This was regarded as a considerable act of discourtesy, and the first time in living memory that the sovereign's address, which is normally listened to in total silence, had been interrupted. Equivalents in other countries Main article: Speech from the throne See also: Opening of the Canadian parliament The opening of the Parliament of Canada in 1920. In addition to the UK, Opening of Parliament ceremonies are held in other Commonwealth realms. The governor-general or, in the case of Australia's states and Canada's provinces, the relevant governor or lieutenant governor, respectively, usually delivers the speech from the throne. On occasion, the monarch may open these parliaments and deliver the speech him or herself. In both Australia and Canada, the last time this occurred was in 1977. In New Zealand, the monarch last opened parliament personally in February 1990. In Spain the Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain is conducted by the monarch. In Malaysia, the Parliament of Malaysia also conducts an annual State Opening, usually in March, presided over by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, parliament is opened in the lower house (the Dewan Rakyat) rather than the upper house (the Dewan Negara), thus the sitting is conducted by its Speaker. Additionally, as there is no equivalent to the Lord Chancellor, the speech is presented to the Monarch by the Prime Minister. In India, the President of India opens Parliament with an address similar to the Speech from the Throne. This is also the case in Commonwealth Republics with a non-executive Presidency such as Malta, Mauritius and Singapore. King Haakon VII delivering the Speech from the Throne in Stortinget in 1950. In the Netherlands a similar ceremony is held on the third Tuesday in September, which is called Prinsjesdag in the Netherlands. Article 65 of the constitution states that "A statement of the policy to be pursued by the Government is given by or on behalf of the King before a joint session of the two Houses of the States General that is held every year on the third Tuesday in September or on such earlier date as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament." In Norway, the King is required by Article 74 of the constitution to preside over the opening of the Storting after it had been declared to be legally constituted by the president of the Storting. After he delivers the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's policies for the coming year, a member of the government reads the Report on the State of the Realm, an account of the government's achievements of the past year. In Sweden a similar ceremony as the British was held until 1974, when the constitution was changed. The old opening of state was in Sweden called Riksdagens högtidliga öppnande ("The solemn opening of the Riksdag") and was, as the British, full of symbolism. After the abolition of the old state opening, the opening is now held in the Riksdag but in the presence of the monarch and his family. It is still the King who officially opens the parliament. After the opening of parliament the King gives a speech followed by the Prime Minister's declaration of government. In Israel, a semi-annual ceremony, attended by the President, opens the winter and summer sessions of the Knesset. Though in the past he was a guest sitting in the Knesset's upper deck, the President now attends the ceremony from the speaker's podium and gives his own written address regarding the upcoming session. In the first session of each legislative period of the Knesset, the President has the duty of opening the first session himself and inaugurating the temporary Knesset speaker, and then conducting the inauguration process of all of the Knesset members. In some countries with presidential or similar systems in which the roles of head of state and head of government are merged, the chief executive's annual speech to the legislative branch is imbued with some of the ceremonial weight of a parliamentary state opening. The most well-known example is the State of the Union Address in the United States. Other examples include the State of the Nation Address in the Philippines, a former American dependency. These speeches differ from a State Opening in at least two respects, however: they do not in fact open the legislative session, and they are delivered by the chief executive on his or her own behalf. In Poland, the President of Poland delivers his speech to the Sejm and the Senate at the First Sitting of these Houses, which is similar to Speech from the Throne. It is rather a custom than a law. Most Presidents of Poland delivered the Speech to the Parliament. The exception was in 2007, when President Lech Kaczyński, instead of addressing the Sejm, watched the First Sitting of the 6th term Sejm from the Presidential box in the Press gallery. The President of Mexico used to be constitutionally obliged to deliver a speech, similar to the American State of the Union, until 2006 when President Vicente Fox was impeded by the opposition parties from entering the Congress building for his sixth and final speech. Since that incident, the Constitution no longer requires the President's presence at the opening of Congress. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Torrance, David (2023). State Opening of Parliament - history and ceremonial (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ a b "The Sovereign and Parliament" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Lords Library. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ "Parliamentary and sessional periods". Erskine May. UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Charles III addresses Parliament in monarch's first State Opening". BBC News. 7 November 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 1. ^ The Standing Orders of the House of Lords Relating to Public Business. ^ a b Walpole, Jennifer; Kelly, Richard (10 October 2008). "The Whip's Office" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ "Democracy Live, 25 May 2010". BBC. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2011.; "State Opening of Parliament". Directgov. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2011. ^ "Opening of Parliament". The Illustrated London News. VI (145): 88–90. 8 February 1845. ^ "MP 'held hostage' in Queen's Speech tradition". ITV News. Retrieved 7 June 2014. ^ a b "Buckingham Palace has a centuries-old tradition of taking an MP hostage when the Queen or one of her representatives enter Parliament". Insider. Retrieved 11 May 2022. ^ "Traditionally an MP is 'held hostage' at Buckingham Palace til the Queen returns. Today it's Vice Chamberlain @krishopkins2015 #QueensSpeech". House of Commons via Twitter. Retrieved 27 May 2015. ^ "This is why an MP is being held hostage at Buckingham Palace today". Dorset Echo. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022. ^ "The Queen's Watermen". The Royal Family. The Royal Household. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Court Circular, 7 November 2023 ^ a b c "Democracy Live: Black Rod". BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Black Rod" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.; Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977). Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn. Dalesman. p. 15. ^ Gani, Aisha (27 May 2015). "Dennis Skinner explains lack of Queen's speech quip: 'I was fighting Scots Nats'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ "Watch Dennis Skinner zing the Queen's Speech by shouting 'Hands off the BBC!'". Daily Mirror. 18 May 2016. ^ "1998: Queen's speech to end peers". BBC News. 31 May 2007.; "1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers". BBC News. 24 November 1998. ^ Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords , 2.07 ^ Edgington, Tom (9 October 2019). "Queen's Speech: What is it and why is it important?". BBC News. Retrieved 9 October 2019. ^ "What is a 'dressed-down' State Opening of Parliament?". Hansard Society. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Murphy, Victoria (11 May 2021). "Queen Elizabeth Wears Lilac Day Dress and Hat at a Scaled-Back State Opening of Parliament". Town & Country. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect?". BBC News. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021. ^ "Queens Speech: Proposers of the Loyal Address in the House of Commons since 1900". UK Parliament. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ Hansard, vol. 138, House of Commons 15 February 1921. ^ Hansard, vol. 148, House of Commons 10 November 1921. ^ Torrance, David (2023). Parliament and Northern Ireland, 1921-2021 (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. Retrieved 8 December 2023. ^ Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 8, Paragraph 8.11, Note 1. ^ Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 14 December 1921. ^ Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 19 December 1921. ^ "Parliament Bill: September Session". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 June 1948. ^ "The King's Speech". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 September 1948. ^ "Future Business". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 September 1948. ^ "The King's Speech". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 26 October 1948. ^ "Sovereign says..." UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 April 2023. ^ "Government accused of 'abuse of power' after cancelling 2011 Queen's speech". The Guardian. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ "Theresa May cancels 2018 Queen's Speech to give more time to push through Brexit laws". The Independent. 18 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2018. ^ Cobb, H.S., 'The Staging of Ceremonies of State in the House of Lords' in The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture London: Merrell 2000. ^ a b c d "Explore the Royal Collection Online". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2023. ^ Catalogue entry from 'Royal Treasures, A Golden Jubilee Celebration', London, 2002. per catalogue entry, royal collection ^ Cannadine, D., 'The Palace of Westminster as Palace of Varieties' in The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture London: Merrell 2000 ^ "The State Opening of Parliament - A Perspective from the Archives" Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-21 ^ "The State Opening of 1852". UK Parliament. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament - Prince of Wales to read speech instead". Sky News. 9 May 2022. ^ State Opening of Parliament (1958) (YouTube). British Pathé. 1958. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "State Opening 1958". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "State Opening loses some pomp". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 18 May 2016. ^ Ingrid Seward (2015), The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 168, ISBN 9781471150982 ^ "1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers". BBC News. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "Opening of Parliament by the Queen". aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 7 October 2017.; "A visit by the Queen in 1977". cbc.ca. CBC/Radio-Canada. Retrieved 7 October 2017. ^ "Display of royal memorabilia". New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2018. During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953-4 Parliament was summoned for a special short session in January to allow her to open Parliament and deliver the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March 1970 and February 1974. In February 1977 she opened another special session at the same time as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990. ^ "Opening of the Storting". royalcourt.no. Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 7 October 2017. Notes ^ While the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 was in force the Opening of Parliament routinely took place in May. ^ Since 2014 the Diamond Jubilee State Coach has been used. ^ Over this robe is worn the collar and George of the Order of the Garter; the George used is a larger than usual gold representation of St. George slaying a dragon and heavily set with diamonds made for George III. ^ The House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 permits that "none but the King’s Children shall sit on either Side of the Cloth of Estate in Parliament", though the privilege has also customarily been extended to the wife of the Prince of Wales. ^ The Mitred Abbots were removed from Parliament at the time of the Reformation. ^ The Lord Chancellor (Viscount Kilmuir in 1959 and Lord Dilhorne in 1963) read the Queen's Speech on those occasions. ^ Some of the modifications were subsequently reversed, e.g. the separation of the heralds from the main procession (which had in fact had the effect of lengthening rather than shortening the proceedings). External links Politics portalUnited Kingdom portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Opening of Parliament of the United Kingdom. House of Lords FAQ: State Opening at UK Parliament website Parliamentary occasions: State Opening at UK Parliament website Cost of the 2006 State Opening at Hansard Photos of the 2015 ceremony at Flickr A selection of newsreels and other footage Newsreel of the 1901 carriage procession (Edward VII's first State Opening) Newsreel of the 1910 carriage procession (George V's first State Opening) Newsreel of the 1917 carriage procession (during wartime: simplified ceremonial) Newsreel of the February 1921 carriage procession (Return of full pre-war ceremonial) Newsreel of the 1932 carriage procession (with sound) Newsreel footage from 1934 (George V's last State Opening: due to thick fog he travelled to Westminster by car) Newsreel footage from 1936 (Edward VIII's first and only State Opening: due to heavy rain he travelled to Westminster by car) Newsreel of the 1937 carriage procession (George VI's first State Opening) Newsreel of the 1946 carriage procession (post-war: simplified ceremonial) Newsreel of the October 1948 carriage procession (Return of full pre-war ceremonial) Newsreel of the 1950 carriage procession (George VI's last State Opening) Newsreel of the 1952 carriage procession (Elizabeth II's first State Opening) Newsreel footage from 1955 (Due to a rail-strike Elizabeth II travelled to Westminster by car] Newsreel of the 1958 State Opening (the first time the ceremony inside the Palace was filmed) Newsreel of the 1960 State Opening (filmed for the first time in colour) Newsreel of the 1966 State Opening (the first time cameras were allowed in the House of Commons) Newsreel of the 1970 State Opening Newsreel of the November 1974 State Opening (the second of that year) Full coverage of the 1976 State Opening (an ITN Special) Videos of every State Opening since 1988 at C-SPAN vteRoyal ceremonies of the British monarchState State Opening of Parliament 2021 2022 2023 2024 State Procession Coronation list State funerals Victoria Edward VII George V George VI Elizabeth II Pricking Kissing hands Social Trooping the Colour list Remembrance Day Royal Maundy Garden parties Garter Day Traditional Swan upping Investiture of the prince of Wales Addresses by Privileged Bodies Ceremony of the Keys (Edinburgh) Related Vigil of the Princes Changing of The King's Guard Royal Christmas Message Special address by the British monarch National service of thanksgiving 51°29′56″N 0°07′30″W / 51.499°N 0.125°W / 51.499; -0.125
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lords_Chamber_(State_Opening_2023).jpg"},{"link_name":"2023 State Opening of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_session"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"gracious speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"HM Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Government"},{"link_name":"state visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoLBriefingNote2016-2"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"most recent State Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ceremonial event marking the beginning of a session of the UK ParliamentThe 2023 State Opening of Parliament.The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. At its core is His (or Her) Majesty's \"gracious speech from the throne\" (also known as the King's or Queen's Speech),[1] which is read by the monarch but written by HM Government. In the speech the monarch gives notice of forthcoming state visits, before setting out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. No business of either House of Parliament (the House of Lords or the House of Commons) can proceed until the Sovereign’s speech has been delivered.[2]The State Opening takes place in the House of Lords chamber within the Palace of Westminster on the first day of the new parliamentary session. This traditionally tends to fall in November, but can occur at any time of year (depending on the timing of General Elections and parliamentary session start dates).[Note 1][3] It takes place in front of a formal gathering of both Houses of Parliament; the monarch customarily wears the Imperial State Crown and a robe of state, and members of the House of Lords wear their parliament robes (in contrast to the House of Commons, whose members wear day dress).[1]State Openings of Parliament are documented from as early as the 14th century, with the first visual depictions dating from the 15th century.[1] The most recent State Opening (the first attended by Charles III as King) was held on 7 November 2023.[4]","title":"State Opening of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliament_at_Sunset.JPG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoLBriefingNote2016-2"},{"link_name":"Cloth of Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_of_state"},{"link_name":"consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_consort"},{"link_name":"Great Officers of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Peeresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_Corps"}],"text":"The Palace of Westminster is home of the two houses of the British Parliament, and it is to here that the monarch travels to open parliament.The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremony filled with historical ritual, constitutional symbolism and practical significance relating to the governance of the United Kingdom.Parliament is composed of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons,[5] and a State Opening is the only routine occasion when the three are gathered together in one place.[2] The monarch is seated on the throne, at one end of the chamber in front of the Cloth of Estate (with the consort, if present, seated alongside), flanked by an entourage of Great Officers of State and members of the Royal Household. The Lords are seated on \"the floor of the House\" (i.e. in the main body of the chamber), while the Commons attend at \"the bar of the House\" (the boundary rail at the far end, facing the throne).In addition to the Lords themselves, others are provided with seats on the floor of the House on the occasion of a State Opening, namely:[6]such members of the Royal Family as His Majesty may direct\nJudges summoned by writ\nthe officers and attendants of the House\nsuch Peeresses and members of the Diplomatic Corps as are in possession of an invitation issued by the Lord Great Chamberlain.","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Checking_the_cellars_-_52063713654.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_IV_(3082940384).jpg"},{"link_name":"State Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_State_Coach"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_III_(3082105073).jpg"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Town_Coach"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#%22Dressed_down%22_State_Openings"}],"text":"Yeomen of the Guard embarking on their traditional search of the cellars prior to the State Opening (2022).The State Coach carrying the Imperial State Crown, which is visible through the central window.The coach carrying the maces, which are to be carried by the Sergeants-at-Arms in procession.The ceremonial surrounding the opening of parliament can be broken down into several parts (the following descriptions refer to the full ceremonial of the event; for occasions when, for various reasons, reduced ceremonial has been used, see below):","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Yeomen of the Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomen_of_the_Guard"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot"},{"link_name":"Robert Catesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Catesby"},{"link_name":"King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"port wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"}],"sub_title":"Searching of the cellars","text":"First, the cellars of the Palace of Westminster are searched by the Yeomen of the Guard in order to prevent a modern-day Gunpowder Plot. The Plot of 1605 involved a failed attempt by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill the Protestant King James I and aristocracy. Since that year, the cellars have been searched, now largely, but not only, for ceremonial purposes. This is supervised by the Lord Great Chamberlain, and the Yeomen are paid for their services with a small glass of port wine.","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lords Spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Spiritual"},{"link_name":"Lords Temporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Temporal"},{"link_name":"Parliament robes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robes_of_the_British_peerage"},{"link_name":"woolsacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Serjeant at Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant_at_Arms_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"police inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_inspector"}],"sub_title":"Assembly of Peers and Commons","text":"Peers and peeresses assemble in the House of Lords. The Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal wear their Parliament robes for the occasion. They are joined by senior representatives of the judiciary, who sit on woolsacks in the centre of the Chamber, and members of the diplomatic corps, who are seated behind the Bishops.[1] The Commons assemble in their own chamber, wearing ordinary day dress, and begin the day, as any other, with prayers. Beforehand the Speaker's Procession takes place in the usual way: preceded by a doorkeeper, the Serjeant at Arms, leads the Speaker of the House of Commons from his official residence to the Commons Chamber, followed by his trainbearer, chaplain and secretary. In the Central Lobby, a police inspector makes the traditional cry of \"Hats off, strangers!\", instructing those assembled to remove their hats in deference to the highest-ranking commoner in the realm.","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"Comptroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"white staves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_of_office"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN02829-8"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN02829-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILN1845-10"},{"link_name":"Desmond Swayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Swayne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Insider-12"},{"link_name":"Kris Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chris Heaton-Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Heaton-Harris"},{"link_name":"Stuart Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Andrew"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Marcus Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Jones_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"James Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morris_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Insider-12"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Jo Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Churchill"}],"sub_title":"Delivery of parliamentary hostage","text":"On the morning of the State Opening, the Treasurer, Comptroller and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household (all of whom are government whips) assemble with other senior members of the Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, carrying their ceremonial white staves of office.[7] The Treasurer and Comptroller, along with other senior members of the Royal Household, accompany the monarch in the carriage procession; but the Lord Chamberlain does not join them. Instead, on behalf of the monarch, he remains at Buckingham Palace keeping one MP (the Vice-Chamberlain) \"hostage\" for the duration of the state opening, by tradition as a surety for the safe return of the monarch. The hostage MP is well entertained until the successful conclusion of the ceremony, when they are released upon the safe return of the monarch.[7][8] The Vice-Chamberlain's imprisonment is now purely ceremonial, though they do remain under guard; originally, it guaranteed the safety of the Sovereign as they entered a possibly hostile Parliament. The tradition is said to stem from the time of Charles I, who had a contentious relationship with Parliament and was eventually beheaded in 1649 during the Civil War between the monarchy and Parliament (a copy of Charles I's death warrant is displayed in the robing room used by the monarch as a ceremonial reminder of what can happen to a monarch who attempts to interfere with Parliament); however it has been suggested that the custom in its present form is of much more recent origin (mention of hostage-taking only dating back to the 1960s or 70s).[1] In 1845, by contrast, the Lord Chamberlain's routine absence from the State Opening was said to be due to \"the department over which his lordship presides not being acknowledged in His Majesty's Palace at Westminster\" (where the Lord Great Chamberlain instead has the equivalent authority).[9]Hostage MPs in recent years (all of whom were serving as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household at the time) have included:2014: Desmond Swayne[10][11]\n2015–16: Kris Hopkins[12]\n2017: Chris Heaton-Harris\n2019: Stuart Andrew\n2021: Marcus Jones[13]\n2022: James Morris[11]\n2023: Jo Churchill","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrival_of_the_Regalia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"link_name":"Sword of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_crown_jewels#Swords"},{"link_name":"Cap of Maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_Maintenance"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra's State Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra%27s_State_Coach"},{"link_name":"King's Bargemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bargemaster"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Victoria Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Tower"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Office"},{"link_name":"Crown Jeweller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jeweller"},{"link_name":"Royal Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gallery"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII's Town Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Town_Coach"},{"link_name":"maces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"},{"link_name":"Serjeants-at-Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-arms"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of royal regalia","text":"Arrival of the Regalia at the Sovereign's Entrance (2022).Before the arrival of the sovereign, the Imperial State Crown is brought to the Palace of Westminster, together with the Great Sword of State and the Cap of Maintenance, in their own carriage (usually Queen Alexandra's State Coach). The King's Bargemaster and Watermen accompany it, acting as footmen (a reminder of past times when the regalia were brought from the Tower of London by river).[14] On arrival at the Sovereign's Entrance, under the Victoria Tower, the Crown is passed by the Bargemaster to the Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Office, under the watchful eye of the Crown Jeweller. The regalia are then carried to be displayed in the Royal Gallery. Also in the procession, usually in King Edward VII's Town Coach, are the two maces (separate from the three used by parliament) which are carried by the Serjeants-at-Arms of the Royal Household who escort the regalia in procession.","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Procession at the State Opening of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Procession_at_the_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Victoria Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Tower"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cavalry_Mounted_Regiment"},{"link_name":"the national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_King"},{"link_name":"gun salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_salute"},{"link_name":"Green Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park"},{"link_name":"Royal Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Standard_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Earl Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Parliament Robe of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_Monarch#Sovereign's_robes"},{"link_name":"[Note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"link_name":"procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Procession_at_the_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"heralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heralds"},{"link_name":"Great Officers of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Cap of Maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_Maintenance"},{"link_name":"Great Sword of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom#Swords"},{"link_name":"[Note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of the Sovereign and assembly of Parliament","text":"See also: State Procession at the State Opening of ParliamentThe monarch travels \"in State\" from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster,[15] arriving at the Sovereign's Entrance under the Victoria Tower. Travelling in a state coach,[Note 2] the monarch is usually accompanied by his or her consort and sometimes by other members of the royal family. Senior members of the Royal Household follow in other carriages. The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment provides a Sovereign's Escort, and other members of the armed forces line the processional route from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster.At the monarch's arrival, the national anthem is played, a gun salute is sounded in Green Park and the Royal Standard is hoisted in place of the Union Flag at the top of the Victoria Tower (where it remains until the monarch departs). The monarch is greeted on arrival by the Lord Great Chamberlain (who has oversight of the royal areas of the Palace of Westminster) and the Earl Marshal (who has responsibility for State ceremonial), before proceeding to the Robing Room, where he or she puts on the Parliament Robe of State[Note 3] and the Imperial State Crown. A procession is formed of heralds, Great Officers of State and members of the Royal Household, and when all is ready a fanfare is sounded and the monarch proceeds in State through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords. Directly ahead of the monarch walk two peers: one (nowadays usually the Leader of the House of Lords) carrying the Cap of Maintenance, and the other (nowadays generally a retired senior military officer) carrying the Great Sword of State. Once seated on the throne, the monarch, wearing the Imperial State Crown, instructs the House by saying, \"My Lords, pray be seated\"; his or her consort, if present, sits on a throne to the sovereign’s left, and his or her children, if present, may be provided with seats elsewhere on the dais.[Note 4][1]The Imperial State Crown has not been worn invariably: for example, on four occasions in the 20th century Parliament was opened by as yet uncrowned monarchs (i.e. after their accession to the throne, but before their coronation); on these occasions the robe of state was worn but the crown was not (instead it was carried on a cushion by one of the Great Officers of State).[1]","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Rod_knocking_Commons_door_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sarah Clarke (Black Rod)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Clarke_(Black_Rod)"},{"link_name":"Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rod"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_opening-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hampden_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Five Members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Members"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"five Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Members"},{"link_name":"John Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_opening-20"},{"link_name":"Erskine May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_May"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Dennis Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Skinner"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_opening-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Royal summons of the Commons to the Lords' chamber","text":"Sarah Clarke (Black Rod) knocks on the chamber door, October 2019Motioned by the monarch, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises his white staff of office to signal the official known as Black Rod to summon the House of Commons. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords, proceeds to the Members' Lobby of the House of Commons, and reaches the doors of the Commons.On Black Rod's approach, the Doorkeeper of the Commons orders that the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch.[16] The Usher of the Black Rod then strikes with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod) three times on the closed doors of the Commons Chamber, and is then admitted (there is a mark on the door of the Commons showing the repeated indentations made by Black Rods over the years).Leading 17th-century parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemoratedThis ritual is strongly associated with the occasion when (in 1642) King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament, including the celebrated English patriot and leading parliamentarian John Hampden.[17] (Since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting.)[16] The door-closing ritual, however, predates the 1640s, and although it has long since come to symbolise the independence of the Lower House, its primary purpose (according to Erskine May) is for the Commons to establish Black Rod's identity.[1] (Once this has been achieved, Black Rod cannot be refused admission, and all other business of whatever kind in the House must cease.)The doors having been opened, the Chief Door-keeper of the House of Commons introduces Black Rod. At the bar, Black Rod bows to the Speaker before proceeding to the table, bowing again, and announcing the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons, in the following words:Mr/Madam Speaker, The King/Queen commands this honourable House to attend His/Her Majesty immediately in the House of Peers.During the later decades of Elizabeth II's reign, a tradition developed for this command to be greeted with a defiant topical comment by republican-leaning Labour MP Dennis Skinner, upon which, with some mirth, the House rose to make its way to the Lords' Chamber.[16] This customary intervention was omitted by Mr Skinner in 2015, claiming that he had \"bigger fish to fry than uttering something\", due to a dispute over seating with the Scottish Nationalists.[18] Skinner resumed the practice in 2016, until he was unseated in 2019.[19]","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons_procession_to_Lords_chamber_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant_at_Arms_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"ceremonial mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_mace"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"First Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State"}],"sub_title":"Procession of the Commons","text":"The procession in October 2019The Speaker proceeds to attend the summons at once. The Serjeant-at-Arms picks up the ceremonial mace and, with the Speaker and Black Rod, leads the Members of the House of Commons as they walk, in pairs, towards the House of Lords. By custom, the members saunter, with much discussion and joking, rather than formally process. The Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition followed by The Deputy Prime Minister, First Secretary of State or another member of the government and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition usually walk side by side, leading the two lines of MPs. The Commons then arrive at the Bar of the House of Lords. The only people required to bow are the House of Commons Speaker, Commons Clerk, senior Lords official Black Rod and the Serjeant-at-Arms. No person who is not a member of the Upper House may pass the Bar unbidden when it is in session; a similar rule applies to the Commons. They remain standing at the Bar during the speech.","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Speech from the Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister and their cabinet members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Lord Irvine of Lairg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_Irvine,_Baron_Irvine_of_Lairg"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw"},{"link_name":"hereditary peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Delivery of the speech from the throne","text":"The royal thrones, c. 1902The monarch reads a prepared speech, known as the \"Speech from the Throne\" or the \"King's/Queen's Speech\", outlining the Government's agenda for the coming year. The speech is written by the Prime Minister and their cabinet members, and reflects the legislative agenda for which the Government seeks the agreement of both Houses of Parliament. It is traditionally written on goatskin vellum, and presented on bended knee for the monarch to read by the Lord Chancellor, who produces the scroll from a satchel-like bag. Traditionally, rather than turning their back on the Sovereign, which might appear disrespectful, the Lord Chancellor walks backwards down the steps of the throne, continuing to face the monarch. Lord Irvine of Lairg, the Lord Chancellor at the time, sought to break the custom and applied successfully for permission to turn his back on the sovereign and walk down the steps forwards. The next Lord Chancellor, Jack Straw, continued the former tradition but succeeding Lords Chancellor have mostly chosen to walk forwards.The whole speech is addressed to \"My Lords and Members of the House of Commons\", with one significant exception that the monarch says specifically, \"Members of the House of Commons, estimates for the public services will be laid before you\", since the budget is constitutionally reserved to the Commons.The monarch reads the entire speech in a neutral and formal tone, implying neither approval nor disapproval of the proposals of their Government: the monarch makes constant reference to \"My Government\" when reading the text. After listing the main bills to be introduced during the session, the monarch states: \"Other measures will be laid before you\", thus leaving the government scope to introduce bills not mentioned in the speech. The monarch mentions any state visits they intend to make and also any planned state visits of foreign heads of state to the United Kingdom during the parliamentary session. The monarch concludes the speech in saying: \"My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels.\"Traditionally, the members of both houses of Parliament listen to the speech respectfully, showing neither approval or dissent towards its contents before it is debated in each house. This silence, however, was broken in 1998, when Queen Elizabeth II announced the government's plan of abolishing the right of hereditary peers to automatically sit in the House of Lords. A few Labour members of the House of Commons cried \"yes\" and \"hear\", prompting several of the Lords to shout \"no\" and \"shame\". The Queen continued delivering her speech without any pause, ignoring the intervention. The conduct of those who interrupted the speech was strongly criticised at the time.[20]","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_I_(3082920424).jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish State Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_State_Coach"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Opening_of_Parliament_2015_(17982787869).jpg"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"}],"sub_title":"Departure of monarch","text":"The Queen returns to Buckingham Palace in the Irish State Coach via Whitehall and Horse Guards in 2008.The return procession crossing Horse Guards Parade in 2015.Following the speech, the monarch and his or her retinue leave the chamber. The monarch bows to both sides of the House of Peers and then leaves the chamber, walking in procession back to the Robing Room, before the Commons bow again and return to their Chamber.","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pro forma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_forma"},{"link_name":"Select Vestries Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_Vestries_Bill"},{"link_name":"Outlawries Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlawries_Bill"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"vote of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fixed-term Parliaments Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Debate on the speech","text":"After the departure of the monarch from the palace, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an \"Address in Reply to His/ Her Majesty's Gracious Speech.\" But first, each House considers a bill pro forma to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill, while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill. The bills are considered for the sake of ceremony only, and do not make any actual legislative progress. For the address in reply, a chosen member moves \"That an humble Address be presented to His Majesty, as follows\". The following is the form used in the House of Lords and is nearly identical to that used in the House of Commons:Most Gracious Sovereign,\nWe, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, beg leave to thank Your Majesty for the most gracious Speech which Your Majesty has addressed to both Houses of Parliament.[21]The first speech of the debate in the Commons is, by tradition, a humorous one given by a member selected in advance. The consideration of the address in reply to the Throne Speech is the occasion for a debate on the Government's agenda. The debate on the Address in Reply is spread over several days. On each day, a different topic, such as foreign affairs or finance, is considered. The debate provides an indication of the views of Parliament regarding the government's agenda.Following this debate, a vote is taken on the Government Programme. This vote is treated as a vote of no confidence and losing this vote will automatically trigger a general election. When the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was in force, a general election was not automatically triggered if the vote was lost.[22]","title":"Sequence of events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen%E2%80%99s_Speech_-_52063897843.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Lords Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Regency Act 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Act_1937"},{"link_name":"Counsellors of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellors_of_State"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"}],"sub_title":"Openings in the absence of the monarch","text":"King Charles III, at the time the Prince of Wales, reading the speech on behalf of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II in 2022.Since 1901, the monarch has opened Parliament in person on all but six occasions.[1] In 1929 and 1935 King George V was too ill to attend; in 1951 King George VI was too ill to attend; in 1959 and 1963 Queen Elizabeth II was pregnant and did not attend. In each of these years Lords Commissioners were appointed to preside over the opening, with the speech being read by the Presiding Commissioner (namely the Lord Chancellor). The speech was prefaced with the words:\"My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, We are commanded to deliver to you His/Her Majesty’s Speech in His/Her Majesty's own words\".[1]In 2022, when the Queen was absent on the day at short notice due to \"episodic mobility problems\", the heir-apparent to the throne and his elder son (the then Prince of Wales, now Charles III, and the Duke of Cambridge, now Prince of Wales) were appointed under the authority of section 6 of the Regency Act 1937 to open Parliament as Counsellors of State, with the then-Prince of Wales reading the speech from the consort's throne on this occasion.[1]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII_opening_Parliament.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"snap general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_election"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"the ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"}],"sub_title":"Reduced ceremonial","text":"Edward VIII departs following his only State Opening of Parliament, 3 November 1936: due to heavy rain he had 'reluctantly' cancelled the carriage procession and travelled there and back by car.On certain other occasions through history, ceremonial aspects of the State Opening have been scaled back for specific reasons (including plague in 1593, threats of assassination in 1679 and wartime restrictions in place from 1917-1919 and 1939-1948).[1]On three occasions in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (namely March 1974, June 2017 and December 2019) the State Opening was conducted in a \"dressed-down\" manner, due to the snap general elections held in those years. On these occasions the Queen attended in day dress, rather than the traditional ceremonial robes of state, and the Imperial State Crown was carried in front of the Queen rather than worn. Inside the Palace, there were reduced numbers in the procession, and outside motor cars were used in place of horse-drawn carriages (and no military escort accompanied them).[23] Otherwise, the ceremony remained largely the same.In 2021, the ceremony was scaled down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Queen wore day dress and arrived by car at Westminster,[24] where seating was restricted: 74 were allowed in the Lords Chamber, whilst 34 further MPs and peers were able to participate from the gallery. To prevent the spread of the virus, mask-wearing and testing was enforced, and the Lord Chancellor did not directly pass the speech to the Queen, but placed it on a table next to the throne.[25] The State Opening in May 2022 was also scheduled to take place with reduced ceremonial, due to the Queen suffering \"episodic mobility problems\" (which eventually led to her being absent on the day).[1]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torrance2023-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Articles of Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Agreement_for_a_Treaty_Between_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Parliament Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"legislation for fixed-term Parliaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011cancellation-42"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Double and cancelled Openings","text":"Throughout the twentieth century (including in wartime) the State Opening took place on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:[26]There were two State Openings in 1914 (and no State Opening in 1915);\nThere were two State Openings in 1921 (and no State Opening in 1923);The first State Opening took place on 15 February 1921.[27] Nine months later, on 10 November, Parliament was prorogued to 30 January;[28] in the meantime, negotiations were taking place with regard to an Anglo-Irish Treaty.[29] The treaty was signed on 6 December, and the following day a proclamation was issued summoning Parliament to meet in a week's time:[30] a State Opening duly took place on 14 December, the King declaring 'I have summoned you to meet at this unusual time in order that the Articles of Agreement which have been signed by My Ministers and the Irish Delegation may be at once submitted for your approval. No other business will be brought before you in the present Session'.[31] Parliament was then once again prorogued (to 31st January) on 19 December 1921.[32]There were two State Openings in 1924 (and no State Opening in 1925);\nThere were two State Openings in 1948 (and no State Opening in 1949).On 24 June, it was announced that in order to secure the passing of the Parliament Bill, there would be a short session from 14 to 24 September, followed by an adjournment, then a new session from 26 October.[33] On 14 September, the King opened Parliament with a very brief speech (just 74 words), announcing that the only business of the session would be the bill to amend the Parliament Act.[34] On 24 September, it adjourned as planned, [35] and the new session was again opened by the King on 26 October.[36] The two weeks in September formed Parliament's shortest modern session.[37]There were two State Openings in 1974.In the twenty-first century the State Opening continued on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:There was no State Opening in 2011, as it was cancelled to ease the pressure for the planned introduction of legislation for fixed-term Parliaments;[38]\nThere was no State Opening in 2018, as it was cancelled to lengthen the timeframe for the passing of Brexit-related legislation.[39]\nThere were two State Openings in 2019 (and no State Opening in 2020).","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HenryVIII_ParliamentProcessionRoll_1512.png"}],"text":"Henry VIII going to open Parliament (contemporary illustration: part of The Procession of Parliament 1512, a 18 ft (5.5 m) long vellum parchment roll).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"summoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Writs_of_summons"},{"link_name":"sheriffs'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Painted Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"For broader historical background, see Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom.The Opening of Parliament[40] began out of practical necessity. By the late 14th century, the manner in which the King gathered his nobles and representatives of the Commons had begun to follow an established pattern. First of all, Peers' names were checked against the list of those who had been summoned, and representatives of the Commons were checked against the sheriffs' election returns. The Peers were robed and sat in the Painted Chamber at the Palace of Westminster; the Commons were summoned, and stood at the Bar (threshold) of the Chamber. A speech or sermon was then given (usually by the Lord Chancellor) explaining why Parliament had been summoned, after which the Lords and Commons went separately to discuss the business in hand. The monarch normally presided, not only for the Opening but also for the deliberations which followed (unless prevented by illness or other pressing matters); the Painted Chamber was one of the monarch's private apartments.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Procession_at_the_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Mass of the Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_Mass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Henry_VIII_1523.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Bridewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridewell_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wriothesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wriothesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley"},{"link_name":"throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wolsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"William Warham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warham"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rct.uk-45"},{"link_name":"Cap of Maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_Maintenance"},{"link_name":"Sword of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_State"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Garter King of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_King_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"tabard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabard"},{"link_name":"royal arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[Note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Earl Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"},{"link_name":"William Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weston_(prior)"},{"link_name":"Hospital of St John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_of_St_John_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rct.uk-45"},{"link_name":"coifed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coif"},{"link_name":"woolsacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsack"},{"link_name":"Chief Justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"Serjeants-at-Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeants-at-Law"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rct.uk-45"},{"link_name":"Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rct.uk-45"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bridewell Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridewell_Palace"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars,_London#Blackfriars_Priory"},{"link_name":"Palace at Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall"},{"link_name":"White Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chamber"}],"sub_title":"The Tudors","text":"In the Tudor period, the modern structure of Parliament began to emerge, and the monarch no longer attended during normal proceedings. For this reason, the State Opening took on greater symbolic significance as an occasion for the full constitution of the State (Monarch, Lords and Commons) to be seen. In this period, the parliamentary gathering began to be preceded by an open-air State Procession (which often attracted large numbers of onlookers): the Monarch, together with Household retinue, would proceed in State from whichever royal residence was being used, first to Westminster Abbey for a service (usually a Mass of the Holy Ghost, prior to the Reformation), and thence on foot (accompanied by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in their robes) to the Palace of Westminster for the Opening itself.Opening of Parliament by Henry VIII at Bridewell in 1523; a contemporary illustration from the Wriothesley Garter BookThe Wriothesley Garter Book, a 1523 illustration by Thomas Wriothesley, depicts King Henry VIII seated in Parliament in that year. It shows a remarkable visual similarity between State Openings of the 16th and 21st centuries. In both cases, the monarch sits on a throne before the Cloth of Estate, crowned and wearing a crimson robe of state; at his right hand sit Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor, with arms above under a cardinal's hat, and William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, with arms above. Behind stands Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.[41] The Cap of Maintenance and Sword of State are borne by peers standing before the monarch on the left and right respectively; the Lord Great Chamberlain stands alongside, bearing his white wand of office, near the Garter King of Arms in his tabard displaying the royal arms (Thomas Wriothesley himself, the illustrator).[42] Members of the Royal retinue are arrayed behind the King (top right). In the main body of the Chamber, the Bishops are seated on benches to the King's right wearing their parliamentary robes, with the Mitred Abbots behind them.[Note 5] The Lords Temporal are seated to the King's left and on the cross-bench, the status of peers is indicated by the number of miniver bars (white fur edged with gold oak-leaf lace) on their peerage robes: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount, and 2 for a baron. Thus there are 2 dukes, both wearing ducal coronets, the first holding a Marshal's Baton, thus he is the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England. William Weston, Prior of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, premier baron in the roll of peers, dressed in black, sits at the end of the cross-bench.[41] The judges (red-robed and coifed) are on the woolsacks in the centre (two Chief Justices, eight judges, and four Serjeants-at-Law[41]), and behind them kneel the clerks (with quills and inkpots). At the bottom of the picture members of the House of Commons can be seen behind the Bar of the House, with Thomas More,[41] Speaker of the House of Commons, in the centre, wearing his black and gold robe of state.The Palace of Westminster ceased to be a royal residence following a fire in 1512. Afterwards another of the King's residences was on occasion used (in 1523, for instance, the State Opening took place at Bridewell Palace, and the Mass beforehand at Blackfriars Priory). When (in 1530) the King moved into the Palace at Whitehall, however, the ceremony returned to Westminster. In 1536, the State Opening was held for the first time in the White Chamber of the Palace of Westminster, which is where the House of Lords sat; and so began the custom of the State Opening taking place in the Upper House of Parliament.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gold State Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_State_Coach"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"Popish Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot"},{"link_name":"the Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regency"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HM_Queen_Victoria_Opening_Parliament.jpg"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"small diamond crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_at_a_State_Opening_of_Parliament.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church House, Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_House,_Westminster"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Lords Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Michael Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"[Note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"2022 State Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Prince William, Duke of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Counsellors of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellors_of_State"},{"link_name":"Letters Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoCResearchBriefing2022-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[Note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent developments","text":"George III travelling to the State Opening of Parliament in the Gold State Coach, 1762. The route, as today, goes via Horse Guards (right).Since that time the ceremonial has evolved, but not dramatically. In 1679 neither the procession nor the Abbey service took place, due to fears of a Popish Plot; although the procession was subsequently restored, the service in the Abbey was not. The monarch's role in the proceedings changed over time: early on, the monarch would say some introductory words, before calling upon the Lord Chancellor (or Lord Keeper) to address the assembly. James I, however, was accustomed to speak at greater length himself, and sometimes dispensed with the Chancellor's services as spokesman. This varying pattern continued in subsequent reigns (and during the Commonwealth, when Cromwell gave the speech), but from 1679 onwards it became the norm for the monarch alone to speak. Since then, the monarch (if present) has almost invariably given the speech, with the exception of George I (whose command of English was poor) and Victoria (after the death of Prince Albert). During the Regency of 1811-1820, the Prince of Wales attended in full state and gave a Prince Regent's Speech.Queen Victoria Opening Parliament in the Painted Chamber, 1845.A dramatic change was occasioned by the destruction of the old Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834. After that, the Painted Chamber (which had been gutted in the blaze) was roofed over and fitted up to serve as a temporary house of Lords, pending the rebuilding of the palace; the State Opening took place there until 1847, when the new Lords' chamber was opened.The new palace was designed with the ceremony of the State Opening very much in mind;[43] the choreography of the modern ceremony may be said to date from 1852,[44] when the \"Victoria Tower entrance\" was used for the first time, and likewise \"the Royal Staircase, Norman Porch, new Robing Room and Royal Gallery\",[45] establishing the modern processional route.Between 1837 and 1861, Queen Victoria missed the State Opening on only four occasions (each time due to pregnancy); but following the death of the Prince Consort she avoided ceremonial events. She attended the State Opening in 1866 wearing a black dress and veil rather than the robe of state (which was instead draped over the throne); on this occasion she delegated the reading of the speech to the Lord Chancellor. Victoria attended the State Opening on six further occasions (in the 1870s-80s), wearing a small diamond crown in place of the Imperial State Crown; but otherwise delegated the opening of Parliament to Lords Commissioners (one of whom was usually the Prince of Wales).[1] It was not until the latter's accession as Edward VII in 1901 that the full state ceremonial of the event was restored (with the king being in regular attendance and reading the speech himself).[1] King George V resumed wearing the Imperial State Crown in 1913.King George V and Queen Mary photographed in the Robing Room, ready for the State Opening of Parliament.During the two world wars the ceremonial was reduced, and by necessity modified: for example, in 1940 the entire State Opening took place in Church House, Westminster for reasons of security; and then from 1941-1944 it took place in the Robing Room, which was serving as a temporary chamber for the Lords while theirs was in use by the Commons (whose chamber had been destroyed in the Blitz). Full ceremonial was restored for the most part in 1948, with the crown and robes returning two years later (once the Lords had vacated the Robing Room).[1]Queen Elizabeth II opened every session of Parliament during her reign, except in 1959, 1963, and 2022. In 1959 and 1963, she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward respectively and those two sessions were opened by Lords Commissioners, headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Geoffrey Fisher in 1959 and Michael Ramsey in 1963), empowered by the Queen.[Note 6] The Queen also missed the 2022 State Opening on the advice of her doctors. That session was opened by her son Charles, Prince of Wales and her grandson Prince William, Duke of Cambridge who, in their capacity as Counsellors of State, were empowered to do so by Letters Patent issued by the Queen for the occasion,[1] the Prince of Wales reading the Queen's Speech (from the consort's throne) on behalf of his mother.[46]In 1958, the entire State Opening of Parliament was filmed[47] and televised for the first time.[48] In 1998, minor adjustments were made to the ceremonial inside Parliament with a view to shortening the proceedings.[49][Note 7]In the 1998 Queen's Speech, Elizabeth II faced an unprecedented outburst when she outlined the government's plan to ban most hereditary peers from sitting in the House of Lords. The Queen's Speech was interrupted by shouts of \"hear hear\" from Labour MPs, and some peers appeared to respond to the interruption with \"shame\". This was regarded as a considerable act of discourtesy, and the first time in living memory that the sovereign's address, which is normally listened to in total silence, had been interrupted.[50][51]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opening of the Canadian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_the_Canadian_parliament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_opening_of_Canadian_Parliament_(HS85-10-37118).jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm"},{"link_name":"governor-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general"},{"link_name":"Australia's states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada's provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Dewan Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Negara"},{"link_name":"its Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"the Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:56255_Haakon_VII_trontalen_1950.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Haakon VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Haakon_VII"},{"link_name":"Stortinget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stortinget"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Prinsjesdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsjesdag"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"the opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_the_Riksdag"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address"},{"link_name":"State of the Nation Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Presidents of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lech Kaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Opening of the Canadian parliamentThe opening of the Parliament of Canada in 1920.In addition to the UK, Opening of Parliament ceremonies are held in other Commonwealth realms. The governor-general or, in the case of Australia's states and Canada's provinces, the relevant governor or lieutenant governor, respectively, usually delivers the speech from the throne. On occasion, the monarch may open these parliaments and deliver the speech him or herself. In both Australia and Canada, the last time this occurred was in 1977.[52] In New Zealand, the monarch last opened parliament personally in February 1990.[53]In Spain the Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain is conducted by the monarch.In Malaysia, the Parliament of Malaysia also conducts an annual State Opening, usually in March, presided over by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, parliament is opened in the lower house (the Dewan Rakyat) rather than the upper house (the Dewan Negara), thus the sitting is conducted by its Speaker. Additionally, as there is no equivalent to the Lord Chancellor, the speech is presented to the Monarch by the Prime Minister.[citation needed]In India, the President of India opens Parliament with an address similar to the Speech from the Throne. This is also the case in Commonwealth Republics with a non-executive Presidency such as Malta, Mauritius and Singapore.[citation needed]King Haakon VII delivering the Speech from the Throne in Stortinget in 1950.In the Netherlands a similar ceremony is held on the third Tuesday in September, which is called Prinsjesdag in the Netherlands. Article 65 of the constitution states that \"A statement of the policy to be pursued by the Government is given by or on behalf of the King before a joint session of the two Houses of the States General that is held every year on the third Tuesday in September or on such earlier date as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament.\" In Norway, the King is required by Article 74 of the constitution to preside over the opening of the Storting after it had been declared to be legally constituted by the president of the Storting. After he delivers the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's policies for the coming year, a member of the government reads the Report on the State of the Realm, an account of the government's achievements of the past year.[54]In Sweden a similar ceremony as the British was held until 1974, when the constitution was changed. The old opening of state was in Sweden called Riksdagens högtidliga öppnande (\"The solemn opening of the Riksdag\") and was, as the British, full of symbolism. After the abolition of the old state opening, the opening is now held in the Riksdag but in the presence of the monarch and his family. It is still the King who officially opens the parliament. After the opening of parliament the King gives a speech followed by the Prime Minister's declaration of government.[citation needed]In Israel, a semi-annual ceremony, attended by the President, opens the winter and summer sessions of the Knesset. Though in the past he was a guest sitting in the Knesset's upper deck, the President now attends the ceremony from the speaker's podium and gives his own written address regarding the upcoming session. In the first session of each legislative period of the Knesset, the President has the duty of opening the first session himself and inaugurating the temporary Knesset speaker, and then conducting the inauguration process of all of the Knesset members.[citation needed]In some countries with presidential or similar systems in which the roles of head of state and head of government are merged, the chief executive's annual speech to the legislative branch is imbued with some of the ceremonial weight of a parliamentary state opening. The most well-known example is the State of the Union Address in the United States. Other examples include the State of the Nation Address in the Philippines, a former American dependency. These speeches differ from a State Opening in at least two respects, however: they do not in fact open the legislative session, and they are delivered by the chief executive on his or her own behalf.[citation needed] In Poland, the President of Poland delivers his speech to the Sejm and the Senate at the First Sitting of these Houses, which is similar to Speech from the Throne. It is rather a custom than a law. Most Presidents of Poland delivered the Speech to the Parliament. The exception was in 2007, when President Lech Kaczyński, instead of addressing the Sejm, watched the First Sitting of the 6th term Sejm from the Presidential box in the Press gallery.[citation needed] The President of Mexico used to be constitutionally obliged to deliver a speech, similar to the American State of the Union, until 2006 when President Vicente Fox was impeded by the opposition parties from entering the Congress building for his sixth and final speech. Since that incident, the Constitution no longer requires the President's presence at the opening of Congress.[citation needed]","title":"Equivalents in other countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Diamond Jubilee State Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_State_Coach"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Precedence Act 1539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Precedence_Act_1539"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Viscount Kilmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir"},{"link_name":"Lord Dilhorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller,_1st_Viscount_Dilhorne"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"}],"text":"^ While the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 was in force the Opening of Parliament routinely took place in May.\n\n^ Since 2014 the Diamond Jubilee State Coach has been used.\n\n^ Over this robe is worn the collar and George of the Order of the Garter; the George used is a larger than usual gold representation of St. George slaying a dragon and heavily set with diamonds made for George III.\n\n^ The House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 permits that \"none but the King’s Children shall sit on either Side of the Cloth of Estate in Parliament\", though the privilege has also customarily been extended to the wife of the Prince of Wales.\n\n^ The Mitred Abbots were removed from Parliament at the time of the Reformation.\n\n^ The Lord Chancellor (Viscount Kilmuir in 1959 and Lord Dilhorne in 1963) read the Queen's Speech on those occasions.\n\n^ Some of the modifications were subsequently reversed, e.g. the separation of the heralds from the main procession (which had in fact had the effect of lengthening rather than shortening the proceedings).","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The 2023 State Opening of Parliament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lords_Chamber_%28State_Opening_2023%29.jpg/300px-Lords_Chamber_%28State_Opening_2023%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Palace of Westminster is home of the two houses of the British Parliament, and it is to here that the monarch travels to open parliament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Parliament_at_Sunset.JPG/220px-Parliament_at_Sunset.JPG"},{"image_text":"Yeomen of the Guard embarking on their traditional search of the cellars prior to the State Opening (2022).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Checking_the_cellars_-_52063713654.jpg/220px-Checking_the_cellars_-_52063713654.jpg"},{"image_text":"The State Coach carrying the Imperial State Crown, which is visible through the central window.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_IV_%283082940384%29.jpg/220px-State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_IV_%283082940384%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coach carrying the maces, which are to be carried by the Sergeants-at-Arms in procession.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_III_%283082105073%29.jpg/220px-State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_III_%283082105073%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrival of the Regalia at the Sovereign's Entrance (2022).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arrival_of_the_Regalia.jpg/220px-Arrival_of_the_Regalia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sarah Clarke (Black Rod) knocks on the chamber door, October 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Black_Rod_knocking_Commons_door_2019.jpg/220px-Black_Rod_knocking_Commons_door_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leading 17th-century parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/John_Hampden_portrait.jpg/170px-John_Hampden_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"The procession in October 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Commons_procession_to_Lords_chamber_2019.jpg/220px-Commons_procession_to_Lords_chamber_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"The royal thrones, c. 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg/220px-Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Queen returns to Buckingham Palace in the Irish State Coach via Whitehall and Horse Guards in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_I_%283082920424%29.jpg/220px-State_Opening_of_Parliament_2008_I_%283082920424%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The return procession crossing Horse Guards Parade in 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/State_Opening_of_Parliament_2015_%2817982787869%29.jpg/220px-State_Opening_of_Parliament_2015_%2817982787869%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Charles III, at the time the Prince of Wales, reading the speech on behalf of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II in 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Queen%E2%80%99s_Speech_-_52063897843.jpg/220px-Queen%E2%80%99s_Speech_-_52063897843.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward VIII departs following his only State Opening of Parliament, 3 November 1936: due to heavy rain he had 'reluctantly' cancelled the carriage procession and travelled there and back by car.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/King_Edward_VIII_opening_Parliament.jpg/170px-King_Edward_VIII_opening_Parliament.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry VIII going to open Parliament (contemporary illustration: part of The Procession of Parliament 1512, a 18 ft (5.5 m) long vellum parchment roll).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HenryVIII_ParliamentProcessionRoll_1512.png/220px-HenryVIII_ParliamentProcessionRoll_1512.png"},{"image_text":"Opening of Parliament by Henry VIII at Bridewell in 1523; a contemporary illustration from the Wriothesley Garter Book","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parliament_of_Henry_VIII_1523.jpg/220px-Parliament_of_Henry_VIII_1523.jpg"},{"image_text":"George III travelling to the State Opening of Parliament in the Gold State Coach, 1762. The route, as today, goes via Horse Guards (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/220px-George_III%27s_Procession_to_the_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen Victoria Opening Parliament in the Painted Chamber, 1845.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HM_Queen_Victoria_Opening_Parliament.jpg/220px-HM_Queen_Victoria_Opening_Parliament.jpg"},{"image_text":"King George V and Queen Mary photographed in the Robing Room, ready for the State Opening of Parliament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_at_a_State_Opening_of_Parliament.jpg/170px-King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_at_a_State_Opening_of_Parliament.jpg"},{"image_text":"The opening of the Parliament of Canada in 1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_opening_of_Canadian_Parliament_%28HS85-10-37118%29.jpg/220px-The_opening_of_Canadian_Parliament_%28HS85-10-37118%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Haakon VII delivering the Speech from the Throne in Stortinget in 1950.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/56255_Haakon_VII_trontalen_1950.jpg/220px-56255_Haakon_VII_trontalen_1950.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Torrance, David (2023). State Opening of Parliament - history and ceremonial (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9501/CBP-9501.pdf","url_text":"State Opening of Parliament - history and ceremonial"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sovereign and Parliament\" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Lords Library. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2016-0011/LLN-2016-0011.pdf","url_text":"\"The Sovereign and Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary and sessional periods\". Erskine May. UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/6494/parliamentary-and-sessional-periods","url_text":"\"Parliamentary and sessional periods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles III addresses Parliament in monarch's first State Opening\". BBC News. 7 November 2023. 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BBC News. 31 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6710000/newsid_6710100/6710121.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&bbcws=1","url_text":"\"1998: Queen's speech to end peers\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers\". BBC News. 24 November 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4007000/4007601.stm","url_text":"\"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers\""}]},{"reference":"Edgington, Tom (9 October 2019). \"Queen's Speech: What is it and why is it important?\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32816450","url_text":"\"Queen's Speech: What is it and why is it important?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is a 'dressed-down' State Opening of Parliament?\". Hansard Society. 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Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 June 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1948-06-24/debates/8500065d-83ca-44d3-b062-ed04685acfd0/ParliamentBillSeptemberSession","url_text":"\"Parliament Bill: September Session\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Speech\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 September 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1948-09-14/debates/20ddd776-7e0a-42bd-9793-d7850adad8c4/LordsChamber","url_text":"\"The King's Speech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Future Business\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 September 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1948/sep/24/future-business","url_text":"\"Future Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Speech\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 26 October 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1948/oct/26/the-kings-speech","url_text":"\"The King's Speech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Sovereign says...\" UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/monarchy/sovereign-says/","url_text":"\"Sovereign says...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government accused of 'abuse of power' after cancelling 2011 Queen's speech\". The Guardian. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/13/government-cancels-2011-queens-speech","url_text":"\"Government accused of 'abuse of power' after cancelling 2011 Queen's speech\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theresa May cancels 2018 Queen's Speech to give more time to push through Brexit laws\". The Independent. 18 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-cancels-2018-queens-speech-push-through-brexit-laws-a7795541.html","url_text":"\"Theresa May cancels 2018 Queen's Speech to give more time to push through Brexit laws\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-cancels-2018-queens-speech-push-through-brexit-laws-a7795541.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore the Royal Collection Online\". www.rct.uk. 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Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GWiQ7b28Ws","url_text":"State Opening of Parliament (1958)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6GWiQ7b28Ws","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State Opening 1958\". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2008/12/state-opening-1958/","url_text":"\"State Opening 1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Opening loses some pomp\". BBC News. 24 November 1998. Retrieved 18 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/queen_speech/216684.stm","url_text":"\"State Opening loses some pomp\""}]},{"reference":"Ingrid Seward (2015), The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 168, ISBN 9781471150982","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471150982","url_text":"9781471150982"}]},{"reference":"\"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers\". BBC News. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_4007000/4007601.stm","url_text":"\"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening of Parliament by the Queen\". aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/aso/so004","url_text":"\"Opening of Parliament by the Queen\""}]},{"reference":"\"A visit by the Queen in 1977\". cbc.ca. CBC/Radio-Canada. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/a-visit-by-the-queen-in-1977","url_text":"\"A visit by the Queen in 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Display of royal memorabilia\". New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2018. During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953-4 Parliament was summoned for a special short session in January to allow her to open Parliament and deliver the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March 1970 and February 1974. In February 1977 she opened another special session at the same time as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200805050903/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201104261/display-of-royal-memorabilia","url_text":"\"Display of royal memorabilia\""},{"url":"https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201104261/display-of-royal-memorabilia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening of the Storting\". royalcourt.no. Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=30059","url_text":"\"Opening of the Storting\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Canada_Masters
2002 Canada Masters and the Rogers AT&T Cup
["1 Finals","1.1 Men's singles","1.2 Women's singles","1.3 Men's doubles","1.4 Women's doubles","2 References","3 External links"]
Tennis tournament2002 Canada MastersDateJuly 29 – August 4 (men)August 10–18 (women)Edition113thSurfaceHard / outdoorChampionsMen's singles Guillermo CañasWomen's singles Amélie MauresmoMen's doubles Bob Bryan / Mike BryanWomen's doubles Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez ← 2001 · Canadian Open · 2003 → The 2002 Canada Masters and the Rogers AT&T Cup were tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 113th edition of the Canada Masters and was part of the Tennis Masters Series of the 2002 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 2002 WTA Tour. The men's event took place at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada from July 29 through August 4, 2002 and the women's event at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada from August 10 through August 18, 2002. The men's draw featured World No. 1 and Wimbledon champion Lleyton Hewitt, ATP No. 2 and Australian Open runner-up Marat Safin, and ATP No. 3 and Rome finalist Tommy Haas. Other top players present were Indian Wells finalist Tim Henman, French Open doubles champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Albert Costa, Andre Agassi and Juan Carlos Ferrero. The women's draw was led by new World No. 1, French Open and Wimbledon winner and defending champion Serena Williams, WTA No. 3 and Australian Open champion Jennifer Capriati, Sarasota and Birmingham titlist and Manhattan Beach doubles champion Jelena Dokić. Other top seeds were Hamburg winner Kim Clijsters, Berlin champion Justine Henin, Martina Hingis, Amélie Mauresmo and Daniela Hantuchová. Finals Men's singles Main article: 2002 Canada Masters – Singles Guillermo Cañas defeated Andy Roddick 6–4, 7–5 It was Cañas' 2nd title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was his 1st career Masters title. Women's singles Main article: 2002 Rogers AT&T Cup – Singles Amélie Mauresmo defeated Jennifer Capriati 6–4, 6–1 It was Mauresmo's 2nd title of the year and the 9th of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title of the year and her 2nd overall. Men's doubles Main article: 2002 Canada Masters – Doubles Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan defeated Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 4–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 It was Bob Bryan's 4th title of the year and the 8th of his career. It was Mike Bryan's 5th title of the year and the 9th of his career. Women's doubles Main article: 2002 Rogers AT&T Cup – Doubles Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez defeated Rika Fujiwara / Ai Sugiyama 6–4, 7–6(7–4) It was Ruano Pascual's 5th title of the year and the 18th of her career. It was Suárez's 5th title of the year and the 25th of her career. References ^ "2002 Toronto – Men's Singles draw". Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). ^ "2002 Toronto – Men's Doubles draw". Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). External links Official website ATP Tournament Profile WTA Tournament Profile vteCanadian Open 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte2002 ATP Tour « 2001 2003 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) Tennis Masters Series Indian Wells (S, D) Miami (S, D) Monte Carlo (S, D) Rome (S, D) Hamburg (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Paris (S, D) ATP International Series Gold Memphis (S, D) Rotterdam (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Barcelona (S, D) Stuttgart (S, D) Kitzbühel (S, D) Indianapolis (S, D) Washington (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Vienna (S, D) ATP International Series Adelaide (S, D) Chennai (S, D) Doha (S, D) Auckland (S, D) Sydney (S, D) Milan (S, D) Copenhagen (S, D) Marseille (S, D) Viña del Mar (S, D) Buenos Aires (S, D) San Jose (S, D) Delray Beach (S, D) Scottsdale (S, D) Casablanca (S, D) Estoril (S, D) Houston (S, D) Majorca (S, D) Munich (S, D) St. Pölten (S, D) Halle (S, D) London (S, D) Nottingham (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Båstad (S, D) Gstaad (S, D) Newport (S, D) Amersfoort (S, D) Umag (S, D) Los Angeles (S, D) Sopot (S, D) Long Island (S, D) Bucharest (S, D) Salvador (S, D) Tashkent (S, D) Hong Kong (S, D) Palermo (S, D) Moscow (S, D) Lyon (S, D) Basel (S, D) St. Petersburg (S, D) Stockholm (S, D) Team events Davis Cup World Team Cup Tennis Masters Cup, Shanghai (S, D) vte2002 Sanex WTA Tour « 2001 2003 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) Tier I tournaments Tokyo (S, D) Indian Wells (S, D) Key Biscayne (S, D) Charleston (S, D) Berlin (S, D) Rome (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Moscow (S, D) Zürich (S, D) Tier II tournaments Sydney (S, D) Paris (S, D) Antwerp (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Scottsdale (S, D) Amelia Island (S, D) Hamburg (S, D) Eastbourne (S, D) Stanford (S, D) San Diego (S, D) Los Angeles (S, D) New Haven (S, D) Bahia (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Leipzig (S, D) Filderstadt (S, D) Linz (S, D) Tier III tournaments Gold Coast (S, D) Doha (S, D) Memphis (S, D) Bogotá (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Bol (S, D) Warsaw (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Strasbourg (S, D) Birmingham (S, D) Vienna (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Sopot (S, D) Quebec City (S, D) Bali (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Luxembourg (S, D) Tier IV tournaments Auckland (S, D) Porto (S, D) Sarasota (S, D) Estoril (S, D) Tashkent (S, D) Brussels (S, D) Helsinki (S, D) Shanghai (S, D) Waikoloa (S, D) Tier V tournaments Hobart (S, D) Canberra (S, D) Budapest (S, D) Palermo (S, D) Casablanca (S, D) Bratislava (S, D) Pattaya (S, D) Team events Fed Cup WTA Tour Championships, Los Angeles (S, D)
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Other top seeds were Hamburg winner Kim Clijsters, Berlin champion Justine Henin, Martina Hingis, Amélie Mauresmo and Daniela Hantuchová.","title":"2002 Canada Masters and the Rogers AT&T Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Cañas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ca%C3%B1as"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Andy Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Roddick"}],"sub_title":"Men's singles","text":"Guillermo Cañas defeated Andy Roddick 6–4, 7–5It was Cañas' 2nd title of the year and the 5th of his career. 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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinminbao_Group
Xinminbao Group
["1 Geology","1.1 Chijinbao Formation","1.2 Digou Formation","1.3 Zhonggou Formation","2 Vertebrate fauna","2.1 Ceratopsians","2.2 Crocodilians","2.3 Fish","2.4 Ornithopods","2.5 Pterosaurs","2.6 Saurischians","2.7 Thyreophorans","2.8 Turtles","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Xīnmínbǎo Group新民堡群Stratigraphic range: Late Barremian-AptianTypeGeological formationSub-unitsChijinbao Formation, Digou Formation, Xiagou Formation, Zhonggou FormationLithologyPrimaryConglomerate, siltstone, mudstoneOtherSandstoneLocationRegionEast AsiaCountry China Mongolia The Xīnmínbǎo Group (Chinese: 新民堡群; pinyin: Xīnmínbǎo qún) is a group of geological formations in north central China. They occur across a large depression between the Altai mountains of Mongolia to the north and the Qilian mountains of the Qinghai Plateau to the south, in the Gōngpóquán (公婆泉) and Suànjǐngzi (算井子) basins, and also in the neighbouring Jiuquan Basin. Both of these areas are inland basins consisting of fluvial (river), lacustrine (lake), and intermontane (between mountains) alluvial fan (floodplain) sediments that were deposited during the Early Cretaceous, probably during the Aptian or possibly late Barremian stage, when the climate was semi-arid and subtropical. The group has been visited by many expeditions including the Silk Road dinosaur expedition of 1992 which concentrated on the area around Mazong Shan. Geology The group is made up of three main formations. Chijinbao Formation This consists of a lower red unit of coarse conglomerates grading to fine sandstones representing river channel to alluvial fan deposits, and an upper unit of red clastic sediments from either overbank deposits in a meandering fluvial environment, or accumulation in a shallow lacustrine or paludal (marsh) environment. Digou Formation This consists of grey siltstones and calcareous mudstones comprising two sequences of fluvio-lacustrine sedimentation with some alluvial fan and littoral (lake-shore) deposits. Zhonggou Formation This consists of red siltstones and mudstones in a series of upwardly coarsening cycles of lacustrine sediments. Vertebrate fauna Ceratopsians Ceratopsians reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Archaeoceratops Archaeoceratops oshimai " individuals lacking forelimbs." Archaeoceratops Auroraceratops Auroraceratops Auroraceratops rugosus Microceratus Microceratus gobiensis Microceratus sulcidens Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis "One individual lacking caudal and hindlimb." Crocodilians Indeterminate crocodilian remains are known from the group. Crocodilians reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Chiayusuchus Chiayusuchus cingulatus Fish Ray-finned fishes reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Xixiaichthys Xixiaichthys tongxinensis Ornithopods Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited. Ornithopods reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Equijubus Equijubus normani "Skull and partial postcranial skeleton." (both this and Probactrosaurus are properly hadrosauroids rather than hadrosaurids) Gongpoquansaurus Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis "Partial skull and postcranial skeleton." Siluosaurus Siluosaurus zhangqiani "Teeth." Nomen dubium, tentatively classified as a Hypsilophodontid. Pterosaurs Pterosaurs reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Noripterus Indeterminate Noripterus Saurischians Saurischians reported from the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Asiatosaurus Asiatosaurus mongoliensis Beishanlong Sinornithoides Beishanlong Beishanlong grandis A deinocheirid ornithomimosaur. Chiayusaurus C. lacustris Gobititan Gobititan shenzhouensis "Nanshiungosaurus" "Nanshiungosaurus bohlini" " cervical and dorsal vertebrae." This species does not belong to Nanshiungosaurus. Sinornithoides Indeterminate Thyreophorans Indeterminate ankylosaur remains are known from the group. Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited. Thyreophorans of the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Stegosaurides Stegosaurides excavatus (nomen dubium) Turtles Turtles of the Xinminbao Group Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Tsaotanemys Tsaotanemys rugosus See also Earth sciences portalPaleontology portalDinosaurs portal List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations References ^ a b "Table 22.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 479. ^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415. ^ H.-l. You et al. (in press). "Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis (Lü, 1997) comb. nov. (Ornithischia: Hadrosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu Province, northwestern China". In David A. Eberth and David C. Evans (eds). Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01385-9. Check date values in: |date= (help) ^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 417. ^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 396. ^ Dong, Z.; You, H. (1997). "A new segnosaur from Mazhongshan Area, Gansu Province, China". In Dong, Z. M. (ed.). Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 90−95. ^ a b Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503−543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. ^ You, H.; Morschhauser, E. M.; Li, D.; Dodson, P. (2018). "Introducing the Mazongshan Dinosaur Fauna". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (sup. 1): 1−11. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1396995. Further reading A new Psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis sp. nov.) from Mazongshan area, Ganzu Province. Xu, X. Sino-Japanese Silk Road dinosaur expedition., Dong, Z. (ed). China Ocean press; 48-67 (1997). Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing sediments in Lower Cretaceous of Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. Tang, F., Luo, Z., Zhou, Z., You, H., Georgi, J., Tang, Z., and Wang. X. Cretaceous Research 22, 115-129 (2001). vteCretaceous PeriodLower/Early CretaceousUpper/Late Cretaceous Berriasian Valanginian Hauterivian Barremian Aptian Albian Cenomanian Turonian Coniacian Santonian Campanian Maastrichtian
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They occur across a large depression between the Altai mountains of Mongolia to the north and the Qilian mountains of the Qinghai Plateau to the south, in the Gōngpóquán (公婆泉) and Suànjǐngzi (算井子) basins, and also in the neighbouring Jiuquan Basin.Both of these areas are inland basins consisting of fluvial (river), lacustrine (lake), and intermontane (between mountains) alluvial fan (floodplain) sediments that were deposited during the Early Cretaceous, probably during the Aptian or possibly late Barremian stage, when the climate was semi-arid and subtropical.The group has been visited by many expeditions including the Silk Road dinosaur expedition of 1992 which concentrated on the area around Mazong Shan.","title":"Xinminbao Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The group is made up of three main formations.[citation 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adam_von_Starhemberg
Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg
["1 Life","2 Marriage and family","3 Distinctions","4 See also","5 Literature","6 References"]
Austrian diplomat (1724–1807) Georg Adam von StarhembergGeorg Adam von Starhemberg (1724–1807), Imperial ambassadorBorn(1724-08-24)24 August 1724London, Great BritainDied19 April 1807(1807-04-19) (aged 82)Vienna, Austrian EmpireOccupationAustrian diplomat Johann Georg Adam Graf von Starhemberg, since 1765 Fürst von Starhemberg (prince of Starhemberg) (10 August 1724 in London – 19 April 1807 in Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat, minister, chief chamberlain and close confidant of Empress Maria Theresa. Life Georg Adam was born in London as the fifth son to the Imperial envoy Konrad Sigmund, Graf von Starhemberg (1689–1727) and his wife Leopoldine, née Princess von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1689-1763). King George I became his godfather. He had two notable greatuncles. Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg (1663–1745), a financial expert at the court in Vienna who played a key role in the education of Georg Adam and Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1638–1701), the military governor of Vienna and leading figure in the Battle of Vienna and the subsequent Great Turkish War from 1683 to 1699. In 1727, when Georg Adam was three years of age, he experienced the loss of his father who died at the age of just 38 years. Georg Adam received his education in Vienna conducted under the auspices of his mother and his greatuncle, Austrian minister of finance Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg. Subsequently, he did his Grand Tour; in the company of a mentor he visited a number of capitals and courts in Europe. In 1742, at the age of 18, Count Georg Adam von Starhemberg joined Austrian civil service. In 1748, he was appointed 'Aulic Councillor of the Empire' (Reichshofrat) and became chamberlain (Kammerherr) of Archduke Joseph, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa. The following years he travelled as an envoy to Lisbon, Trieste, Madrid and Paris where he met Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz. Kaunitz was married to Countess Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg (1717–1749), a granddaughter of Georg Adam's great uncle and educator Gundaker Thomas Graf von Starhemberg. In 1754 Count Georg Adam was sent to Paris as Imperial envoy and stayed there for the next twelve years. Along with Kaunitz he paved the way for a rapprochement between the Habsburgian rulers and France after a long-standing history of conflict. He tried to influence the French king primarily by Louis' chief mistress, the Marquise de Pompadour. The first meeting between the Austrian envoy and the marquise for this purpose took place on 30 August 1755. In 1756 the Treaty of Versailles was concluded with his participation. In Paris, Starhemberg also successfully negotiated the marriage between the Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia and the Duke of Berry, the future king Louis XVI of France. In 1770 he accompanied the archduchess to the first encounter with her future husband. The same year he was sent to Brussels as authorised minister (minister plenipotentiary) in the Austrian Netherlands, since his predecessor Count Karl von Cobenzl had died in January of that year. One of the reasons that influenced the decision to send Starhemberg to Brussels was that Joseph II who had become co-ruler in 1765 had been disappointed by Starhemberg and now wanted to remove him from the vicinity of his mother, Empress Maria Theresa, in Vienna. Starhemberg remained the next 13 years in Brussels where he successfully stimulated the development of the provinces in the Austrian Netherlands in spite of the fact that Joseph had limited his powers. During the American War of Independence Starhemberg tried to establish trade contacts with the emerging young nation. Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg also managed to found the first academy of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels in 1772 by converting Count Karl von Cobenzl's 'Literary Society' into the 'Imperial and Royal Academy of Science and Letters' of Brussels with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa. Starhemberg returned to Vienna in 1783. Count Belgiojoso became his successor in Brussels as authorised minister in the Austrian Netherlands. From 1783 until 1807 Starhemberg occupied the position as Grand Master of the Household (Obersthofmeister) at the Imperial court in Vienna. However, his duties in this function had a more representative character without significant political influence except the period after the death of Joseph II from 1790 until 1797. In 1807 Starhemberg died at the age of 83. Marriage and family On 13 November 1747 he firstly married his cousin, Countess Maria Theresia Esther von Starhemberg (1731-1749), daughter of Count Ottokar Franz Jacob von Starhemberg (1681-1733) and Countess Maria Christine von Trautson-Falkenstein (1702-1743). She died however in October 1749 leaving behind a daughter Maria Leopodine who died in childhood in Paris in 1756. In 1761 he married his second wife Princess Maria Franziska Josefa von Salm-Salm (1731-1806), daughter of Prince Nikolus Leopold vonn Salm-Salm (1701-1770) and his first wife Princess Dorothea Franziska Agnes von Salm (1702-1751). In the following year Maria Franziska gave birth to 2 sons : Ludwig, Prince of Starhemberg (1762–1833), his son and heir. Louis XV of France became godfather of this child. Franz Josef (1767-1771), died in childhood. Distinctions He was decorated with the title 'Ambassador to the Emperor' for his diplomatic achievements in the relationship with France. In 1759 he became Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1765 Count Starhemberg was elevated from 'Graf' to 'Reichsfürst' (Prince of the Empire). From then on he held the title 'Fürst von Starhemberg' (Prince of Starhemberg). In 1767 Prince of Starhemberg was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen. See also Starhemberg Literature A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze. Verlagsbuchhandlung Styria, Graz Hanns Schlitter (1893). ADB: Starhemberg, Georg Adam Fürst von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 35, p. 471–473, Franz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780. Cambridge University Press P. Lenders, « STARHEMBERG, Georg Adam von », in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, deel II, Paleis der Academiën, Brussel, 1966, p. 806-814. References ^ Starhemberg: Georg Adam Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, at deutsche-biographie.de (in German) ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.165 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.167 ^ Franz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780, p. 65 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.176-77 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.179 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.183 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.183 ^ Franz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780, p. 65 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.165 ^ Franz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780, p. 62 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.171 ^ A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze, p.176 Preceded byCount Karl von Cobenzl Authorized ministerin the Austrian Netherlands(plenipotentiary) 1770–1783 Succeeded byCount Ludovico di Belgiojoso Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Belgium People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"}],"text":"Johann Georg Adam Graf von Starhemberg, since 1765 Fürst von Starhemberg (prince of Starhemberg) (10 August 1724 in London – 19 April 1807 in Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat, minister, chief chamberlain and close confidant of Empress Maria Theresa.","title":"Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_(title)"},{"link_name":"Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundaker_Thomas_von_Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_von_Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"Archduke Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg"},{"link_name":"Imperial envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Austria-Hungary_to_France"},{"link_name":"rapprochement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Austrian_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Marquise de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1756)"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_state"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Karl von Cobenzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Cobenzl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Karl von Cobenzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Cobenzl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Count Belgiojoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Barbiano_di_Belgiojoso_(1728%E2%80%931801)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Obersthofmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersthofmeister"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Georg Adam was born in London as the fifth son to the Imperial envoy Konrad Sigmund, Graf von Starhemberg (1689–1727) and his wife Leopoldine, née Princess von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1689-1763). King George I became his godfather.[1] He had two notable greatuncles. Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg (1663–1745), a financial expert at the court in Vienna who played a key role in the education of Georg Adam and Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1638–1701), the military governor of Vienna and leading figure in the Battle of Vienna and the subsequent Great Turkish War from 1683 to 1699.[2]In 1727, when Georg Adam was three years of age, he experienced the loss of his father who died at the age of just 38 years. Georg Adam received his education in Vienna conducted under the auspices of his mother and his greatuncle, Austrian minister of finance Gundaker Thomas von Starhemberg. Subsequently, he did his Grand Tour; in the company of a mentor he visited a number of capitals and courts in Europe.In 1742, at the age of 18, Count Georg Adam von Starhemberg joined Austrian civil service. In 1748, he was appointed 'Aulic Councillor of the Empire' (Reichshofrat) and became chamberlain (Kammerherr) of Archduke Joseph, the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa.The following years he travelled as an envoy to Lisbon, Trieste, Madrid and Paris where he met Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz. Kaunitz was married to Countess Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg (1717–1749), a granddaughter of Georg Adam's great uncle and educator Gundaker Thomas Graf von Starhemberg.\nIn 1754 Count Georg Adam was sent to Paris as Imperial envoy and stayed there for the next twelve years. Along with Kaunitz he paved the way for a rapprochement between the Habsburgian rulers and France after a long-standing history of conflict. He tried to influence the French king primarily by Louis' chief mistress, the Marquise de Pompadour. The first meeting between the Austrian envoy and the marquise for this purpose took place on 30 August 1755.[3]\nIn 1756 the Treaty of Versailles was concluded with his participation. In Paris, Starhemberg also successfully negotiated the marriage between the Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia and the Duke of Berry, the future king Louis XVI of France. In 1770 he accompanied the archduchess to the first encounter with her future husband.The same year he was sent to Brussels as authorised minister (minister plenipotentiary) in the Austrian Netherlands, since his predecessor Count Karl von Cobenzl had died in January of that year.[4][5]\nOne of the reasons that influenced the decision to send Starhemberg to Brussels was that Joseph II who had become co-ruler in 1765 had been disappointed by Starhemberg and now wanted to remove him from the vicinity of his mother, Empress Maria Theresa, in Vienna.\nStarhemberg remained the next 13 years in Brussels where he successfully stimulated the development of the provinces in the Austrian Netherlands in spite of the fact that Joseph had limited his powers. During the American War of Independence Starhemberg tried to establish trade contacts with the emerging young nation.Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg also managed to found the first academy of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels in 1772 by converting Count Karl von Cobenzl's 'Literary Society' into the 'Imperial and Royal Academy of Science and Letters' of Brussels with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa.[6]Starhemberg returned to Vienna in 1783.[7]Count Belgiojoso became his successor in Brussels as authorised minister in the Austrian Netherlands.[8]From 1783 until 1807 Starhemberg occupied the position as Grand Master of the Household (Obersthofmeister) at the Imperial court in Vienna. However, his duties in this function had a more representative character without significant political influence except the period after the death of Joseph II from 1790 until 1797.[9]\nIn 1807 Starhemberg died at the age of 83.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Trautson-Falkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Salm-Salm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm-Salm"},{"link_name":"Prince Nikolus Leopold vonn Salm-Salm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grafmonument_Nikolaas_Leopold_van_Salm_Salm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Dorothea Franziska Agnes von Salm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Dorothea_van_Salm-Salm,_echtgenote_van_prins_Niklaas_Leopold.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ludwig, Prince of Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig,_Prince_of_Starhemberg"},{"link_name":"Louis XV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"}],"text":"On 13 November 1747 he firstly married his cousin, Countess Maria Theresia Esther von Starhemberg (1731-1749), daughter of Count Ottokar Franz Jacob von Starhemberg (1681-1733) and Countess Maria Christine von Trautson-Falkenstein (1702-1743). She died however in October 1749 leaving behind a daughter Maria Leopodine who died in childhood in Paris in 1756.[10]In 1761 he married his second wife Princess Maria Franziska Josefa von Salm-Salm (1731-1806), daughter of Prince Nikolus Leopold vonn Salm-Salm (1701-1770) and his first wife Princess Dorothea Franziska Agnes von Salm (1702-1751). In the following year Maria Franziska gave birth to 2 sons :Ludwig, Prince of Starhemberg (1762–1833), his son and heir. Louis XV of France became godfather of this child.\nFranz Josef (1767-1771), died in childhood.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Prince of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"He was decorated with the title 'Ambassador to the Emperor' for his diplomatic achievements in the relationship with France.In 1759 he became Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece.In 1765 Count Starhemberg was elevated from 'Graf' to 'Reichsfürst' (Prince of the Empire). From then on he held the title 'Fürst von Starhemberg' (Prince of Starhemberg).[11][12]In 1767 Prince of Starhemberg was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen.[13]","title":"Distinctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/ludwigfrststar00thuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ADB: Starhemberg, Georg Adam Fürst von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Starhemberg,_Georg_Adam_F%C3%BCrst_von"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften"},{"link_name":"Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cYdcr2h1aYYC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA63&focus=viewport&vq=Starhemberg&hl=de"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kvab.be/publicaties/nbwindex.aspx"}],"text":"A. Graf Thürheim (1889). Ludwig Fürst Starhemberg. Eine Lebensskizze. Verlagsbuchhandlung Styria, Graz\nHanns Schlitter (1893). ADB: Starhemberg, Georg Adam Fürst von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 35, p. 471–473,\nFranz A. J. Szabo (1994). Kaunitz and Enlightened Absolutism 1753-1780. Cambridge University Press\nP. Lenders, « STARHEMBERG, Georg Adam von », in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, deel II, Paleis der Academiën, Brussel, 1966, p. 806-814.","title":"Literature"}]
[]
[{"title":"Starhemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhemberg"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould_Belt
Gould Belt
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Ring of stars in the Milky Way galaxy Mesh map of the inner Gould Belt created from Gaia observatory data The Gould Belt is a local ring of stars in the Milky Way, tilted away from the galactic plane by about 16–20 degrees, first reported by John Herschel and Benjamin Gould in the 19th century. It contains many O- and B-type stars, and many of the nearest star-forming regions of the local Orion Arm, to which the Sun belongs. The relative proximity of these star-forming regions spurred the Gould Belt Survey project to determine what caused them. It was long speculated that the belt was a physical structure in the galactic disk, but data from the Gaia survey indicate that several of its star-forming regions belong instead to the separate Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures in the Orion Arm, and that the circular appearance of the belt results mostly from the projection of these structures onto the celestial sphere. The belt contains bright, young stars which formed about 30 to 50 million years ago in several constellations. These lie along a great circle slightly inclined to the Milky Way. including (in order from Taurus): Taurus, Perseus, Cepheus, Lacerta, Scorpius, Lupus, southern Centaurus, Crux (the Southern Cross), Carina, Vela, Puppis, Canis Major, and Orion. Star-forming regions and OB associations that make up this region include the Orion Nebula and the Orion molecular clouds, the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, Cepheus OB2, Perseus OB2, and the Taurus–Auriga molecular clouds. The Serpens molecular cloud containing star-forming regions W40 and Serpens south is often included in Gould Belt surveys, but is not formally part of the Gould Belt due to its greater distance. A theory proposed around 2009 suggests that the Gould Belt formed about 30 million years ago when a blob of dark matter collided with the molecular cloud in our region. There is also evidence for similar Gould belts in other galaxies. See also Local Bubble – Cavity in the interstellar medium which contains the Local Interstellar Cloud Local Interstellar Cloud – Interstellar cloud in the Milky Way Galaxy Orion Arm – Minor spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy; contains the Solar System Perseus Arm – One of two major spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy Radcliffe wave References ^ Kirk, J. M.; et al. (21 June 2013). "First results from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey in Taurus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 432 (2): 1424–1433. arXiv:1304.4098. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt561. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ Alves, João; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Meingast, Stefan; Robitaille, Thomas; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Green, Gregory M. (23 January 2020). "A Galactic-scale gas wave in the Solar Neighborhood". Nature. 578 (7794): 237–239. arXiv:2001.08748v1. Bibcode:2020Natur.578..237A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1874-z. PMID 31910431. S2CID 256822920. ^ Sir Patrick Moore, ed. (2002) . Astronomy Encyclopædia (Revised ed.). Great Britain: Philip's. p. 164. ^ "The Gould Belt". The GAIA Study Report. Archived from the original on 2003-08-04. Retrieved 2006-07-18. ^ "Gould Belt". The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology Astronomy and Spaceflight. Retrieved 2006-07-18. ^ "Orion's dark secret: Violence shaped the night sky", New Scientist, 21 Nov. 2009, pp. 42–5. ^ Bekki, Kenji (2009). "Dark impact and galactic star formation: origin of the Gould belt". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 398 (1): L36–L40. arXiv:0906.5117. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398L..36B. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00702.x. S2CID 16173683. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gould Belt. Map of the Gould Belt 3D evolution of the Gould Belt The Spitzer Gould Belt Survey vteLocation of EarthIncludedEarth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".Related Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) Cosmic Eye (2012) History of the center of the Universe Order of magnitude Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex Astronomy portal Space portal Portals: Astronomy Space
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxymap.com,_map_of_the_solar_neighbourhood_800_parsecs_(2020).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaia observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"galactic plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_plane"},{"link_name":"John Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"O- and B-type stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OB_star"},{"link_name":"star-forming regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-forming_region"},{"link_name":"Orion Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Gould Belt Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould_Belt_Survey"},{"link_name":"Gaia survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_wave"},{"link_name":"celestial sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alves_Zucker_Goodman_Speagle_2020-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"great circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Perseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Cepheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Lacerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacerta"},{"link_name":"Scorpius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius"},{"link_name":"Lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus"},{"link_name":"Crux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Carina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Vela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Puppis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppis"},{"link_name":"Canis Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_Major"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Star-forming regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-forming_region"},{"link_name":"OB associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#OB_associations"},{"link_name":"Orion Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Nebula"},{"link_name":"Scorpius–Centaurus OB association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius%E2%80%93Centaurus_association"},{"link_name":"Taurus–Auriga molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"W40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout_40"},{"link_name":"Serpens south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens_south"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"molecular cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mesh map of the inner Gould Belt created from Gaia observatory dataThe Gould Belt is a local ring of stars in the Milky Way, tilted away from the galactic plane by about 16–20 degrees, first reported by John Herschel and Benjamin Gould in the 19th century.[1] It contains many O- and B-type stars, and many of the nearest star-forming regions of the local Orion Arm, to which the Sun belongs. The relative proximity of these star-forming regions spurred the Gould Belt Survey project to determine what caused them.It was long speculated that the belt was a physical structure in the galactic disk, but data from the Gaia survey indicate that several of its star-forming regions belong instead to the separate Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures in the Orion Arm, and that the circular appearance of the belt results mostly from the projection of these structures onto the celestial sphere.[2]The belt contains bright, young stars which formed about 30 to 50 million years ago in several constellations.[3][4][5] These lie along a great circle slightly inclined to the Milky Way. including (in order from Taurus): Taurus, Perseus, Cepheus, Lacerta, Scorpius, Lupus, southern Centaurus, Crux (the Southern Cross), Carina, Vela, Puppis, Canis Major, and Orion.Star-forming regions and OB associations that make up this region include the Orion Nebula and the Orion molecular clouds, the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, Cepheus OB2, Perseus OB2, and the Taurus–Auriga molecular clouds. The Serpens molecular cloud containing star-forming regions W40 and Serpens south is often included in Gould Belt surveys, but is not formally part of the Gould Belt due to its greater distance.A theory proposed around 2009 suggests that the Gould Belt formed about 30 million years ago when a blob of dark matter collided with the molecular cloud in our region. There is also evidence for similar Gould belts in other galaxies.[6][7]","title":"Gould Belt"}]
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[{"title":"Local Bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Bubble"},{"title":"Local Interstellar Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud"},{"title":"Orion Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm"},{"title":"Perseus Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Arm"},{"title":"Radcliffe wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_wave"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maitland_(accountant)
John Maitland (accountant)
["1 Early life","2 Church leadership","3 Accountant to the Court of Session","4 Other activities","5 Free Church Offices","6 Final illness, death and legacy","7 Family","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Sources","9 External sources"]
John MaitlandJohn Maitland by Hill & AdamsonPersonal detailsBorn17 January 1803Died6 September 1865 John Maitland (1803-1865) by Hill & Adamson Free Church College and Offices - gifted by Maitland to the Free Church. John Maitland (17 January 1803 - 6 September 1865) filled the position of Accountant to the Court of Session for several years. He took a deep interest in religious schemes, especially those of the Free Church, to which he belonged. He presented to the Free Church the premises in North Bank Street, Edinburgh, occupied by them as a Presbytery hall and mission offices, the only compensation he received being the chambers vacated by them in Frederick Street. In many other respects he was a liberal donor to the schemes of the Free Church; and, as a leading elder, had for many years a seat in the General Assembly of that denomination. Mr Maitland was for a considerable number of years a partner of Mr William Wood. He became a member of the Society of Accountants at its origin in 1853. He was a director of the Commercial Bank of Scotland, and of other public corporations. Early life John Maitland was the sixth son of Sir Alexander Gibson Maitland, Baronet of Clifton Hall, county of Edinburgh, he was born on 17 January 1803. When the time came for choosing a profession, he became an accountant in Edinburgh. Latterly he was associated in business with his future brother-in-law, Mr William Wood, C.A., a gentleman of like mind and kindred tastes. Mr Maitland took a deep interest and a very influential part in the organization and development of the National Security Savings Bank. By devising a method whereby all the numerous small accounts of such useful institutions could be brought annually to an exact balance, he solved a difficulty which had previously stood in the way of their success, and made the Edinburgh Savings Bank a model for others throughout the country. Church leadership Maitland became a deacon in 1843, and in 1846 an elder, in Free St George’s, Edinburgh, and being thus in the centre of affairs, was enabled to render much effective service. He gave careful thought to the general Sustentation Fund and other financial departments of the Church. He authored several pamphlets, outlining principles of distribution which rendered the Sustentation Scheme successful. This public support seems to have lost him friends, particularly in the upper classes of society, with whom he had been associated by family relationship. Accountant to the Court of Session In the year 1850, when the public office of accountant to the Court of Session was created, he was nominated by the Crown to fill it. He filled the position for fifteen years, until the day of his death. His public responsibilities did not preclude the performance of those duties which devolved upon him as a private Christian and an office-bearer in the Church. Although frequently a member of the General Assembly, he was not in the habit of addressing the house. Other activities He was a director of the Commercial Bank and of the North British Insurance Company. His also gave his time to numerous other projects for example the Home Mission operations of the Free Church. In the building of churches, of manses, of schools, he took a very warm interest. Free Church Offices A few years before his death, Mr Maitland built, in close proximity to the New College, premises for the various offices of the Church. Although the Church handed over to him the former less suitable offices in Frederick Street in part exchange, this gift, erected primarily at his own expense, must have cost him between five and six thousand pounds at nineteenth century value. Robert Candlish records in his memoirs: At the meeting of the Commission of Assembly in November, Dr. Candlish adverted to a proposal of Mr. John Maitland, into whose hands the old burned tenement at the head of the Mound had fallen, "to build and fit up premises there, suitable for the offices of the Free Church, and to place them at the disposal of the Church, on no other condition than this, that the proceeds of the sale of our present offices in Frederick Street be handed over to him." It is almost needless to say that Mr. Maitland's very generous offer was gratefully accepted, and in due time the offices of the Church were transferred to the place now occupied by them. A portrait of Maitland, by Mr Norman Macbeth, was hung the Presbytery Hall; and another portrait, in full length, by Sir John Watson Gordon, was placed in the principal room of the adjoining National Security Savings Bank. Final illness, death and legacy Grave of Sir Alexander Charles Gibson Maitland. John Maitland's stone is partially covered on the left Mr Maitland’s last illness was a rapid one, and, as he usually enjoyed good health, and seemed to possess a robust constitution, his death came with sudden and stunning surprise on his numerous friends and the public at large as mentioned in several obituaries. On Tuesday, 29 August 1865, he attended to his official duties in apparent health. Returning in the afternoon to his residence— that summer at Swinton Bank, near Peebles—he complained of what, for the three following days, appeared to be influenza. On Saturday, however, this illness assumed a more serious aspect; and, with occasional interruptions of his consciousness, he sank beneath the attack, and on Wednesday, 6 September, breathed his last. He was buried in the Grange Cemetery, near the grave of Chalmers, by the north wall. he headstone gives dates which agree with Disruption Worthies rather than the dates in Burke's Peerage. William S. Anderson, College Curator and Office Caretaker, dedicated his A Guide to the Free Church of Scotland College and Offices to John Maitland. It also features Maitland's portrait from the Disruption painting on the front cover showing Maitland holding the plan of the Free Church Offices with Mr David Cousin, the architect. The Guide also has a photograph of Norman MacBeth's painting of Maitland on page 32. Family He married Mary Isabella Wood, daughter of John Philip Wood, on 9 November 1852. References Citations ^ a b c d e f Wylie 1881. ^ a b Maclagan 1876. ^ Wilson 1880. ^ Burns 1858. ^ Hanna 1865. ^ Anderson 1994. ^ Burke 1885. Sources Anderson, William S. (1994). A Guide to the Free Church of Scotland College and Offices. Edinburgh: Knox Press. ISBN 0904422569. Brown, Thomas (1893). Annals of the disruption with extracts from the narratives of ministers who left the Scottish establishment in 1843 by Thomas Brown. Edinburgh: Macniven & Wallace. p. 52. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Burke, Bernard, Sir (1885). Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of the peerage, baronetage, and knightage. Vol. 2. London: Harrison. p. 874.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Burns, James Chalmers (1858). Memorial of the Late James Maitland Hog, Esq. of Newliston By James C. Burns. Edinburgh: John MacLaren. pp. 72ff. There are several obituary notices for John Maitland attached just after page 71 of this volume This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Hanna, William (1865). The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record. Edinburgh: Free Church of Scotland. pp. 952-953. This has all the Monthly Records from 1863 to 1866. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Maclagan, David (1876). St. George's, Edinburgh. London, Edinburgh and New York: T. Nelson and sons. pp. 139-141. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Maitland, John (1845). "The Christian Economy of the Sabbath; or, reasons for the stoppage of work, and railway and other traffic, on the first day of the week". The Christian treasury. Edinburgh: Printed and published by John Johnstone. pp. 587-588. Wilson, William, minister of St. Paul's Free Church, Dundee (1880). Memorials of Robert Smith Candlish, D.D. : minister of St. George's Free Church, and principal of the New College, Edinburgh with a chapter on his position as a theologian by Robert Rainy. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black. p. 515.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Wylie, James Aitken, ed. (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 389-396. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External sources Authority control databases: People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John-maitland-1803-1865-accountant-free-church-eld_a_pos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hill & Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_%26_Adamson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immeubles_11-13-15-16_rue_North_Bank_%C3%89dimbourg_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Free Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)"},{"link_name":"the Society of Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Commercial Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Bank_of_Scotland"}],"text":"John Maitland (1803-1865) by Hill & AdamsonFree Church College and Offices - gifted by Maitland to the Free Church.John Maitland (17 January 1803 - 6 September 1865) filled the position of Accountant to the Court of Session for several years. He took a deep interest in religious schemes, especially those of the Free Church, to which he belonged. He presented to the Free Church the premises in North Bank Street, Edinburgh, occupied by them as a Presbytery hall and mission offices, the only compensation he received being the chambers vacated by them in Frederick Street. In many other respects he was a liberal donor to the schemes of the Free Church; and, as a leading elder, had for many years a seat in the General Assembly of that denomination. Mr Maitland was for a considerable number of years a partner of Mr William Wood. He became a member of the Society of Accountants at its origin in 1853. He was a director of the Commercial Bank of Scotland, and of other public corporations.","title":"John Maitland (accountant)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Gibson Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Alexander_Charles_Gibson-Maitland,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Security Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Savings_Bank_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Savings_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"}],"text":"John Maitland was the sixth son of Sir Alexander Gibson Maitland, Baronet of Clifton Hall, county of Edinburgh, he was born on 17 January 1803. When the time came for choosing a profession, he became an accountant in Edinburgh. Latterly he was associated in business with his future brother-in-law, Mr William Wood, C.A., a gentleman of like mind and kindred tastes. Mr Maitland took a deep interest and a very influential part in the organization and development of the National Security Savings Bank. By devising a method whereby all the numerous small accounts of such useful institutions could be brought annually to an exact balance, he solved a difficulty which had previously stood in the way of their success, and made the Edinburgh Savings Bank a model for others throughout the country.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclagan1876-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"}],"text":"Maitland became a deacon in 1843, and in 1846 an elder, in Free St George’s, Edinburgh, and being thus in the centre of affairs, was enabled to render much effective service.[2] He gave careful thought to the general Sustentation Fund and other financial departments of the Church. He authored several pamphlets, outlining principles of distribution which rendered the Sustentation Scheme successful. This public support seems to have lost him friends, particularly in the upper classes of society, with whom he had been associated by family relationship.[1]","title":"Church leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"}],"text":"In the year 1850, when the public office of accountant to the Court of Session was created, he was nominated by the Crown to fill it. He filled the position for fifteen years, until the day of his death. His public responsibilities did not preclude the performance of those duties which devolved upon him as a private Christian and an office-bearer in the Church. Although frequently a member of the General Assembly, he was not in the habit of addressing the house.[1]","title":"Accountant to the Court of Session"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North British Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_and_Mercantile_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"}],"text":"He was a director of the Commercial Bank and of the North British Insurance Company. His also gave his time to numerous other projects for example the Home Mission operations of the Free Church. In the building of churches, of manses, of schools, he took a very warm interest.[1]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Robert Candlish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1880-3"},{"link_name":"Mr Norman Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Macbeth"},{"link_name":"Sir John Watson Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"}],"text":"A few years before his death, Mr Maitland built, in close proximity to the New College, premises for the various offices of the Church. Although the Church handed over to him the former less suitable offices in Frederick Street in part exchange, this gift, erected primarily at his own expense, must have cost him between five and six thousand pounds at nineteenth century value.Robert Candlish records in his memoirs:At the meeting of the Commission of Assembly in November, Dr. Candlish adverted to a proposal of Mr. John Maitland, into whose hands the old burned tenement at the head of the Mound had fallen, \"to build and fit up premises there, suitable for the offices of the Free Church, and to place them at the disposal of the Church, on no other condition than this, that the proceeds of the sale of our present offices in Frederick Street be handed over to him.\" It is almost needless to say that Mr. Maitland's very generous offer was gratefully accepted, and in due time the offices of the Church were transferred to the place now occupied by them.[3]A portrait of Maitland, by Mr Norman Macbeth, was hung the Presbytery Hall; and another portrait, in full length, by Sir John Watson Gordon, was placed in the principal room of the adjoining National Security Savings Bank.[1]","title":"Free Church Offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Sir_Alexander_Charles_Gibson_Maitland.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1858-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna1865-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclagan1876-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie1881-1"},{"link_name":"Mr David Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cousin"},{"link_name":"Norman MacBeth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Macbeth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1994-6"}],"text":"Grave of Sir Alexander Charles Gibson Maitland. John Maitland's stone is partially covered on the leftMr Maitland’s last illness was a rapid one, and, as he usually enjoyed good health, and seemed to possess a robust constitution, his death came with sudden and stunning surprise on his numerous friends and the public at large as mentioned in several obituaries.[4][5][2] On Tuesday, 29 August 1865, he attended to his official duties in apparent health. Returning in the afternoon to his residence— that summer at Swinton Bank, near Peebles—he complained of what, for the three following days, appeared to be influenza. On Saturday, however, this illness assumed a more serious aspect; and, with occasional interruptions of his consciousness, he sank beneath the attack, and on Wednesday, 6 September, breathed his last. He was buried in the Grange Cemetery, near the grave of Chalmers, by the north wall.[1] he headstone gives dates which agree with Disruption Worthies rather than the dates in Burke's Peerage. William S. Anderson, College Curator and Office Caretaker, dedicated his A Guide to the Free Church of Scotland College and Offices to John Maitland. It also features Maitland's portrait from the Disruption painting on the front cover showing Maitland holding the plan of the Free Church Offices with Mr David Cousin, the architect. The Guide also has a photograph of Norman MacBeth's painting of Maitland on page 32.[6]","title":"Final illness, death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1885-7"}],"text":"He married Mary Isabella Wood, daughter of John Philip Wood, on 9 November 1852.[7]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76068126#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1507372"}],"text":"Authority control databases: People \nTrove","title":"External sources"}]
[{"image_text":"John Maitland (1803-1865) by Hill & Adamson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/John-maitland-1803-1865-accountant-free-church-eld_a_pos.jpg/220px-John-maitland-1803-1865-accountant-free-church-eld_a_pos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Free Church College and Offices - gifted by Maitland to the Free Church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Immeubles_11-13-15-16_rue_North_Bank_%C3%89dimbourg_1.jpg/220px-Immeubles_11-13-15-16_rue_North_Bank_%C3%89dimbourg_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Sir Alexander Charles Gibson Maitland. John Maitland's stone is partially covered on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Grave_of_Sir_Alexander_Charles_Gibson_Maitland.JPG/220px-Grave_of_Sir_Alexander_Charles_Gibson_Maitland.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Anderson, William S. (1994). A Guide to the Free Church of Scotland College and Offices. Edinburgh: Knox Press. ISBN 0904422569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904422569","url_text":"0904422569"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Thomas (1893). Annals of the disruption with extracts from the narratives of ministers who left the Scottish establishment in 1843 by Thomas Brown. Edinburgh: Macniven & Wallace. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(minister)","url_text":"Brown, Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalsofdisrupti03brow","url_text":"Annals of the disruption with extracts from the narratives of ministers who left the Scottish establishment in 1843 by Thomas Brown"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalsofdisrupti03brow/page/52/mode/1up","url_text":"52"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Bernard, Sir (1885). Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of the peerage, baronetage, and knightage. Vol. 2. London: Harrison. p. 874.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011803695","url_text":"Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of the peerage, baronetage, and knightage"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00184034z&view=1up&seq=76&skin=2021","url_text":"874"}]},{"reference":"Burns, James Chalmers (1858). Memorial of the Late James Maitland Hog, Esq. of Newliston By James C. Burns. Edinburgh: John MacLaren. pp. 72ff. There are several obituary notices for John Maitland attached just after page 71 of this volume","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chalmers_Burns","url_text":"Burns, James Chalmers"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLtcAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Memorial of the Late James Maitland Hog, Esq. of Newliston By James C. Burns"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLtcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT4","url_text":"72ff"}]},{"reference":"Hanna, William (1865). The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record. Edinburgh: Free Church of Scotland. pp. 952-953. This has all the Monthly Records from 1863 to 1866.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna_(minister)","url_text":"Hanna, William"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEFAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA952","url_text":"952"}]},{"reference":"Maclagan, David (1876). St. George's, Edinburgh. London, Edinburgh and New York: T. Nelson and sons. pp. 139-141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maclagan","url_text":"Maclagan, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stgeorgesedinbu00unkngoog","url_text":"St. George's, Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stgeorgesedinbu00unkngoog/page/n145/mode/2up","url_text":"139"}]},{"reference":"Maitland, John (1845). \"The Christian Economy of the Sabbath; or, reasons for the stoppage of work, and railway and other traffic, on the first day of the week\". The Christian treasury. Edinburgh: Printed and published by John Johnstone. pp. 587-588.","urls":[{"url_text":"Maitland, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/christiantreasu08unkngoog","url_text":"The Christian treasury"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/christiantreasu08unkngoog/page/587/mode/1up","url_text":"587"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, William, minister of St. Paul's Free Church, Dundee (1880). Memorials of Robert Smith Candlish, D.D. : minister of St. George's Free Church, and principal of the New College, Edinburgh with a chapter on his position as a theologian by Robert Rainy. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black. p. 515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilson_(Dundee_minister)","url_text":"Wilson, William, minister of St. Paul's Free Church, Dundee"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/memorialsrobert00wilsgoog","url_text":"Memorials of Robert Smith Candlish, D.D. : minister of St. George's Free Church, and principal of the New College, Edinburgh with a chapter on his position as a theologian by Robert Rainy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memorialsrobert00wilsgoog/page/515/mode/1up","url_text":"515"}]},{"reference":"Wylie, James Aitken, ed. (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 389-396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie","url_text":"Wylie, James Aitken"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/disruptionworthi00wyli","url_text":"Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/disruptionworthi00wyli/page/389/mode/2up","url_text":"389"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalsofdisrupti03brow","external_links_name":"Annals of the disruption with extracts from the narratives of ministers who left the Scottish establishment in 1843 by Thomas Brown"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalsofdisrupti03brow/page/52/mode/1up","external_links_name":"52"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011803695","external_links_name":"Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of the peerage, baronetage, and knightage"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00184034z&view=1up&seq=76&skin=2021","external_links_name":"874"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLtcAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Memorial of the Late James Maitland Hog, Esq. of Newliston By James C. Burns"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLtcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT4","external_links_name":"72ff"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEFAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA952","external_links_name":"952"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stgeorgesedinbu00unkngoog","external_links_name":"St. George's, Edinburgh"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stgeorgesedinbu00unkngoog/page/n145/mode/2up","external_links_name":"139"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/christiantreasu08unkngoog","external_links_name":"The Christian treasury"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/christiantreasu08unkngoog/page/587/mode/1up","external_links_name":"587"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/memorialsrobert00wilsgoog","external_links_name":"Memorials of Robert Smith Candlish, D.D. : minister of St. George's Free Church, and principal of the New College, Edinburgh with a chapter on his position as a theologian by Robert Rainy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memorialsrobert00wilsgoog/page/515/mode/1up","external_links_name":"515"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/disruptionworthi00wyli","external_links_name":"Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/disruptionworthi00wyli/page/389/mode/2up","external_links_name":"389"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1507372","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER10
Power10
["1 Design","1.1 I/O","1.2 Variants","1.3 Modules","2 Systems","2.1 Enterprise","2.2 Mid-range","2.3 Scale-out","3 Operating system support","4 Comparison with earlier POWER CPUs","5 Branding","6 See also","7 References"]
2020 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM Power10Power10 SCMGeneral informationLaunched2021Designed byIBM, OpenPower partnersCommon manufacturerSamsungPerformanceMax. CPU clock rate+3.5 GHz to +4 GHzCacheL1 cache48+32 KB per coreL2 cache2 MB per coreL3 cache120 MB per chipArchitecture and classificationTechnology node7 nmMicroarchitectureP10Instruction setPower ISA (Power ISA v.3.1)Physical specificationsCores15 SMT8 cores30 SMT4 coresPackageOLGA SCM and DCMSocket1–16HistoryPredecessorPOWER9 POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA architectures NXP (formerly Freescale and Motorola) PowerPC e series (2006) e200 e300 e500 e600 e5500 e6500 Qor series (2008) QorIQ Qorivva IBM Power series (1990) POWER1 POWER2 POWER3 POWER4 POWER5 POWER6 POWER7 POWER8 POWER9 Power10 PowerPC series (1992) 6xx 4xx 7xx 74xx 970 A2 (2010) A2I A2O RAD series (1997) RAD6000 RAD750 RAD5500 RS64 series (1996) IBM/Nintendo Gekko Broadway Espresso Other Titan PWRficient Cell Xenon X704 Related links OpenPOWER Foundation AIM alliance RISC Blue Gene Power.org PAPR PReP CHRP AltiVec Cancelled in gray, historic in italicvte Power10 is a superscalar, multithreading, multi-core microprocessor family, based on the open source Power ISA, and announced in August 2020 at the Hot Chips conference; systems with Power10 CPUs. Generally available from September 2021 in the IBM Power10 Enterprise E1080 server. The processor is designed to have 15 cores available, but a spare core will be included during manufacture to cost-effectively allow for yield issues. Power10-based processors will be manufactured by Samsung using a 7 nm process with 18 layers of metal and 18 billion transistors on a 602 mm2 silicon die. The main features of Power10 are higher performance per watt and better memory and I/O architectures, with a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) workloads. Design Each Power10 core has doubled up on most functional units compared to its predecessor POWER9. The core is eight-way multithreaded (SMT8) and has 48 KB instruction and 32 KB data L1 caches, a 2 MB large L2 cache and a very large translation lookaside buffer (TLB) with 4096 entries. Latency cycles to the different cache stages and TLB has been reduced significantly. Each core has eight execution slices each with one floating-point unit (FPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), branch predictor, load–store unit and SIMD-engine, able to be fed 128-bit (64+64) instructions from the new prefix/fuse instructions of the Power ISA v.3.1. Each execution slice can handle 20 instructions each, backed up by a shared 512-entry instruction table, and fed to 128-entry-wide (64 single-threaded) load queue and 80-entry (40 single-threaded) wide store queue. Better branch prediction features have doubled the accuracy. A core has four matrix math assist (MMA) engines, for better handling of SIMD code, especially for matrix multiplication instructions where AI inference workloads have a 20-fold performance increase. The processor has two "hemispheres" with eight cores each, sharing a 64 MB L3 cache for a total of 16 cores and 128 MB L3 caches. Due to yield issues, at least one core is always disabled, reducing L3 cache by 8 MB to a usable total of 15 cores and 120 MB L3 cache. Each chip also has eight crypto accelerators offloading common algorithms such as AES and SHA-3. Increased clock gating and reworked microarchitecture at every stage, together with the fuse/prefix instructions enabling more work with fewer work units, and smarter cache with lower memory latencies and effective address tagging reducing cache misses, enables the Power10 core to consume half the power as POWER9. Combined with the improvements in the compute facilities by up to 30% makes the whole processor perform 2.6× better per watt than its predecessor. And in the case of mounting two cores on the same module, up to 3 times as fast in the same power budget. As the cores can act like eight logical processors each the 15-core processor looks like 120 cores to the operating system. On a dual-chip module, that becomes 240 simultaneous threads per socket. I/O The chips have completely reworked memory and I/O architectures, using the open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (OpenCAPI) and Open Memory Interface (OMI). Using serial memory communications to off chip controllers reduces signaling lanes to and from the chip, increases the bandwidth and allows the processor to be flexible in its memory technology,. Power10 supports a wide range of memory types, including DDR3 through DDR5, GDDR, HBM, or Persistent Storage Memory. These configurations can be changed by the customer to best fit the use case intended for the system. DDR4 – support for up to 16  TB RAM, 410 GB/s, 10 ns latency GDDR6 – up to 800 GB/s Persistent storage – up to 2 PB Power10 enables encrypting of data with no performance penalty at every stage from RAM, across accelerators and cluster nodes to data at rest. Power10 comes with PowerAXON facility enabling chip to chip, system to system and OpenCAPI bus for accelerators, I/O and other high performance cache coherent peripherals. It manages the communications between nodes in a 16x socket single chip module (SCM) cluster or a 4x socket dual chip module (DCM) cluster. It also manages the memory semantics for clustering of systems enabling load/store access from the core up to 2 PB of RAM on the entire Power10 cluster. IBM calls this feature Memory Inception. Both OMI and PowerAXON can handle 1 TB/s communications off the chip. Power10 includes PCIe 5. The SCM has 32x and the DCM has 64x PCIe 5 lanes. The decision to remove NVLink support from Power10 was made due to PCIe 5.0's bandwidth capabilities rendering NVLink support obsolete for the use cases that Power10 was designed for. Support for NVLink on-chip was previously a unique selling point for POWER8 and POWER9. Variants The Power10 chip is available in two variants, defined by firmware in the packaging. Even though the chips are physically identical and the difference is set in firmware, it cannot be changed by the user nor IBM after manufacturing. 15× SMT8 cores Optimized for high throughput but less compute intensive applications 30× SMT4 cores Optimized for highly compute intensive applications that require complex instruction sets and multiple cycles for information loaded into cache Modules The Power10 comes in three flip-chip plastic land grid array (FC-PLGA) packages: one single chip module (SCM) and two dual-chip modules (DCM and eSCM). SCM, single chip module – 3.6-4.15 GHz, up to 15 SMT8 cores. Can be clustered up to 16 sockets. x32 PCIe 5 lanes. Module size: 68.5×77.5 mm. The module has a unique configuration with 8 connectors on the substrate (OTF) for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) cables directly connecting other Power10 SCM modules. DCM, dual chip module – 3.4-4.0 GHz, up to 24 SMT8 cores. Can be clustered up to four sockets. x64 PCIe 5 lanes. The DCM is in the same thermal range as previous offerings. Module size: 74.5×85.75 mm. The DCM comes in four variants. EPEU - 12 cores, 3.36-4.0 GHz EPEV - 18 cores, 3.2-4.0 GHz EPGW - 24 cores, 2.95-3.9 GHz EHC8 - 24 cores, 2.95-3.9 GHz (for North American healthcare) eSCM, entry single chip module – 3.0-3.9 GHz, up to 8 SMT8 cores. It combines two Power10 chips. The first chip is fully functional with 4-8 active cores. The other chip only uses the PCIe functionality acting as a IO switch with plenty of more PCIe lanes. These eSCM modules can be clustered up to four sockets. Module size: 74.5×85.75 mm. The eSCM is also called the "ioscm". Systems Enterprise The IBM Power E1080, codename Denali, is the top end Power10 computer by IBM. It's made of 1-4× Central Electronics Complex (CEC) nodes, each one taking up 5Us of space. Each node has 4× Power10 SCM, configurable with 10, 12, or 15 SMT8 cores per processor, and up to 16 TB OMI-DDR4 RAM. The Power E1080 natively runs PowerVM running AIX, IBM i and little-endian Linux. An E1080 system also needs a 2U high System Control Unit for monitoring and configuration. The Power E1080 also supports up to sixteen I/O expansion drawers, four per CEC node. Each expansion drawer is connected to the respective CEC node by two PCIe fanout modules, and has twelve FHFL PCIe slots. Four of these slots are PCIe 3.0 x16, while the remaining eight are PCIe 3.0 x8. A maximum specification configuration allows the Power E1080 to support 192 single slot PCIe cards across a 16 socket system. Mid-range IBM Power E1050 - 4U case. 2-4× CPU sockets for 2-4× DCM modules, 24-96 cores. 64× OMI memory slots which support up to 16 TB RAM. 11× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 3× gen.4. 10 slots for up to 64 TB of NVMe based SSDs. Run a mix of Linux, AIX or IBM i operating systems. Scale-out The S-models can run Linux, IBM i and AIX. The L-models are made for Linux, but are allowed to run AIX and IBM i on up to 25% of available CPU cores. IBM Power S1024 & L1024 - 4U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× DCM modules, 24-48 cores. 32× OMI memory slots which support up to 8 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 16 slots for up to 102 TB of NVMe based SSDs. IBM Power S1022 & L1022 - 2U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× DCM modules, 24-40 cores. 32× OMI memory slots which support up to 4 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 8 slots for up to 51 TB of NVMe based SSDs. IBM Power S1022s - 2U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× eSCM modules, 4-16 cores. 16× OMI memory slots which support up to 2 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 8 slots for up to 51 TB of NVMe based SSDs. IBM Power S1014 - 4U case or a tower. 1× Power10 eSCM module with 4 or 8 cores. 8× OMI memory slots which support up to 1 TB RAM. 5× PCIe slots, 4× gen.5 and 1× gen.4. 16 slots for up to 102 TB of NVMe based SSDs. Operating system support Linux, version 5.9 PowerVM AIX IBM i Comparison with earlier POWER CPUs The change to a 7-nm fabrication process results in significantly higher performance per watt. The PowerAXON facility now extends all the way to 2 PB of unified clustered memory space, shared across multiple cluster nodes, and includes support for PCIe 5. New SIMD instructions and new data types including bfloat16, INT4(INTEGER) and INT8(BIGINT). are aimed at improving AI workloads. Unlike earlier POWER9 and POWER8 CPUs, Power10 requires closed source, third party firmware in security sensitive areas of the CPU module, along with additional closed source, third party firmware in the required off-module memory controller. Branding Power10 is unusual in that its name is not capitalised like POWER9 and all other previous POWER processors are. This change is one part in IBM's rebranding of their Power Systems offering, which beginning with Power10 is now just "Power". Power10 also has a logo. See also IBM Power microprocessors OpenPOWER Foundation POWER9 References ^ Dr. Cutress, Ian (August 17, 2020). "Hot Chips 2020 Live Blog: IBM's POWER10 Processor on Samsung 7nm". AnandTech. ^ Quach, Katyanna (August 17, 2020). "IBM takes Power10 processors down to 7nm with Samsung, due to ship by end of 2021". The Register. ^ a b c Schilling, Andreas (August 17, 2020). "IBM Power10 offers 30 cores with SMT8, PCIe 5.0 and DDR5". Hardware LUXX (in German). ^ a b Kennedy, Patrick (August 17, 2020). "IBM POWER10 Searching for the Holy Grail of Compute". ServeTheHome. ^ "IBM Reveals Next-Generation IBM POWER10 Processor". IBM. August 17, 2020. ^ Jose Moreira, Puneeth Bhat A H and Satish Kumar Sadasivam (April 15, 2021). Matrix-Multiply Assist Best Practices Guide. ^ Russell, John (August 17, 2020). "IBM Debuts Power10; Touts New Memory Scheme, Security, and Inferencing". HPCwire. ^ Prickett Morgan, Timothy (August 31, 2020). "IBM's Possible Designs For Power10 Systems". IT Jungle. ^ a b Giuliano Anselmi, Marc Gregorutti, Stephen Lutz, Michael Malicdem, Guido Somers, Tsvetomir Spasov (July 11, 2022). "IBM Power E1050 Technical Overview and Introduction" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Giuliano Anselmi, Young Hoon Cho, Andrew Laidlaw, Armin Röll, Tsvetomir Spasov (July 19, 2022). "IBM Power S1014, S1022s, S1022, and S1024 Technical Overview and Introduction" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ GitHub/OpenPower/Rainier source ^ This is what the most powerful server in the world looks like ^ Giuliano Anselmi, Manish Arora, Ivaylo Bozhinov, Dinil Das, Turgut Genc, Bartlomiej Grabowski, Madison Lee, Armin Röll (December 9, 2021). "IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Larabel, Michael (August 9, 2020). "Linux 5.9 Brings More IBM POWER10 Support, New/Faster SCV System Call ABI". Phoronix. ^ a b Prickett Morgan, Timothy (August 6, 2019). "Talking High Bandwidth with IBM's POWER10 Architect". The Next Platform. ^ Patrizio, Andy (August 18, 2020). "IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor". Network World. ^ "Data type aliases". IBM. August 26, 2020. ^ "It's not just OMI that's the trouble with POWER10". September 8, 2021. ^ No More Shouting The Name “Power” (Well, Except In Our Title Here)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"},{"link_name":"multithreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)"},{"link_name":"multi-core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"Power ISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ISA"},{"link_name":"Hot Chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Chips"},{"link_name":"cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor"},{"link_name":"yield issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication#Device_test"},{"link_name":"7 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_nm"},{"link_name":"silicon die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anandtech-liveblog-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theregister_HC32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardwareluxx-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-servethehome-4"},{"link_name":"performance per watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_per_watt"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibm-press-01-5"}],"text":"2020 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBMPower10 is a superscalar, multithreading, multi-core microprocessor family, based on the open source Power ISA, and announced in August 2020 at the Hot Chips conference; systems with Power10 CPUs. Generally available from September 2021 in the IBM Power10 Enterprise E1080 server.The processor is designed to have 15 cores available, but a spare core will be included during manufacture to cost-effectively allow for yield issues.Power10-based processors will be manufactured by Samsung using a 7 nm process with 18 layers of metal and 18 billion transistors on a 602 mm2 silicon die.[1][2][3][4]The main features of Power10 are higher performance per watt and better memory and I/O architectures, with a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) workloads.[5]","title":"Power10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functional units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_unit"},{"link_name":"POWER9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER9"},{"link_name":"multithreaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading"},{"link_name":"L1 caches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"translation lookaside buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardwareluxx-3"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"arithmetic logic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit"},{"link_name":"branch predictor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"load–store unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit"},{"link_name":"SIMD-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltiVec#VSX_(Vector_Scalar_Extension)"},{"link_name":"128-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128-bit"},{"link_name":"load queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)"},{"link_name":"matrix math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM_Redbook-6"},{"link_name":"matrix multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_multiplication"},{"link_name":"AI inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_accelerator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hpcwire-7"},{"link_name":"crypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"},{"link_name":"SHA-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3"},{"link_name":"clock gating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_gating"},{"link_name":"microarchitecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitecture"},{"link_name":"memory latencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_latency"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"socket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket"}],"text":"Each Power10 core has doubled up on most functional units compared to its predecessor POWER9. The core is eight-way multithreaded (SMT8) and has 48 KB instruction and 32 KB data L1 caches, a 2 MB large L2 cache and a very large translation lookaside buffer (TLB) with 4096 entries.[3] Latency cycles to the different cache stages and TLB has been reduced significantly. Each core has eight execution slices each with one floating-point unit (FPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), branch predictor, load–store unit and SIMD-engine, able to be fed 128-bit (64+64) instructions from the new prefix/fuse instructions of the Power ISA v.3.1. Each execution slice can handle 20 instructions each, backed up by a shared 512-entry instruction table, and fed to 128-entry-wide (64 single-threaded) load queue and 80-entry (40 single-threaded) wide store queue. Better branch prediction features have doubled the accuracy. A core has four matrix math assist (MMA) engines,[6] for better handling of SIMD code, especially for matrix multiplication instructions where AI inference workloads have a 20-fold performance increase.[7]The processor has two \"hemispheres\" with eight cores each, sharing a 64 MB L3 cache for a total of 16 cores and 128 MB L3 caches. Due to yield issues, at least one core is always disabled, reducing L3 cache by 8 MB to a usable total of 15 cores and 120 MB L3 cache. Each chip also has eight crypto accelerators offloading common algorithms such as AES and SHA-3.Increased clock gating and reworked microarchitecture at every stage, together with the fuse/prefix instructions enabling more work with fewer work units, and smarter cache with lower memory latencies and effective address tagging reducing cache misses, enables the Power10 core to consume half the power as POWER9. Combined with the improvements in the compute facilities by up to 30% makes the whole processor perform 2.6× better per watt than its predecessor. And in the case of mounting two cores on the same module, up to 3 times as fast in the same power budget.As the cores can act like eight logical processors each the 15-core processor looks like 120 cores to the operating system. On a dual-chip module, that becomes 240 simultaneous threads per socket.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface"},{"link_name":"serial memory communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communication"},{"link_name":"controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_controller"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-servethehome-4"},{"link_name":"DDR4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM"},{"link_name":"GDDR6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR6_SDRAM"},{"link_name":"cache coherent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherence"},{"link_name":"memory semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_semantics_(computing)"},{"link_name":"load/store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture"},{"link_name":"PCIe 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_5.0"},{"link_name":"NVLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVLink"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardwareluxx-3"},{"link_name":"POWER8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER8"}],"sub_title":"I/O","text":"The chips have completely reworked memory and I/O architectures, using the open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (OpenCAPI) and Open Memory Interface (OMI). Using serial memory communications to off chip controllers reduces signaling lanes to and from the chip, increases the bandwidth and allows the processor to be flexible in its memory technology,.[4]Power10 supports a wide range of memory types, including DDR3 through DDR5, GDDR, HBM, or Persistent Storage Memory. These configurations can be changed by the customer to best fit the use case intended for the system.DDR4 – support for up to 16  TB RAM, 410 GB/s, 10 ns latency\nGDDR6 – up to 800 GB/s\nPersistent storage – up to 2 PBPower10 enables encrypting of data with no performance penalty at every stage from RAM, across accelerators and cluster nodes to data at rest.Power10 comes with PowerAXON facility enabling chip to chip, system to system and OpenCAPI bus for accelerators, I/O and other high performance cache coherent peripherals. It manages the communications between nodes in a 16x socket single chip module (SCM) cluster or a 4x socket dual chip module (DCM) cluster. It also manages the memory semantics for clustering of systems enabling load/store access from the core up to 2 PB of RAM on the entire Power10 cluster. IBM calls this feature Memory Inception.Both OMI and PowerAXON can handle 1 TB/s communications off the chip.Power10 includes PCIe 5. The SCM has 32x and the DCM has 64x PCIe 5 lanes. The decision to remove NVLink support from Power10 was made due to PCIe 5.0's bandwidth capabilities rendering NVLink support obsolete for the use cases that Power10 was designed for.[3] Support for NVLink on-chip was previously a unique selling point for POWER8 and POWER9.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itjungle-8"}],"sub_title":"Variants","text":"The Power10 chip is available in two variants, defined by firmware in the packaging. Even though the chips are physically identical and the difference is set in firmware, it cannot be changed by the user nor IBM after manufacturing.[8]15× SMT8 cores\nOptimized for high throughput but less compute intensive applications\n30× SMT4 cores\nOptimized for highly compute intensive applications that require complex instruction sets and multiple cycles for information loaded into cache","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flip-chip plastic land grid array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-chip_plastic_land_grid_array"},{"link_name":"packages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit_packaging"},{"link_name":"single chip module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-Chip_Module"},{"link_name":"dual-chip modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_module"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e1050-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s10xx-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Modules","text":"The Power10 comes in three flip-chip plastic land grid array (FC-PLGA) packages: one single chip module (SCM) and two dual-chip modules (DCM and eSCM).SCM, single chip module – 3.6-4.15 GHz, up to 15 SMT8 cores. Can be clustered up to 16 sockets. x32 PCIe 5 lanes. Module size: 68.5×77.5 mm. The module has a unique configuration with 8 connectors on the substrate (OTF) for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) cables directly connecting other Power10 SCM modules.\nDCM, dual chip module – 3.4-4.0 GHz, up to 24 SMT8 cores. Can be clustered up to four sockets. x64 PCIe 5 lanes. The DCM is in the same thermal range as previous offerings. Module size: 74.5×85.75 mm. The DCM comes in four variants.[9]\nEPEU - 12 cores, 3.36-4.0 GHz\nEPEV - 18 cores, 3.2-4.0 GHz\nEPGW - 24 cores, 2.95-3.9 GHz\nEHC8 - 24 cores, 2.95-3.9 GHz (for North American healthcare)\neSCM, entry single chip module – 3.0-3.9 GHz, up to 8 SMT8 cores. It combines two Power10 chips. The first chip is fully functional with 4-8 active cores. The other chip only uses the PCIe functionality acting as a IO switch with plenty of more PCIe lanes. These eSCM modules can be clustered up to four sockets. Module size: 74.5×85.75 mm. The eSCM is also called the \"ioscm\".[10][11]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMT8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)"},{"link_name":"OMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface#OMI"},{"link_name":"DDR4 RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM"},{"link_name":"PowerVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVM"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"link_name":"IBM i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i"},{"link_name":"little-endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PCIe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e1080-13"}],"sub_title":"Enterprise","text":"The IBM Power E1080, codename Denali, is the top end Power10 computer by IBM. It's made of 1-4× Central Electronics Complex (CEC) nodes, each one taking up 5Us of space. Each node has 4× Power10 SCM, configurable with 10, 12, or 15 SMT8 cores per processor, and up to 16 TB OMI-DDR4 RAM. The Power E1080 natively runs PowerVM running AIX, IBM i and little-endian Linux.[12] An E1080 system also needs a 2U high System Control Unit for monitoring and configuration.The Power E1080 also supports up to sixteen I/O expansion drawers, four per CEC node. Each expansion drawer is connected to the respective CEC node by two PCIe fanout modules, and has twelve FHFL PCIe slots. Four of these slots are PCIe 3.0 x16, while the remaining eight are PCIe 3.0 x8. A maximum specification configuration allows the Power E1080 to support 192 single slot PCIe cards across a 16 socket system.[13]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e1050-9"}],"sub_title":"Mid-range","text":"IBM Power E1050 - 4U case. 2-4× CPU sockets for 2-4× DCM modules, 24-96 cores. 64× OMI memory slots which support up to 16 TB RAM. 11× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 3× gen.4. 10 slots for up to 64 TB of NVMe based SSDs. Run a mix of Linux, AIX or IBM i operating systems.[9]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s10xx-10"}],"sub_title":"Scale-out","text":"The S-models can run Linux, IBM i and AIX. The L-models are made for Linux, but are allowed to run AIX and IBM i on up to 25% of available CPU cores.[10]IBM Power S1024 & L1024 - 4U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× DCM modules, 24-48 cores. 32× OMI memory slots which support up to 8 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 16 slots for up to 102 TB of NVMe based SSDs.IBM Power S1022 & L1022 - 2U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× DCM modules, 24-40 cores. 32× OMI memory slots which support up to 4 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 8 slots for up to 51 TB of NVMe based SSDs.IBM Power S1022s - 2U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× eSCM modules, 4-16 cores. 16× OMI memory slots which support up to 2 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 8 slots for up to 51 TB of NVMe based SSDs.IBM Power S1014 - 4U case or a tower. 1× Power10 eSCM module with 4 or 8 cores. 8× OMI memory slots which support up to 1 TB RAM. 5× PCIe slots, 4× gen.5 and 1× gen.4. 16 slots for up to 102 TB of NVMe based SSDs.","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phoronix-linux59-14"},{"link_name":"PowerVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVM"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenextplatform-interview-15"},{"link_name":"IBM i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenextplatform-interview-15"}],"text":"Linux, version 5.9[14]\nPowerVM\nAIX[15]\nIBM i[15]","title":"Operating system support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petabyte"},{"link_name":"cluster nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster"},{"link_name":"PCIe 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_5.0"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"bfloat16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bfloat16_floating-point_format"},{"link_name":"INT4(INTEGER)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"INT8(BIGINT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The change to a 7-nm fabrication process results in significantly higher performance per watt.The PowerAXON facility now extends all the way to 2 PB of unified clustered memory space, shared across multiple cluster nodes, and includes support for PCIe 5.New SIMD instructions and new data types including bfloat16, INT4(INTEGER) and INT8(BIGINT).[16][17] are aimed at improving AI workloads.Unlike earlier POWER9 and POWER8 CPUs, Power10 requires closed source, third party firmware in security sensitive areas of the CPU module, along with additional closed source, third party firmware in the required off-module memory controller.[18]","title":"Comparison with earlier POWER CPUs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Power10 is unusual in that its name is not capitalised like POWER9 and all other previous POWER processors are. This change is one part in IBM's rebranding of their Power Systems offering, which beginning with Power10 is now just \"Power\". Power10 also has a logo.[19]","title":"Branding"}]
[]
[{"title":"IBM Power microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors"},{"title":"OpenPOWER Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenPOWER_Foundation"},{"title":"POWER9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER9"}]
[{"reference":"Dr. Cutress, Ian (August 17, 2020). \"Hot Chips 2020 Live Blog: IBM's POWER10 Processor on Samsung 7nm\". AnandTech.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/15985/hot-chips-2020-live-blog-ibms-power10-processor-on-samsung-7nm-1000am-pt","url_text":"\"Hot Chips 2020 Live Blog: IBM's POWER10 Processor on Samsung 7nm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnandTech","url_text":"AnandTech"}]},{"reference":"Quach, Katyanna (August 17, 2020). \"IBM takes Power10 processors down to 7nm with Samsung, due to ship by end of 2021\". The Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2020/08/17/ibm_t7nm_power10/","url_text":"\"IBM takes Power10 processors down to 7nm with Samsung, due to ship by end of 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Andreas (August 17, 2020). \"IBM Power10 offers 30 cores with SMT8, PCIe 5.0 and DDR5\". Hardware LUXX (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hardwareluxx.de/index.php/news/hardware/prozessoren/53864-ibm-power10-bietet-30-kerne-mit-smt8-pcie-5-0-und-ddr5.html","url_text":"\"IBM Power10 offers 30 cores with SMT8, PCIe 5.0 and DDR5\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Patrick (August 17, 2020). \"IBM POWER10 Searching for the Holy Grail of Compute\". ServeTheHome.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.servethehome.com/ibm-power10-searching-for-the-holy-grail-of-compute/","url_text":"\"IBM POWER10 Searching for the Holy Grail of Compute\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM Reveals Next-Generation IBM POWER10 Processor\". IBM. August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-08-17-IBM-Reveals-Next-Generation-IBM-POWER10-Processor","url_text":"\"IBM Reveals Next-Generation IBM POWER10 Processor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"}]},{"reference":"Jose Moreira, Puneeth Bhat A H and Satish Kumar Sadasivam (April 15, 2021). Matrix-Multiply Assist Best Practices Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp5612.html","url_text":"Matrix-Multiply Assist Best Practices Guide"}]},{"reference":"Russell, John (August 17, 2020). \"IBM Debuts Power10; Touts New Memory Scheme, Security, and Inferencing\". HPCwire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/08/17/ibm-debuts-power10-touts-new-memory-scheme-security-and-inferencing/","url_text":"\"IBM Debuts Power10; Touts New Memory Scheme, Security, and Inferencing\""}]},{"reference":"Prickett Morgan, Timothy (August 31, 2020). \"IBM's Possible Designs For Power10 Systems\". IT Jungle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itjungle.com/2020/08/31/ibms-possible-designs-for-power10-systems/","url_text":"\"IBM's Possible Designs For Power10 Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Giuliano Anselmi, Marc Gregorutti, Stephen Lutz, Michael Malicdem, Guido Somers, Tsvetomir Spasov (July 11, 2022). \"IBM Power E1050 Technical Overview and Introduction\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpieces/pdfs/redp5684.pdf","url_text":"\"IBM Power E1050 Technical Overview and Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Giuliano Anselmi, Young Hoon Cho, Andrew Laidlaw, Armin Röll, Tsvetomir Spasov (July 19, 2022). \"IBM Power S1014, S1022s, S1022, and S1024 Technical Overview and Introduction\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpieces/pdfs/redp5675.pdf","url_text":"\"IBM Power S1014, S1022s, S1022, and S1024 Technical Overview and Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Giuliano Anselmi, Manish Arora, Ivaylo Bozhinov, Dinil Das, Turgut Genc, Bartlomiej Grabowski, Madison Lee, Armin Röll (December 9, 2021). \"IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp5649.pdf","url_text":"\"IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Larabel, Michael (August 9, 2020). \"Linux 5.9 Brings More IBM POWER10 Support, New/Faster SCV System Call ABI\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Torry
Clare Torry
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Lawsuit","4 Later work","5 References"]
British singer (born 1947) Clare TorryTorry in 2003Born (1947-11-29) 29 November 1947 (age 76)London, United KingdomOccupation(s)Singer and songwriterKnown forGuest vocalist on Pink Floyd's "The Great Gig in the Sky" from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Clare H. Torry (born 29 November 1947) is a British singer, known for performing the improvised, wordless vocals on the song "The Great Gig in the Sky" on Pink Floyd's 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon. She sang the theme of the 1977 film OCE in the same style, and also covered the Dolly Parton single "Love Is Like a Butterfly" for the opening titles of the BBC TV series Butterflies, which ran for four series between 1978 and 1983. Early life Clare Torry was born in November 1947 in Marylebone, London, to Geoffrey Napier Torry (1916–1979), who combined careers as Lieutenant-Commander in the Fleet Air Arm and Flight Lieutenant in the RAF, and his wife Dorothy W. Singer (1916–2017), who was secretary to six BBC Directors-General. Career In the 1960s Torry began a career as a singer, mostly performing covers of popular songs which included session work at Abbey Road Studios. She later worked as a staff songwriter for EMI. In January 1973, Pink Floyd were finishing work on The Dark Side of the Moon at Abbey Road, and a female singer was needed to add vocals to an instrumental composition by Richard Wright to be called "The Great Gig in the Sky". Engineer Alan Parsons remembered having been impressed by Torry's voice, and she was booked for a session on Sunday 21 January. "They simply said, 'Who shall we get to sing this?' And I said, 'Well, I know a great singer.' I just knew her through one album of hit cover versions she'd done – you know, the cover albums that proliferated in the early 1970s. They were always done in a day. And I was very impressed with her. There was a bit of direction given: they said, 'Sorry, we've got no words, no melody line, just a chord sequence – just see what you can do with it.' She was only there for a couple of hours. As I remember, she did two or three tracks, from which we assembled the best bits for a master version. But somewhere in the archives are the bits we didn't use, and I'm sure it would make for an interesting remix version one day." – Alan Parsons. On 4 November 1973, Torry sang "The Great Gig in the Sky" at the Rainbow Theatre in London. She sang it with Pink Floyd again at their 1990 concert at Knebworth, and with Roger Waters at some of his 1980s solo shows. She also contributed to Waters' 1986 soundtrack When the Wind Blows and to his 1987 album Radio K.A.O.S.. Torry performed as a session singer on 1970s UK TV adverts, and as a live backing vocalist with Kevin Ayers, Olivia Newton-John, Shriekback, The Alan Parsons Project (for whom she also sang lead vocal on one track on 1979's Eve), Procol Harum mainman Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, Cerrone, Meat Loaf (a duet on the song "Nowhere Fast", and the hit "Modern Girl"), Johnny Mercer and Doctors of Madness. She performed Dolly Parton's "Love Is Like a Butterfly" as the theme music to the 1970s Wendy Craig/Geoffrey Palmer, Carla Lane sitcom Butterflies. The song was released as a single in 1981. Torry also released "Love for Living" in 1969, which was produced by Ronnie Scott and Robin Gibb. She sang the theme of the 1977 film OCE in the same style as "The Great Gig in the Sky". In the 1970s she appeared on the French disco composer Cerrone's "Angelina", the Alan Parsons Project's "Don't Hold Back", and albums by Olivia Newton-John and Serge Gainsbourg. Her voice can be heard singing "Love to Love You Baby" (originally by Donna Summer) during the opening scene of the cult BBC Play for Today production of Abigail's Party in 1977. Torry sang backing vocals on the track "The War Song" from Culture Club's Waking Up with the House on Fire album in 1984, as well as on the track "Yellowstone Park" on the Tangerine Dream album Le Parc the following year. Torry is also credited on the 1987 album En Dejlig Torsdag (A Lovely Thursday) by the Danish pop rock band TV-2, where she sings in a fashion similar to "The Great Gig in the Sky" at the end of the tracks "Stjernen I Mit Liv" ("The Star in my Life") and "I Baronessens Seng" ("In the Bed of the Baroness"). On 20 October 2010, Torry was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of her unique contribution to music. Lawsuit In 2004, Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties on the basis that her contribution to "The Great Gig in the Sky" constituted co-authorship with keyboardist Richard Wright. In 1973, as a session singer, she was paid only the standard flat fee of £30 for Sunday studio work (the equivalent of £400 in 2022). She said in 1998, "If I'd known then what I know now, I would have done something about organising copyright or publishing." In 2005, an out-of-court settlement was reached in Torry's favour, although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed. All releases after 2005 carry an additional credit for "Vocal composition by Clare Torry" in the "Great Gig in the Sky" segment of the booklet or liner notes. Later work In February 2006, Torry released Heaven in the Sky, a collection of her early pop recordings from the 1960s and 1970s. In 2011, she released a collaboration with musician and composer John Fyffe. References ^ GRO Register of Births: JUN 1949 5d 499 MARYLEBONE. Clare H. Torry, mmn = Singer ^ a b "'Dark Side' at 30: Alan Parsons". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. She had done a covers album; I can remember that she did a version of "Light My Fire". I just thought she had a great voice. When the situation came up, they started head-scratching, saying, "Who are we going to get to sing on this?" I said, "I've got an idea – I know this girl." She came, and in a couple of hours it was all done. She had to be told not to sing any words: when she first started, she was doing "Oh yeah baby" and all that kind of stuff, so she had to be restrained on that. But there was no real direction — she just had to feel it. ^ a b Lewry, Fraser (20 April 2023). "The story of The Great Gig in the Sky and the best £30 Pink Floyd ever spent". Classic Rock. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "The Dark Side of the Moon Studio Documents". Retrieved 12 September 2023. ^ Cunningham, Mark (January 1995). "The other side of the moon". Making Music. p. 19. ^ "'Dark Side' at 30: Roger Waters". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. It was something that Rick had already written. It's a great chord sequence. "The Great Gig in the Sky" and the piano part on "Us and Them," in my view, are the best things that Rick did – they're both really beautiful. And Alan suggested Clare Torry. I've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it. Clare came into the studio one day, and we said, "There's no lyrics. It's about dying – have a bit of a sing on that, girl." I think she only did one take. And we all said, "Wow, that's that done. Here's your sixty quid." ^ Harris, John (2005). "Interviewed by author John Harris for his book "Dark Side of the Moon"". Brain Damage. Retrieved 18 February 2009. I went in, put the headphones on, and started going 'Ooh-aah, baby, baby – yeah, yeah, yeah.' They said, 'No, no – we don't want that. If we wanted that we'd have got Doris Troy.' They said, 'Try some longer notes', so I started doing that a bit. And all this time, I was getting more familiar with the backing track. ... "That was when I thought, 'Maybe I should just pretend I'm an instrument.' So I said, 'Start the track again.' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can balance. Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice: echoey, but not too echoey. When I closed my eyes – which I always did — it was just all-enveloping; a lovely vocal sound, which for a singer, is always inspirational." ^ "'Dark Side' at 30: David Gilmour". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. Clare Torry didn't really look the part. She was Alan Parsons' idea. We wanted to put a girl on there, screaming orgasmically. Alan had worked with her previously, so we gave her try. And she was fantastic. We had to encourage her a little bit. We gave her some dynamic hints: "Maybe you'd like to do this piece quietly, and this piece louder." She did maybe half a dozen takes, and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits. It wasn't done in one single take. ^ a b c Mabbett, Andy. Pink Floyd: A Visual Documentary. pp. . ^ "Clare Torry – theme from film OCE". Mojo. February 2023. ^ "Vulture: Clare Torry's Voice Is Seared Into Your Brain Whether You Know It Or Not". 10 January 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Album: En Dejlig Torsdag". tv-2.dk. Retrieved 2 January 2018. ^ "Gold Badges For Heather Small, John Paul Jones". Billboard. 20 October 2010. ^ "Seventies Singer". 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2009. A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out-of-court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago. Clare Torry was paid £30 to perform on Pink Floyd's 1973 album 'Dark Side of the Moon' and was given a written credit at the time. Yet the session singer, who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky, took her claim to the High Court where she has won a half-share on copyright ownership on the song performed. Although most details of the case are secret, the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label, EMI. ^ "The Dark Side Of The Moon" vinyl gatefold / booklet vtePink Floyd David Gilmour Nick Mason Syd Barrett Bob Klose Roger Waters Richard Wright Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse London '66–'67 Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81 The Dark Side of the Moon Live at Wembley 1974 Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door 1967–1972: Cre/ation The Later Years: 1987–2019 Extended plays 1967: The First Three Singles 1965: Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh, by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965–1972 The Later Years The Dark Side of the Moon 50th Anniversary Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point La Carrera Panamericana Singles "Lucy Leave" / "I'm a King Bee" "Arnold Layne" / "Candy and a Currant Bun" "See Emily Play" / "The Scarecrow" "Flaming" / "The Gnome" "Apples and Oranges" / "Paint Box" "It Would Be So Nice" / "Julia Dream" "Let There Be More Light" / "Remember a Day" "Point Me at the Sky" / "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" "The Nile Song" "One of These Days" / "Fearless" "Free Four" "Money" / "Any Colour You Like" "Time" / "Us and Them" "Have a Cigar" / "Welcome to the Machine" / "Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I" "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" / "One of My Turns" "Run Like Hell" / "Don't Leave Me Now" "Comfortably Numb" / "Hey You" "When the Tigers Broke Free" / "Bring the Boys Back Home" "Not Now John" / "The Hero's Return" "Learning to Fly" / "Terminal Frost" "On the Turning Away" "One Slip" / "The Dogs of War" "Keep Talking" "Lost for Words" "What Do You Want from Me" "Take It Back" / "Astronomy Domine" "High Hopes" "Wish You Were Here" / "Coming Back to Life" "Louder than Words" "Grantchester Meadows" "Childhood's End" "Green Is the Colour" "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!" "Brain Damage" "The Great Gig in the Sky" FilmsConcerts London '66–'67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London '66–'67 La Carrera Panamericana The Story of Wish You Were Here Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour 1974 French Summer/British Winter Tour North American/Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh/Animals Tour The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour (Concert in Venice, Italy) The Division Bell Tour Lists Discography Songs Unreleased songs Videography Band members Live performances Bootleg recordings Related mediaand tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo "Echoes" "Embryo" Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd Live at the Empire Pool The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia Pink Floyd: The Music and the Mystery "Proper Education" Roger Waters: The Wall Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Related topics The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios The Dark Side of the Rainbow Games for May Pink Floyd pigs   Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
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Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fisher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cerrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrone"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Doctors of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"theme music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_music"},{"link_name":"Wendy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carla Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Lane"},{"link_name":"Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Scott"},{"link_name":"Robin Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Gibb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-10"},{"link_name":"Cerrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrone"},{"link_name":"Olivia Newton-John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John"},{"link_name":"Serge Gainsbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Love to Love You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Play for Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_for_Today"},{"link_name":"Abigail's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The War Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_Song"},{"link_name":"Culture Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Club"},{"link_name":"Waking Up with the House on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_Up_with_the_House_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"Tangerine Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Dream"},{"link_name":"Le Parc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parc_(album)"},{"link_name":"credited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(creative_arts)"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"TV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-2_(band)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BASCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASCA"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 1960s Torry began a career as a singer, mostly performing covers of popular songs[2] which included session work at Abbey Road Studios. She later worked as a staff songwriter for EMI.[3]In January 1973, Pink Floyd were finishing work on The Dark Side of the Moon at Abbey Road, and a female singer was needed to add vocals to an instrumental composition by Richard Wright to be called \"The Great Gig in the Sky\". Engineer Alan Parsons remembered having been impressed by Torry's voice, and she was booked for a session on Sunday 21 January.[4]\"They simply said, 'Who shall we get to sing this?' And I said, 'Well, I know a great singer.' I just knew her through one album of hit cover versions she'd done – you know, the cover albums that proliferated in the early 1970s. They were always done in a day. And I was very impressed with her. There was a bit of direction given: they said, 'Sorry, we've got no words, no melody line, just a chord sequence – just see what you can do with it.' She was only there for a couple of hours. As I remember, she did two or three tracks, from which we assembled the best bits for a master version. But somewhere in the archives are the bits we didn't use, and I'm sure it would make for an interesting remix version one day.\" – Alan Parsons.[5]On 4 November 1973, Torry sang \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" at the Rainbow Theatre in London.[2][6][7][8] She sang it with Pink Floyd again at their 1990 concert at Knebworth, and with Roger Waters at some of his 1980s solo shows.[9] She also contributed to Waters' 1986 soundtrack When the Wind Blows and to his 1987 album Radio K.A.O.S..[9]Torry performed as a session singer on 1970s UK TV adverts, and as a live backing vocalist with Kevin Ayers, Olivia Newton-John, Shriekback, The Alan Parsons Project (for whom she also sang lead vocal on one track on 1979's Eve), Procol Harum mainman Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, Cerrone, Meat Loaf (a duet on the song \"Nowhere Fast\", and the hit \"Modern Girl\"), Johnny Mercer and Doctors of Madness.She performed Dolly Parton's \"Love Is Like a Butterfly\" as the theme music to the 1970s Wendy Craig/Geoffrey Palmer, Carla Lane sitcom Butterflies. The song was released as a single in 1981. Torry also released \"Love for Living\" in 1969, which was produced by Ronnie Scott and Robin Gibb. She sang the theme of the 1977 film OCE in the same style as \"The Great Gig in the Sky\".[10]In the 1970s she appeared on the French disco composer Cerrone's \"Angelina\", the Alan Parsons Project's \"Don't Hold Back\", and albums by Olivia Newton-John and Serge Gainsbourg.[11] Her voice can be heard singing \"Love to Love You Baby\" (originally by Donna Summer) during the opening scene of the cult BBC Play for Today production of Abigail's Party in 1977.[citation needed] Torry sang backing vocals on the track \"The War Song\" from Culture Club's Waking Up with the House on Fire album in 1984, as well as on the track \"Yellowstone Park\" on the Tangerine Dream album Le Parc the following year.Torry is also credited on the 1987 album En Dejlig Torsdag (A Lovely Thursday) by the Danish pop rock band TV-2, where she sings in a fashion similar to \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" at the end of the tracks \"Stjernen I Mit Liv\" (\"The Star in my Life\") and \"I Baronessens Seng\" (\"In the Bed of the Baroness\").[12]On 20 October 2010, Torry was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of her unique contribution to music.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett-1-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-story-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2004, Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties on the basis that her contribution to \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" constituted co-authorship with keyboardist Richard Wright. In 1973, as a session singer, she was paid only the standard flat fee of £30 for Sunday studio work (the equivalent of £400 in 2022).[9] She said in 1998, \"If I'd known then what I know now, I would have done something about organising copyright or publishing.\"[3] In 2005, an out-of-court settlement was reached in Torry's favour, although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[14] All releases after 2005 carry an additional credit for \"Vocal composition by Clare Torry\"[15] in the \"Great Gig in the Sky\" segment of the booklet or liner notes.","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In February 2006, Torry released Heaven in the Sky, a collection of her early pop recordings from the 1960s and 1970s. In 2011, she released a collaboration with musician and composer John Fyffe.","title":"Later work"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Alan Parsons\". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. She had done a covers album; I can remember that she did a version of \"Light My Fire\". I just thought she had a great voice. When the situation came up, they started head-scratching, saying, \"Who are we going to get to sing on this?\" I said, \"I've got an idea – I know this girl.\" She came, and in a couple of hours it was all done. She had to be told not to sing any words: when she first started, she was doing \"Oh yeah baby\" and all that kind of stuff, so she had to be restrained on that. But there was no real direction — she just had to feel it.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614002807/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937469/dark_side_at_30_alan_parsons","url_text":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Alan Parsons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937469/dark_side_at_30_alan_parsons","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewry, Fraser (20 April 2023). \"The story of The Great Gig in the Sky and the best £30 Pink Floyd ever spent\". Classic Rock. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/pink-floyd-the-great-gig-in-the-sky-clare-torry","url_text":"\"The story of The Great Gig in the Sky and the best £30 Pink Floyd ever spent\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Dark Side of the Moon Studio Documents\". Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abbeyroad.com/news/the-dark-side-of-the-moon-studio-documents-3299","url_text":"\"The Dark Side of the Moon Studio Documents\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Mark (January 1995). \"The other side of the moon\". Making Music. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Roger Waters\". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. It was something that Rick had already written. It's a great chord sequence. \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" and the piano part on \"Us and Them,\" in my view, are the best things that Rick did – they're both really beautiful. And Alan [Parsons] suggested Clare Torry. I've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it. Clare came into the studio one day, and we said, \"There's no lyrics. It's about dying – have a bit of a sing on that, girl.\" I think she only did one take. And we all said, \"Wow, that's that done. Here's your sixty quid.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014133943/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937470/dark_side_at_30_roger_waters","url_text":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Roger Waters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937470/dark_side_at_30_roger_waters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (2005). \"Interviewed by author John Harris for his book \"Dark Side of the Moon\"\". Brain Damage. Retrieved 18 February 2009. I went in, put the headphones on, and started going 'Ooh-aah, baby, baby – yeah, yeah, yeah.' They said, 'No, no – we don't want that. If we wanted that we'd have got Doris Troy.' They said, 'Try some longer notes', so I started doing that a bit. And all this time, I was getting more familiar with the backing track. ... \"That was when I thought, 'Maybe I should just pretend I'm an instrument.' So I said, 'Start the track again.' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can [i.e. headphone] balance. Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice: echoey, but not too echoey. When I closed my eyes – which I always did — it was just all-enveloping; a lovely vocal sound, which for a singer, is always inspirational.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harris_(critic)","url_text":"Harris, John"},{"url":"http://www.brain-damage.co.uk/other-related-interviews/clare-torry-october-2005-brain-damage-excl-2.html","url_text":"\"Interviewed by author John Harris for his book \"Dark Side of the Moon\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: David Gilmour\". Rolling Stone. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. Clare Torry [session singer] didn't really look the part. She was Alan Parsons' idea. We wanted to put a girl on there, screaming orgasmically. Alan had worked with her previously, so we gave her try. And she was fantastic. We had to encourage her a little bit. We gave her some dynamic hints: \"Maybe you'd like to do this piece quietly, and this piece louder.\" She did maybe half a dozen takes, and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits. It wasn't done in one single take.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014164509/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937468/dark_side_at_30_david_gilmour","url_text":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: David Gilmour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937468/dark_side_at_30_david_gilmour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mabbett, Andy. Pink Floyd: A Visual Documentary. pp. [unnumbered].","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Clare Torry – theme from film OCE\". Mojo. February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Vulture: Clare Torry's Voice Is Seared Into Your Brain Whether You Know It Or Not\". 10 January 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/clare-torry-pink-floyd-dark-side-of-the-moon.html","url_text":"\"Vulture: Clare Torry's Voice Is Seared Into Your Brain Whether You Know It Or Not\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album: En Dejlig Torsdag\". tv-2.dk. Retrieved 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv-2.dk/albums/cd06.html","url_text":"\"Album: En Dejlig Torsdag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Badges For Heather Small, John Paul Jones\". Billboard. 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles//1198863/gold-badges-for-heather-small-john-paul-jones","url_text":"\"Gold Badges For Heather Small, John Paul Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seventies Singer\". 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2009. A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out-of-court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago. Clare Torry was paid £30 to perform on Pink Floyd's 1973 album 'Dark Side of the Moon' and was given a written credit at the time. Yet the session singer, who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky, took her claim to the High Court where she has won a half-share on copyright ownership on the song performed. Although most details of the case are secret, the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label, EMI.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freelanceuk.com/news/1006.shtml","url_text":"\"Seventies Singer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales","url_text":"High Court"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614002807/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937469/dark_side_at_30_alan_parsons","external_links_name":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Alan Parsons\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937469/dark_side_at_30_alan_parsons","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/pink-floyd-the-great-gig-in-the-sky-clare-torry","external_links_name":"\"The story of The Great Gig in the Sky and the best £30 Pink Floyd ever spent\""},{"Link":"https://www.abbeyroad.com/news/the-dark-side-of-the-moon-studio-documents-3299","external_links_name":"\"The Dark Side of the Moon Studio Documents\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014133943/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937470/dark_side_at_30_roger_waters","external_links_name":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: Roger Waters\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937470/dark_side_at_30_roger_waters","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.brain-damage.co.uk/other-related-interviews/clare-torry-october-2005-brain-damage-excl-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Interviewed by author John Harris for his book \"Dark Side of the Moon\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014164509/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937468/dark_side_at_30_david_gilmour","external_links_name":"\"'Dark Side' at 30: David Gilmour\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/pinkfloyd/articles/story/5937468/dark_side_at_30_david_gilmour","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/clare-torry-pink-floyd-dark-side-of-the-moon.html","external_links_name":"\"Vulture: Clare Torry's Voice Is Seared Into Your Brain Whether You Know It Or Not\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv-2.dk/albums/cd06.html","external_links_name":"\"Album: En Dejlig Torsdag\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles//1198863/gold-badges-for-heather-small-john-paul-jones","external_links_name":"\"Gold Badges For Heather Small, John Paul Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.freelanceuk.com/news/1006.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Seventies Singer\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050619777","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14552992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCm4yM7GkGXXjt9PHV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134541251","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007079515","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0196063&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2392d194-9ebb-46dc-b67a-a01b41c58af5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrutok
Vrutok
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°46′N 20°50′E / 41.767°N 20.833°E / 41.767; 20.833Village in Polog, North MacedoniaVrutok ВрутокVërtokVillageAirview of the village VrutokVrutokLocation within North MacedoniaCoordinates: 41°46′N 20°50′E / 41.767°N 20.833°E / 41.767; 20.833Country North MacedoniaRegion PologMunicipality GostivarPopulation (2021) • Total640Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Car platesGVWebsite. Vrutok (Macedonian: Вруток, Albanian: Vërtok) is a village in the municipality of Gostivar, North Macedonia. The village is situated on the slopes of Mount Bistra by the Korab mountains, near the town of Gostivar. Geography Its importance belongs to the water streams where the river Vardar (388 km), a major river in North Macedonia and Greece, rises. Nearby is the hydro power plant Vrutok with 49 MW capacity. Demographics According to ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's data from 1900, the village was inhabited by 460 Christian Bulgarians, 300 Muslim Albanians and 24 Roma people. According to the 1942 Albanian census, Vrutok was inhabited by 929 Muslim Albanians, 128 Serbs and 150 Bulgarians. As of the 2021 census, Vrutok had 640 residents with the following ethnic composition: Albanians 369 Macedonians 203 Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 56 Turks 9 Others 3 According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1127 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include: Albanians 846 Macedonians 276 Serbs 3 Others 2 References ^ Кѫнчовъ, Василъ. Македония. Етнография и статистика. София, Българското книжовно дружество, 1900 p. 213. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/alb-historic/1942-diber-tetove-ethnicrel-loc.htm ^ Total resident population of the Republic of North Macedonia by ethnic affiliation, by settlement, Census 2021 ^ a b Macedonian Census (2002), Book 5 - Total population according to the Ethnic Affiliation, Mother Tongue and Religion, The State Statistical Office, Skopje, 2002, p. 85. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vrutok. vteVillages in Gostivar MunicipalitySeat: Gostivar Village(s): Balin Dol Belovište Brodec Čajle Čegrane Debreše Dolna Banjica Dolna Ǵonovica Dolno Jelovce Forino Gorna Banjica Gorna Ǵonovica Gorno Jelovce Ḱafa Korito Kunovo Lakavica Lešnica Malo Turčane Merdita Mitrovi Krsti Padalište Pečkovo Raven Rečane Simnica Srbinovo Strajane Sušica Trnovo Tumčevište Vrutok Zdunje Železna Reka This Gostivar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Gostivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostivar_Municipality"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Mount Bistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bistra"},{"link_name":"Korab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korab"},{"link_name":"Gostivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostivar"}],"text":"Village in Polog, North MacedoniaVrutok (Macedonian: Вруток, Albanian: Vërtok) is a village in the municipality of Gostivar, North Macedonia. The village is situated on the slopes of Mount Bistra by the Korab mountains, near the town of Gostivar.","title":"Vrutok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"hydro power plant Vrutok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrutok_Hydroelectric_Power_Station"}],"text":"Its importance belongs to the water streams where the river Vardar (388 km), a major river in North Macedonia and Greece, rises. Nearby is the hydro power plant Vrutok with 49 MW capacity.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasil Kanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kanchov"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Muslim Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_North_Macedonia_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statisticaloffice-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statisticaloffice-4"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"}],"text":"According to ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's data from 1900, the village was inhabited by 460 Christian Bulgarians, 300 Muslim Albanians and 24 Roma people.[1]According to the 1942 Albanian census, Vrutok was inhabited by 929 Muslim Albanians, 128 Serbs and 150 Bulgarians.[2]As of the 2021 census, Vrutok had 640 residents with the following ethnic composition:[3]Albanians 369\nMacedonians 203\nPersons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 56\nTurks 9\nOthers 3According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1127 inhabitants.[4] Ethnic groups in the village include:[4]Albanians 846\nMacedonians 276\nSerbs 3\nOthers 2","title":"Demographics"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_9
Connecticut Route 9
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Exit list","4 References","5 External links"]
Route map: State highway in Connecticut, US Route 9Route informationMaintained by CTDOTLength40.89 mi (65.81 km)Existed1932 (truncated in 1969)–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-95 / US 1 in Old SaybrookMajor intersections Route 17 / Route 66 in Middletown Route 99 in Cromwell I-91 in Cromwell Route 372 / US 5 / Route 15 / Berlin Turnpike in Berlin Route 72 in New BritainNorth end I-84 / US 6 at the Farmington–West Hartford town line LocationCountryUnited StatesStateConnecticutCountiesMiddlesex, Hartford Highway system Connecticut State Highway System Interstate US State SSR SR Scenic ← Route 8→ Route 9A← Route 9N.E.→ Route 11 Route 9 is a 40.89-mile-long (65.81 km) expressway beginning in Old Saybrook and ending at I-84 near the Farmington–West Hartford town line. It connects the Eastern Coastline of the state along with the Lower Connecticut River Valley to Hartford and the Capital Region. Route description Route 9 is a four-lane freeway for most of its length. It begins at I-95/US 1 exit 69, on the west bank of the Connecticut River. It runs northwesterly, parallel to the river for approximately 25 miles (40 km) between Old Saybrook and Route 99 in Cromwell. Along the river, it passes through the towns of Essex, Deep River, Chester, Haddam, and Middletown). After its junction with Interstate 91 in Cromwell, Route 9 continues westward then northward, running through the Hartford area towns/cities of Berlin, New Britain, Newington, and Farmington. Route 9 terminates at the junction with I-84/US 6 near the Farmington-West Hartford town line. Route 9 becomes an at-grade expressway in the downtown area of Middletown, where it overlaps with Route 17, before reverting to a freeway. The at-grade portion is 0.52 miles (0.84 km) in length and consists of two intersections with traffic lights (signed as exits 23C and 24), and one median break to allow access to and from Miller Street. One of these intersections is where Route 17 leaves Route 9 to join Route 66. ConnDOT is currently considering modifications to this section of Route 9 which would remove the traffic lights to reduce collisions and improve traffic flow. The section from I-95 in Old Saybrook to I-91 in Cromwell is known as the Chester Bowles Highway. The section from I-91 in Cromwell to exit 24 in Berlin is known as the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway. The section from Route 72 in New Britain to Route 175 in Newington is known as the Taras Shevchenko Expressway. The section from Route 175 in Newington to the junction with I-84 is known as the Iwo Jima Memorial Expressway. History The road connecting Deep River (then known as Saybrook) and Wethersfield along the west bank of the Connecticut River was a toll road known as the Middlesex Turnpike, which operated from 1802 to 1876. Another toll road running from Hartford to the northwest corner of Granby was known as the Granby Turnpike and operated from 1800 to 1854. The state took over maintenance of trunk highways at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1922, New England began publicly numbering its state roads. The road running from Old Saybrook to the Massachusetts state line in Granby was designated as part of Route 10, a multi-state route continuing all the way to northern New Hampshire. The portion of New England Route 10 in Connecticut used the alignments of the Middlesex and Granby Turnpikes. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Route 10 was relocated to a different alignment beginning in New Haven instead. The Old Saybrook to Granby road was designated as Route 9. In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, various plans for a freeway along the Route 9 alignment were developed. Construction also began on the Old Saybrook to Cromwell segment around this time. The freeway from I-95 to I-91 was completely open by 1969. Old Route 9 south of Middletown was re-designated as Route 9A (later to be designated as Route 154). Several options were considered and then later abandoned for the freeway portion through Hartford and points north. By the mid-1960s, a Route 9 freeway alignment through Hartford was finally abandoned. Route 9 was truncated to end at I-91 in Cromwell instead. The portion of old Route 9 from Hartford to Granby was assigned as an extension of Route 189, while the Cromwell to Hartford segment that was not upgraded to freeway was re-designated as Route 99. In 1979, the eastern end of the Route 72 freeway up to the Berlin Turnpike was completed, including a connector to the planned alignment of Interstate 291 in New Britain. By this time, however, this portion of Interstate 291 had been deleted from the state's Interstate network. By 1989, a freeway connection was completed between the north end of Route 9 at I-91 and the east end of Route 72 at the Berlin Turnpike. Route 72 was truncated to end at the I-291 connector while Route 9 was extended along the deleted portion of the Route 72 freeway. Route 9 also took over the I-291 connector, which was extended in 1986 to Route 175. In 1992 Route 9 was finally connected to I-84 in Farmington using a portion of the cancelled I-291 right of way, completing Route 9 as it exists today. The segment between I-84 in Farmington and I-91 in Cromwell serves the areas through which the southwest leg of I-291 was to be built; I-291 would have provided a parallel route to the north connecting roughly between Exit 29 (Route 175) on Route 9, to a new exit north of Exit 22 on I-91. Exit list Exit numbers have been converted to mile-based numbering as of January 2023. CountyLocationmikmOld exitNew exitDestinationsNotes MiddlesexOld Saybrook0.000.00—1A I-95 north / US 1 north – New London, ProvidenceSouthern terminus 0.40–0.610.64–0.981—Ferry PointNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; access via Essex Road —1B I-95 south / US 1 south – New Haven, New York CitySouthbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 69 on I-95 / US 1 1.542.4822 Route 154 (Middlesex Turnpike) – Old Saybrook Essex3.916.2933 Route 154 to Route 153 – EssexAlso serves Centerbrook, Ivoryton, and Westbrook 5.218.3845 Route 154 (Middlesex Turnpike)Also serves Centerbrook and Ivoryton Deep River7.0111.2856 Route 80 – Deep River Chester8.9314.3768 Route 148 – Chester 10.6917.20710 Route 82 east – Haddam, East HaddamWestern terminus of Route 82; also serves Goodspeed Opera House and Moodus Haddam13.9322.42813Beaver Meadow Road 15.7425.33915 Route 81 – Higganum, Killingworth, Clinton Higganum19.4331.271019 Route 154 south / Aircraft RoadNorthern terminus of Route 154 Middletown21.3134.301121 Route 155 west to Route 17 – DurhamEastern terminus of Route 155 22.4136.071222Bow Lane – Harbor AreaNorthbound exit only 22.8636.79Silver StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 23.3437.561323A Route 17 south / South Main StreetSouth end of Route 17 concurrency; no northbound exit 23.7038.141423BDeKoven Drive – Harbor AreaSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 23.9438.53Northern end of freeway section 1523C To Route 66 west – Middletown, MeridenAt-grade intersection; access via SSR 545; signed as exit 23 northbound 24.2939.091624 Route 17 north to Route 66 east – Portland, WillimanticAt-grade intersection; north end of Route 17 concurrency 24.4639.3617—Miller Street / Bridge StreetSouthbound at-grade intersection Southern end of freeway section Cromwell25.3040.721825 Route 99 north – Cromwell, Rocky HillNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of Route 99 27.6144.431927 Route 372 (West Street) – Cromwell 29.28–29.5847.12–47.602029-30 I-91 – Hartford, Springfield, New Haven, New York CitySigned as exits 29 (north) and 30 (south) HartfordBerlin31.6850.982131 Route 372 / US 5 north / Route 15 north (Berlin Turnpike) – East BerlinNorthbound exit and southbound entrance 32.1651.76 US 5 / Route 15 (Berlin Turnpike) – Hartford, New HavenSouthbound exit and entrance 32.2951.972232 US 5 south / Route 15 south (Berlin Turnpike) – New HavenNorthbound exit and entrance 32.3752.09 Route 372 (Mill Street)Southbound exit only 33.0553.192333Christian Lane – BerlinSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 34.0754.832434 To Route 71 / Route 372 – KensingtonNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; access via SR 571 New Britain35.1356.542535 Ellis Street to Route 71 – KensingtonSigned for Route 71 southbound, Ellis Street northbound 35.3956.952636Columbus Boulevard – Downtown New BritainNorthbound exit only 35.7457.522736Chestnut StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 35.84–36.4057.68–58.582837A Route 72 west to I-84 – BristolSigned as exit 37 northbound 36.0858.0728A37BEast Main Street – Downtown New BritainSouthbound exit only Newington37.95–38.3361.07–61.692938 Route 175 – Newington New Britain39.4863.543039 Route 71 – Corbins Corner Farmington–West Hartford line40.8965.8131-3240 I-84 / US 6 – Hartford, WaterburyNorthern terminus; signed as exits 40A (west) and 40B (east); exit 39A on I-84 / US 6 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access References Connecticut portal ^ a b "Road Conditions in Connecticut". The Hartford Daily Courant. August 6, 1932. p. 13. Retrieved December 24, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "0082-0318 Route 9 Middletown Home". CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website. Retrieved 2023-08-01. Connecticut State Highway Log (2006) External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Connecticut Route 9KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connecticut Route 9.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"Old Saybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"West Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Eastern Coastline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Lower Connecticut River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Connecticut_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hartford"}],"text":"State highway in Connecticut, USRoute 9 is a 40.89-mile-long (65.81 km) expressway beginning in Old Saybrook and ending at I-84 near the Farmington–West Hartford town line. It connects the Eastern Coastline of the state along with the Lower Connecticut River Valley to Hartford and the Capital Region.","title":"Connecticut Route 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Old Saybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Deep River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_River,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Haddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddam,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Interstate 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"West Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_66"},{"link_name":"ConnDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"I-91 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Chester Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Bowles"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Route 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_175"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko"},{"link_name":"Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo_Jima"}],"text":"Route 9 is a four-lane freeway for most of its length. It begins at I-95/US 1 exit 69, on the west bank of the Connecticut River. It runs northwesterly, parallel to the river for approximately 25 miles (40 km) between Old Saybrook and Route 99 in Cromwell. Along the river, it passes through the towns of Essex, Deep River, Chester, Haddam, and Middletown). After its junction with Interstate 91 in Cromwell, Route 9 continues westward then northward, running through the Hartford area towns/cities of Berlin, New Britain, Newington, and Farmington. Route 9 terminates at the junction with I-84/US 6 near the Farmington-West Hartford town line.Route 9 becomes an at-grade expressway in the downtown area of Middletown, where it overlaps with Route 17, before reverting to a freeway. The at-grade portion is 0.52 miles (0.84 km) in length and consists of two intersections with traffic lights (signed as exits 23C and 24), and one median break to allow access to and from Miller Street. One of these intersections is where Route 17 leaves Route 9 to join Route 66. ConnDOT is currently considering modifications to this section of Route 9 which would remove the traffic lights to reduce collisions and improve traffic flow.[2]The section from I-95 in Old Saybrook to I-91 in Cromwell is known as the Chester Bowles Highway. The section from I-91 in Cromwell to exit 24 in Berlin is known as the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway. The section from Route 72 in New Britain to Route 175 in Newington is known as the Taras Shevchenko Expressway. The section from Route 175 in Newington to the junction with I-84 is known as the Iwo Jima Memorial Expressway.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deep River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_River,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wethersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Turnpike_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Granby Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Old Saybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_10"},{"link_name":"1932 state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_state_highway_renumbering_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Route 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_10"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932renumAug6-1"},{"link_name":"Old Saybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_154"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_189"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Berlin Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Interstate 291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_291_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Interstate 291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_291_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Berlin Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_72"},{"link_name":"I-291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_291_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Route 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_175"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_291_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Farmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"I-291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_291_(Connecticut)"}],"text":"The road connecting Deep River (then known as Saybrook) and Wethersfield along the west bank of the Connecticut River was a toll road known as the Middlesex Turnpike, which operated from 1802 to 1876. Another toll road running from Hartford to the northwest corner of Granby was known as the Granby Turnpike and operated from 1800 to 1854.The state took over maintenance of trunk highways at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1922, New England began publicly numbering its state roads. The road running from Old Saybrook to the Massachusetts state line in Granby was designated as part of Route 10, a multi-state route continuing all the way to northern New Hampshire. The portion of New England Route 10 in Connecticut used the alignments of the Middlesex and Granby Turnpikes. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Route 10 was relocated to a different alignment beginning in New Haven instead. The Old Saybrook to Granby road was designated as Route 9.[1]In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, various plans for a freeway along the Route 9 alignment were developed. Construction also began on the Old Saybrook to Cromwell segment around this time. The freeway from I-95 to I-91 was completely open by 1969. Old Route 9 south of Middletown was re-designated as Route 9A (later to be designated as Route 154).Several options were considered and then later abandoned for the freeway portion through Hartford and points north. By the mid-1960s, a Route 9 freeway alignment through Hartford was finally abandoned. Route 9 was truncated to end at I-91 in Cromwell instead. The portion of old Route 9 from Hartford to Granby was assigned as an extension of Route 189, while the Cromwell to Hartford segment that was not upgraded to freeway was re-designated as Route 99.In 1979, the eastern end of the Route 72 freeway up to the Berlin Turnpike was completed, including a connector to the planned alignment of Interstate 291 in New Britain. By this time, however, this portion of Interstate 291 had been deleted from the state's Interstate network. By 1989, a freeway connection was completed between the north end of Route 9 at I-91 and the east end of Route 72 at the Berlin Turnpike. Route 72 was truncated to end at the I-291 connector while Route 9 was extended along the deleted portion of the Route 72 freeway. Route 9 also took over the I-291 connector, which was extended in 1986 to Route 175.In 1992 Route 9 was finally connected to I-84 in Farmington using a portion of the cancelled I-291 right of way, completing Route 9 as it exists today. The segment between I-84 in Farmington and I-91 in Cromwell serves the areas through which the southwest leg of I-291 was to be built; I-291 would have provided a parallel route to the north connecting roughly between Exit 29 (Route 175) on Route 9, to a new exit north of Exit 22 on I-91.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Exit numbers have been converted to mile-based numbering as of January 2023.","title":"Exit list"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mezouari
Hamicha
["1 Kickboxing career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Glory","2 Titles and accomplishments","3 Fight record","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
HamichaBornMohamed Mezouari (1996-01-06) January 6, 1996 (age 28)Amsterdam, NetherlandsOther namesWonderboyHeight188 cm (6 ft 2 in)Weight77 kg (170 lb; 12.1 st)DivisionWelterweightStanceOrthodoxFighting out ofUtrecht, NetherlandsTeamSB GymTrainerSaid El BadaouiKickboxing recordTotal44Wins41By knockout30Losses3By knockout0Draws0 Mohamed Mezouari, better known as Hamicha, is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer fighting out of Morocco. He is ranked the #1 welterweight in Glory. He is ranked as the sixth best welterweight in the world by Combat Press as of September 2022, and the eighth best by Beyond Kick as of October 2022. Kickboxing career Early career Mezouari started to train kickboxing at the age of 8 on El Otmani Gym in the Netherlands, where he still training. Mezouari fought Dzianis Zuev in the Kunlun 56 70kg tournament reserve fight. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Mezouari fought in the Kunlun Fight Group 1 70 kg tournament. In the semifinals, he won a decision against Arman Hambaryan. In the group tournament finals, Mezouari defeated Danilo Zanolini through a first round KO. Mezouari fought Thongchai Sitsongpeenong during Fight League 7 for the Fight League -76kg World title. Mezouari knocked Thongchai out in the second round, with a right low kick. Afterwards, Mezouari fought Artem Pashporin. Mezouari won the fight by a first round TKO, which earned him a place in the 2017 70kg World Max Tournament Final 8. Mezouari lost a unanimous decision to Marat Grigorian in the quarterfinals. Glory Mezouari made his Glory debut during Glory 62, when he faced Miles Simson. He knocked Simson out in the first round. He won his second fight against Adam Hadfield at Glory 66: Paris on June 22, 2019, by a first round technical knockout. Mezouari was expected to face Dmitry Menshikov at Glory 78: Rotterdam. Menshikov later withdrew from the bout and was replaced by Vedat Hoduk. Mezouari won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. Mezouari was expected to face Eyevan Danenberg at Glory: Collision 3 on October 23, 2021. Danenberg later withdrew from the bout and was replaced by Maximo Suarez. Suarez later withdrew a from the bout as well, and was replaced by Samo Dbili. Mezouari won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. Mezouari was expected to face Sofiane Gelin in a middleweight bout at Glory 86 on May 27, 2023. He withdrew from the fight on May 13, for undisclosed reasons. Titles and accomplishments Fight League 2017 Fight League -76kg Champion Kunlun Fight 2016 BLADE Lightweight (-70kg) Champion 2016 Kunlun Fight Lightweight (-70kg) Qualifier Tournament Winner 2017 Kunlun Fight Lightweight (-70kg) Qualifier Tournament Winner Fight record Professional Kickboxing Record 41 Wins (30 (T)KO's), 3 Losses, 0 Draw, 0 No Contest Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2023-11-04 Win Diaguely Camara Glory: Collision 6 Arnhem, Netherlands Decision (Split) 3 3:00 2021-10-23 Win Samuel Dbili Glory: Collision 3 Arnhem, Netherlands TKO (3 Knockdowns/body punch) 1 2:28 2021-09-04 Win Vedat Hoduk Glory 78: Rotterdam Rotterdam, Netherlands TKO (Punch to the body) 1 1:20 2019-06-22 Win Adam Hadfield Glory 66: Paris Paris, France TKO (Left body shot) 1 1:35 2018-12-08 Win Miles Simson Glory 62: Rotterdam Rotterdam, Netherlands KO (Head kick) 1 1:53 2017-11-12 Loss Marat Grigorian Kunlun Fight 67 - World MAX 2017 Final 8 Sanya, China Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2017-08-27 Win Artem Pashporin Kunlun Fight 65 - World MAX 2017 Final 16 Qingdao, China TKO (3 Knockdowns Rule) 1 2:28 Qualified to Kunlun Fight 2017 70kg World Max Tournament Final 8. 2017-08-05 Win Thongchai Sitsongpeenong Fight League 7 Tangier, Morocco KO (Right low kick) 2 1:15 Won Fight League -76kg World Title. 2017-02-26 Win Danilo Zanolini Kunlun Fight 57 - World MAX 2017 Group 1 Tournament Final Sanya, China KO (Left body kick) 1 0:21 Qualified to Kunlun Fight 2017 70kg World Max Tournament Final 16. 2017-02-26 Win Arman Hambaryan Kunlun Fight 57 - World MAX 2017 Group 1 Tournament Semi Finals Sanya, China Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2017-01-01 Win Dzianis Zuev Kunlun Fight 56 – 70 kg 2016 Tournament Reserve Fight Sanya, China Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-08-28 Win Arthit Hanchana Super Muaythai - Kunlun Fight World MAX 2016 Final 16 Bangkok, Thailand Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 Qualified to Kunlun Fight 2016 70kg World Max Tournament Final 8. 2016-08-07 Win David Ruiz Kunlun Fight 49 / Rebels 45 Tokyo, Japan KO (Head kick) 2 1:25 Won BLADE -70kg Title. 2016-04-23 Loss Sitthichai Sitsongpeenong Kunlun Fight 43 – World MAX 2016 Group I Tournament Final Zhoukou, China Ext. R Decision (Split) 4 3:00 2016-04-23 Win Yussef Boulahtari Kunlun Fight 43 – World MAX 2016 Group I Tournament Semi Finals Zhoukou, China KO (Right cross) 1 2:30 2016-04-02 Win Abdel Fak Enfusion Live Gold Edition Netherlands TKO 2 2016-03-09 Win Hinata Watanabe Rebels. 41 Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-01-23 Win Brown Pinas Sportmani Events VIII Amsterdam, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2015-12-06 Win Brahim Kallah Real Fighters AN2R Netherlands KO (Right hook) 2 0:25 2015-10-31 Win Nikos Papadimitriou Scorpion X-Treme Stores Greece Decision (Majority) 3 3:00 2015-05-16 Loss Vedat Hoduk A1 World Combat Cup Platinium Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 2015-02-07 Win Melvin Wassing Enfusion Live Netherlands KO 1 2014-20-09 Win Sem Aipassa A1 World Combat Cup United Kingdom KO 1 00:25 2014-03-30 Win Luke Whelan Chok Muay Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 2014-03-15 Win Chakir Abdelaoui Fight For Victory V Netherlands Decision 5 3:00 2014-02-22 Win Oussama Attadlaoui Enfusion Live Netherlands KO 2013-12-01 Win Craig Jose Masac Masters United Kingdom Decision 3 3:00 2013-09-22 Win Joost Mulder Students of the Game Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 Legend:   Win   Loss   Draw/No contest   Notes See also List of male kickboxers External links Profile at Glory References ^ Aittama, Zach. "Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: July 2021". combatpress.com. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ Aittama, Zach (7 September 2022). "Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: September 2022". Combat Press. Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ Strobel, Kevin (1 October 2022). "Kickboxing Rankings October 2022 — Leona Pettas wins K-1 World Grand Prix and takes top spot at Super Bantamweight". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022. ^ "Mohamed Mezouari wants Buakaw, previews fighting David Ruiz at Kunlun Fight 49". K1ANOOP. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2017-10-07. ^ "Mohamed Mezouari upbeat with win over 'slow' Dzianis Zuev at Kunlun Fight 56". Anoop Hothi. 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2017-10-07. ^ "Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments". combatpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Kunlun Fight 57 – Fight Results". perfectkickboxing.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "THONGCHAI Sitsongpeenong au Maroc". muaythaitv.fr. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Fight League 7 Results: Mezouari Stops Thongchai, Ozcan and Ertugrul Victorious". combatpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "(VIDEO) Mohamed Mezouari vs. Artem Pashporin". croring.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Marat Grigorian wins over Mohamed Mezouari in Kulun". hemmersgym.nl. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "GLORY 62 Results". fight-madness.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Nederlandse bokser Hamicha naar Glory 66 in Parijs". tubantia.nl. Retrieved 20 September 2022. ^ "Glory collision : Mohamed Hammicha, la consolation marocaine après la défaite de Ben Saddik". msport.ma. Retrieved 20 September 2022. ^ "GLORY 78: Hamicha Faces Menshikov". kickboxingz.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021. ^ "Nieuwe datum Badr vs Wrzosek Glory keert terug naar Gelredome". vechtsportinfo.nl (in Dutch). 24 June 2021. ^ "Exclusief: nieuwe tegenstander voor Hamicha op Glory 78, heerlijk revanchegevecht tegen Hoduk". sportnieuws.nl. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ Pande, Faras. "Mohamed 'Hamicha' Mezouari Sets GLORY 78 Ablaze With Incredible First Round KO". essentiallysports.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ Onze Telesportredactie. "GLORY heeft vechtkaart Collision 3 rond: partij Hamicha toegevoegd". telegraaf.nl. Retrieved 28 September 2021. ^ "Samo Dbili at Collision 3!". headkicknews.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ "🎥 | WEER Hamicha! Fenomeen KO't Samuel Dbili in 1e ronde met leipe bodyshots". sportnieuws.nl. Retrieved 20 September 2022. ^ Kowalski, Alex (17 April 2023). "Hamicha makes comeback at Glory! 'The title must be mine soon'". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 21 April 2023. ^ Ketel, Harry (13 May 2023). "Hamicha zegt af voor Glory 86! Tavares tegen Rajabzadeh toegevoegd". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 13 May 2023. ^ "Mohammed "HAMISCHA" Mezouari vs Tongchai - FIGHTLEAGUE TANGER 2017". FIGHTNEWS. 2017-08-20. Retrieved 2017-10-06. ^ "Kunlun Fight 49 Results: Hinata Cruises Past Kraus, Nasukawa Scores Big Knockout Win". Zach Aittama. 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2017-10-06. ^ "Kunlun Fight 65 Results: Superbon, Grigorian, Kiria, Mezouari Advance in Tournament". Rob Tatum. 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2017-10-06. ^ "Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments". Zach Aittama. 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2017-10-07. ^ "Kunlun Fight 43 Results". Luis Torres. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2017-10-06. ^ "Vedat Hoduk vs Mohamed Mezouri". Marek K. 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mohamed Mezouari, better known as Hamicha, is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer fighting out of Morocco. He is ranked the #1 welterweight in Glory.[1]He is ranked as the sixth best welterweight in the world by Combat Press as of September 2022,[2] and the eighth best by Beyond Kick as of October 2022.[3]","title":"Hamicha"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dzianis Zuev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzianis_Zuev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thongchai Sitsongpeenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thongchai_Sitsongpeenong"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Artem Pashporin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Pashporin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marat Grigorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Grigorian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Mezouari started to train kickboxing at the age of 8 on El Otmani Gym in the Netherlands, where he still training.[4]Mezouari fought Dzianis Zuev in the Kunlun 56 70kg tournament reserve fight. He won the fight by unanimous decision.[5]Mezouari fought in the Kunlun Fight Group 1 70 kg tournament. In the semifinals, he won a decision against Arman Hambaryan. In the group tournament finals, Mezouari defeated Danilo Zanolini through a first round KO.[6][7]Mezouari fought Thongchai Sitsongpeenong during Fight League 7 for the Fight League -76kg World title.[8] Mezouari knocked Thongchai out in the second round, with a right low kick.[9]Afterwards, Mezouari fought Artem Pashporin. Mezouari won the fight by a first round TKO, which earned him a place in the 2017 70kg World Max Tournament Final 8.[10] Mezouari lost a unanimous decision to Marat Grigorian in the quarterfinals.[11]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Glory 66: Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Glory#Glory_66:_PARIS"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Menshikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Menshikov"},{"link_name":"Glory 78: Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_Glory#Glory_78:_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Glory: Collision 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_Glory#Glory:_Collision_3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Glory 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_Glory#Glory_86"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Glory","text":"Mezouari made his Glory debut during Glory 62, when he faced Miles Simson. He knocked Simson out in the first round.[12] He won his second fight against Adam Hadfield at Glory 66: Paris on June 22, 2019,[13] by a first round technical knockout.[14]Mezouari was expected to face Dmitry Menshikov at Glory 78: Rotterdam.[15][16] Menshikov later withdrew from the bout and was replaced by Vedat Hoduk.[17] Mezouari won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.[18]Mezouari was expected to face Eyevan Danenberg at Glory: Collision 3 on October 23, 2021.[19] Danenberg later withdrew from the bout and was replaced by Maximo Suarez. Suarez later withdrew a from the bout as well, and was replaced by Samo Dbili.[20] Mezouari won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.[21]Mezouari was expected to face Sofiane Gelin in a middleweight bout at Glory 86 on May 27, 2023.[22] He withdrew from the fight on May 13, for undisclosed reasons.[23]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kunlun Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Fight"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Fight League\n2017 Fight League -76kg Champion[24]\nKunlun Fight\n2016 BLADE Lightweight (-70kg) Champion[25]\n2016 Kunlun Fight Lightweight (-70kg) Qualifier Tournament Winner\n2017 Kunlun Fight Lightweight (-70kg) Qualifier Tournament Winner","title":"Titles and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fight record"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of male kickboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_kickboxers"}]
[{"reference":"Aittama, Zach. \"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: July 2021\". combatpress.com. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2021/07/combat-press-kickboxing-rankings-july-2021/","url_text":"\"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: July 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Aittama, Zach (7 September 2022). \"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: September 2022\". Combat Press. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2022/09/combat-press-kickboxing-rankings-september-2022/","url_text":"\"Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: September 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Strobel, Kevin (1 October 2022). \"Kickboxing Rankings October 2022 — Leona Pettas wins K-1 World Grand Prix and takes top spot at Super Bantamweight\". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://beyondkick.com/opinion/kickboxing-rankings-october-2022-leona-pettas-wins-k-1-world-grand-prix-and-takes-top-spot-at-super-bantamweight/","url_text":"\"Kickboxing Rankings October 2022 — Leona Pettas wins K-1 World Grand Prix and takes top spot at Super Bantamweight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamed Mezouari wants Buakaw, previews fighting David Ruiz at Kunlun Fight 49\". K1ANOOP. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2017-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzYIYniGWg0","url_text":"\"Mohamed Mezouari wants Buakaw, previews fighting David Ruiz at Kunlun Fight 49\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamed Mezouari upbeat with win over 'slow' Dzianis Zuev at Kunlun Fight 56\". Anoop Hothi. 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2017-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmaplus.co.uk/kickboxing/mohamed-mezouari-upbeat-win-slow-dzianis-zuev-kunlun-fight-56/","url_text":"\"Mohamed Mezouari upbeat with win over 'slow' Dzianis Zuev at Kunlun Fight 56\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments\". combatpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2017/02/kunlun-fight-57-results-yodsanklai-makes-successful-return-mezouari-kulebin-claim-tournaments/","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 – Fight Results\". perfectkickboxing.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perfectkickboxing.com/kunlun-fight-57-fight-results/","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 – Fight Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"THONGCHAI Sitsongpeenong au Maroc\". muaythaitv.fr. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://muaythaitv.fr/news/thongchai-sitsongpeenong-au-maroc-n5866.html","url_text":"\"THONGCHAI Sitsongpeenong au Maroc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight League 7 Results: Mezouari Stops Thongchai, Ozcan and Ertugrul Victorious\". combatpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatpress.com/2017/08/fight-league-7-live-stream-and-results/","url_text":"\"Fight League 7 Results: Mezouari Stops Thongchai, Ozcan and Ertugrul Victorious\""}]},{"reference":"\"(VIDEO) Mohamed Mezouari vs. Artem Pashporin\". croring.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-mohamed-mezouari-vs-artem-pashporin/19795.aspx","url_text":"\"(VIDEO) Mohamed Mezouari vs. Artem Pashporin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marat Grigorian wins over Mohamed Mezouari in Kulun\". hemmersgym.nl. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemmersgym.nl/en/nieuws/marat-kunlun","url_text":"\"Marat Grigorian wins over Mohamed Mezouari in Kulun\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLORY 62 Results\". fight-madness.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fight-madness.com/glory-62-results/","url_text":"\"GLORY 62 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nederlandse bokser Hamicha naar Glory 66 in Parijs\". tubantia.nl. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tubantia.nl/videos/serie/glory-66-1940/productie/nederlandse-bokser-hamicha-naar-glory-66-in-parijs-87226?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","url_text":"\"Nederlandse bokser Hamicha naar Glory 66 in Parijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glory collision : Mohamed Hammicha, la consolation marocaine après la défaite de Ben Saddik\". msport.ma. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msport.ma/2021/10/glory-collision-mohamed-hammicha-la-consolation-marocaine-apres-la-defaite-de-ben-saddik/","url_text":"\"Glory collision : Mohamed Hammicha, la consolation marocaine après la défaite de Ben Saddik\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLORY 78: Hamicha Faces Menshikov\". kickboxingz.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kickboxingz.com/glory-78-hamicha-faces-menshikov/","url_text":"\"GLORY 78: Hamicha Faces Menshikov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nieuwe datum Badr vs Wrzosek Glory keert terug naar Gelredome\". vechtsportinfo.nl (in Dutch). 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/nieuws/nieuwe-datum-badr-vs-wrzosek-glory-keert-terug-naar-gelredome/","url_text":"\"Nieuwe datum Badr vs Wrzosek Glory keert terug naar Gelredome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusief: nieuwe tegenstander voor Hamicha op Glory 78, heerlijk revanchegevecht tegen Hoduk\". sportnieuws.nl. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportnieuws.nl/vechtsport/exclusief-nieuwe-tegenstander-voor-hamicha-op-glory-78-heerlijk-revanchegevecht-tegen-hoduk/","url_text":"\"Exclusief: nieuwe tegenstander voor Hamicha op Glory 78, heerlijk revanchegevecht tegen Hoduk\""}]},{"reference":"Pande, Faras. \"Mohamed 'Hamicha' Mezouari Sets GLORY 78 Ablaze With Incredible First Round KO\". essentiallysports.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essentiallysports.com/mma-news-mohamed-hamicha-mezouari-sets-glory-78-ablaze-with-incredible-first-round-ko/","url_text":"\"Mohamed 'Hamicha' Mezouari Sets GLORY 78 Ablaze With Incredible First Round KO\""}]},{"reference":"Onze Telesportredactie. \"GLORY heeft vechtkaart Collision 3 rond: partij Hamicha toegevoegd\". telegraaf.nl. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/1154900853/glory-heeft-vechtkaart-collision-3-rond-partij-hamicha-toegevoegd","url_text":"\"GLORY heeft vechtkaart Collision 3 rond: partij Hamicha toegevoegd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samo Dbili at Collision 3!\". headkicknews.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://headkicknews.com/samo-dbili-au-collision-3/","url_text":"\"Samo Dbili at Collision 3!\""}]},{"reference":"\"🎥 | WEER Hamicha! Fenomeen KO't Samuel Dbili in 1e ronde met leipe bodyshots\". sportnieuws.nl. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportnieuws.nl/vechtsport/glory-collision-3-hamicha-mohamed-mezouari-ko-tko-samuel-dbili-body-shots-lever/","url_text":"\"🎥 | WEER Hamicha! Fenomeen KO't Samuel Dbili in 1e ronde met leipe bodyshots\""}]},{"reference":"Kowalski, Alex (17 April 2023). \"Hamicha makes comeback at Glory! 'The title must be mine soon'\". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks-amp-muay-thai-nieuws/hamicha-maakt-rentree-bij-glory-de-titel-moet-snel-van-mij-zijn","url_text":"\"Hamicha makes comeback at Glory! 'The title must be mine soon'\""}]},{"reference":"Ketel, Harry (13 May 2023). \"Hamicha zegt af voor Glory 86! Tavares tegen Rajabzadeh toegevoegd\". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vechtsportinfo.nl/kickboks-amp-muay-thai-nieuws/hamicha-zegt-af-voor-glory-86-tavares-tegen-rajabzadeh-toegevoegd","url_text":"\"Hamicha zegt af voor Glory 86! Tavares tegen Rajabzadeh toegevoegd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohammed \"HAMISCHA\" Mezouari vs Tongchai - FIGHTLEAGUE TANGER 2017\". FIGHTNEWS. 2017-08-20. Retrieved 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfsvQOFvS6Y","url_text":"\"Mohammed \"HAMISCHA\" Mezouari vs Tongchai - FIGHTLEAGUE TANGER 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 49 Results: Hinata Cruises Past Kraus, Nasukawa Scores Big Knockout Win\". Zach Aittama. 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://combatpress.com/2016/08/kunlun-fight-49-results/","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 49 Results: Hinata Cruises Past Kraus, Nasukawa Scores Big Knockout Win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 65 Results: Superbon, Grigorian, Kiria, Mezouari Advance in Tournament\". Rob Tatum. 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://combatpress.com/2017/08/kunlun-fight-65-results/","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 65 Results: Superbon, Grigorian, Kiria, Mezouari Advance in Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments\". Zach Aittama. 2017-02-26. Retrieved 2017-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://combatpress.com/2017/02/kunlun-fight-57-results-yodsanklai-makes-successful-return-mezouari-kulebin-claim-tournaments/","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 57 Results: Yodsanklai Makes Successful Return; Mezouari, Kulebin Claim Tournaments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunlun Fight 43 Results\". Luis Torres. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://muaythaiauthority.com/kunlun-fight-43-results//","url_text":"\"Kunlun Fight 43 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vedat Hoduk vs Mohamed Mezouri\". Marek K. 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2017-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bZdyj9llUw","url_text":"\"Vedat Hoduk vs Mohamed Mezouri\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._P%C3%B6lten
Battle of St. Pölten
["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Sources"]
Battle in the Austrian War of Succession Battle of St. PöltenPart of the War of Austrian SuccessionDate23 December 1741LocationSt. Pölten, (present-day Austria)Result Austrian victoryBelligerents  France Bavaria  Habsburg MonarchyCommanders and leaders Count Tavannes Ludwig Andreas von KhevenhüllerStrength 40,000 22,000vteWar of the Austrian Succession Flanders and the Rhine Dettingen Menin Ypres Lauterbourg Wissembourg Furnes Breisgau Fontenoy Tournai Melle Ghent Oudenarde Ostende Brussels Antwerp Mons Namur Rocoux Lauffeld Hulst Bergen op Zoom Rhine Campaign Maastricht Bohemia and Moravia 1st Prague Olmütz 1st Eger Chotusitz Sahay 2nd Prague 2nd Eger 3rd Prague Budweis Tabor Soor Silesia Groß-Glogau Mollwitz Brieg Neisse Glatz Hohenfriedberg Kosel Hennersdorf Bavaria Simbach Deggendorf Straubing Ingolstadt Vilshofen Pfaffenhofen Austria St. Pölten Schärding Linz Saxony Kesselsdorf War of Jenkins' Ear First Silesian War Second Silesian War Italian campaigns Sea battles King George's War Jacobite rising of 1745 First Carnatic War The Battle of St. Pölten was an engagement between Austrian and Franco-Bavarian forces. It impacted the procession of the 1741 Austrian campaign. Background In 1740, Frederick the Great launched an invasion of Silesia and emerged victorious against Austria in the Battle of Mollwitz. Initially, the Habsburg Monarchy was governed by the Salic Law, which excluded women from inheritance. However, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 lifted this restriction, allowing Maria Theresa to succeed her father on the throne. However, Austria was unable to defend all its territories; as a result, several European countries entered into an agreement called the League of Nymphenburg to divide and dismantle the territories. Afterwards, French and Bavarian troops invaded Upper Austria, while 20,000 Saxons simultaneously invaded Bohemia. In late November 1741, 10,000 Spanish soldiers landed at Orbitello, followed by 16 more battalions at Lerici and La Spezia. Expecting a dozen more battalions and 4,500 horses, Austrian commander Otto Ferdinand von Traun was left with 9,500 infantry and 2,400 cavalry to face over 26,000 Spanish and Neapolitan soldiers. Sardinia, as a member of the League of Nymphenburg, was able to invade Austrian Lombardy, while the Duke of Modena was able to invade the region's opposing side. Battle While Vienna was under military detention, troops gathered in the neighboring regions of Hungary and Croatia to provide aid. Opposing forces became aware of this and imposed a siege on Vienna that may have been planned since the beginning of the war. Maria Theresa left Vienna for Pressburg, from which she traveled to Budapest, where the estates from different places in Hungary gathered. She cried while watching the conflict, and the Hungarians shouted their determination to partake in the war. At first, only 22,000 of the 60,000 troops could be called up. However, Khevenhüller assured Maria Theresa that they could still force the invaders to leave. The Hungarian cavalry, led by Khevenhüller, appeared shortly after the French had assembled in St. Pölten on 23 December 1741. The Hungarians went from Herzogenburg to St. Pölten area in a roundabout way in the middle of the night. They surprised the French and launched an attack on the enemy camp. After defeating several French soldiers, the Hungarian cavalry attacked Count Tavannes, a nobleman, and a group of regular French soldiers at noon. News of the skirmish spread throughout the city and camp, causing consternation and confusion. The city gates were immediately closed by the guards. Regiments armed themselves and prepared to engage the Hungarians. Meanwhile, Khevenhüller's junior officer, Menzel, oversaw the Hungarians, who did not have casualties. On this occasion, a disparity was observed between the Hungarian and French cavalry. Although both armies were organized into squadrons, the battle caused people to believe that Hungarian cavalry was better than that of the French. Tavannes was subsequently captured and taken to Vienna. Although regarded by the Bavarian elector, he was quickly released from captivity. The battle ended with the French retreating from St. Pölten. Aftermath The battle marked a turning point of the war. On 17 January 1742, Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at Schärding. A week later, 10,000 French soldiers surrendered after a brief battle in Linz. When Charles Albert of Bavaria was crowned as Charles VII, the next Holy Roman Emperor and the first non-Habsburg to ascend the throne in 300 years, the Bavarian capital of Munich was taken. Count Otto Ferdinand von Traun, the Austrian commander, marched ahead of the 40,000-strong Spanish-Neapolitan army, took Modena, and forced the Duke into an agreement. On 1 February 1742, Schulenburg and Ormea signed the Convention of Turin, which settled (or postponed the effects of) differences and established an alliance between the two countries, with Sardinia officially changing sides. Frederick the Great won against the Austrians again at the Battle of Chotusitz. He then signed the Treaty of Breslau, which acknowledged the permanent loss of Silesia to Prussia. References ^ Longman 1895, p. 117; Pratt 1956, p. 209. ^ Anderson 1995, p. 3. ^ Clark 2006, pp. 193–194. ^ Asprey 1986, p. 223. ^ Von Duncker, Carl (1894). Abensberg und Traun, Otto Ferdinand Graf von. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Carl von Duncker. p. 509. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ Anderson 1995, p. 86. ^ SCHWERDFEGER, JOSEF. DIE AUFZEICHNUNGEN DBS ST. PÖLTENER CHORHERRN AQUILIN JOSEPH HACKER ÜBER DEN EINFALL KARLS VII. (KARL ALBRECHTS) IN ÖSTERREICH, 1741 BIS 1742. JOSEF SCHWERDFEGER. ^ Hannay 1911, p. 40. ^ Browning 2005, p. 97. ^ Showalter 2012, p. 27. Sources Anderson, Mark (1995). "The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power". The War of the Austrian Succession. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582059504. Asprey, Robert B. (1986). "The First Silesian War, 1740-1742". Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 978-0-89919-352-6. (registration required) Browning, Reed (2005). "New Views on the Silesian Wars". The Journal of Military History. 69 (2): 521–534. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0077. JSTOR 3397409. S2CID 159463824. (registration required) Clark, Christopher (2006). "Struggle for Mastery". Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02385-7. (registration required)  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Austrian Succession, War of the". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45. Longman, Frederick (1895). "The Conquest of Silesia". Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. F. W. Longman. Pratt, Fletcher (1956). "Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision". The Battles that Changed History: From Alexander the Great to Task Force 16. Garden City, NY: Hanover House. (registration required) Showalter, Dennis (2012). Frederick the Great: A Military History. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1848326408.
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1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"First Carnatic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carnatic_War"}],"text":"Battle of St. PöltenPart of the War of Austrian SuccessionDate23 December 1741LocationSt. Pölten, (present-day Austria)Result\nAustrian victoryBelligerents\n France Bavaria\n Habsburg MonarchyCommanders and leaders\n Count Tavannes\n Ludwig Andreas von KhevenhüllerStrength\n40,000\n22,000vteWar of the Austrian Succession\nFlanders and the Rhine\nDettingen\nMenin\nYpres\nLauterbourg\nWissembourg\nFurnes\nBreisgau\nFontenoy\nTournai\nMelle\nGhent\nOudenarde\nOstende\nBrussels\nAntwerp\nMons\nNamur\nRocoux\nLauffeld\nHulst\nBergen op Zoom\nRhine Campaign\nMaastricht\nBohemia and Moravia\n1st Prague\nOlmütz\n1st Eger\nChotusitz\nSahay\n2nd Prague\n2nd Eger\n3rd Prague\nBudweis\nTabor\nSoor\nSilesia\nGroß-Glogau\nMollwitz\nBrieg\nNeisse\nGlatz\nHohenfriedberg\nKosel\nHennersdorf\nBavaria\nSimbach\nDeggendorf\nStraubing\nIngolstadt\nVilshofen\nPfaffenhofen\nAustria\nSt. Pölten\nSchärding\nLinz\nSaxony\nKesselsdorf\n\nWar of Jenkins' Ear\nFirst Silesian War\nSecond Silesian War\nItalian campaigns\nSea battles\nKing George's War\nJacobite rising of 1745\nFirst Carnatic WarThe Battle of St. Pölten was an engagement between Austrian and Franco-Bavarian forces. It impacted the procession of the 1741 Austrian campaign.","title":"Battle of St. Pölten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mollwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman1895117Pratt1956209-1"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Salic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"},{"link_name":"Pragmatic Sanction of 1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19953-2"},{"link_name":"League of Nymphenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nymphenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006193%E2%80%93194-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986223-4"},{"link_name":"Orbitello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbetello"},{"link_name":"Otto Ferdinand von Traun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ferdinand_von_Abensperg_und_Traun"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"League of Nymphenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nymphenburg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1740, Frederick the Great launched an invasion of Silesia and emerged victorious against Austria in the Battle of Mollwitz.[1] Initially, the Habsburg Monarchy was governed by the Salic Law, which excluded women from inheritance. However, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 lifted this restriction, allowing Maria Theresa to succeed her father on the throne.[2] However, Austria was unable to defend all its territories; as a result, several European countries entered into an agreement called the League of Nymphenburg to divide and dismantle the territories.[3]Afterwards, French and Bavarian troops invaded Upper Austria, while 20,000 Saxons simultaneously invaded Bohemia.[4]In late November 1741, 10,000 Spanish soldiers landed at Orbitello, followed by 16 more battalions at Lerici and La Spezia. Expecting a dozen more battalions and 4,500 horses, Austrian commander Otto Ferdinand von Traun was left with 9,500 infantry and 2,400 cavalry to face over 26,000 Spanish and Neapolitan soldiers. Sardinia, as a member of the League of Nymphenburg, was able to invade Austrian Lombardy, while the Duke of Modena was able to invade the region's opposing side.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Pressburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199586-6"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"While Vienna was under military detention, troops gathered in the neighboring regions of Hungary and Croatia to provide aid. Opposing forces became aware of this and imposed a siege on Vienna that may have been planned since the beginning of the war. Maria Theresa left Vienna for Pressburg, from which she traveled to Budapest, where the estates from different places in Hungary gathered. She cried while watching the conflict, and the Hungarians shouted their determination to partake in the war. At first, only 22,000 of the 60,000 troops could be called up. However, Khevenhüller assured Maria Theresa that they could still force the invaders to leave.[6]The Hungarian cavalry, led by Khevenhüller, appeared shortly after the French had assembled in St. Pölten on 23 December 1741. The Hungarians went from Herzogenburg to St. Pölten area in a roundabout way[clarification needed] in the middle of the night. They surprised the French and launched an attack on the enemy camp. After defeating several French soldiers, the Hungarian cavalry attacked Count Tavannes, a nobleman, and a group of regular French soldiers at noon. News of the skirmish spread throughout the city and camp, causing consternation and confusion. The city gates were immediately closed by the guards. Regiments armed themselves and prepared to engage the Hungarians. Meanwhile, Khevenhüller's junior officer, Menzel, oversaw the Hungarians, who did not have casualties.On this occasion, a disparity was observed between the Hungarian and French cavalry. Although both armies were organized into squadrons, the battle caused people to believe that Hungarian cavalry was better than that of the French. Tavannes was subsequently captured and taken to Vienna. Although regarded by the Bavarian elector, he was quickly released from captivity. The battle ended with the French retreating from St. Pölten.[7]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schärding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rding"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191140-8"},{"link_name":"Convention of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning200597-9"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chotusitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chotusitz"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter201227-10"}],"text":"The battle marked a turning point of the war. On 17 January 1742, Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at Schärding. A week later, 10,000 French soldiers surrendered after a brief battle in Linz. When Charles Albert of Bavaria was crowned as Charles VII, the next Holy Roman Emperor and the first non-Habsburg to ascend the throne in 300 years, the Bavarian capital of Munich was taken.Count Otto Ferdinand von Traun, the Austrian commander, marched ahead of the 40,000-strong Spanish-Neapolitan army, took Modena, and forced the Duke[clarification needed] into an agreement.[8] On 1 February 1742, Schulenburg and Ormea signed the Convention of Turin, which settled (or postponed the effects of) differences and established an alliance between the two countries, with Sardinia officially changing sides.[9]Frederick the Great won against the Austrians again at the Battle of Chotusitz. He then signed the Treaty of Breslau, which acknowledged the permanent loss of Silesia to Prussia.[10]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uHfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0582059504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582059504"},{"link_name":"Asprey, Robert B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Asprey"},{"link_name":"\"The First Silesian War, 1740-1742\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frederickgreatma00aspr/n223"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89919-352-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89919-352-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"registration required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources"},{"link_name":"Browning, Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Browning"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/jmh.2005.0077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2005.0077"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3397409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3397409"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159463824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159463824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"registration required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources"},{"link_name":"Clark, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clark"},{"link_name":"\"Struggle for Mastery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-02385-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"registration required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Hannay, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Austrian Succession, War of the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Austrian_Succession,_War_of_the"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"\"The Conquest of Silesia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frederickgreata00unkngoog/page/n70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"Pratt, Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt"},{"link_name":"\"Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/battlesthatchang00prat/page/208/mode/2up"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"registration required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1848326408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848326408"}],"text":"Anderson, Mark (1995). \"The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power\". The War of the Austrian Succession. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582059504.\nAsprey, Robert B. (1986). \"The First Silesian War, 1740-1742\". Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 978-0-89919-352-6. (registration required)\nBrowning, Reed (2005). \"New Views on the Silesian Wars\". The Journal of Military History. 69 (2): 521–534. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0077. JSTOR 3397409. S2CID 159463824. (registration required)\nClark, Christopher (2006). \"Struggle for Mastery\". Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02385-7. (registration required)\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). \"Austrian Succession, War of the\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45.\nLongman, Frederick (1895). \"The Conquest of Silesia\". Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. F. W. Longman. \nPratt, Fletcher (1956). \"Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision\". The Battles that Changed History: From Alexander the Great to Task Force 16. Garden City, NY: Hanover House. (registration required)\nShowalter, Dennis (2012). Frederick the Great: A Military History. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1848326408.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Von Duncker, Carl (1894). Abensberg und Traun, Otto Ferdinand Graf von. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Carl von Duncker. p. 509.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Abensberg_und_Traun,_Otto_Ferdinand_Graf_von","url_text":"Abensberg und Traun, Otto Ferdinand Graf von"}]},{"reference":"SCHWERDFEGER, JOSEF. DIE AUFZEICHNUNGEN DBS ST. PÖLTENER CHORHERRN AQUILIN JOSEPH HACKER ÜBER DEN EINFALL KARLS VII. (KARL ALBRECHTS) IN ÖSTERREICH, 1741 BIS 1742. JOSEF SCHWERDFEGER.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anderson, Mark (1995). \"The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power\". The War of the Austrian Succession. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582059504.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uHfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68","url_text":"\"The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582059504","url_text":"978-0582059504"}]},{"reference":"Asprey, Robert B. (1986). \"The First Silesian War, 1740-1742\". Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 978-0-89919-352-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Asprey","url_text":"Asprey, Robert B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/frederickgreatma00aspr/n223","url_text":"\"The First Silesian War, 1740-1742\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89919-352-6","url_text":"978-0-89919-352-6"}]},{"reference":"Browning, Reed (2005). \"New Views on the Silesian Wars\". The Journal of Military History. 69 (2): 521–534. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0077. JSTOR 3397409. S2CID 159463824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Browning","url_text":"Browning, Reed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2005.0077","url_text":"10.1353/jmh.2005.0077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3397409","url_text":"3397409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159463824","url_text":"159463824"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Christopher (2006). \"Struggle for Mastery\". Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02385-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clark","url_text":"Clark, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri","url_text":"\"Struggle for Mastery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7","url_text":"978-0-674-02385-7"}]},{"reference":"Hannay, David (1911). \"Austrian Succession, War of the\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)","url_text":"Hannay, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Austrian_Succession,_War_of_the","url_text":"Austrian Succession, War of the"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Longman, Frederick (1895). \"The Conquest of Silesia\". Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. F. W. Longman.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/frederickgreata00unkngoog/page/n70","url_text":"\"The Conquest of Silesia\""}]},{"reference":"Pratt, Fletcher (1956). \"Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision\". The Battles that Changed History: From Alexander the Great to Task Force 16. Garden City, NY: Hanover House.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt","url_text":"Pratt, Fletcher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/battlesthatchang00prat/page/208/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision\""}]},{"reference":"Showalter, Dennis (2012). Frederick the Great: A Military History. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1848326408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848326408","url_text":"978-1848326408"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Abensberg_und_Traun,_Otto_Ferdinand_Graf_von","external_links_name":"Abensberg und Traun, Otto Ferdinand Graf von"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uHfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"\"The Prussian Invasion of Silesia and the Crisis of Habsburg Power\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/frederickgreatma00aspr/n223","external_links_name":"\"The First Silesian War, 1740-1742\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2005.0077","external_links_name":"10.1353/jmh.2005.0077"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3397409","external_links_name":"3397409"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159463824","external_links_name":"159463824"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri","external_links_name":"\"Struggle for Mastery\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/frederickgreata00unkngoog/page/n70","external_links_name":"\"The Conquest of Silesia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/battlesthatchang00prat/page/208/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Frederick the Great and the Unacceptable Decision\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassia_arcuigera
Brassia arcuigera
["1 References"]
Species of orchid Arching Brassia Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Genus: Brassia Species: B. arcuigera Binomial name Brassia arcuigeraRchb.f. (1869) Synonyms Brassia lawrenceana var. longissima Rchb.f. (1869) Brassia hinksoniana H.G. Jones (1974) Brassia longissima (Rchb.f.) Nash (1914) Brassia antherotes Rchb.f. (1879) Brassia antherotes var. longissima (Rchb.f.) Teusch.(1961) Brassia arcuigera, the arching brassia, is a species of orchid (family Orchidaceae). It is native to Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. The subspecies B. a. longissima is most notable for its very large flowers; as much as 21 inches (53 centimeters) wide "tip to tip". References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassia arcuigera. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ^ Hawkes, Alex D. (1965). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Orchids. London: Faber & Faber Ltd. p. 73. Taxon identifiersBrassia arcuigera Wikidata: Q2212537 Wikispecies: Brassia arcuigera BOLD: 412581 CoL: 693D9 EoL: 1120294 GBIF: 5323818 iNaturalist: 522583 IPNI: 618075-1 NCBI: 125090 Open Tree of Life: 658003 Plant List: kew-24238 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:618075-1 Species+: 22355 Tropicos: 23503293 WFO: wfo-0000403291 This Cymbidieae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Brassia arcuigera, the arching brassia, is a species of orchid (family Orchidaceae). It is native to Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru.[1] The subspecies B. a. longissima is most notable for its very large flowers; as much as 21 inches (53 centimeters) wide \"tip to tip\".[2]","title":"Brassia arcuigera"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hawkes, Alex D. (1965). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Orchids. London: Faber & Faber Ltd. p. 73.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=24238","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=412581","external_links_name":"412581"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/693D9","external_links_name":"693D9"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1120294","external_links_name":"1120294"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5323818","external_links_name":"5323818"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/522583","external_links_name":"522583"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/618075-1","external_links_name":"618075-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=125090","external_links_name":"125090"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=658003","external_links_name":"658003"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-24238","external_links_name":"kew-24238"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A618075-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:618075-1"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/22355","external_links_name":"22355"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23503293","external_links_name":"23503293"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000403291","external_links_name":"wfo-0000403291"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassia_arcuigera&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_Model
Rishon model
["1 Model","2 Evidence","3 In popular culture","4 References"]
The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and by Michael A. Shupe and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg. Model The model has two kinds of fundamental particles called rishons (ראשון, rishon means "first" in Hebrew). They are T ("Third" since it has an electric charge of +1/3 e, or Tohu and V ("Vanishes", since it is electrically neutral, or Vohu. The terms tohu and vohu are picked from the Biblical phrase Tohu va-Vohu, for which the King James Version translation is "without form, and void". All leptons and all flavours of quarks are three-rishon ordered triplets. These groups of three rishons have spin-1/2. They are as follows: TTT = positron (anti-electron); VVV = electron neutrino; TTV, TVT and VTT = three colours of up quarks; VVT, VTV and TVV = three colours of down antiquarks. Each rishon has a corresponding antiparticle. Hence: TTT = electron; VVV = electron antineutrino; TTV, TVT, VTT = three colours of up antiquarks; VVT, VTV, TVV = three colours of down quarks. The W+ boson = TTTVVV; The W− boson = TTTVVV. Note that: Matter and antimatter are equally abundant in nature in the RM. This still leaves open the question of why TTT, TVV, and TTV etc. are common whereas TTT, TVV, and TTV etc. are rare. Higher generation leptons and quarks are presumed to be excited states of first generation leptons and quarks, but those states are not specified. The simple RM does not provide an explanation of the mass-spectrum of the leptons and quarks. Baryon number (B) and lepton number (L) are not conserved, but the quantity B − L is conserved. A baryon number violating process (such as proton decay) in the model would be d + u + u → d + d +  e+   Fermion-level interaction VVT + TVT + VTT → VVT + VVT + TTT   Rishon-level interaction p   →   π0   +   e+   Appearance in a particle detector In the expanded Harari–Seiberg version the rishons possess color and hypercolor, explaining why the only composites are the observed quarks and leptons. Under certain assumptions, it is possible to show that the model allows exactly for three generations of quarks and leptons. Evidence Currently, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of substructure within quarks and leptons, but there is no profound reason why such a substructure may not be revealed at shorter distances. In 2008, Piotr Zenczykowski (Żenczykowski) has derived the RM by starting from a non-relativistic O(6) phase space. Such model is based on fundamental principles and the structure of Clifford algebras, and fully recovers the RM by naturally explaining several obscure and otherwise artificial features of the original model. In popular culture Science fiction author Vonda McIntyre, in her novelizations of the scripts of the movies Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock suggested that the Genesis effect was a result of a newly discovered rishon-like substructure to matter. Science fiction author James P. Hogan in his novel Voyage from Yesteryear explicitly postulated a rishon-like model in the development of antimatter weapons and energy sources. References ^ Harari, H. (1979). "A schematic model of quarks and leptons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 86 (1): 83–86. Bibcode:1979PhLB...86...83H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(79)90626-9. OSTI 1447265. ^ Shupe, M. A. (1979). "A composite model of leptons and quarks". Physics Letters B. 86 (1): 87–92. Bibcode:1979PhLB...86...87S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(79)90627-0. ^ a b Harari, Haim; Seiberg, Nathan (1982). "The rishon model" (PDF). Nuclear Physics B. 204 (1). North-Holland Publishing: 141–167. Bibcode:1982NuPhB.204..141H. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(82)90426-6. Retrieved 2 June 2018. ^ Zenczykowski, P. (2008). "The Harari–Shupe preon model and nonrelativistic quantum phase space". Physics Letters B. 660 (5): 567–572. arXiv:0803.0223. Bibcode:2008PhLB..660..567Z. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.01.045. S2CID 18236929.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rishon model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ראשון, rishon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge"},{"link_name":"Tohu va-Vohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohu_va-Vohu"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"leptons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton"},{"link_name":"flavours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"spin-1/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_1/2"},{"link_name":"positron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron"},{"link_name":"electron neutrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge"},{"link_name":"up quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark"},{"link_name":"down antiquarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"electron antineutrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_antineutrino"},{"link_name":"up antiquarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark"},{"link_name":"down quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark"},{"link_name":"W+ boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons"},{"link_name":"W− boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons"},{"link_name":"Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter"},{"link_name":"antimatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter"},{"link_name":"Higher generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"leptons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton"},{"link_name":"quarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"Baryon number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_number"},{"link_name":"lepton number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton_number"},{"link_name":"B − L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E2%88%92L"},{"link_name":"proton decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarariSeiberg1984-3"}],"text":"The model has two kinds of fundamental particles called rishons (ראשון, rishon means \"first\" in Hebrew). They are T (\"Third\" since it has an electric charge of +1/3 e, or Tohu and V (\"Vanishes\", since it is electrically neutral, or Vohu. The terms tohu and vohu are picked from the Biblical phrase Tohu va-Vohu, for which the King James Version translation is \"without form, and void\". All leptons and all flavours of quarks are three-rishon ordered triplets. These groups of three rishons have spin-1/2. They are as follows:TTT = positron (anti-electron);\nVVV = electron neutrino;\nTTV, TVT and VTT = three colours of up quarks;\nVVT, VTV and TVV = three colours of down antiquarks.Each rishon has a corresponding antiparticle. Hence:TTT = electron;\nVVV = electron antineutrino;\nTTV, TVT, VTT = three colours of up antiquarks;\nVVT, VTV, TVV = three colours of down quarks.The W+ boson = TTTVVV;\nThe W− boson = TTTVVV.Note that:Matter and antimatter are equally abundant in nature in the RM. This still leaves open the question of why TTT, TVV, and TTV etc. are common whereas TTT, TVV, and TTV etc. are rare.\nHigher generation leptons and quarks are presumed to be excited states of first generation leptons and quarks, but those states are not specified.\nThe simple RM does not provide an explanation of the mass-spectrum of the leptons and quarks.Baryon number (B) and lepton number (L) are not conserved, but the quantity B − L is conserved. A baryon number violating process (such as proton decay) in the model would beIn the expanded Harari–Seiberg version the rishons possess color and hypercolor, explaining why the only composites are the observed quarks and leptons.[3]\nUnder certain assumptions, it is possible to show that the model allows exactly for three generations of quarks and leptons.","title":"Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence"},{"link_name":"O(6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O(6)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"phase space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zenczykowski2008-4"},{"link_name":"Clifford algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebras"}],"text":"Currently, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of substructure within quarks and leptons, but there is no profound reason why such a substructure may not be revealed at shorter distances. In 2008, Piotr Zenczykowski (Żenczykowski) has derived the RM by starting from a non-relativistic O(6) phase space.[4] Such model is based on fundamental principles and the structure of Clifford algebras, and fully recovers the RM by naturally explaining several obscure and otherwise artificial features of the original model.","title":"Evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vonda McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonda_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan"},{"link_name":"Star Trek III: The Search for Spock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock"},{"link_name":"Genesis effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Genesis_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"James P. Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Hogan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Voyage from Yesteryear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_from_Yesteryear"}],"text":"Science fiction author Vonda McIntyre, in her novelizations of the scripts of the movies Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock suggested that the Genesis effect was a result of a newly discovered rishon-like substructure to matter.\nScience fiction author James P. Hogan in his novel Voyage from Yesteryear explicitly postulated a rishon-like model in the development of antimatter weapons and energy sources.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Richardson_(rugby)
Geoff Richardson (rugby)
["1 Rugby union","2 Rugby league","3 Sources","3.1 Footnotes","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]
Rugby playerGeoff RichardsonBirth nameGeoffrey Colin RichardsonDate of birth17 April 1949Place of birthTaree, New South WalesRugby league careerPosition(s) Five-eighthSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)1974–76 Wests Panthers () Correct as of 31 December 2007International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1974 Australia 2 () Correct as of 31 December 2007Rugby union careerPosition(s) Fly-halfInternational careerYears Team Apps (Points)1971–1973 Australia 9 (10) Correct as of 31 December 2007 Geoffrey Colin Richardson (born 17 April 1949) is an Australian former national representative rugby league and rugby union player – a dual-code international. He played union at fly-half and league at five-eighth. Rugby union His club rugby was played with the Army Club, Townsville before moving to Brisbane in 1972 and the Teachers club from where he continued to be selected to the Wallabies. His Test debut was against the Springboks in Sydney in July 1971. He represented in nine Tests from 1971 to 1973 and captained Australia in one minor match in 1971. New South Wales teams Goulburn RUFC (ACT/Monaro Rugby Union) 1968, 69 ACT Representative Team – NSWCRU Country Week 1968, 69 New South Wales 1969 Queensland teams Army Rugby Club (Townsville & District Rugby Union) 1970, 71 TDRU Representative Team – QCRU Country Carnival 1971 Queensland Country 1971 Teachers Rugby Club (Brisbane) 1972, 73 Queensland 1971, 72, 73 Rugby league Switching to the professional code in 1974 Richardson played his club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership with the Western Suburbs club. He gained representative honours for Queensland and Australia in the first and second Test of 1974 against the visiting Great Britain side. His international rugby league debut against Great Britain in Brisbane in June 1974 saw him become Australia's 37th dual code rugby international following Steve Knight and preceding Ray Price. After Australia's 16–11 loss in the second Test Richardson was replaced in the third by Tim Pickup. He did not regain Test selection. Richardson played at five-eighth in back-to-back Brisbane Rugby League grand final victories in 1975 and 1976. Queensland teams Western Suburbs (Brisbane) 1974, 75•, 76• Queensland 1974, 75 • BRL 'A' Grade Premiers Sources Footnotes ^ Howell p13 Bibliography Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney External links Queensland Representatives at qrl.com.au at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 February 2009) Geoff Richardson at ESPNscrum vteWestern Suburbs squad - 1975 BRL premiers 1. Greg McCarthy 2. M. Flesser 3. Harry Cameron 4. G. Heading 5. Wayne Stewart 6. Geoff Richardson 7. Greg Oliphant 8. Norm Carr 9. Rod Bradshaw 10. Henry Williamson 11. Max Williamson 12. K. Brown (c) 13. John Young Reserves: 20. C. Anderson 14. R. Green 19. C. Costa Coach: Ron Raper vteWestern Suburbs squad - 1976 BRL premiers 1. Greg McCarthy 2. Mick Reardon 3. Harry Cameron 4. Steve Crear 5. Wayne Stewart 6. Geoff Richardson 7. Greg Oliphant 8. Max Williamson 9. Gary Prickett 10. Bob Green 11. John Young 12. Rod Bradshaw 13. John Ribot Reserves: Norm Carr Henry Williamson Coach: Ron Raper
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"dual-code international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dual-code_rugby_internationals"},{"link_name":"five-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth"}],"text":"Rugby playerGeoffrey Colin Richardson (born 17 April 1949) is an Australian former national representative rugby league and rugby union player – a dual-code international. He played union at fly-half and league at five-eighth.","title":"Geoff Richardson (rugby)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norths/QUT"},{"link_name":"Wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Springboks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springboks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norths/QUT"}],"text":"His club rugby was played with the Army Club, Townsville before moving to Brisbane in 1972 and the Teachers club from where he continued to be selected to the Wallabies. His Test debut was against the Springboks in Sydney in July 1971. He represented in nine Tests from 1971 to 1973 and captained Australia in one minor match in 1971.[1]New South Wales teamsGoulburn RUFC (ACT/Monaro Rugby Union) 1968, 69\nACT Representative Team – NSWCRU Country Week 1968, 69\nNew South Wales 1969Queensland teamsArmy Rugby Club (Townsville & District Rugby Union) 1970, 71\nTDRU Representative Team – QCRU Country Carnival 1971\nQueensland Country 1971\nTeachers Rugby Club (Brisbane) 1972, 73\nQueensland 1971, 72, 73","title":"Rugby union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane Rugby League premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Rugby_League_premiership"},{"link_name":"Western Suburbs club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Suburbs_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Maroons"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Steve Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Knight_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Ray Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Price_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Tim Pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pickup"},{"link_name":"grand final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_final"}],"text":"Switching to the professional code in 1974 Richardson played his club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership with the Western Suburbs club. He gained representative honours for Queensland and Australia in the first and second Test of 1974 against the visiting Great Britain side. His international rugby league debut against Great Britain in Brisbane in June 1974 saw him become Australia's 37th dual code rugby international following Steve Knight and preceding Ray Price. After Australia's 16–11 loss in the second Test Richardson was replaced in the third by Tim Pickup. He did not regain Test selection.Richardson played at five-eighth in back-to-back Brisbane Rugby League grand final victories in 1975 and 1976.Queensland teamsWestern Suburbs (Brisbane) 1974, 75•, 76•\nQueensland 1974, 75• BRL 'A' Grade Premiers","title":"Rugby league"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ Howell p13","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howell, Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Howell_(educator)"},{"link_name":"Whiticker, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whiticker"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ\nWhiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_Village
Burnside Village
["1 History","2 Stage 3","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°56′28″S 138°38′30″E / 34.94111°S 138.64167°E / -34.94111; 138.64167Shopping centre in Adelaide, Australia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Burnside Village" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Burnside Village shopping centre Burnside Village is a premium shopping centre located in Glenside Adelaide, South Australia. It is situated in the City of Burnside suburb of Glenside. Burnside Village is home to over 100 premium lifestyle and fashion stores. Burnside Village is home to South Australia’s first Zara store, as well as Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Oroton, Scanlan Theodore, sass&bide, seed heritage, Camilla and the Village Pharmacy. History Burnside Village began as a ribbon development shopping centre, at the Corner of Portrush and Greenhill Roads. It origins included two small supermarkets along the Portrush Road frontage and a set of shops to the rear. During the 1980s, sections of the surrounding block were bought up and the current site was redeveloped. It included an underground carpark and integrated the old supermarkets into specialty stores. The new section included a Coles supermarket, food specialty stores and niche clothing and homeware stores. Burnside Village is currently home to over 100 stores, including a large Coles Supermarket on the south side. Stage 3 In November 2011, the Cohen Group unveiled Burnside Village’s new $100 million development. Designed by The Buchan Group (architects), it added 7,300m2 to Burnside Village and increased parking to 1,156, taking the centre to 120 shops, and about 20,000m2 of retail space, including Adelaide's first Zara store. Stage 4 was also completed in 2011 which included the replacement of the original polycarbonate roof, the entire mall tiles and the replacement of the no#1 travelator. Other amenity upgrades were added to this scope. Stage 5 was completed in 2019 which included a refresh of the Food Mall and Village Market. Construction of Stage 6 commenced in 2022. It covers a site in the northern part of the centre bound by Portrush Rd, Greenhill Rd and Sydney St. Its design introduces new upper-levels of retail, creates a strong facade to Greenhill Rd and will incorporate a combination of premium fashion, lifestyle, food (dine in), potential gastro-pub style dining (with rooftop bar), medical centre, entertainment options and gym. References ^ "Your First Look at the New and Improved Burnside Village". GLAM Adelaide. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ " Burnside Village (Extension)". Sensational-Adelaide.com. Retrieved 10 October 2022. External links Burnside Village vteCity of Burnside History of Burnside Burnside Civic Centre Burnside War Memorial Hospital Burnside Village Auldana Beaumont Beulah Park Burnside Cleland (part) Dulwich Eastwood Erindale Frewville Glen Osmond Glenside Glenunga Hazelwood Park Kensington Gardens Kensington Park Leabrook Leawood Gardens Linden Park Magill Mount Osmond Rose Park Rosslyn Park St Georges Skye Stonyfell Toorak Gardens Tusmore Waterfall Gully Wattle Park vteShopping centres in South AustraliaAdelaide Adelaide Arcade Adelaide Central Plaza Armada Arndale Burnside Village Castle Plaza City Cross Arcade Colonnades Shopping Centre Elizabeth Shopping Centre Harbour Town Mitcham Square Myer Centre Port Adelaide Plaza Rundle Mall Westfield Tea Tree Plaza Westfield Marion Westfield West Lakes List of shopping centres in Australia 34°56′28″S 138°38′30″E / 34.94111°S 138.64167°E / -34.94111; 138.64167
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[{"image_text":"The Burnside Village shopping centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Burnsidefrontage-B.jpg/220px-Burnsidefrontage-B.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Broadstone_railway_station
Dublin Broadstone railway station
["1 History","1.1 Etymology","1.2 Beginnings","1.3 Closure","2 Location","3 Failed proposal re-use for heavy rail","4 Broadstone - University Luas stop","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Sources","8 External links"]
Former rail terminal in Dublin, Ireland "Broadstone railway station" redirects here. For other uses, see Broadstone railway station (disambiguation). Dublin BroadstoneBaile Átha Cliath Stáisiún An Clocháin LeathanThe facade of Broadstone stationGeneral informationLocationPhibsborough Road, Broadstone, Dublin 7, D07 X2AECoordinates53°21′15″N 6°16′26″W / 53.354291°N 6.273816°W / 53.354291; -6.273816Owned byCIÉTransport Infrastructure IrelandOperated byTransdev (as Luas)Bus ÉireannPlatforms2Tracks6Bus operatorsBus Éireann, Dublin BusConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeHistoryOriginal companyMidland Great Western RailwayPre-groupingMidland Great Western RailwayPost-groupingGreat Southern RailwaysKey datesJune 1847 (1847-06)Station opened18 January 1937Station closed to passenger services8 April 1961Station closed9 December 2017Luas services commence Services Preceding station   Luas   Following station Dominick   Green Line   Grangegorman Disused railways Terminus   Midland Great Western RailwayDublin-Galway/Sligo   Liffey JunctionLine open, station closed LocationDublin BroadstoneLocation within Central Dublin vteDublin-Sligo main line Legend Yearclosed Sligo Mac Diarmada Sligo Quay freight terminal 2000 Ballysodare 1963 Ballisodare River Sligo, Leitrim andNorthern Counties Rly toEnniskillen 1957 proposed WesternRailway Corridor toLimerick 1963 Collooney Ballymote Kilfree Junction 1963 to Ballaghaderreen 1963 Boyle Carrick-on-Shannon Drumsna 1963 River Shannon Cavan and Leitrim Railway Dromod Newtown Forbes 1963 Longford Edgeworthstown Street & Rathowen 1963 to Cavan 1959 Inny Junction 1931 Multyfarnham 1963 Clonhugh 1963 The Royal Canal to Athlone 1964 Mullingar Killucan 1963 Hill of Down 1963 River Boyne Moyvalley 1963 to Edenderry 1931 Enfield Ferns Lock 1963 Kilcock Maynooth Blakestown Leixlip Louisa Bridge Leixlip Confey Lucan North 1941 Barberstown Docklands branchto M3 Parkway Clonsilla Coolmine Coolmine Castleknock Blanchardstown 1937 Navan Road Parkway Ashtown Ashtown Pelletstown Reilly's Bridge 1847 Broombridge Liffey Junction passengers 1937goods 1977 Dublin Broadstone 1937 Glasnevin 1910 The Royal Canal Phoenix Park Tunnelto Dublin Heuston Drumcondra Belfast–Dublin railway line Docklands ( Spencer Dock) The Royal Canal Dublin Connolly Luas Red Lineto Tallaght and Saggart Dublin-Rosslare railway lineto Rosslare Europort = Western Commuter vte Luas Green Line Legend Dublin–Sligo linewestbound Broombridge Dublin–Sligo lineeastbound Hamilton Depot Cabra Phibsborough Grangegorman Broadstone – University Dominick Parnell O'Connell Upper O'Connell - GPO Marlborough Red Line - Abbey Street O'ConnellBridge │ RiverLiffey │ RosieHackett Bridge Westmoreland Trinity Dawson St Stephen's Green Harcourt Grand Canal Charlemont Ranelagh Beechwood Cowper Milltown Nine Arches Bridgeover River Dodder Windy Arbour William Dargan Bridge Dundrum Balally Kilmacud Stillorgan Sandyford Depot Central Park M 50 Glencairn The Gallops Leopardstown Valley Ballyogan Wood M 50 Racecourse (unused) Carrickmines Brennanstown (unused) Laughanstown Cherrywood Wyattville Link Road Brides Glen Broadstone Station Broadstone railway station (Irish: Stáisiún An Clocháin Leathan) was the Dublin terminus of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR), located in the Dublin suburb of Broadstone. The site also contained the MGWR railway works and a steam locomotive motive power depot. A Luas tram station opened at the front of the station in 2017. It is currently the headquarters of Bus Éireann, housing most of their administration and one of their main garages. Nearby on the same property is a Dublin Bus Depot. History Etymology The name derives from the Norse "Bradogue Steyn" or "Broad Stone", due to the Bradogue River crossing the road to Finglas at this location. "Bradogue" itself means "Young Salmon" in Irish. Beginnings In 1845, the Royal Canal was purchased by the Midland Great Western Railway Company (MGWR) with a view to using the land alongside the canal to construct a railway line to the west of Ireland. The line was constructed in stages and by 1848 reached Mullingar. Similarly, Broadstone station was worked in tandem with opening in 1847 and final completion 1850. The MGWR developed locomotive and carriage works around the station. Designed by John Skipton Mulvany, the structure was built between 1841 and 1850, and the colonnade was added in 1861. Broadstone Station is constructed of granite in a neo-Egyptian style. Regarding the architectural merits of the station, historian Maurice Craig described it as "the last building in Dublin to partake of the sublime... Its lonely grandeur is emphasised now by its disuse as a terminus, and the melancholy quarter of high-and-dry hotels close beside it. It stands on rising ground, and the traveller who sees it for the first time, so unexpected in its massive amplitude, feels a little as he might if he were to stumble unawares upon the monstrous silences of Karnak or Luxor". During the construction of the permanent roof in the late 1840s it was damaged by a severe gale but complete disaster was averted by the earlier timber structure over which it was being built. The 475 feet (145 m) by 120 feet (37 m) two span roof is said to have been basis of the design for the larger span at Liverpool Lime Street. With the construction of the colonnade in 1861, trains arrived to the east side platform and passengers exited through the colonnade. Trains departed from the west side platform where there was a booking office and waiting rooms. The four middle tracks were used to stable rolling stock in the interim. The building at front of the station was used as the headquarters building for the MGWR and did not contain a passenger entrance. With Galway projected to become the main port for transatlantic passenger traffic between Europe and North America, the MGWR successfully competed with its rival the Great Southern and Western Railway to reach it first in August 1851. A special fourth class was introduced by the MGWR for poor migrants from the west going to Britain for work. The line, which branched out to serve Sligo, Westport, Achill and Clifden, was also used to transport large numbers of cattle. It was about this time that the majority of the houses in the area were constructed as dwellings for workers on the railway. Most of the houses were built by the Artisan's Dwelling Company, which built many similar estates in Dublin and elsewhere, and houses of this type are now frequently described as Artisan cottages, regardless of their origin. In 1856, Broadstone Garage was the site of the murder of station clerk George Little. His body was discovered in his locked office on Friday 14 November 1856, when he didn't check in for work. The story of the murder and the subsequent trial are told in the novel, The Dublin Railway Murder, which was published in 2021. Joseph Howley, a member of the Irish Volunteers in Galway, was shot dead by a special unit of the RIC known as the Igoe Gang at the station on 4 December 1920 during the Irish War of Independence. Closure The station was closed to public traffic on 18 January 1937 with MGWR services redirected to the more central Westland Row (Pearse). While the old MGWR main line was able to access the Dublin loop line to Amiens Street via the North Liffey line Newcomen Bridge junction, this was not available to heavier engines such as the Woolwich Moguls due to weight restrictions over the lifting bridge over the Royal Canal. The alternative route via the Drumcondra link line would have required reversals to the Glasnevin and Drumcondra junctions so the connecting line was also remodeled at the same time to allow direct through running. After closure to passengers, the complex was used as a steam depot for Dublin, and then fully closed in 1961. This building was one of Dublin's six original rail termini, the others being Westland Row (now Pearse Station) Amiens Street (now Connolly Station), Kingsbridge (now Heuston Station), North Wall and Harcourt Street (now a bar and nightclub complex). Location Situated at the crest of Constitution Hill directly opposite King's Inns, the station served as the finishing point of the Midland and Great Western Railway. Failed proposal re-use for heavy rail In April 2007 Iarnród Éireann announced that Broadstone Station was to be reopened for rail passenger use by 2010. However, by this time, the Railway Procurement Agency had drawn up plans to use the alignment for a Luas extension. This gave rise to a dispute between CIE/Irish Rail and the RPA over the use of the trackbed between Broadstone and Liffey Junction. On 5 February 2008 Noel Dempsey, the Minister for Transport, indicated his preference for the Luas project over the re-opening of Broadstone for heavy rail, asking CIÉ to seek permanent planning permission to build and use Docklands Station for the purposes CIÉ intended for Broadstone Station. Broadstone - University Luas stop Broadstone - UniversityAn Chloch Leathan - OllscoilBroadstone - University Luas StopGeneral informationLocationDublinIrelandOwned byTransdevOperated byLuasLine(s)GreenPlatforms2ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeKey dates9 December 2017Stop opened as Broadstone - DIT2024Renamed Broadstone - UniversityServices Preceding station Luas Following station Grangegormantowards Broombridge Green Line Dominicktowards Sandyford or Brides Glen In June 2013, Luas Cross City - a construction project which extended the Luas Green Line North from St. Stephen's Green to Broombridge - commenced. The line, which opened to passengers on 9 December 2017, traverses the city centre on street-running track and arrives at Broadstone. It then enters into the Broadstone cutting where it continues on its own right of way. Broadstone - DIT is a Luas stop on the line. Its name refers to the fact that it was intended to be the closest stop to Dublin Institute of Technology Grangegorman campus. However, the plans were changed at a late stage, adding Grangegorman stop, which is closer to the campus. Construction of the stop involved excavating a large amount of earth from the land in front of the station, and building a road bridge over the tracks which busses can use to access the depot. The Luas stop has two lateral platforms and is in front of the station building. It was built several metres below the station in order to make it level with Constitution Hill; and a curved, white wall separates the southbound platform from the garden in front of the building. Trams approach the stop from Dominick Street Upper and continues by passing under the new bridge and turning sharply to the right, where they traverse the edge of the bus depot and enter the cutting. The stop was renamed in 2024 to "Broadstone - University" as a result of the renaming of the nearby university to Technological University Dublin. Gallery 1912 map showing Broadstone and pre-1937 layout at Glasnevin The view of the old railway line from the North Circular Road showing Broadstone in the distance, before the LUAS development Foster aqueduct Broadstone terminus c1875 See also Rail transport in Ireland References Notes ^ a b c Shepherd 1994, p. 120–121. ^ "Bus Éireann conducting feasibility study for potential future move from Broadstone Depot". thejournal.ie. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019. ^ Killeen 1981, p. 140. ^ Mooney 1985. ^ Craig, Maurice (2006) . Dublin 1660-1860. Liberties Press. pp. 322–323. ISBN 1-905483-11-2. ^ Pearson 2001. ^ Craig, p.322 ^ Hemans 1849, pp. 9–20. ^ "The Dublin Railway Murder: Criminal Investigation and the Press". Aspects of History. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Morris, Thomas. "The Dublin Railway Murder". www.penguin.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2022. ^ Spellissy, Sean (1999). The History of Galway. Celtic Bookshop. p. 131. ISBN 0-9534683-3-X. ^ Nock, O.S. (1983). Irish Steam. David & Charles. pp. 154–155. ISBN 0715379615. ^ "Broadstone station to reopen 70 years on". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 9 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2019. ^ "Battle of Broadstone". Irish Independent. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2008. ^ Railway Procurement Agency (June 2009). "Line BXD Outline Business Case" (PDF). www.nationaltransport.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2018. ^ "Luas Cross City New Bridge Construction @ Broadstone February 2016". Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 – via Youtube. ^ "Luas | Broadstone - University". luas.ie. Retrieved 17 February 2024. Sources Craig, Maurice (1952). Dublin 1660-1860: The Shaping of a City. Dublin: Liberties Press. ISBN 978-1905483112. Hemans, George W. (1849). "On the fall of a station terminus roof". Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. 3. Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland: 13–20. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. Killeen, Michael (1981). "Broadstone: Railway Station to Bus Garage". Dublin Historical Record. 34 (4). Old Dublin Society: 140–154. JSTOR 30104257. Mooney, Peter (1985). "Hidden River". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019. Pearson, Peter (25 March 2001). "Architect of Victorian solidity". The Sunday Business Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007. Shepherd, W. Ernest (1994). The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland: An Illustrated History. Leicester: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-008-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dublin Broadstone railway station. Disagreement between Irish Rail and RPA over access to Broadstone Industrial Heritage Ireland - Broadstone Station LUAS Cross City Project Website
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For other uses, see Broadstone railway station (disambiguation).Broadstone StationBroadstone railway station (Irish: Stáisiún An Clocháin Leathan) was the Dublin terminus of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR), located in the Dublin suburb of Broadstone. The site also contained the MGWR railway works and a steam locomotive motive power depot. A Luas tram station opened at the front of the station in 2017.It is currently the headquarters of Bus Éireann, housing most of their administration and one of their main garages.[2] Nearby on the same property is a Dublin Bus Depot.","title":"Dublin Broadstone railway station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradogue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradogue_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilleen1981140-3"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooney1985-4"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The name derives from the Norse \"Bradogue Steyn\" or \"Broad Stone\", due to the Bradogue River crossing the road to Finglas at this location.[3] \"Bradogue\" itself means \"Young Salmon\" in Irish.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canal"},{"link_name":"locomotive and carriage works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadstone_railway_works"},{"link_name":"John Skipton Mulvany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skipton_Mulvany"},{"link_name":"colonnade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2001-6"},{"link_name":"Maurice Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Craig_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Karnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak"},{"link_name":"Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Temple"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemans18499%E2%80%9320-8"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1994120%E2%80%93121-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1994120%E2%80%93121-1"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"Great Southern and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Achill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achill"},{"link_name":"Clifden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"RIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Igoe Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igoe_Gang"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"In 1845, the Royal Canal was purchased by the Midland Great Western Railway Company (MGWR) with a view to using the land alongside the canal to construct a railway line to the west of Ireland. The line was constructed in stages and by 1848 reached Mullingar. Similarly, Broadstone station was worked in tandem with opening in 1847 and final completion 1850. The MGWR developed locomotive and carriage works around the station.Designed by John Skipton Mulvany, the structure was built between 1841 and 1850, and the colonnade was added in 1861.[5] Broadstone Station is constructed of granite in a neo-Egyptian style.[6] Regarding the architectural merits of the station, historian Maurice Craig described it as \"the last building in Dublin to partake of the sublime... Its lonely grandeur is emphasised now by its disuse as a terminus, and the melancholy quarter of high-and-dry hotels close beside it. It stands on rising ground, and the traveller who sees it for the first time, so unexpected in its massive amplitude, feels a little as he might if he were to stumble unawares upon the monstrous silences of Karnak or Luxor\".[7]During the construction of the permanent roof in the late 1840s it was damaged by a severe gale but complete disaster was averted by the earlier timber structure over which it was being built.[8] The 475 feet (145 m) by 120 feet (37 m) two span roof is said to have been basis of the design for the larger span at Liverpool Lime Street.[1] With the construction of the colonnade in 1861, trains arrived to the east side platform and passengers exited through the colonnade. Trains departed from the west side platform where there was a booking office and waiting rooms. The four middle tracks were used to stable rolling stock in the interim. The building at front of the station was used as the headquarters building for the MGWR and did not contain a passenger entrance.[1]With Galway projected to become the main port for transatlantic passenger traffic between Europe and North America, the MGWR successfully competed with its rival the Great Southern and Western Railway to reach it first in August 1851. A special fourth class was introduced by the MGWR for poor migrants from the west going to Britain for work. The line, which branched out to serve Sligo, Westport, Achill and Clifden, was also used to transport large numbers of cattle.It was about this time that the majority of the houses in the area were constructed as dwellings for workers on the railway. Most of the houses were built by the Artisan's Dwelling Company, which built many similar estates in Dublin and elsewhere, and houses of this type are now frequently described as Artisan cottages, regardless of their origin.In 1856, Broadstone Garage was the site of the murder of station clerk George Little. His body was discovered in his locked office on Friday 14 November 1856, when he didn't check in for work.[9] The story of the murder and the subsequent trial are told in the novel, The Dublin Railway Murder, which was published in 2021.[10]Joseph Howley, a member of the Irish Volunteers in Galway, was shot dead by a special unit of the RIC known as the Igoe Gang at the station on 4 December 1920 during the Irish War of Independence.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westland Row (Pearse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearse_Station"},{"link_name":"Amiens Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connolly_station"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Moguls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSR_Classes_372_and_393"},{"link_name":"Drumcondra link line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_and_Western_Railway#Drumcondra_link_line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSNock-IS-12"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Pearse Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearse_Station"},{"link_name":"Connolly Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connolly_Station"},{"link_name":"Heuston Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuston_Station"},{"link_name":"North Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wall_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Street_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Closure","text":"The station was closed to public traffic on 18 January 1937 with MGWR services redirected to the more central Westland Row (Pearse). While the old MGWR main line was able to access the Dublin loop line to Amiens Street via the North Liffey line Newcomen Bridge junction, this was not available to heavier engines such as the Woolwich Moguls due to weight restrictions over the lifting bridge over the Royal Canal. The alternative route via the Drumcondra link line would have required reversals to the Glasnevin and Drumcondra junctions so the connecting line was also remodeled at the same time to allow direct through running.[12]After closure to passengers, the complex was used as a steam depot for Dublin, and then fully closed in 1961.This building was one of Dublin's six original rail termini, the others being Westland Row (now Pearse Station) Amiens Street (now Connolly Station), Kingsbridge (now Heuston Station), North Wall and Harcourt Street (now a bar and nightclub complex).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Situated at the crest of Constitution Hill directly opposite King's Inns, the station served as the finishing point of the Midland and Great Western Railway.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iarnród Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Railway Procurement Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Procurement_Agency"},{"link_name":"Luas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas"},{"link_name":"Liffey Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liffey_Junction"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Noel Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Minister for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Transport_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Docklands Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_railway_station"}],"text":"In April 2007 Iarnród Éireann announced that Broadstone Station was to be reopened for rail passenger use by 2010.[13] However, by this time, the Railway Procurement Agency had drawn up plans to use the alignment for a Luas extension. This gave rise to a dispute between CIE/Irish Rail and the RPA over the use of the trackbed between Broadstone and Liffey Junction.[14] On 5 February 2008 Noel Dempsey, the Minister for Transport, indicated his preference for the Luas project over the re-opening of Broadstone for heavy rail, asking CIÉ to seek permanent planning permission to build and use Docklands Station for the purposes CIÉ intended for Broadstone Station.","title":"Failed proposal re-use for heavy rail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luas Cross City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas#Luas_Cross_City"},{"link_name":"Luas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Luas)"},{"link_name":"Dublin Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Technological University Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_University_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In June 2013, Luas Cross City - a construction project which extended the Luas Green Line North from St. Stephen's Green to Broombridge - commenced. The line, which opened to passengers on 9 December 2017, traverses the city centre on street-running track and arrives at Broadstone. It then enters into the Broadstone cutting where it continues on its own right of way.Broadstone - DIT is a Luas stop on the line. Its name refers to the fact that it was intended to be the closest stop to Dublin Institute of Technology Grangegorman campus. However, the plans were changed at a late stage, adding Grangegorman stop, which is closer to the campus.[15] Construction of the stop involved excavating a large amount of earth from the land in front of the station, and building a road bridge over the tracks which busses can use to access the depot.[16]The Luas stop has two lateral platforms and is in front of the station building. It was built several metres below the station in order to make it level with Constitution Hill; and a curved, white wall separates the southbound platform from the garden in front of the building. Trams approach the stop from Dominick Street Upper and continues by passing under the new bridge and turning sharply to the right, where they traverse the edge of the bus depot and enter the cutting.The stop was renamed in 2024 to \"Broadstone - University\" as a result of the renaming of the nearby university to Technological University Dublin.[17]","title":"Broadstone - University Luas stop"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dublin_RJD_121_(cropped)_for_GSWR.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mysterious_Path_A.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foster_aqueduct.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadstone_terminus,_Dublin.jpg"}],"text":"1912 map showing Broadstone and pre-1937 layout at Glasnevin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe view of the old railway line from the North Circular Road showing Broadstone in the distance, before the LUAS development\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoster aqueduct\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBroadstone terminus c1875","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Broadstone Station"}]
[{"title":"Rail transport in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bus Éireann conducting feasibility study for potential future move from Broadstone Depot\". thejournal.ie. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/bus-eireann-study-4817445-Sep2019/","url_text":"\"Bus Éireann conducting feasibility study for potential future move from Broadstone Depot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021105029/https://www.thejournal.ie/bus-eireann-study-4817445-Sep2019/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Maurice (2006) [1952]. Dublin 1660-1860. Liberties Press. pp. 322–323. ISBN 1-905483-11-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905483-11-2","url_text":"1-905483-11-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dublin Railway Murder: Criminal Investigation and the Press\". Aspects of History. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aspectsofhistory.com/the-dublin-railway-murder-criminal-investigation-and-the-press/","url_text":"\"The Dublin Railway Murder: Criminal Investigation and the Press\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Thomas. \"The Dublin Railway Murder\". www.penguin.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1119657/the-dublin-railway-murder/9781787302396","url_text":"\"The Dublin Railway Murder\""}]},{"reference":"Spellissy, Sean (1999). The History of Galway. Celtic Bookshop. p. 131. ISBN 0-9534683-3-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9534683-3-X","url_text":"0-9534683-3-X"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O.S. (1983). Irish Steam. David & Charles. pp. 154–155. ISBN 0715379615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715379615","url_text":"0715379615"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadstone station to reopen 70 years on\". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 9 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2007/0609/1181301801808.html","url_text":"\"Broadstone station to reopen 70 years on\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926213942/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/broadstone-station-to-reopen-70-years-on-1.1209596","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Broadstone\". Irish Independent. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/battle-of-broadstone-1262907.html","url_text":"\"Battle of Broadstone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520024156/http://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/battle-of-broadstone-1262907.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Railway Procurement Agency (June 2009). \"Line BXD Outline Business Case\" (PDF). www.nationaltransport.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Procurement_Agency","url_text":"Railway Procurement Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181204151531/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Luas-Line-BXD-CityBroombridge-Outline-Business-Case.pdf","url_text":"\"Line BXD Outline Business Case\""},{"url":"https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Luas-Line-BXD-CityBroombridge-Outline-Business-Case.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luas Cross City New Bridge Construction @ Broadstone February 2016\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 – via Youtube.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205112709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY2WxE2Rblw","url_text":"\"Luas Cross City New Bridge Construction @ Broadstone February 2016\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY2WxE2Rblw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luas | Broadstone - University\". luas.ie. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://luas.ie/broadstone-university.html","url_text":"\"Luas | Broadstone - University\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, Maurice (1952). Dublin 1660-1860: The Shaping of a City. Dublin: Liberties Press. ISBN 978-1905483112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Craig_(historian)","url_text":"Craig, Maurice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberties_Press","url_text":"Liberties Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905483112","url_text":"978-1905483112"}]},{"reference":"Hemans, George W. (1849). \"On the fall of a station terminus roof\". Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. 3. Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland: 13–20. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?DRIS_ID=ICEI-003_001","url_text":"\"On the fall of a station terminus roof\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221224710/https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?DRIS_ID=ICEI-003_001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Killeen, Michael (1981). \"Broadstone: Railway Station to Bus Garage\". Dublin Historical Record. 34 (4). Old Dublin Society: 140–154. JSTOR 30104257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30104257","url_text":"30104257"}]},{"reference":"Mooney, Peter (1985). \"Hidden River\". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0427/647400-documentary-podcast-hidden-river-bradogue-north-dublin-cabra/","url_text":"\"Hidden River\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021102850/https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0427/647400-documentary-podcast-hidden-river-bradogue-north-dublin-cabra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Peter (25 March 2001). \"Architect of Victorian solidity\". The Sunday Business Post. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222322/http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2001/03/25/story645685928.asp","url_text":"\"Architect of Victorian solidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Business_Post","url_text":"The Sunday Business Post"},{"url":"http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2001/03/25/story645685928.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, W. Ernest (1994). The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland: An Illustrated History. Leicester: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-008-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing#Company_Acquisitions","url_text":"Midland Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-008-7","url_text":"1-85780-008-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dublin_Broadstone_railway_station&params=53.354291_N_6.273816_W_region:IE_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"53°21′15″N 6°16′26″W / 53.354291°N 6.273816°W / 53.354291; -6.273816"},{"Link":"https://www.thejournal.ie/bus-eireann-study-4817445-Sep2019/","external_links_name":"\"Bus Éireann conducting feasibility study for potential future move from Broadstone Depot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021105029/https://www.thejournal.ie/bus-eireann-study-4817445-Sep2019/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://aspectsofhistory.com/the-dublin-railway-murder-criminal-investigation-and-the-press/","external_links_name":"\"The Dublin Railway Murder: Criminal Investigation and the Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1119657/the-dublin-railway-murder/9781787302396","external_links_name":"\"The Dublin Railway Murder\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2007/0609/1181301801808.html","external_links_name":"\"Broadstone station to reopen 70 years on\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926213942/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/broadstone-station-to-reopen-70-years-on-1.1209596","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/battle-of-broadstone-1262907.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Broadstone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520024156/http://www.independent.ie/opinion/editorial/battle-of-broadstone-1262907.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181204151531/https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Luas-Line-BXD-CityBroombridge-Outline-Business-Case.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Line BXD Outline Business Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Luas-Line-BXD-CityBroombridge-Outline-Business-Case.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205112709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY2WxE2Rblw","external_links_name":"\"Luas Cross City New Bridge Construction @ Broadstone February 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY2WxE2Rblw","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://luas.ie/broadstone-university.html","external_links_name":"\"Luas | Broadstone - University\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?DRIS_ID=ICEI-003_001","external_links_name":"\"On the fall of a station terminus roof\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221224710/https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?DRIS_ID=ICEI-003_001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30104257","external_links_name":"30104257"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0427/647400-documentary-podcast-hidden-river-bradogue-north-dublin-cabra/","external_links_name":"\"Hidden River\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021102850/https://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2013/0427/647400-documentary-podcast-hidden-river-bradogue-north-dublin-cabra/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222322/http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2001/03/25/story645685928.asp","external_links_name":"\"Architect of Victorian solidity\""},{"Link":"http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2001/03/25/story645685928.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713060619/http://www.ironroadaaron.com/broadstone/index.htm","external_links_name":"Disagreement between Irish Rail and RPA over access to Broadstone"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517054615/http://www.industrialheritageireland.info/TikiWiki/tiki-index.php?page=Broadstone+Station","external_links_name":"Industrial Heritage Ireland - Broadstone Station"},{"Link":"http://www.luascrosscity.ie/","external_links_name":"LUAS Cross City Project Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(wine)
Wine bottle
["1 Sizes","2 Shapes","3 Foils and netting","4 Punts","5 Environmental impact","6 See also","7 References","8 General and cited references","9 External links"]
Bottle used for holding wine The transparent green of a typical wine bottle A square wine bottle A wine bottle is a bottle, generally a glass bottle, that is used for holding wine. Some wines are fermented in the bottle while others are bottled only after fermentation. Recently the bottle has become a standard unit of volume to describe sales in the wine industry, measuring 750 millilitres (26.40 imp fl oz; 25.36 US fl oz). Wine bottles are produced, however, in a variety of volumes and shapes. Wine bottles are traditionally sealed with a cork, but screw-top caps are becoming popular, and there are several other methods used to seal a bottle. Sizes This section needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Many traditional wine bottle sizes are named for Biblical kings and historical figures. The chart below lists the sizes of various wine bottles in multiples relating to a standard bottle of wine, which is 0.75 litres (0.20 US gal; 0.16 imp gal) (six 125 mL servings). The "wineglassful"—an official unit of the apothecaries' system of weights—is much smaller at 2.5 imp fl oz (71 mL). Most champagne houses are unable to carry out secondary fermentation in bottles larger than a magnum due to the difficulty in riddling large, heavy bottles. After the secondary fermentation completes, the champagne must be transferred from the magnums into larger bottles, which results in a loss of pressure. Some believe this re-bottling exposes the champagne to greater oxidation and therefore results in an inferior product compared to champagne which remains in the bottle in which it was fermented. Volume (litres) Ratio Name Notes Champagne Bordeaux Burgundy 0.1875 0.25 Piccolo "Small" in Italian. Also known as a "quarter bottle", "pony", "snipe" or "split". In Germany, the very popular "Piccolo" for sparkling wine is (predominantly) 0.2 litres, however (see below). Yes 0.2 0.2667 Quarter Used for Champagne and sparkling wine Yes 0.25 0.33 Chopine Traditional French unit of volume Yes 0.375 0.5 Demi "Half" in French. Also known as a "half bottle". Common for ice wine Yes "half" Yes Yes 0.378 0.505 Tenth One tenth of a US gallon* 0.5 0.67 Used for Tokaj, Sauternes, Jerez, as well as several other types of sweet wines, also common for cheaper wines in Switzerland Yes "demie" or "pinte" 0.620 0.83 Clavelin Primarily used for vin jaune 0.750 1 Standard Yes Yes Yes 0.757 1.01 Fifth One-fifth of a US gallon* (before 1979) 1.0 1.33 Litre Popular size for Austrian wines 1.5 2 Magnum Yes Yes Yes 2.25 3 Marie Jeanne Also known as a "tregnum" or "tappit hen" in the port wine trade Yes 3.0 4 Double Magnum Yes Yes Yes 3.0 4 Jeroboam Biblical, first king of Northern Kingdom. "Jeroboam" indicates different sizes in different regions of France. Yes Yes Yes 4.5 6 Yes 4.5 6 Rehoboam Biblical, first king of separate Judea Yes Yes 5.0 6.67 McKenzie Uncommon, primarily found in France Yes 6.0 8 Imperial Yes 6.0 8 Methuselah Biblical, oldest man Yes Yes 9.0 12 Salmanazar Biblical, Assyrian king Yes Yes Yes 12.0 16 Balthazar or Belshazzar Balthazar—one of three Wise Men to present gifts at Jesus' nativity; Belshazzar can also denote the co-regent of Babylon during the absence of Nabonidus, who had seized control after several brief reigns following Nebuchadnezzar, for whom the next-larger bottle size is named. Yes Yes Yes 15.0 20 Nebuchadnezzar Biblical, King of Babylon Yes Yes Yes 18.0 24 Melchior One of three Wise Men to present gifts at Jesus' nativity Yes Yes Yes 20.0 26 Solomon Biblical, King of Israel, son of David Yes 26.25 35 Sovereign Reportedly created by Taittinger in 1988 for the launch of the then-world's largest cruise liner Sovereign of the Seas Yes 27.0 36 Primat or Goliath "Primat" likely from the Late Latin prīmās (chief, noble); Goliath—Biblical, killed by David Yes Yes 30.0 40 Melchizedek or Midas Melchizedek—Biblical, King of Salem; Midas may refer to the mythical king of Phrygia in Greek mythology Yes * For many years, the US standard (non-metric) wine and liquor bottle was the "fifth", meaning one-fifth of a US gallon, or 25.6 US fluid ounces (757 mL; 26.6 imp fl oz). Some beverages also came in tenth-gallon , eighth-gallon , sixth-gallon , fourth-gallon , half-gallon and one-gallon sizes. In 1979, the US adopted the metric system for liquor bottles, with the basic wine bottle becoming 750 mL, as in Europe. Shapes This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wine bottle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Side-by-side comparison of various sizes of champagne bottles (left to right), on the ladder: magnum, full, half, and quarter; on the floor: Balthazar, Salmanazar, Methuselah, and Jeroboam. Comparison of Standard and McKenzie Bordeaux bottles Wine producers in Portugal, Italy, Spain, France and Germany follow the tradition of their local areas in choosing the shape of bottle most appropriate for their wine. Port, sherry, and Bordeaux varieties: straight-sided and high-shouldered with a pronounced punt. Port and sherry bottles may have a bulbous neck to collect any residue. Burgundies and Rhône varieties: tall bottles with sloping shoulders and a smaller punt. Schlegel variety, predominantly used in German wine growing regions: similar to Burgundy bottles, but more slender and elongated. Rhine (also known as hock or hoch), Mosel, and Alsace varieties: narrow and tall with little or no punt. Champagne and other sparkling wines: thick-walled and wide with a pronounced punt and sloping shoulders (resembling Burgundy bottles). German wines from Franconia: the Bocksbeutel bottle. The Chianti and some other Italian wines: the fiasco, a round-bottomed flask encased in a straw basket. This is more often used for everyday table wines; many of the higher-grade Chianti producers have switched to Bordeaux-type bottles. Many North and South American, South African, and Australasian wine producers select the bottle shape with which they wish to associate their wines. For instance, a producer who believes his wine is similar to Burgundy may choose to bottle his wine in Burgundy-style bottles. A flat PET bottle and a cardboard carton in which it can be delivered postally Other producers (both in and out of Europe) have chosen idiosyncratic bottle styles for marketing purposes. Pere-Anselme markets its Châteauneuf-du-Pape in bottles that appear half-melted. The Moselland company of Bernkastel-Kues in Germany has a Riesling with a bottle in the shape of a stylized cat. The British company Garçon Wines makes a flat wine bottle from recycled PET which is flat enough to fit through a letterbox and hence can be delivered by post. The home wine maker may use any bottle, as the shape of the bottle does not affect the taste of the finished product. The sole exception is in producing sparkling wine, where thicker-walled bottles should be used to handle the excess pressure. Most wine bottles standards have a bore (inner neck) diameter of 18.5 mm at the mouth of the bottle and increase to 21 mm before expanding into the full bottle. A bottle from Bordeaux: (a bordelaise) A bottle from Burgundy: (a bourguignonne) Bottles from Champagne: (champagnes) A bottle from Alsace: (a flute) A bottle from Provence: (a flute with corset, or flute provençale, or flute quille) A bottle from Jura(a jurassienne) A bottle of yellow wine from Jura: (a clavelin) A bottle from Muscadet: (a muscadet) Bottles from Gaillac: (some gaillacoises) Bottles of Vinho Verde in plastic (of garrafões) Bottles from Franconia: (a bocksbeutel) A bottle from Chianti (a fiasco) A bottle of ice wine Foils and netting A paper strip beneath the foil Commercial corked wine bottles typically have a protective sleeve called a foil (commonly referred to as a "capsule") covering the top of the bottle, the purpose of which is to protect the cork from being gnawed away by rodents or infested with the cork weevil and to serve as collar to catch small drips when pouring. The foil also serves as a decorative element of the bottle's label. Foils were historically made of lead, but research showed that trace amounts of toxic lead could remain on the lip of the bottle and mix with the poured wine, so lead foil wrapping was slowly phased out, and by the 1990s, most foils were made of tin, heat-shrink plastic (polyethylene, PVC), aluminium or polylaminate aluminium. Sealing wax is sometimes used, or the foil can be omitted entirely. In the US, the FDA officially banned lead foils on domestic and imported wine bottles as of 1996. Some bottles of wine have a paper strip beneath the foil, as a seal of authenticity, which must be broken before the bottle can be uncorked. Bottles of high-end Rioja wine may have a covering of gold wire netting, Spaniard Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, Marqués de Riscal founded a winery in Rioja, in 1858, naming it after his own noble title, which had been created in 1708 by Philip V. He produced award-winning wines which became the preferred wines of King Alfonso XII. Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga invented a wire netting that covered his bottle, thereby preventing counterfeiters from substituting the wine, since it was impossible to remove the netting without breaking it. Modern day bottles of Rioja carry a much finer wire netting as a decoration. Punts An empty (Bordeaux-style) wine bottle with a punt at its base. A punt, also known as a kick-up, is the dimple at the bottom of a wine bottle. There is no consensus explanation for its purpose. The more commonly cited explanations include: It is a historical remnant from the era when wine bottles were free blown using a blowpipe and pontil. This technique leaves a punt mark on the base of the bottle; by indenting the point where the pontil is attached, this scar would not scratch the table or make the bottle unstable. It had the function of making the bottle less likely to topple over—a bottle designed with a flat bottom only needs a small imperfection to make it unstable—the dimple historically allowed for a larger margin of error. It consolidates sediment deposits in a thick ring at the bottom of the bottle, preventing much/most of it from being poured into the glass; this may be a more historical than functional attribute since most modern wines contain little or no sediment. It increases the strength of the bottle, allowing it to hold the high pressure of sparkling wine/champagne. It provides a grip for riddling a bottle of sparkling wine manually in the traditional champagne production process. It consumes some volume of the bottle, allowing the bottle to appear larger for the same amount of wine, which may impress the purchaser. In folklore, taverns had a steel pin set vertically in the bar. The empty bottle would be thrust bottom-end down onto this pin, puncturing a hole in the top of the punt, guaranteeing the bottle could not be refilled. It prevents the bottle from resonating as easily, decreasing the likelihood of shattering during transportation. It allows bottles to be more easily stacked end to end. Bottles could be stacked in cargo holds on ships without rolling around and breaking. It makes the bottle easier to clean prior to filling with wine. When a stream of water is injected into the bottle and impacts the punt, it is distributed throughout the bottom of the bottle and removes residues. Environmental impact Glass retains its color on recycling, and the United Kingdom has a large surplus of green glass because it imports a large quantity of wine but produces very little. Annually 1.4 million tons are sent to landfill. Glass is a relatively heavy packing material and wine bottles use quite thick glass, so the tare weight of a full wine bottle is a relatively high proportion of its gross weight. The average weight of an empty 750 mL wine bottle is 500 g (and can range from 300 to 900 g), which makes the glass 40% of the total weight of the full bottle. This has led to suggestions that wine should be exported in bulk from producer regions and bottled close to the market. This would reduce the cost of transportation and its carbon footprint, and provide a local market for recycled green glass. Less radically, boxed wine is sold in large, light-weight, foil-lined cardboard containers, though its use has been restricted to cheaper products in the past and as such retains a stigma. Following declining sales of wine boxes in the UK, in 2009 the Office for National Statistics removed them from its Consumer Price Index measure of inflation. Some wine producers are exploring more alternative packagings such as plastic bottles and tetra packs. See also Wine portal Beer bottle – Bottle designed as a container for beer Glass bottle – Narrow-necked container Kenelm Digby – English courtier, diplomat, astrologer and scientist, considered the father of the modern wine bottle References ^ "Wine Bottle Sizes". Bordeaux Traders. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ a b Johnson, Hugh (2004). The Story of Wine. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-84000-972-1. ^ Jackson, Ron (1997). Conserve Water, Drink Wine: Recollections of a Vinous Voyage of Discovery. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56022-864-4. ^ MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. Workman. ISBN 1-56305-434-5. ^ Philologos (19 July 2017). "Why Are Extremely Large Wine Bottles Named after Biblical Kings? The convoluted story of jeroboams, rehoboams, methuselahs, and more". Mosaic Magazine. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "Wine 101: Wine Bottle Sizes and Designations". Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ "Champagne Bottle Sizes". Adore Champagne. Retrieved 11 April 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Different bottle styles". The Comité Champagne. Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ "Jeroboam Wine Facts". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008. ^ "Balthazar, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Forms: Also Balthasar, Belshazzar. ^ Manser, Martin H.; Pickering, David H., eds. (2003). The Facts on File dictionary of classical and biblical allusions. New York, NY: Checkmark Books. p. 257. ISBN 9780816048687. ^ "Champagne bottle sizes". BigBottles.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ House & Garden, 147:7-12:132. ^ Amerine, M.A.; Singleton, V.L. (1977). Wine: An Introduction (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 315. ^ "Moselland Blue Cat Riesling, Mosel, Germany: prices". Wine-searcher.com. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ Smithers, Rebecca (27 February 2019). "Flat wine bottles could cut costs and emissions, says firm". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2019. ^ Alexander, Saffron (12 January 2017). "Say cheers to the ingenious flat wine bottle that gets delivered straight through your letterbox". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2019. ^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (2 August 1991). "Lead Levels in Many Wines Exceed U.S. Standards for Water". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2010. ^ "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 27 June 2015.. ^ "30 Second Wine Advisor". wineloverspage.com. Retrieved 2 January 2010. ^ "Justia: 21 C.F.R. § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foils for wine bottles". Law.justia.com. 8 February 1996. Retrieved 2 January 2010. ^ "Why Rioja Bottles Are Wrapped in Gold Wire – To Stop Thieves". VinePair. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ (MacNeil 2001). ^ Singh, Magandeep (2005). Wine Wisdom. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 187. ^ a b "Punt Wine Bottle Indentation". Wineintro.com. Retrieved 2 January 2010. ^ Hickman, Leo (9 May 2006). "Is it OK ... to drink wine?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2007. ^ "The WRAP Wine Initiative" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2011. ^ Lamb, Garth. "Carbon copy". Waste Management & Environment. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007. If wine was imported in bulk vats and then bottled locally, the market for the most beneficial recycling option would increase. ^ "New Wine Bottle Project" (Press release). British Glass. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007. ^ "Chicken in the basket of UK goods". BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Wine boxes, MP3 players and rentals from DVD hire shops have been removed to make way, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said. ^ "Eco-Smart Cartons". Retrieved 22 June 2017. General and cited references Jean-Robert Pitte, La bouteille de vin: Histoire d'une révolution, 2013, ISBN 9791021001138 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wine bottles. 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sealing machine Environment,post-use Biodegradation Can collecting Closed-loop box reuse Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life-cycle assessment Litter Packaging waste Paper recycling PET bottle recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management  Category: Packaging Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_bottle.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paso_Robles_red_blend_unique_wine_bottle.jpg"},{"link_name":"bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle"},{"link_name":"glass bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_bottle"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(wine)"},{"link_name":"screw-top caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)"},{"link_name":"becoming popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)#Adoption"},{"link_name":"other methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson000-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson000-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil000-4"}],"text":"The transparent green of a typical wine bottleA square wine bottleA wine bottle is a bottle, generally a glass bottle, that is used for holding wine. Some wines are fermented in the bottle while others are bottled only after fermentation. Recently the bottle has become a standard unit of volume to describe sales in the wine industry, measuring 750 millilitres (26.40 imp fl oz; 25.36 US fl oz). Wine bottles are produced, however, in a variety of volumes and shapes.[1]Wine bottles are traditionally sealed with a cork, but screw-top caps are becoming popular, and there are several other methods used to seal a bottle.[2][3][4]","title":"Wine bottle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilologosBiblicalKings-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"litres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"US gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_gallon"},{"link_name":"imp gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_gallon"},{"link_name":"apothecaries' system of weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system"},{"link_name":"imp fl oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_fluid_ounce"},{"link_name":"mL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millilitre"},{"link_name":"champagne houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Champagne_houses"},{"link_name":"secondary fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_fermentation_(wine)"},{"link_name":"riddling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"US gallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units#Fluid_volume"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Many traditional wine bottle sizes are named for Biblical kings and historical figures.[5] The chart below[6] lists the sizes of various wine bottles in multiples relating to a standard bottle of wine, which is 0.75 litres (0.20 US gal; 0.16 imp gal) (six 125 mL servings). The \"wineglassful\"—an official unit of the apothecaries' system of weights—is much smaller at 2.5 imp fl oz (71 mL).Most champagne houses are unable to carry out secondary fermentation in bottles larger than a magnum due to the difficulty in riddling large, heavy bottles. After the secondary fermentation completes, the champagne must be transferred from the magnums into larger bottles, which results in a loss of pressure. Some believe this re-bottling exposes the champagne to greater oxidation and therefore results in an inferior product compared to champagne which remains in the bottle in which it was fermented.[7]* For many years, the US standard (non-metric) wine and liquor bottle was the \"fifth\", meaning one-fifth of a US gallon, or 25.6 US fluid ounces (757 mL; 26.6 imp fl oz). Some beverages also came in tenth-gallon [12.8 US fluid ounces (379 mL; 13.3 imp fl oz)], eighth-gallon [1 US pint, or 16 US fluid ounces (473 mL; 16.7 imp fl oz)], sixth-gallon [22 US fluid ounces (651 mL; 22.9 imp fl oz)], fourth-gallon [1 US quart, or 32 US fluid ounces (946 mL; 33.3 imp fl oz)], half-gallon [64 US fluid ounces (1,890 mL; 66.6 imp fl oz)] and one-gallon [128 US fluid ounces (3,790 mL; 133 imp fl oz)] sizes.[13] In 1979, the US adopted the metric system for liquor bottles, with the basic wine bottle becoming 750 mL, as in Europe.","title":"Sizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McKenzie_(5L)_Burgundy_Bottle_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"sherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Burgundies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_wine"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau"},{"link_name":"hock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hock_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosel_wine"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Bocksbeutel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocksbeutel"},{"link_name":"Chianti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti"},{"link_name":"fiasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiasco_(bottle)"},{"link_name":"table wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_wine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gar%C3%A7on_Wines_-_Chilean_Flaca_Merlot_near_postal_box_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Châteauneuf-du-Pape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_(AOC)"},{"link_name":"Bernkastel-Kues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Garçon Wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A7on_Wines"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"wine maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_making"},{"link_name":"sparkling wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clos_Haut_Peyraguey_1986.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgundy_bottles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feuillatte_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gewurztraminer_Alsace4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_bottle_Provence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jura_Arbois_Traminer_2006_bottle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vin_Jaune.jpg"},{"link_name":"yellow wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_jaune"},{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bouteille_type_muscadet_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muscadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillacoise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaillac_(AOC)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_Garraf%C3%B5es.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vinho Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho_Verde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bocksbeutels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"bocksbeutel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocksbeutel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiasco_di_vino_rosso_da_tavola_Monteriggioni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chianti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti"},{"link_name":"fiasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiasco_(bottle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blaxsta_Vidal_Icewine_2005_bottle.jpg"},{"link_name":"ice wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_wine"}],"text":"Side-by-side comparison of various sizes of champagne bottles (left to right), on the ladder: magnum, full, half, and quarter; on the floor: Balthazar, Salmanazar, Methuselah, and Jeroboam.Comparison of Standard and McKenzie Bordeaux bottlesWine producers in Portugal, Italy, Spain, France and Germany follow the tradition of their local areas in choosing the shape of bottle most appropriate for their wine.Port, sherry, and Bordeaux varieties: straight-sided and high-shouldered with a pronounced punt. Port and sherry bottles may have a bulbous neck to collect any residue.\nBurgundies and Rhône varieties: tall bottles with sloping shoulders and a smaller punt.\nSchlegel variety, predominantly used in German wine growing regions: similar to Burgundy bottles, but more slender and elongated.\nRhine (also known as hock or hoch), Mosel, and Alsace varieties: narrow and tall with little or no punt.\nChampagne and other sparkling wines: thick-walled and wide with a pronounced punt and sloping shoulders (resembling Burgundy bottles).\nGerman wines from Franconia: the Bocksbeutel bottle.\nThe Chianti and some other Italian wines: the fiasco, a round-bottomed flask encased in a straw basket. This is more often used for everyday table wines; many of the higher-grade Chianti producers have switched to Bordeaux-type bottles.[14]Many North and South American, South African, and Australasian wine producers select the bottle shape with which they wish to associate their wines. For instance, a producer who believes his wine is similar to Burgundy may choose to bottle his wine in Burgundy-style bottles.[citation needed]A flat PET bottle and a cardboard carton in which it can be delivered postallyOther producers (both in and out of Europe) have chosen idiosyncratic bottle styles for marketing purposes. Pere-Anselme markets its Châteauneuf-du-Pape in bottles that appear half-melted. The Moselland company of Bernkastel-Kues in Germany has a Riesling with a bottle in the shape of a stylized cat.[15] The British company Garçon Wines makes a flat wine bottle from recycled PET which is flat enough to fit through a letterbox and hence can be delivered by post.[16][17]The home wine maker may use any bottle, as the shape of the bottle does not affect the taste of the finished product. The sole exception is in producing sparkling wine, where thicker-walled bottles should be used to handle the excess pressure.Most wine bottles standards have a bore (inner neck) diameter of 18.5 mm at the mouth of the bottle and increase to 21 mm before expanding into the full bottle.A bottle from Bordeaux: (a bordelaise)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Burgundy: (a bourguignonne)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBottles from Champagne: (champagnes)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Alsace: (a flute)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Provence: (a flute with corset, or flute provençale, or flute quille)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Jura(a jurassienne)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle of yellow wine from Jura: (a clavelin)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Muscadet: (a muscadet)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBottles from Gaillac: (some gaillacoises)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBottles of Vinho Verde in plastic (of garrafões)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBottles from Franconia: (a bocksbeutel)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle from Chianti (a fiasco)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bottle of ice wine","title":"Shapes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paper_strip_under_wine_bottle_foil.jpg"},{"link_name":"cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"cork weevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cork_weevil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camilo_Hurtado_de_Am%C3%A9zaga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marqués de Riscal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Riscal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"King Alfonso XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A paper strip beneath the foilCommercial corked wine bottles typically have a protective sleeve called a foil (commonly referred to as a \"capsule\") covering the top of the bottle, the purpose of which is to protect the cork from being gnawed away by rodents or infested with the cork weevil and to serve as collar to catch small drips when pouring. The foil also serves as a decorative element of the bottle's label. Foils were historically made of lead, but research showed that trace amounts of toxic lead could remain on the lip of the bottle and mix with the poured wine,[18] so lead foil wrapping was slowly phased out, and by the 1990s,[19] most foils were made of tin, heat-shrink plastic (polyethylene, PVC), aluminium or polylaminate aluminium.Sealing wax is sometimes used, or the foil can be omitted entirely.[20] In the US, the FDA officially banned lead foils on domestic and imported wine bottles as of 1996.[21]Some bottles of wine have a paper strip beneath the foil, as a seal of authenticity, which must be broken before the bottle can be uncorked. Bottles of high-end Rioja wine may have a covering of gold wire netting, Spaniard Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, Marqués de Riscal founded a winery in Rioja, in 1858, naming it after his own noble title, which had been created in 1708 by Philip V.[citation needed] He produced award-winning wines which became the preferred wines of King Alfonso XII. Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga invented a wire netting that covered his bottle, thereby preventing counterfeiters from substituting the wine, since it was impossible to remove the netting without breaking it. Modern day bottles of Rioja carry a much finer wire netting as a decoration.[22]","title":"Foils and netting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bouteille.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson000-2"},{"link_name":"free blown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing#Free-blowing"},{"link_name":"blowpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowpipe_(tool)"},{"link_name":"pontil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontil"},{"link_name":"punt mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontil_mark"},{"link_name":"pontil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"riddling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddling"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puntglossary-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-puntglossary-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An empty (Bordeaux-style) wine bottle with a punt at its base.A punt, also known as a kick-up, is the dimple at the bottom of a wine bottle. There is no consensus explanation for its purpose. The more commonly cited explanations include:[2]It is a historical remnant from the era when wine bottles were free blown using a blowpipe and pontil. This technique leaves a punt mark on the base of the bottle; by indenting the point where the pontil is attached, this scar would not scratch the table or make the bottle unstable.\nIt had the function of making the bottle less likely to topple over—a bottle designed with a flat bottom only needs a small imperfection to make it unstable—the dimple historically allowed for a larger margin of error.[citation needed]\nIt consolidates sediment deposits in a thick ring at the bottom of the bottle, preventing much/most of it from being poured into the glass; this may be a more historical than functional attribute since most modern wines contain little or no sediment.[23]\nIt increases the strength of the bottle, allowing it to hold the high pressure of sparkling wine/champagne.[24]\nIt provides a grip for riddling a bottle of sparkling wine manually in the traditional champagne production process.\nIt consumes some volume of the bottle, allowing the bottle to appear larger for the same amount of wine, which may impress the purchaser.[25]\nIn folklore, taverns had a steel pin set vertically in the bar. The empty bottle would be thrust bottom-end down onto this pin, puncturing a hole in the top of the punt, guaranteeing the bottle could not be refilled.\nIt prevents the bottle from resonating as easily, decreasing the likelihood of shattering during transportation.[citation needed]\nIt allows bottles to be more easily stacked end to end.[25]\nBottles could be stacked in cargo holds on ships without rolling around and breaking.[citation needed]\nIt makes the bottle easier to clean prior to filling with wine. When a stream of water is injected into the bottle and impacts the punt, it is distributed throughout the bottom of the bottle and removes residues.[citation needed]","title":"Punts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_recycling"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"produces very little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-26"},{"link_name":"tare weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tare_weight"},{"link_name":"gross weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_weight"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"in bulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handling"},{"link_name":"carbon footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"boxed wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxed_wine"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Consumer Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"plastic bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bottle"},{"link_name":"tetra packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_pack"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Glass retains its color on recycling, and the United Kingdom has a large surplus of green glass because it imports a large quantity of wine but produces very little. Annually 1.4 million tons are sent to landfill.[26]Glass is a relatively heavy packing material and wine bottles use quite thick glass, so the tare weight of a full wine bottle is a relatively high proportion of its gross weight. The average weight of an empty 750 mL wine bottle is 500 g (and can range from 300 to 900 g), which makes the glass 40% of the total weight of the full bottle.[27] This has led to suggestions that wine should be exported in bulk from producer regions and bottled close to the market. This would reduce the cost of transportation and its carbon footprint, and provide a local market for recycled green glass.[28][29]Less radically, boxed wine is sold in large, light-weight, foil-lined cardboard containers, though its use has been restricted to cheaper products in the past and as such retains a stigma. Following declining sales of wine boxes in the UK, in 2009 the Office for National Statistics removed them from its Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[30] Some wine producers are exploring more alternative packagings such as plastic bottles and tetra packs.[31]","title":"Environmental impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9791021001138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791021001138"}],"text":"Jean-Robert Pitte, La bouteille de vin: Histoire d'une révolution, 2013, ISBN 9791021001138","title":"General and cited references"}]
[{"image_text":"The transparent green of a typical wine bottle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wine_bottle.JPG/220px-Wine_bottle.JPG"},{"image_text":"A square wine bottle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paso_Robles_red_blend_unique_wine_bottle.jpg/220px-Paso_Robles_red_blend_unique_wine_bottle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side-by-side comparison of various sizes of champagne bottles (left to right), on the ladder: magnum, full, half, and quarter; on the floor: Balthazar, Salmanazar, Methuselah, and Jeroboam.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg/220px-Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comparison of Standard and McKenzie Bordeaux bottles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/McKenzie_%285L%29_Burgundy_Bottle_.jpg/170px-McKenzie_%285L%29_Burgundy_Bottle_.jpg"},{"image_text":"A flat PET bottle and a cardboard carton in which it can be delivered postally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gar%C3%A7on_Wines_-_Chilean_Flaca_Merlot_near_postal_box_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gar%C3%A7on_Wines_-_Chilean_Flaca_Merlot_near_postal_box_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A paper strip beneath the foil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Paper_strip_under_wine_bottle_foil.jpg/150px-Paper_strip_under_wine_bottle_foil.jpg"},{"image_text":"An empty (Bordeaux-style) wine bottle with a punt at its base.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bouteille.jpg/150px-Bouteille.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg"},{"title":"Wine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wine"},{"title":"Beer bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_bottle"},{"title":"Glass bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_bottle"},{"title":"Kenelm Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenelm_Digby"}]
[{"reference":"\"Wine Bottle Sizes\". Bordeaux Traders. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021126/http://www.bordeaux-traders.com/news/wine-bottle-sizes/","url_text":"\"Wine Bottle Sizes\""},{"url":"http://www.bordeaux-traders.com/news/wine-bottle-sizes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Hugh (2004). The Story of Wine. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-84000-972-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84000-972-1","url_text":"1-84000-972-1"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Ron (1997). Conserve Water, Drink Wine: Recollections of a Vinous Voyage of Discovery. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56022-864-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56022-864-4","url_text":"1-56022-864-4"}]},{"reference":"MacNeil, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. Workman. ISBN 1-56305-434-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare","url_text":"The Wine Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5","url_text":"1-56305-434-5"}]},{"reference":"Philologos (19 July 2017). \"Why Are Extremely Large Wine Bottles Named after Biblical Kings? The convoluted story of jeroboams, rehoboams, methuselahs, and more\". Mosaic Magazine. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologos","url_text":"Philologos"},{"url":"https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2017/07/why-are-extremely-large-wine-bottles-named-after-biblical-kings/","url_text":"\"Why Are Extremely Large Wine Bottles Named after Biblical Kings? The convoluted story of jeroboams, rehoboams, methuselahs, and more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_Magazine","url_text":"Mosaic Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Wine 101: Wine Bottle Sizes and Designations\". Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://winestorageguide.com/wine-bottle-sizes-and-designations","url_text":"\"Wine 101: Wine Bottle Sizes and Designations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Champagne Bottle Sizes\". Adore Champagne. Retrieved 11 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adorechampagne.com/stemware/guide-champagne-bottle-sizes-names-653","url_text":"\"Champagne Bottle Sizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Different bottle styles\". The Comité Champagne. Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne. Retrieved 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champagne.fr/en/tasting-and-appreciation/choosing-a-champagne-wine/champagne-bottles","url_text":"\"Different bottle styles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Interprofessionnel_du_vin_de_Champagne","url_text":"Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeroboam Wine Facts\". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211010754/http://www.jeroboam.com/jeroboam_wine_facts.html","url_text":"\"Jeroboam Wine Facts\""},{"url":"http://www.jeroboam.com/jeroboam_wine_facts.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Balthazar, n.\". Oxford English Dictionary. Forms: Also Balthasar, Belshazzar.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Manser, Martin H.; Pickering, David H., eds. (2003). The Facts on File dictionary of classical and biblical allusions. New York, NY: Checkmark Books. p. 257. ISBN 9780816048687.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LIcL56NQ3gsC&q=Nebuchadnezzar&pg=PA257","url_text":"The Facts on File dictionary of classical and biblical allusions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816048687","url_text":"9780816048687"}]},{"reference":"\"Champagne bottle sizes\". BigBottles.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigbottles.co.uk/champagne-bottle-sizes","url_text":"\"Champagne bottle sizes\""}]},{"reference":"Amerine, M.A.; Singleton, V.L. (1977). Wine: An Introduction (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 315.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Moselland Blue Cat Riesling, Mosel, Germany: prices\". Wine-searcher.com. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wine-searcher.com/find/moselland+blue+cat+riesling+mosel+germany","url_text":"\"Moselland Blue Cat Riesling, Mosel, Germany: prices\""}]},{"reference":"Smithers, Rebecca (27 February 2019). \"Flat wine bottles could cut costs and emissions, says firm\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/feb/27/flat-wine-bottles-could-cut-costs-and-emissions-says-firm","url_text":"\"Flat wine bottles could cut costs and emissions, says firm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Saffron (12 January 2017). \"Say cheers to the ingenious flat wine bottle that gets delivered straight through your letterbox\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/news/say-cheers-ingenious-flat-wine-bottle-gets-deliveredstraight/","url_text":"\"Say cheers to the ingenious flat wine bottle that gets delivered straight through your letterbox\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/news/say-cheers-ingenious-flat-wine-bottle-gets-deliveredstraight/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Lawrence M. (2 August 1991). \"Lead Levels in Many Wines Exceed U.S. Standards for Water\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/02/us/lead-levels-in-many-wines-exceed-us-standards-for-water.html","url_text":"\"Lead Levels in Many Wines Exceed U.S. Standards for Water\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21\". FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=189.301","url_text":"\"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"30 Second Wine Advisor\". wineloverspage.com. Retrieved 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wineloverspage.com/wineadvisor1/tswa031027.phtml","url_text":"\"30 Second Wine Advisor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justia: 21 C.F.R. § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foils for wine bottles\". Law.justia.com. 8 February 1996. Retrieved 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/us/cfr/title21/21-3.0.1.1.16.4.1.6.html","url_text":"\"Justia: 21 C.F.R. § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foils for wine bottles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Rioja Bottles Are Wrapped in Gold Wire – To Stop Thieves\". VinePair. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://vinepair.com/wine-blog/rioja-bottles-wrapped-gold-wire-stop-thieves","url_text":"\"Why Rioja Bottles Are Wrapped in Gold Wire – To Stop Thieves\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Magandeep (2005). Wine Wisdom. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 187.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Punt Wine Bottle Indentation\". Wineintro.com. Retrieved 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wineintro.com/glossary/p/punt.html","url_text":"\"Punt Wine Bottle Indentation\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Leo (9 May 2006). \"Is it OK ... to drink wine?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/may/09/ethicalmoney.foodanddrink","url_text":"\"Is it OK ... to drink wine?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The WRAP Wine Initiative\" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Wine_Brochure_sept_2006.be60ee55.3258.pdf","url_text":"\"The WRAP Wine Initiative\""}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Garth. \"Carbon copy\". Waste Management & Environment. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007. If wine was imported in bulk vats and then bottled locally, the market for the most beneficial recycling option would increase.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070831152449/http://www.wme.com.au/categories/waste_managemt/aug4_06.php","url_text":"\"Carbon copy\""},{"url":"http://www.wme.com.au/categories/waste_managemt/aug4_06.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Wine Bottle Project\" (Press release). British Glass. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621034535/http://www.britglass.org.uk/NewsEvents/BGNewsCurrent/NewWineBottleProject.html","url_text":"\"New Wine Bottle Project\""},{"url":"http://britglass.org.uk/NewsEvents/BGNewsCurrent/NewWineBottleProject.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken in the basket of UK goods\". BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2013. Wine boxes, MP3 players and rentals from DVD hire shops have been removed to make way, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7958785.stm","url_text":"\"Chicken in the basket of UK goods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eco-Smart Cartons\". Retrieved 22 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://banditwines.com/eco-smart","url_text":"\"Eco-Smart Cartons\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Allen_(actor)
Kevin Allen (director)
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1990s","2.2 2000s","2.3 2010s","2.4 2020s","3 Personal life","4 Select filmography","4.1 As actor","4.2 As director","5 References","6 External links"]
Welsh director Kevin AllenBornKevin Edward Allen (1959-09-15) 15 September 1959 (age 64)Gosport, Hampshire, EnglandAlma materMountview Academy of Theatre ArtsOccupation(s)Actor, director, producer, writerRelativesKeith Allen (brother)Lily Allen (niece)Alfie Allen (nephew) Kevin Edward Allen (born 15 September 1959) is a British actor, director, producer and writer. Allen came to prominence with the 1991 BBC film On the March with Bobby's Army, and for writing and directing his debut feature film, Twin Town, in 1997. He directed and co-wrote the movie adaptation of Dylan Thomas' "Under Milk Wood", submitted for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2015 Oscars ceremony but not nominated, the Hollywood feature films, The Big Tease and Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, and the first series of ITV's Benidorm, along with numerous other films and documentaries. Allen assisted Swansea City Council's 2017 bid to become the 2021 UK City of Culture. He is often cited as a figure in the Cool Cymru era. Early life Allen is the son of Elizabeth Mary Allen and Edward Charles Allen, a submarine engineer in the Royal Navy. He is the younger brother of comedian/actor Keith Allen, and uncle of both singer-songwriter Lily Allen and Game of Thrones actor Alfie Allen. He was born in Gosport, England, but spent most of his childhood in Wales and British military outposts such as Malta and Singapore, where he attended Royal Naval schools, before the family settled back in Loughor in West Glamorgan, Wales, in 1969. There he went to Penyrheol Comprehensive School. Allen made his stage debut in a Gang Show with the 1st Loughor Scout Troop and was a founding member of the West Glamorgan County Youth Theatre and a member of the National Youth Theatre of Wales, before choosing the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts over completing his A levels. Career 1990s During the early 1990s Allen had minor roles in the BBC's The Trials of Oz and in Channel 4's "Look at it This Way". He appeared in several episodes of The Comic Strip, French and Saunders, Murder Most Horrid and Bottom. He appeared in Ben Elton's play Silly Cow at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, and in Howard Brenton's Berlin Bertie at London's Royal Court Theatre. He received a Fringe First Theatre Award at the Edinburgh Festival in 1988 for his starring role in Sean Mathias' A Prayer for Wings directed by Dame Joan Plowright. Allen made "On The March With Bobby's Army" (BBC–1991) – a 2-hour solo undercover film covering English football supporters at the Italia 90 World Cup. He presented the BBC football series Standing Room Only and wrote and directed several documentaries for the BBC, including "Bombay Brown Wash", "Booze, Barbours, Bores and Brilliance", and "Rotten to the Core". In 1995 Allen appeared as DC Kray in the first series of BBC's sitcom The Thin Blue Line. Allen's debut feature movie was Twin Town. It was BAFTA-nominated and a BAFTA Cymru winner and premiered at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival. Twin Town was also nominated for a Golden Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival and helped launch the film careers of actors Rhys Ifans and Dougray Scott. After this, he went on to direct Hollywood feature film The Big Tease. 2000s He supervised and developed projects in Hollywood including 'Coming Out' for Milk Wood Films and 'Cheek to Cheek'‚ a feature film collaboration with Gene Wilder. Allen set up Airstream Films at this time‚ developing a diverse slate of feature projects with his producing partner, Kate McCreery. He then directed Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London. After his mainstream success, Allen chose to bow out of Hollywood, so he relocated in 2004 with his young family to the outskirts of Clones, a small town in County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland, where he designed and built a timber eco-house and became a rare-breed pig farmer. In 2005 Allen adapted Louis Stevenson's novel, Treasure Island, as a feature Film and TV series for Working Title Films. Allen directed the first series of ITV's Benidorm in 2007, for which he was nominated for his second BAFTA award. Allen and playwright/novelist Patrick McCabe were organisers and creative directors of The Flat Lake Literary & Arts Festival which was held annually for five years in County Monaghan, Ireland from 2007 to 2011. The Flat Lake was a favourite performing venue of Poet Laureate Seamus Heaney, Colm Toibin and other Irish writers. 2010s In 2013 Allen directed "Y-Syrcas (S4C)" which was nominated for a BAFTA Cymru Award. Y-Syrcas also won the audience and jury awards at The European Minority Language Film Festival 2014. Allen's film version of Dylan Thomas' Under Milk Wood was shot in two language versions, English and Welsh, and the Welsh film was selected as the British entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards. and was nominated for a BAFTA award in 2015 and several BAFTA Cymru awards. He played a key role in assisting Swansea City Council's 2017 bid to become the 2021 UK City of Culture. In 2019 he set up The Mobile Film School, a film-maker mentoring concept devised by Allen to teach people to make films using smartphone camera technology. 2020s Allen shot feature film La Cha-Cha, during the Covid lockdown summer of 2020. La Cha-Cha was shot entirely on iphones with Moondog anamorphic lenses and produced through his Mobile Film School. La Cha-Cha was released in Summer 2021 and is described by Allen as a counterculture Rom-Com. Allen is also developing a Twin Town follow up titled Tin Town, a feature film set in the world of home grown cannabis in Llanelli, and another film titled The Crucible, a period TV series set in 19th Century Merthyr Tydfil during the industrial revolution. In 2023, Allen shot the pilot for "The Velvet Chapel" about a restored chapel and John Cale, a non-religious preacher who will try anything, including roulette and a massage parlour to get punters in to see his weird and wonderful variety show. In 2024, Allen is conducting a Q&A tour across Wales from February to April, celebrating the 25th anniversary of cult classic Twin Town. From April to July 2024, Allen will be Artist in Residence at the Villa Waldberta in Munich. Personal life Allen is a supporter of Welsh independence. "Independence for Wales finally feels like a reality worth talking seriously," he said. "If we can alter the perception that the traditional cultural elite is making way for a diverse reflection of our society from which to govern a truly independent Wales, then you can most definitely count me in, we have nothing to lose and everything to gain." Select filmography As actor 1983, Johnny Jarvis (TV Mini Series) 1987, Hardwicke House (TV Series) 1990–1996, French and Saunders (TV Series) 1992, Look at It This Way (TV Mini Series) 1995, The Thin Blue Line (TV Series) 1997, Twin Town As director 1991, Video Diaries, Episode: On the March with Bobby's Army (TV Series documentary) 1997, Twin Town 1999, The Big Tease 2004, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London 2007, Benidorm (TV Series) 2015, Under Milk Wood 2021, La Cha Cha References ^ "Swansea 'thrilled' at 2021 UK City of Culture short listing". BBC News. 15 July 2017. ^ "West Glamorgan County Youth Theatre". wgytc.co.uk. ^ Welch, Denise (7 May 2010). Pulling Myself Together. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780330525497. ^ "The Trials of Oz (1991)". Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ "Look at It This Way". 22 November 1992 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Series Four". eddypiehands.tripod.com. ^ Ben Elton (17 December 2013). Elton Plays: 1: Gasping; Silly Cow; Popcorn. A&C Blac. p. 99. ISBN 9781408177617. ^ "Theatre collections: record view - Special Collections & Archives - University of Kent". www.kent.ac.uk. ^ "Theatre awards". Edinburgh Festival Fringe. ^ "Joan Plowright Biography (1929-)". www.filmreference.com. ^ "KEVIN ALLEN'S ITALIA'90 WORLD CUP VIDEO DIARY". IBWM. ^ "The Football Fly. 10 Best Football Documentaries. UK". The Football Fly, Home page, player stories UK. ^ "Booze, Barbours, Bores and Brilliance". BBC Programme Index. BBC. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ Allon, Yoram; Cullen, Del; Patterson, Hannah (16 September 2018). Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide. Wallflower Press. ISBN 9781903364215 – via Google Books. ^ "1998 Cymru Original Music | BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. ^ Elley, Derek (12 February 1997). "Twin Town". ^ "Urban Cinefile ALLEN, KEVIN : TWIN TOWN". www.urbancinefile.com.au. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Ifans, Rhys (1966-) Credits". www.screenonline.org.uk. ^ TURAN, KENNETH (28 January 2000). "'Big Tease' Snips Sweetly at L.A.'s Mane Profession" – via LA Times. ^ "AIRSTREAM FILMS LIMITED - Officers (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. ^ "CBD Oil and Cannabis News & Magazine". Candid. ^ "Stairway to heaven". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ Guide, British Comedy. "Benidorm cast and crew credits - British Comedy Guide". British Comedy Guide. ^ "Flat Lake festival was held on the grounds of Hilton Park a unique artist festival". www.hiltonpark.ie. ^ "Y Syrcas - Film Hub Wales - Canolfan Ffilm Cymru". www.filmhubwales.org. ^ "European Minority Film Festival". minority-film.eu. ^ "81 Countries in Competition For 2015 Foreign Language Film Oscar". AMPAS. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015. ^ "Swansea 'thrill' at culture shortlist". BBC News. 15 July 2017. ^ "Kevin Allen (The Mobile Film School Ltd) - Director Profile - Endole". suite.endole.co.uk. ^ Williams, Nino (4 September 2020). "Cast of Twin Town reunite for new Swansea Kevin Allen film". WalesOnline. ^ Rosser2020-09-02T11:59:00+01:00, Michael. "Kevin Allen reunites 'Twin Town' cast in 'La Cha Cha' (exclusive)". Screen.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Thomas, Huw (5 July 2019). "Twin Town follow-up focuses on 'cannabis town'". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2020. ^ "Kevin Allen". Yes Is More!. Retrieved 16 March 2021. External links Kevin Allen at IMDb  vteFilms directed by Kevin Allen Twin Town (1997) The Big Tease (1999) Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004) Under Milk Wood (2015) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Other SNAC
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Allen came to prominence with the 1991 BBC film On the March with Bobby's Army, and for writing and directing his debut feature film, Twin Town, in 1997. He directed and co-wrote the movie adaptation of Dylan Thomas' \"Under Milk Wood\", submitted for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2015 Oscars ceremony but not nominated, the Hollywood feature films, The Big Tease and Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, and the first series of ITV's Benidorm, along with numerous other films and documentaries.Allen assisted Swansea City Council's 2017 bid to become the 2021 UK City of Culture.[1] He is often cited as a figure in the Cool Cymru era.","title":"Kevin Allen (director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Keith Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Allen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lily Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Allen"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"Alfie Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Allen"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Loughor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughor"},{"link_name":"West Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"West Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Youth Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountview_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Allen is the son of Elizabeth Mary Allen and Edward Charles Allen, a submarine engineer in the Royal Navy. He is the younger brother of comedian/actor Keith Allen, and uncle of both singer-songwriter Lily Allen and Game of Thrones actor Alfie Allen. He was born in Gosport, England, but spent most of his childhood in Wales and British military outposts such as Malta and Singapore, where he attended Royal Naval schools, before the family settled back in Loughor in West Glamorgan, Wales, in 1969. There he went to Penyrheol Comprehensive School. Allen made his stage debut in a Gang Show with the 1st Loughor Scout Troop and was a founding member of the West Glamorgan County Youth Theatre[2] and a member of the National Youth Theatre of Wales, before choosing the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts[3] over completing his A levels.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Trials of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trials_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Comic Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comic_Strip"},{"link_name":"French and Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Saunders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Murder Most Horrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Most_Horrid"},{"link_name":"Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ben Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Elton"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Haymarket"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Howard Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Brenton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sean Mathias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Mathias"},{"link_name":"Joan Plowright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Plowright"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Standing Room Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Room_Only_(1991_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"The Thin Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Twin Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Town"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Cymru"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Golden Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Rhys Ifans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Ifans"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Big Tease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Tease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"During the early 1990s Allen had minor roles in the BBC's The Trials of Oz[4] and in Channel 4's \"Look at it This Way\".[5] He appeared in several episodes of The Comic Strip, French and Saunders,[6] Murder Most Horrid and Bottom.He appeared in Ben Elton's play Silly Cow at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket,[7] and in Howard Brenton's Berlin Bertie [8] at London's Royal Court Theatre. He received a Fringe First Theatre Award at the Edinburgh Festival in 1988 for his starring role in Sean Mathias' A Prayer for Wings directed by Dame Joan Plowright.[9][10]Allen made \"On The March With Bobby's Army\"[11][12] (BBC–1991) – a 2-hour solo undercover film covering English football supporters at the Italia 90 World Cup. He presented the BBC football series Standing Room Only and wrote and directed several documentaries for the BBC, including \"Bombay Brown Wash\", \"Booze, Barbours, Bores and Brilliance\",[13] and \"Rotten to the Core\".[14]In 1995 Allen appeared as DC Kray in the first series of BBC's sitcom The Thin Blue Line.Allen's debut feature movie was Twin Town. It was BAFTA-nominated and a BAFTA Cymru winner[15] and premiered at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival.[16][17] Twin Town was also nominated for a Golden Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival and helped launch the film careers of actors Rhys Ifans[18] and Dougray Scott.After this, he went on to direct Hollywood feature film The Big Tease.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Cody_Banks_2:_Destination_London"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clones,_County_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"County Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Benidorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Patrick McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McCabe_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Flat Lake Literary & Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Lake_Festival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Seamus Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Colm Toibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_Toibin"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"He supervised and developed projects in Hollywood including 'Coming Out' for Milk Wood Films and 'Cheek to Cheek'‚ a feature film collaboration with Gene Wilder. Allen set up Airstream Films[20] at this time‚ developing a diverse slate of feature projects with his producing partner, Kate McCreery.He then directed Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London.After his mainstream success, Allen chose to bow out of Hollywood, so he relocated in 2004 with his young family to the outskirts of Clones, a small town in County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland, where he designed and built a timber eco-house and became a rare-breed pig farmer.[21][22]In 2005 Allen adapted Louis Stevenson's novel, Treasure Island, as a feature Film and TV series for Working Title Films.Allen directed the first series of ITV's Benidorm in 2007,[23] for which he was nominated for his second BAFTA award.Allen and playwright/novelist Patrick McCabe were organisers and creative directors of The Flat Lake Literary & Arts Festival[24] which was held annually for five years in County Monaghan, Ireland from 2007 to 2011. The Flat Lake was a favourite performing venue of Poet Laureate Seamus Heaney, Colm Toibin and other Irish writers.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Under Milk Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"88th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"UK City of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"In 2013 Allen directed \"Y-Syrcas (S4C)\" [25] which was nominated for a BAFTA Cymru Award. Y-Syrcas also won the audience and jury awards[26] at The European Minority Language Film Festival 2014.Allen's film version of Dylan Thomas' Under Milk Wood was shot in two language versions, English and Welsh, and the Welsh film was selected as the British entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards.[27] and was nominated for a BAFTA award in 2015 and several BAFTA Cymru awards. He played a key role in assisting Swansea City Council's 2017 bid[28] to become the 2021 UK City of Culture.In 2019 he set up The Mobile Film School, a film-maker mentoring concept devised by Allen to teach people to make films using smartphone camera technology.[29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"Allen shot feature film La Cha-Cha, during the Covid lockdown summer of 2020. La Cha-Cha was shot entirely on iphones with Moondog anamorphic lenses and produced through his Mobile Film School. La Cha-Cha was released in Summer 2021 and is described by Allen as a counterculture Rom-Com.[30][31]Allen is also developing a Twin Town follow up titled Tin Town, a feature film set in the world of home grown cannabis in Llanelli,[32] and another film titled The Crucible, a period TV series set in 19th Century Merthyr Tydfil during the industrial revolution.[citation needed]In 2023, Allen shot the pilot for \"The Velvet Chapel\" about a restored chapel and John Cale, a non-religious preacher who will try anything, including roulette and a massage parlour to get punters in to see his weird and wonderful variety show.[citation needed]In 2024, Allen is conducting a Q&A tour across Wales from February to April, celebrating the 25th anniversary of cult classic Twin Town. From April to July 2024, Allen will be Artist in Residence at the Villa Waldberta in Munich. [citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_independence"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Allen is a supporter of Welsh independence. \"Independence for Wales finally feels like a reality worth talking seriously,\" he said. \"If we can alter the perception that the traditional cultural elite is making way for a diverse reflection of our society from which to govern a truly independent Wales, then you can most definitely count me in, we have nothing to lose and everything to gain.\"[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Hardwicke House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwicke_House"},{"link_name":"French and Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Saunders"},{"link_name":"The Thin Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Twin Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Town"}],"sub_title":"As actor","text":"1983, Johnny Jarvis (TV Mini Series)\n1987, Hardwicke House (TV Series)\n1990–1996, French and Saunders (TV Series)\n1992, Look at It This Way (TV Mini Series)\n1995, The Thin Blue Line (TV Series)\n1997, Twin Town","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Twin Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Town"},{"link_name":"The Big Tease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Tease"},{"link_name":"Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Cody_Banks_2:_Destination_London"},{"link_name":"Benidorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Under Milk Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood_(2015_film)"}],"sub_title":"As director","text":"1991, Video Diaries, Episode: On the March with Bobby's Army (TV Series documentary)\n1997, Twin Town\n1999, The Big Tease\n2004, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London\n2007, Benidorm (TV Series)\n2015, Under Milk Wood\n2021, La Cha Cha","title":"Select filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Swansea 'thrilled' at 2021 UK City of Culture short listing\". BBC News. 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-40617307","url_text":"\"Swansea 'thrilled' at 2021 UK City of Culture short listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Glamorgan County Youth Theatre\". wgytc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://wgytc.co.uk/","url_text":"\"West Glamorgan County Youth Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, Denise (7 May 2010). Pulling Myself Together. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780330525497.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4eqo24naS48C&pg=PT9","url_text":"Pulling Myself Together"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330525497","url_text":"9780330525497"}]},{"reference":"\"The Trials of Oz (1991)\". Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916201945/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b7e3ea7","url_text":"\"The Trials of Oz (1991)\""},{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b7e3ea7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Look at It This Way\". 22 November 1992 – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103479/","url_text":"\"Look at It This Way\""}]},{"reference":"\"Series Four\". eddypiehands.tripod.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://eddypiehands.tripod.com/id12.html","url_text":"\"Series Four\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Elton (17 December 2013). Elton Plays: 1: Gasping; Silly Cow; Popcorn. A&C Blac. p. 99. ISBN 9781408177617.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=haMVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99","url_text":"Elton Plays: 1: Gasping; Silly Cow; Popcorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408177617","url_text":"9781408177617"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre collections: record view - Special Collections & Archives - University of Kent\". www.kent.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kent.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/theatre/r.php/32763/show.html","url_text":"\"Theatre collections: record view - Special Collections & Archives - University of Kent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre awards\". Edinburgh Festival Fringe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edfringe.com/take-part/awards/theatre","url_text":"\"Theatre awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joan Plowright Biography (1929-)\". www.filmreference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/13/Joan-Plowright.html","url_text":"\"Joan Plowright Biography (1929-)\""}]},{"reference":"\"KEVIN ALLEN'S ITALIA'90 WORLD CUP VIDEO DIARY\". IBWM.","urls":[{"url":"https://inbedwithmaradona.com/retro/2014/1/27/kevin-allens-italia90-world-cup-video-diary","url_text":"\"KEVIN ALLEN'S ITALIA'90 WORLD CUP VIDEO DIARY\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Football Fly. 10 Best Football Documentaries. UK\". The Football Fly, Home page, player stories UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefootballfly.com/10-best-football-documentarie","url_text":"\"The Football Fly. 10 Best Football Documentaries. UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Booze, Barbours, Bores and Brilliance\". BBC Programme Index. BBC. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/ba2a680667354544a524a416925dfc9f","url_text":"\"Booze, Barbours, Bores and Brilliance\""}]},{"reference":"Allon, Yoram; Cullen, Del; Patterson, Hannah (16 September 2018). Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide. Wallflower Press. ISBN 9781903364215 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OJAcf31BweQC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903364215","url_text":"9781903364215"}]},{"reference":"\"1998 Cymru Original Music | BAFTA Awards\". awards.bafta.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1998/cymru/original-music","url_text":"\"1998 Cymru Original Music | BAFTA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Elley, Derek (12 February 1997). \"Twin Town\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/twin-town-1117436863/","url_text":"\"Twin Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urban Cinefile ALLEN, KEVIN : TWIN TOWN\". www.urbancinefile.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=323&s=interviews","url_text":"\"Urban Cinefile ALLEN, KEVIN : TWIN TOWN\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Ifans, Rhys (1966-) Credits\". www.screenonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/503404/credits.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Ifans, Rhys (1966-) Credits\""}]},{"reference":"TURAN, KENNETH (28 January 2000). \"'Big Tease' Snips Sweetly at L.A.'s Mane Profession\" – via LA Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/28/entertainment/ca-58448","url_text":"\"'Big Tease' Snips Sweetly at L.A.'s Mane Profession\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIRSTREAM FILMS LIMITED - Officers (free information from Companies House)\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/04045739/officers","url_text":"\"AIRSTREAM FILMS LIMITED - Officers (free information from Companies House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBD Oil and Cannabis News & Magazine\". Candid.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.candidmagazine.com/","url_text":"\"CBD Oil and Cannabis News & Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stairway to heaven\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/stairway-to-heaven-1.928203","url_text":"\"Stairway to heaven\""}]},{"reference":"Guide, British Comedy. \"Benidorm cast and crew credits - British Comedy Guide\". British Comedy Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/benidorm/cast_crew/","url_text":"\"Benidorm cast and crew credits - British Comedy Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flat Lake festival was held on the grounds of Hilton Park a unique artist festival\". www.hiltonpark.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiltonpark.ie/flat-lake-festival","url_text":"\"Flat Lake festival was held on the grounds of Hilton Park a unique artist festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Y Syrcas - Film Hub Wales - Canolfan Ffilm Cymru\". www.filmhubwales.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmhubwales.org/films/y-syrcas","url_text":"\"Y Syrcas - Film Hub Wales - Canolfan Ffilm Cymru\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Minority Film Festival\". minority-film.eu.","urls":[{"url":"http://minority-film.eu/index_2014.php","url_text":"\"European Minority Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"81 Countries in Competition For 2015 Foreign Language Film Oscar\". AMPAS. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/news/81-countries-competition-2015-foreign-language-film-oscar","url_text":"\"81 Countries in Competition For 2015 Foreign Language Film Oscar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swansea 'thrill' at culture shortlist\". BBC News. 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-40617307","url_text":"\"Swansea 'thrill' at culture shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Allen (The Mobile Film School Ltd) - Director Profile - Endole\". suite.endole.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/people/26423840-kevin-allen","url_text":"\"Kevin Allen (The Mobile Film School Ltd) - Director Profile - Endole\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Nino (4 September 2020). \"Cast of Twin Town reunite for new Swansea Kevin Allen film\". WalesOnline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/cast-twin-town-reunite-new-18878830","url_text":"\"Cast of Twin Town reunite for new Swansea Kevin Allen film\""}]},{"reference":"Rosser2020-09-02T11:59:00+01:00, Michael. \"Kevin Allen reunites 'Twin Town' cast in 'La Cha Cha' (exclusive)\". Screen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/kevin-allen-reunites-twin-town-cast-in-la-cha-cha-exclusive/5152764.article","url_text":"\"Kevin Allen reunites 'Twin Town' cast in 'La Cha Cha' (exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Huw (5 July 2019). \"Twin Town follow-up focuses on 'cannabis town'\". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-48839198","url_text":"\"Twin Town follow-up focuses on 'cannabis town'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Allen\". Yes Is More!. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yesismore.cymru/artists/kevin-allen/","url_text":"\"Kevin Allen\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owerri_prison_break
Owerri prison break
["1 References"]
Owerri Prison BreakPart of Insurgency in Southeastern NigeriaDate5 April 2021LocationOwerriResult Over 1,800 Inmates are released. Police fail to stop the prison breakBelligerents Nigeria Biafran separatists (IPOB suspected)Units involved Nigeria Police Eastern Security Network (suspected)Strength unknown unknownCasualties and losses over a dozen unknownvteInsurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Owerri prison break Bakassi conflict (spillover) Operation Golden Dawn May 2022 Anambra State killings 2023 Anambra ambush The Owerri prison break took place in the early hours of 5 April 2021, when a mass prison break occurred in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. A large armed group arrived in pickup trucks and on buses carrying rocket-propelled grenades, machine guns and rifles. The group entered the prison's yard by using explosives to break through the administrative block. The group released over 1,844 inmates from the jail. The Nigerian Inspector General suspects the Eastern Security Network, the armed wing of the banned separatist group the Indigenous People of Biafra, are responsible for the attack. President Muhammadu Buhari described the crime as an act of terrorism perpetrated by anarchists. The attack is part of the insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria and follows an attack in March. Over a dozen police officers and military personnel were killed in an assault on four police stations and several military checkpoints. It is believed the two attacks were perpetrated by the same group. References ^ a b c d e f More than 1,800 prisoners escape in Nigeria ^ AP News (6 April 2021). "Nigeria prison break: More than 1,800 inmates escape after gunmen attack jail". news.sky.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.   This Nigerian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This terrorism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Police fail to stop the prison breakBelligerents\n Nigeria\n Biafran separatists (IPOB suspected)Units involved\nNigeria Police\nEastern Security Network (suspected)Strength\nunknown\nunknownCasualties and losses\nover a dozen\nunknownvteInsurgency in Southeastern Nigeria\nOwerri prison break\nBakassi conflict (spillover)\nOperation Golden Dawn\nMay 2022 Anambra State killings\n2023 Anambra ambushThe Owerri prison break took place in the early hours of 5 April 2021, when a mass prison break occurred in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.[1] A large armed group arrived in pickup trucks and on buses carrying rocket-propelled grenades, machine guns and rifles.[1] The group entered the prison's yard by using explosives to break through the administrative block.[1] The group released over 1,844 inmates from the jail.[1]The Nigerian Inspector General suspects the Eastern Security Network, the armed wing of the banned separatist group the Indigenous People of Biafra, are responsible for the attack.[1]President Muhammadu Buhari described the crime as an act of terrorism perpetrated by anarchists.[1]The attack is part of the insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria and follows an attack in March. Over a dozen police officers and military personnel were killed in an assault on four police stations and several military checkpoints. It is believed the two attacks were perpetrated by the same group.[2]","title":"Owerri prison break"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_Pal_(The_Simpsons)
Pay Pal (The Simpsons)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","3.1 Viewing figures","3.2 Critical response","3.3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]
21st episode of the 25th season of The Simpsons "Pay Pal"The Simpsons episodeEpisode no.Season 25Episode 21Directed byMike Frank PolcinoWritten byDavid H. SteinbergProduction codeSABF15Original air dateMay 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)Guest appearances Carl Kasell as himself John Oliver as Booth Wilkes-John Peter Sagal as himself Episode featuresCouch gagThe Simpsons are pawns in The Game of Life, which ends when a Grim Reaper pawn shows up next to the couch. Episode chronology ← Previous"Brick Like Me" Next →"The Yellow Badge of Cowardge" The Simpsons season 25List of episodes "Pay Pal" is the twenty-first episode of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons and the 551st episode of the series. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 11, 2014. It was written by David H. Steinberg and directed by Mike Frank Polcino. In the episode, Marge worries that she is setting a bad example for her daughter when Lisa declares that she does not need friends. Plot Marge makes a cake for a block party, but when the cake batter splatters everywhere in the kitchen, she is forced to get a store bought cake. At the block party, Marge places her store bought cake on the table at the same time a new neighbor places his store bought cake. Despite her initial anxiety, Marge feels at ease meeting Booth Wilkes John, a British man, who invites Marge over to adult game night with his wife. Marge wants to go, but fears that Homer will ruin another adult game night for her. She talks to Homer in bed about not having any friends, yet Lisa chimes in with being okay with not having friends herself, which makes Marge extremely uncomfortable. At the new neighbor's home, Marge and Homer mingle with the guests. The game begins with role play based on Clue, and Homer unknowingly reveals the murderer in the story, prompting the host to kick the Simpsons out. Depressed over not having friends, Marge decides to have a party for Lisa and invite everyone who knows her in order to make friends. Only one boy shows up, so Marge and Homer throw a quick party for the kid and send him off with party favors just in time as Lisa arrives home. At Springfield Elementary, Marge tries to figure out why Lisa does not have any friends. Miss Hoover tells Marge that no one in the class likes her for being too overbearing around everyone or trying to force her ideas on others. When the class has to practice square dancing, Lisa is left without a partner until Tumi, an outside student, steps in to save the day. Tumi has the same interests as Lisa, but Bart is clearly suspicious and concerned for Lisa being duped. When Bart follows Tumi to the Krusty Burger play area, he learns the truth when he witnesses Marge handing over some cash to her. Feeling betrayed and sickened by her actions, he immediately delivers the photographic evidence to Lisa, who angrily confronts Marge for her actions. Lisa tells her mother that she would have found a friend in a decade, if she waited. When Marge tries to apologize, Lisa refuses to forgive her and retreats in her room. While Marge mopes around, Grampa reveals that he paid Lenny and Carl to befriend Homer in the sandbox and to this day they are still friends. When Lisa intends to tell every psychiatrist about her ordeal, her mother is in tears, which makes Lisa secretly happy that she has found a new tactic to get what she wants from Marge. However, seeing Marge sobbing makes Lisa apologize and wish her a Happy Mother's Day. Homer and Bart flee, clearly aghast that they have forgotten Mother's Day. The next day, Tumi apologizes to Lisa for her behavior and why she accepted the bribe for payment on a new belt. She also admits she does like being friends with Lisa. Lisa forgives her, but asks for her to be more honest with her from now on. However, Lisa leaves her when Tumi admits to not being a vegetarian and eating horsemeat. Production In October 2013, TVLine reported that John Oliver would guest star as a previously unseen neighbor of the Simpsons named Wilkes John Booth. Reception Viewing figures The episode received a 1.6 rating and was watched by a total of 3.66 million people, making it the second most watched show on Animation Domination. Critical response Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, saying "With some tinkering, 'Pay Pal,' the penultimate episode of this season, could have been something special. The central story, about Marge desperately trying to ensure that Lisa doesn’t grow up without friends, is the sort of family-centered plot that often produces the best Simpsons episodes. There are some good gags and a few affecting moments, and the Marge/Lisa relationship remains a fruitful one. It’s just that, like so many episodes this season, 'Pay Pal' frontloads too much establishing plot, forcing the emotional core of the story into a mad rush before the final credits." Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars. He called the episode subversive with a sweet core. Awards and nominations David Steinberg was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards for his script to this episode. References ^ "The Simpsons Episode Guide 2014 Season 25 - Pay Pal, Episode 21". TV Guide. Retrieved May 13, 2014. ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 4, 2013). "Exclusive: The Simpsons Targets Daily Show's John Oliver to Play 'Wilkes John Booth'". TVLine. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2023. ^ Bibel, Sara (May 13, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'American Dad' & 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Up; 'Revenge', 'Cosmos' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014. ^ Perkins, Dennis (May 12, 2014). "The Simpsons: "Pay Pal"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 13, 2014. ^ Sokol, Tony (May 12, 2014). "The Simpsons: Pay Pal, review". Den of Geek. Retrieved July 7, 2023. ^ McNary, Dave (February 14, 2015). "'Grand Budapest Hotel,' 'True Detective' Top WGA Awards". Variety. Retrieved February 23, 2019. External links "Pay Pal" at IMDb vteThe Simpsons episodes Seasons 1–20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Season 21–present 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Season 25 "Homerland" "Treehouse of Horror XXIV" "Four Regrettings and a Funeral" "YOLO" "Labor Pains" "The Kid Is All Right" "Yellow Subterfuge" "White Christmas Blues" "Steal This Episode" "Married to the Blob" "Specs and the City" "Diggs" "The Man Who Grew Too Much" "The Winter of His Content" "The War of Art" "You Don't Have to Live Like a Referee" "Luca$" "Days of Future Future" "What to Expect When Bart's Expecting" "Brick Like Me" "Pay Pal" "The Yellow Badge of Cowardge" Themed episodes Treehouse of Horror list See also The Simpsons episode guides "The Simpsons Guy" Category
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Steinberg and directed by Mike Frank Polcino.[1]In the episode, Marge worries that she is setting a bad example for her daughter when Lisa declares that she does not need friends.","title":"Pay Pal (The Simpsons)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Clue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluedo"},{"link_name":"Miss Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_The_Simpsons_characters#Elizabeth_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Bart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Grampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Lenny and Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_and_Carl"}],"text":"Marge makes a cake for a block party, but when the cake batter splatters everywhere in the kitchen, she is forced to get a store bought cake. At the block party, Marge places her store bought cake on the table at the same time a new neighbor places his store bought cake. Despite her initial anxiety, Marge feels at ease meeting Booth Wilkes John, a British man, who invites Marge over to adult game night with his wife. Marge wants to go, but fears that Homer will ruin another adult game night for her. She talks to Homer in bed about not having any friends, yet Lisa chimes in with being okay with not having friends herself, which makes Marge extremely uncomfortable. At the new neighbor's home, Marge and Homer mingle with the guests. The game begins with role play based on Clue, and Homer unknowingly reveals the murderer in the story, prompting the host to kick the Simpsons out.Depressed over not having friends, Marge decides to have a party for Lisa and invite everyone who knows her in order to make friends. Only one boy shows up, so Marge and Homer throw a quick party for the kid and send him off with party favors just in time as Lisa arrives home. At Springfield Elementary, Marge tries to figure out why Lisa does not have any friends. Miss Hoover tells Marge that no one in the class likes her for being too overbearing around everyone or trying to force her ideas on others.When the class has to practice square dancing, Lisa is left without a partner until Tumi, an outside student, steps in to save the day. Tumi has the same interests as Lisa, but Bart is clearly suspicious and concerned for Lisa being duped. When Bart follows Tumi to the Krusty Burger play area, he learns the truth when he witnesses Marge handing over some cash to her. Feeling betrayed and sickened by her actions, he immediately delivers the photographic evidence to Lisa, who angrily confronts Marge for her actions. Lisa tells her mother that she would have found a friend in a decade, if she waited. When Marge tries to apologize, Lisa refuses to forgive her and retreats in her room.While Marge mopes around, Grampa reveals that he paid Lenny and Carl to befriend Homer in the sandbox and to this day they are still friends. When Lisa intends to tell every psychiatrist about her ordeal, her mother is in tears, which makes Lisa secretly happy that she has found a new tactic to get what she wants from Marge. However, seeing Marge sobbing makes Lisa apologize and wish her a Happy Mother's Day. Homer and Bart flee, clearly aghast that they have forgotten Mother's Day.The next day, Tumi apologizes to Lisa for her behavior and why she accepted the bribe for payment on a new belt. She also admits she does like being friends with Lisa. Lisa forgives her, but asks for her to be more honest with her from now on. However, Lisa leaves her when Tumi admits to not being a vegetarian and eating horsemeat.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TVLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine"},{"link_name":"John Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In October 2013, TVLine reported that John Oliver would guest star as a previously unseen neighbor of the Simpsons named Wilkes John Booth.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animation Domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Domination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Viewing figures","text":"The episode received a 1.6 rating and was watched by a total of 3.66 million people, making it the second most watched show on Animation Domination.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tony Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sokol"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B, saying \"With some tinkering, 'Pay Pal,' the penultimate episode of this season, could have been something special. The central story, about Marge desperately trying to ensure that Lisa doesn’t grow up without friends, is the sort of family-centered plot that often produces the best Simpsons episodes. There are some good gags and a few affecting moments, and the Marge/Lisa relationship remains a fruitful one. It’s just that, like so many episodes this season, 'Pay Pal' frontloads too much establishing plot, forcing the emotional core of the story into a mad rush before the final credits.\"[4]Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars. He called the episode subversive with a sweet core.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Animation"},{"link_name":"67th Writers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2014"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"David Steinberg was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards for his script to this episode.[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Simpsons Episode Guide 2014 Season 25 - Pay Pal, Episode 21\". TV Guide. Retrieved May 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-simpsons-2014/episode-21-season-25/pay-pal/100521","url_text":"\"The Simpsons Episode Guide 2014 Season 25 - Pay Pal, Episode 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (October 4, 2013). \"Exclusive: The Simpsons Targets Daily Show's John Oliver to Play 'Wilkes John Booth'\". TVLine. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ausiello","url_text":"Ausiello, Michael"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224012530/http://tvline.com/2013/10/04/exclusive-the-simpsons-targets-daily-shows-john-oliver-to-play-wilkes-john-booth/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: The Simpsons Targets Daily Show's John Oliver to Play 'Wilkes John Booth'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine","url_text":"TVLine"},{"url":"http://tvline.com/2013/10/04/exclusive-the-simpsons-targets-daily-shows-john-oliver-to-play-wilkes-john-booth/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (May 13, 2014). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'American Dad' & 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Up; 'Revenge', 'Cosmos' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514032356/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/05/13/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-american-dad-revenge-cosmos-dateline-adjusted-down/263313/","url_text":"\"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'American Dad' & 'America's Funniest Home Videos' Adjusted Up; 'Revenge', 'Cosmos' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/05/13/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-american-dad-revenge-cosmos-dateline-adjusted-down/263313/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Dennis (May 12, 2014). \"The Simpsons: \"Pay Pal\"\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/simpsons-pay-pal-204525","url_text":"\"The Simpsons: \"Pay Pal\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Sokol, Tony (May 12, 2014). \"The Simpsons: Pay Pal, review\". Den of Geek. Retrieved July 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sokol","url_text":"Sokol, Tony"},{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-simpsons-pay-pal-review/","url_text":"\"The Simpsons: Pay Pal, review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (February 14, 2015). \"'Grand Budapest Hotel,' 'True Detective' Top WGA Awards\". Variety. Retrieved February 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/news/wga-awards-winners-2015-screenplay-tv-drama-comedy-1201434302/","url_text":"\"'Grand Budapest Hotel,' 'True Detective' Top WGA Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayers_for_Bobby
Prayers for Bobby
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Ratings","4.2 Critical reaction","4.3 Accolades","5 Home media","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
2009 television film directed by Russell Mulcahy For the book on which the film is based, see Prayers for Bobby (book). Prayers for BobbyFilm posterBased onPrayers for Bobbyby Leroy F. AaronsWritten byKatie Ford (teleplay)Directed byRussell MulcahyStarring Sigourney Weaver Henry Czerny Ryan Kelley Theme music composerChristopher WardCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producers Chris Taaffe Daniel Sladek David Permut Stanley M. Brooks ProducerDamian GanczewskiCinematographyThom BestEditorVictor Du BoisRunning time89 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkLifetime TelevisionReleaseJanuary 24, 2009 (2009-01-24) Prayers for Bobby is a televised drama film that premiered on the Lifetime network on January 24, 2009. The film is based on the book of the same name by Leroy F. Aarons, which is itself based on the true story of the life and legacy of Bobby Griffith, a gay young man who killed himself in 1983 due to his mother's homophobia. Ryan Kelley stars as Bobby Griffith and Sigourney Weaver portrays his mother Mary. The film was watched by more than 6 million viewers during its two-day initial run. It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for Weaver, who was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Plot Mary Griffith is a devout Christian who raises her four children—Ed, Bobby, Joy and Nancy—according to the evangelical teachings of her local Presbyterian church in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Walnut Creek, California. Ed finds Bobby resisting temptations to overdose on Aspirin as an initial suicide attempt before Bobby confides to him that he is gay. Life changes for the entire family after Mary learns about his secret. In hopes of converting him, she takes him to a psychiatrist, who explains to Bobby's parents that a person's homosexuality is the result of lacking a close relationship with their parents. She then advises Bobby to pray harder and seek solace in Church activities, as well as to arrange a special bonding time with his father. While spending such quality time with his father, Bobby explains his desire to become a writer, to which his father suggests "some dreams are just not realistic." Bobby's father and siblings slowly come to terms with his homosexuality, but Mary believes God can cure him. To get away from his family, Bobby visits his cousin Jeanette in Portland, Oregon; she has always been accepting of his sexual orientation and tries to help him realize that his mother will never change. Desperate for his mother's approval, he does what is asked of him, but through it all, the Church's disapproval of homosexuality and his mother's attempts to suppress his growing behaviors in public cause him to grow increasingly withdrawn and depressed. Stricken with guilt, Bobby finds a boyfriend, David, at a gay bar. Nonetheless, before leaving the house with David, Mary informs Bobby that she "will not have a gay son." After Bobby finds David betraying him for another man, he continues to think of his mother's words of prejudice, i.e., when saying "homosexuality is a sin and (gays) are doomed to spend eternity in hell," as well as calling him "sick," "perverted," and "a danger to our children." Following his subsequent depression and self-loathing which intensifies, one night he free falls off of a bridge onto a highway and into the path of an oncoming eighteen-wheeler truck, which kills him instantly. The family receives the news the following day and are devastated. Faced with their tragedy, Mary begins to question herself and her Church's interpretation of Scripture. Through her long and emotional journey, Mary slowly reaches out to the gay community and discovers unexpected support from them. She becomes acquainted with a local reverend of the Metropolitan Community Church, who convinces her to attend a meeting of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). It is there that she recalls Bobby being different from conception and reassures herself that his true value was in his heart. Mary then gives a speech in a Walnut Creek city council meeting supporting a local "gay day" live on television. She tells of her experiences with Bobby, the struggles she had coping with him coming out of the closet and her stubbornness to reevaluate her religious beliefs which were nothing more than "bigotry" and "dehumanizing slander." Mary also acknowledges how she came to realize that Bobby's sexual orientation was quite natural in God's image and his suicide was subsequently due to poor parenting. She concludes her speech by urging people to think before they say, voice, or support homophobia because "a child is listening". The measure is rejected, but Mary and her family travel to San Francisco with fellow PFLAG members and walk in a gay pride parade, during which she sees another young man just like Bobby observing the parade. She walks over and hugs him, finally coming to terms with her son's death and vowing to work hard for the rights of gays and lesbians. Cast Sigourney Weaver as Mary Griffith Henry Czerny as Robert Griffith Ryan Kelley as Bobby Griffith Austin Nichols as Ed Griffith Dan Butler as the Rev. Whitsell Carly Schroeder as Joy Griffith Shannon Eagen as Nancy Griffith Scott Bailey as David Bryan Endress-Fox as Greg Rebecca Louise Miller as Jeanette Marshall McClean as Reverend Owens Mary Griffith as herself in the Pride Parade scene Production Executive producers David Permut, Daniel Sladek, and Chris Taaffe initiated and championed the project over a period of thirteen years. The film was directed by Russell Mulcahy. Screenwriter Katie Ford based the teleplay on the noted best-selling book Prayers for Bobby: A Mother's Coming to Terms with the Suicide of Her Gay Son by Leroy F. Aarons, a journalist who interviewed Mary Griffith about her experiences that led to the suicide of her son as well as her work advocating the rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community. Griffith and Aarons are credited as co-producers on the film. Produced by Once Upon A Times Films, Ltd in association with Permut Presentations and Sladek Taaffe Productions, the other executive producer was Stanley M. Brooks. The final scene of the film features "Here I Am" by Leona Lewis. Reception Ratings Prayers For Bobby received 3.8 million total viewers during the film's January 24, 2009 premiere on Lifetime, with 2.3 million total viewers subsequently during the January 25, 2009 airdate with a combined total of 6.1 million viewers. Critical reaction Critics responded positively to the film, which received approval from 73% of 15 critics and an average rating of 6.4/10 on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Critics' consensus on the website is "A devastating true story and terrific performance by Sigourney Weaver give Prayers for Bobby palpable power, although some viewers may find this well-intentioned film too calculating in its efforts to wring tears." Brian Lowry of Variety wrote "Sigourney Weaver's TV movie debut proves worth the wait, as Lifetime's fact-based Prayers for Bobby revisits ground similar to that broken nearly 25 years ago by the AIDS-themed "An Early Frost" and – thanks to enduring religious-based bigotry toward gays – still feels fresh and poignant." Accolades Sigourney Weaver was given the Trevor Life Award from The Trevor Project for her participation in the film. The award was presented by Anne Hathaway. In 2015, executive producers Daniel Sladek & Chris Taaffe were invited by the Vice President of the EU to the European Parliament in Brussels where they presented Prayers for Bobby to Members of Parliament on International Homophobia Day. Year Award Category Recipient(s) and nominee(s) Result Ref. 2009 Gold Derby Awards TV Movie or Miniseries Prayers for Bobby Nominated TV movie/Mini Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Made for Television Movie Daniel Sladek, Chris Taaffe, David Permut, Stanley M. Brooks, Damian Ganczewski Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Sigourney Weaver Nominated Satellite Award Best Actress – Miniseries or TV Film Nominated Seattle Gay & Lesbian Film Festival Audience Appreciation Award Favorite Narrative Film Prayers for Bobby Won 2010 Dorian Awards LGBT-Themed TV Show of the Year Won TV Performance of the Year: Drama Sigourney Weaver Nominated GLAAD Media Award Outstanding TV Movie or Miniseries Prayers for Bobby Won Golden Globe Award Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Sigourney Weaver Nominated Producers Guild of America Award David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television Stanley M. Brooks, David Permut, Daniel Sladek, Chris Taaffe, Damian Ganczewski Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Sigourney Weaver Nominated Home media On December 7, 2010, Prayers for Bobby was released on DVD. See also The Matthew Shepard Story References ^ Littleton, Cynthia (May 18, 2008). "Weaver answers 'Prayers'". Variety. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. ^ Gorman, Bill (January 26, 2009). "Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009. ^ "Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers During Its Saturday, January 24, Premiere on Lifetime Television". The Futon Critic. January 26, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "Prayers for Bobby". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ Alexander Ryll (2014). "Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Prayers for Bobby". Gay Essential. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014. ^ "The Trevor Project Annual Report" (PDF). The Trevor Project. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2019. ^ "2009 Goldderby Tv Awards". March 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Made For Television Movie". emmys.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019. ^ "61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Lead Actress In A Miniseries Or A Movie". emmys.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019. ^ "2009 | Categories | International Press Academy". Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "'Prayers for Bobby' : A Fantastic Movie for families of LGBTQ – PFLAG ATLANTA". Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "GALECA :: The Society of LGBTQ Entertainment Critics :: Home of the Dorian Awards". Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020. ^ "21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards – English Language Nominees". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010. ^ "Prayers For Bobby". Golden Globe Awards. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "Television Nominations for the 2010 PGA Awards Announced". producersguild.org. Producers Guild of America. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "2010 PGA Award Nominees and Winners". producersguild.org. Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards". SAG Awards. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "GLAAD Media Award Winner 'Prayers for Bobby' to Re-Air on Lifetime this Saturday". GLAAD. September 14, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2020. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Prayers for Bobby. Official website Prayers for Bobby at IMDb vteFilms directed by Russell Mulcahy Derek and Clive Get the Horn (1979) Razorback (1984) As the Lights Go Down (1984) Arena (An Absurd Notion) (1985) Highlander (1986) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Ricochet (1991) Blue Ice (1992) The Real McCoy (1993) The Shadow (1994) Silent Trigger (1996) Tale of the Mummy (1998) Resurrection (1999) On the Beach (2000) The Lost Battalion (2001) First to Die (2003) Swimming Upstream (2003) 3: The Dale Earnhardt Story (2004) Mysterious Island (2005) The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (2006) While the Children Sleep (2007) Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) Crash and Burn (2008) The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior (2008) Prayers for Bobby (2009) Give 'Em Hell, Malone (2009) In Like Flynn (2018) Teen Wolf: The Movie (2023) vteGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology SeriesTV Movie or Limited Series (1990–2019) The Women of Brewster Place (1990) Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1991) And the Band Played On (1994) Tales of the City (1995) Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story (1996) Two Mothers for Zachary (1997) Any Mother's Son (1998) More Tales of the City (1999) Execution of Justice (2000) If These Walls Could Talk 2 (2001) What Makes a Family (2002) The Laramie Project (2003) Angels in America (2004) Jack (2005) The Long Firm (2006) A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2007) The DL Chronicles (2008) East Side Story (2009) Prayers for Bobby (2010) Cinema Verite (2012) American Horror Story: Asylum (2013) Behind the Candelabra (2014) The Normal Heart (2015) Bessie (2016) Eyewitness (2017) When We Rise (2018) The Assassination of Gianni Versace (2019) TV Movie (2020–2022) Transparent: Musical Finale (2020) Uncle Frank (2021) Single All the Way (2022) Limited Series (2020–2022) Tales of the City (2020) I May Destroy You (2021) It's a Sin (2022) Limited or Anthology Series (2023–present) The White Lotus (2023) Fellow Travelers (2024)
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The film is based on the book of the same name by Leroy F. Aarons, which is itself based on the true story of the life and legacy of Bobby Griffith, a gay young man who killed himself in 1983 due to his mother's homophobia. Ryan Kelley stars as Bobby Griffith and Sigourney Weaver portrays his mother Mary.The film was watched by more than 6 million viewers during its two-day initial run. It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for Weaver, who was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.","title":"Prayers for Bobby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"Aspirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"gay bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bar"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture"},{"link_name":"gay community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_community"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Community Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church"},{"link_name":"Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents,_Families_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays"},{"link_name":"conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_(biology)"},{"link_name":"coming out of the closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out_of_the_closet"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"gay pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride_parade"}],"text":"Mary Griffith is a devout Christian who raises her four children—Ed, Bobby, Joy and Nancy—according to the evangelical teachings of her local Presbyterian church in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Walnut Creek, California.Ed finds Bobby resisting temptations to overdose on Aspirin as an initial suicide attempt before Bobby confides to him that he is gay. Life changes for the entire family after Mary learns about his secret. In hopes of converting him, she takes him to a psychiatrist, who explains to Bobby's parents that a person's homosexuality is the result of lacking a close relationship with their parents. She then advises Bobby to pray harder and seek solace in Church activities, as well as to arrange a special bonding time with his father. While spending such quality time with his father, Bobby explains his desire to become a writer, to which his father suggests \"some dreams are just not realistic.\"Bobby's father and siblings slowly come to terms with his homosexuality, but Mary believes God can cure him. To get away from his family, Bobby visits his cousin Jeanette in Portland, Oregon; she has always been accepting of his sexual orientation and tries to help him realize that his mother will never change. Desperate for his mother's approval, he does what is asked of him, but through it all, the Church's disapproval of homosexuality and his mother's attempts to suppress his growing behaviors in public cause him to grow increasingly withdrawn and depressed.Stricken with guilt, Bobby finds a boyfriend, David, at a gay bar. Nonetheless, before leaving the house with David, Mary informs Bobby that she \"will not have a gay son.\" After Bobby finds David betraying him for another man, he continues to think of his mother's words of prejudice, i.e., when saying \"homosexuality is a sin and (gays) are doomed to spend eternity in hell,\" as well as calling him \"sick,\" \"perverted,\" and \"a danger to our children.\" Following his subsequent depression and self-loathing which intensifies, one night he free falls off of a bridge onto a highway and into the path of an oncoming eighteen-wheeler truck, which kills him instantly. The family receives the news the following day and are devastated.Faced with their tragedy, Mary begins to question herself and her Church's interpretation of Scripture. Through her long and emotional journey, Mary slowly reaches out to the gay community and discovers unexpected support from them. She becomes acquainted with a local reverend of the Metropolitan Community Church, who convinces her to attend a meeting of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). It is there that she recalls Bobby being different from conception and reassures herself that his true value was in his heart.Mary then gives a speech in a Walnut Creek city council meeting supporting a local \"gay day\" live on television. She tells of her experiences with Bobby, the struggles she had coping with him coming out of the closet and her stubbornness to reevaluate her religious beliefs which were nothing more than \"bigotry\" and \"dehumanizing slander.\" Mary also acknowledges how she came to realize that Bobby's sexual orientation was quite natural in God's image and his suicide was subsequently due to poor parenting. She concludes her speech by urging people to think before they say, voice, or support homophobia because \"a child is listening\". The measure is rejected, but Mary and her family travel to San Francisco with fellow PFLAG members and walk in a gay pride parade, during which she sees another young man just like Bobby observing the parade. She walks over and hugs him, finally coming to terms with her son's death and vowing to work hard for the rights of gays and lesbians.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigourney Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Mary Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Griffith_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Czerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Czerny"},{"link_name":"Ryan Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Bobby Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Austin Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Dan Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Butler"},{"link_name":"Carly Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"Scott Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Bailey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mary Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Griffith_(activist)"}],"text":"Sigourney Weaver as Mary Griffith\nHenry Czerny as Robert Griffith\nRyan Kelley as Bobby Griffith\nAustin Nichols as Ed Griffith\nDan Butler as the Rev. Whitsell\nCarly Schroeder as Joy Griffith\nShannon Eagen as Nancy Griffith\nScott Bailey as David\nBryan Endress-Fox as Greg\nRebecca Louise Miller as Jeanette\nMarshall McClean as Reverend Owens\nMary Griffith as herself in the Pride Parade scene","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"Katie Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ford_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"teleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleplay"},{"link_name":"Leroy F. Aarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_F._Aarons"},{"link_name":"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leona Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Lewis"}],"text":"Executive producers David Permut, Daniel Sladek, and Chris Taaffe initiated and championed the project over a period of thirteen years. The film was directed by Russell Mulcahy. Screenwriter Katie Ford based the teleplay on the noted best-selling book Prayers for Bobby: A Mother's Coming to Terms with the Suicide of Her Gay Son by Leroy F. Aarons, a journalist who interviewed Mary Griffith about her experiences that led to the suicide of her son as well as her work advocating the rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community. Griffith and Aarons are credited as co-producers on the film. Produced by Once Upon A Times Films, Ltd in association with Permut Presentations and Sladek Taaffe Productions, the other executive producer was Stanley M. Brooks.[1] The final scene of the film features \"Here I Am\" by Leona Lewis.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"Prayers For Bobby received 3.8 million total viewers during the film's January 24, 2009 premiere on Lifetime, with 2.3 million total viewers subsequently during the January 25, 2009 airdate[2][3] with a combined total of 6.1 million viewers.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Critical reaction","text":"Critics responded positively to the film, which received approval from 73% of 15 critics and an average rating of 6.4/10 on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Critics' consensus on the website is \"A devastating true story and terrific performance by Sigourney Weaver give Prayers for Bobby palpable power, although some viewers may find this well-intentioned film too calculating in its efforts to wring tears.\"[4] Brian Lowry of Variety wrote \"Sigourney Weaver's TV movie debut proves worth the wait, as Lifetime's fact-based Prayers for Bobby revisits ground similar to that broken nearly 25 years ago by the AIDS-themed \"An Early Frost\" and – thanks to enduring religious-based bigotry toward gays – still feels fresh and poignant.\"[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigourney Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver"},{"link_name":"The Trevor Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trevor_Project"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Sigourney Weaver was given the Trevor Life Award from The Trevor Project for her participation in the film. The award was presented by Anne Hathaway.[6] In 2015, executive producers Daniel Sladek & Chris Taaffe were invited by the Vice President of the EU to the European Parliament in Brussels where they presented Prayers for Bobby to Members of Parliament on International Homophobia Day.[citation needed]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On December 7, 2010, Prayers for Bobby was released on DVD.[18]","title":"Home media"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Matthew Shepard Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matthew_Shepard_Story"}]
[{"reference":"Littleton, Cynthia (May 18, 2008). \"Weaver answers 'Prayers'\". Variety. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023227/https://variety.com/article/VR1117986035.html?categoryid=1238&cs=1","url_text":"\"Weaver answers 'Prayers'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://variety.com/article/VR1117986035.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (January 26, 2009). \"Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090708060352/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/01/26/sigourney-weaver-starrer-prayers-for-bobby-draws-38-million-viewers/11595","url_text":"\"Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/01/26/sigourney-weaver-starrer-prayers-for-bobby-draws-38-million-viewers/11595","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers During Its Saturday, January 24, Premiere on Lifetime Television\". The Futon Critic. January 26, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2009/01/26/sigourney-weaver-starrer-prayers-for-bobby-draws-38-million-viewers-during-its-saturday-january-24-premiere-on-lifetime-television-30215/20090126lifetime01/","url_text":"\"Sigourney Weaver Starrer Prayers for Bobby Draws 3.8 Million Viewers During Its Saturday, January 24, Premiere on Lifetime Television\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prayers for Bobby\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prayers_for_bobby","url_text":"\"Prayers for Bobby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410023301/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prayers_for_bobby","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexander Ryll (2014). \"Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Prayers for Bobby\". Gay Essential. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://gay-themed-films.com/films-to-watch-prayers-for-bobby/","url_text":"\"Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Prayers for Bobby\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141222203723/http://gay-themed-films.com/films-to-watch-prayers-for-bobby/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Trevor Project Annual Report\" (PDF). The Trevor Project. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2009-Highlights.pdf","url_text":"\"The Trevor Project Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trevor_Project","url_text":"The Trevor Project"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924015146/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2009-Highlights.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Goldderby Tv Awards\". March 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldderby.com/2009-goldderby-tv-awards/","url_text":"\"2009 Goldderby Tv Awards\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190805204802/https://www.goldderby.com/2009-goldderby-tv-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Made For Television Movie\". emmys.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2009/outstanding-made-for-television-movie","url_text":"\"61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Made For Television Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720090710/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2009/outstanding-made-for-television-movie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Lead Actress In A Miniseries Or A Movie\". emmys.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2009/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-miniseries-or-a-movie","url_text":"\"61st Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Lead Actress In A Miniseries Or A Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720035040/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2009/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-miniseries-or-a-movie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 | Categories | International Press Academy\". Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181223175149/http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2009/","url_text":"\"2009 | Categories | International Press Academy\""},{"url":"https://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2009/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Prayers for Bobby' : A Fantastic Movie for families of LGBTQ – PFLAG ATLANTA\". Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pflagatl.org/prayersforbobby/","url_text":"\"'Prayers for Bobby' : A Fantastic Movie for families of LGBTQ – PFLAG ATLANTA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428195322/http://www.pflagatl.org/prayersforbobby/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GALECA :: The Society of LGBTQ Entertainment Critics :: Home of the Dorian Awards\". Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://galeca.org/past-winners/","url_text":"\"GALECA :: The Society of LGBTQ Entertainment Critics :: Home of the Dorian Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200511154029/https://galeca.org/past-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards – English Language Nominees\". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/21/nominees","url_text":"\"21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards – English Language Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Alliance_Against_Defamation","url_text":"Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100130031953/http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/21/nominees","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prayers For Bobby\". Golden Globe Awards. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/prayers-bobby","url_text":"\"Prayers For Bobby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards","url_text":"Golden Globe Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200901060411/https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/prayers-bobby","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Television Nominations for the 2010 PGA Awards Announced\". producersguild.org. Producers Guild of America. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120410220507/http://www.producersguild.org/news/34894/Television-Nominations-for-the-2010-PGA-Awards-Announced.htm","url_text":"\"Television Nominations for the 2010 PGA Awards Announced\""},{"url":"http://www.producersguild.org/news/34894/Television-Nominations-for-the-2010-PGA-Awards-Announced.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 PGA Award Nominees and Winners\". producersguild.org. Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agats
Agats
["1 Administrative villages","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Transport and facilities","5 Gallery","6 References","6.1 Footnotes","6.2 Bibliography"]
Coordinates: 5°32′30″S 138°08′00″E / 5.54167°S 138.13333°E / -5.54167; 138.13333Town in South Papua, IndonesiaAgatsTownAgats at noonNickname: Kota Seribu Papan (Town of a Thousand Planks)AgatsLocation in Western New GuineaCoordinates: 5°32′30″S 138°08′00″E / 5.54167°S 138.13333°E / -5.54167; 138.13333Country IndonesiaProvinceSouth PapuaRegencyAsmat RegencyPopulation (mid 2023 estimate) • Total26,088Time zoneUTC+9 (IEST)Postcode99777Area code(+62) 902Villages12 Agats is a town in Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. An elevated settlement on a tidal plain, a Dutch outpost was set up in Agats in 1938 and the town became notable for the cultural practices of the Asmat people. Following the formation of Asmat Regency in 2002, the town became its administrative seat. Administrative villages Agats District consists of 12 villages (kampung), namely: Asuwetsy Bis Agats Bisman Bou Briten (Biriten/Beriten) Kaye Mbait Per Saw Suwru Uwus Yamoth (Yomoth) History Though Agats had been populated by the Asmat people for some time, as a largely waterfront settlement, the first non-native settlement originated in the late 1930s when a Catholic mission was established in the area, and later in 1938 the Dutch East Indies government established an outpost there. Due to the Second World War, however, the Dutch abandoned the Agats post in 1942 due to the Japanese presence. In 1953, the Catholic mission was made permanent and the following year the Dutch government of Netherlands New Guinea established a permanent post in Agats, banning headhunting practices. During this period, Asmat woodcarving became popular, with collectors, museum representatives, ethnographers and scientists visiting the area. One such person, Michael Rockefeller, disappeared after departing Agats for Southern Asmat in 1961, and was presumed dead. On 29 May 1969, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Agats was established, with American Alphonse Sowada becoming its first bishop. The Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress (Museum Kebudayaan dan Kemajuan Asmat) was opened in Agats in 1973. The Asmat Cultural Festival, held annually in the town, began in 1981. After Asmat became its own regency in 2002, Agats – being its administrative seat – saw a boost in building due to a need for government facilities and an increase of migrants, largely Bugis and Moluccans, with the annual population growth of Agats being as high as 22 percent between 2005 and 2011 compared to 3 percent for Asmat Regency. In recent years, the wooden roads in Agats have begun to be replaced by concrete ones by the regency's government. Following a major famine which struck Asmat Regency, in 2018 Indonesian President Joko Widodo offered to relocate residents of more remote areas to Agats, though the relocation faced significant resistance. Geography Agats is located on the delta of the Asewets River, in a tidal lowland area. Due to this, during high tides the water may rise up to 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level, resulting in the unique construction of the town in which all buildings and roads are elevated with wooden, and more recently concrete, structures. Administratively, the urban settlement is located within the kampung of Bis Agats, which had a population of 8,998 in 2016. Climate Agats has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with very heavy rainfall year-round. Climate data for Agats Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.7(89.1) 31.6(88.9) 31.7(89.1) 31.6(88.9) 31.0(87.8) 29.9(85.8) 29.1(84.4) 29.3(84.7) 30.2(86.4) 31.1(88.0) 32.0(89.6) 31.9(89.4) 30.9(87.7) Daily mean °C (°F) 27.2(81.0) 27.2(81.0) 27.3(81.1) 27.3(81.1) 26.8(80.2) 26.0(78.8) 25.4(77.7) 25.4(77.7) 26.0(78.8) 26.7(80.1) 27.4(81.3) 27.5(81.5) 26.7(80.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.8(73.0) 22.8(73.0) 22.9(73.2) 23.0(73.4) 22.7(72.9) 22.1(71.8) 21.7(71.1) 21.6(70.9) 21.8(71.2) 22.3(72.1) 22.8(73.0) 23.1(73.6) 22.5(72.4) Average rainfall mm (inches) 308(12.1) 330(13.0) 427(16.8) 414(16.3) 420(16.5) 336(13.2) 388(15.3) 420(16.5) 391(15.4) 368(14.5) 284(11.2) 324(12.8) 4,410(173.6) Source: Climate-Data.org Transport and facilities Agats is served by pioneer, government-subsidized flights from Merauke and Mimika through the nearby Ewer Airport (IATA: EWE), in addition to passenger boats to Timika and Merauke. Both the airport and the river port are planned for upgrades in 2019, allowing the airport to take larger ATR aircraft and the river port to take larger "Tol Laut" ships. Recently introduced electric motorcycles are used for transport in the city, with electrical charging stations run by PLN. A public hospital is present in Agats. As the water of the Asewetz next to the town is brackish and polluted, the town largely depends on rainwater and bottled water, in addition to pumped water from another river nearby. Gallery Icon of Asmat Regency Mosque of Saiful Bukhori Salib Suci Cathedral Church, seen in 2014 Interior of Salib Suci cathedral Port of Agats Exterior of the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress Paper mulberry spirit masks at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress Asmat carving at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress A male crocodile specimen on display at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress Asmat Queen Art Shop Asmat tribesman in Syuru village at Agats Canoes Local office of Indonesian oil company Pertamina A shop in Syuru village, Agats A house built on stilts Homes on the Asewet River. Papuan woman Ceremonial house in Syuru village Streetside shopper Wooden walkways in Syuru village Asewet River Javanese youths in Agats Woman of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown Man of Agats, date unknown References Footnotes ^ a b Feb Janur, Katharina (4 February 2018). "Asmat, Kota Seribu Papan di Atas Rawa". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kabupaten Asmat Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.9304) ^ Lubis 2017, pp. 75, 77. ^ a b c Wassing, René (2012). "History: Colony, Mission and Nation". Asmat Art: Woodcarvings of Southwest New Guinea. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462909643. ^ Hoffmann, Carl (March 2014). "What Really Happened to Michael Rockefeller". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ "Agats (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) ". catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 8 March 2019. ^ "Asmat Cultural Festival a great initiative". Antara News (in Indonesian). 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Lubis 2017, pp. 77–78. ^ Wambrauw & Morgan 2015, p. 84. ^ "Hebatnya Motor Listrik di Asmat". Kabar Papua (in Indonesian). 4 April 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Salim, Hanz Jimenez (13 April 2018). "Jokowi Mengaku Kesulitan Pindahkan Penduduk Asmat dari Distrik Terpencil". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Wambrauw & Morgan 2015, p. 73. ^ Wambrauw & Morgan 2015, p. 75. ^ Statistics Indonesia. "Kecamatan Agats Dalam Angka 2017 (Agats Subdistrict in Numbers, 2017)". asmatkab.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). p. 15. Retrieved 5 March 2019. ^ "PERATURAN KEPALA BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK NOMOR 37 TAHUN 2010" (PDF). Statistics Indonesia. p. 779. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ "Climate: Agats". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ "2019, Pesawat ATR Ditargetkan Mendarat di Bandara Ewer Asmat". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 24 August 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ "2019, Ditjen Hubdat akan Optimalkan Pembangunan Dermaga Pelabuhan Agats Papua". Berita Trans (in Indonesian). 2 December 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Siagian, Wilpret (8 February 2018). "1.920 Motor di Asmat Pakai Tenaga Listrik". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ "Direktur RSUD Agats: Pasien Campak dan Gizi Buruk Berkurang". Republika (in Indonesian). 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Wambrauw & Morgan 2015, pp. 75–76. Bibliography Wambrauw, Elisabeth Veronika; Morgan, Te Kipa Kepa Brian (2015). "Understanding the Differing Realities Experienced by Stakeholders Impacted by the Agats Municipal Water Supply, Papua" (PDF). Water Utility Journal. 11: 73–91. Lubis, Basauli Umar (2017). "Agats: The Waterfront City of the Asmat" (PDF). Nakhara. 13: 75–82. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Papua"},{"link_name":"Asmat Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Regency"},{"link_name":"South Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Papua"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Asmat people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_people"}],"text":"Town in South Papua, IndonesiaAgats is a town in Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. An elevated settlement on a tidal plain, a Dutch outpost was set up in Agats in 1938 and the town became notable for the cultural practices of the Asmat people. Following the formation of Asmat Regency in 2002, the town became its administrative seat.","title":"Agats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_village"}],"text":"Agats District consists of 12 villages (kampung), namely:Asuwetsy\nBis Agats\nBisman\nBou\nBriten (Biriten/Beriten)\nKaye\nMbait\nPer\nSaw\nSuwru\nUwus\nYamoth (Yomoth)","title":"Administrative villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asmat people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_people"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubis201775,_77-3"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcmn-4"},{"link_name":"Netherlands New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcmn-4"},{"link_name":"Michael Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Agats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Agats"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Sowada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Augustus_Sowada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcmn-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis_people"},{"link_name":"Moluccans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubis201777%E2%80%9378-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWambrauwMorgan201584-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Though Agats had been populated by the Asmat people for some time, as a largely waterfront settlement, the first non-native settlement originated in the late 1930s when a Catholic mission was established in the area, and later in 1938 the Dutch East Indies government established an outpost there.[3] Due to the Second World War, however, the Dutch abandoned the Agats post in 1942 due to the Japanese presence.[4]In 1953, the Catholic mission was made permanent and the following year the Dutch government of Netherlands New Guinea established a permanent post in Agats, banning headhunting practices. During this period, Asmat woodcarving became popular, with collectors, museum representatives, ethnographers and scientists visiting the area.[4] One such person, Michael Rockefeller, disappeared after departing Agats for Southern Asmat in 1961, and was presumed dead.[5]On 29 May 1969, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Agats was established, with American Alphonse Sowada becoming its first bishop.[6] The Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress (Museum Kebudayaan dan Kemajuan Asmat) was opened in Agats in 1973.[4] The Asmat Cultural Festival, held annually in the town, began in 1981.[7]After Asmat became its own regency in 2002, Agats – being its administrative seat – saw a boost in building due to a need for government facilities and an increase of migrants, largely Bugis and Moluccans,[8] with the annual population growth of Agats being as high as 22 percent between 2005 and 2011 compared to 3 percent for Asmat Regency.[9] In recent years, the wooden roads in Agats have begun to be replaced by concrete ones by the regency's government.[10]Following a major famine which struck Asmat Regency, in 2018 Indonesian President Joko Widodo offered to relocate residents of more remote areas to Agats, though the relocation faced significant resistance.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"Asewets River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asewets_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWambrauwMorgan201573-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWambrauwMorgan201575-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bps-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Agats is located on the delta of the Asewets River, in a tidal lowland area.[12] Due to this, during high tides the water may rise up to 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level, resulting in the unique construction of the town in which all buildings and roads are elevated with wooden, and more recently concrete, structures.[13]Administratively, the urban settlement is located within the kampung of Bis Agats, which had a population of 8,998 in 2016.[14][15]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Agats has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with very heavy rainfall year-round.Climate data for Agats\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n30.9(87.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n26.7(80.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n22.5(72.4)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n308(12.1)\n\n330(13.0)\n\n427(16.8)\n\n414(16.3)\n\n420(16.5)\n\n336(13.2)\n\n388(15.3)\n\n420(16.5)\n\n391(15.4)\n\n368(14.5)\n\n284(11.2)\n\n324(12.8)\n\n4,410(173.6)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merauke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merauke"},{"link_name":"Mimika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimika"},{"link_name":"Ewer Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewer_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Timika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timika"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seribupapan-1"},{"link_name":"ATR aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Tol Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tol_Laut"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"electric motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycles"},{"link_name":"PLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWambrauwMorgan201575%E2%80%9376-21"}],"text":"Agats is served by pioneer, government-subsidized flights from Merauke and Mimika through the nearby Ewer Airport (IATA: EWE), in addition to passenger boats to Timika and Merauke.[1] Both the airport and the river port are planned for upgrades in 2019, allowing the airport to take larger ATR aircraft and the river port to take larger \"Tol Laut\" ships.[17][18] Recently introduced electric motorcycles are used for transport in the city, with electrical charging stations run by PLN.[19]A public hospital is present in Agats.[20] As the water of the Asewetz next to the town is brackish and polluted, the town largely depends on rainwater and bottled water, in addition to pumped water from another river nearby.[21]","title":"Transport and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icon_of_Asmat_Regency.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Saiful_Bukhori.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salib_Suci_Cathedral_Church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catholic_Cathedral_(48296151447).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Agats.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Asmat_(48280683281).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirit_Masks_(48285842547).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asmat_Carving.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Crocodile_(48290419611).jpg"},{"link_name":"Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmat_Museum_of_Culture_and_Progress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asmat_Queen_Art_Shop_(48298307186).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asmat_Tribesman_(48277997957).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canoes_at_Agats_(48319987547).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agats_Pertamina_(48262469681).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pertamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syuru_Shop_(48293166286).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houses_on_Stilts_(48317642201).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riverside_Houses_(48268780302).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papuan_Woman_(48316647987).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syuru_Ceremonial_House_(48276841927).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streetside_Shopper_(48307501217).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_Walkways_(48274802866).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asewet_River_(48260725561).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javanese_Youths_(48315043507).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrouw,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D971.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D996.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D982.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D992.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D988.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D993.tiff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papoea,_vermoedelijk_te_Atsj_in_het_bisdom_Agats,_KITLV_D998.tiff"}],"text":"Icon of Asmat Regency\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosque of Saiful Bukhori\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalib Suci Cathedral Church, seen in 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of Salib Suci cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPort of Agats\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior of the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaper mulberry spirit masks at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAsmat carving at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA male crocodile specimen on display at the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAsmat Queen Art Shop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAsmat tribesman in Syuru village at Agats\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanoes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLocal office of Indonesian oil company Pertamina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA shop in Syuru village, Agats\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA house built on stilts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHomes on the Asewet River.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPapuan woman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCeremonial house in Syuru village\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreetside shopper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWooden walkways in Syuru village\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAsewet River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJavanese youths in Agats\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoman of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMan of Agats, date unknown","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Feb Janur, Katharina (4 February 2018). \"Asmat, Kota Seribu Papan di Atas Rawa\". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3256086/asmat-kota-seribu-papan-di-atas-rawa","url_text":"\"Asmat, Kota Seribu Papan di Atas Rawa\""}]},{"reference":"Wassing, René (2012). \"History: Colony, Mission and Nation\". Asmat Art: Woodcarvings of Southwest New Guinea. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462909643.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vEPRAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Asmat Art: Woodcarvings of Southwest New Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462909643","url_text":"9781462909643"}]},{"reference":"Hoffmann, Carl (March 2014). \"What Really Happened to Michael Rockefeller\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/What-Really-Happened-to-Michael-Rockefeller-180949813/?no-ist=&page=2","url_text":"\"What Really Happened to Michael Rockefeller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agats (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 8 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dagat.html","url_text":"\"Agats (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asmat Cultural Festival a great initiative\". Antara News (in Indonesian). 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.antaranews.com/news/107181/asmat-cultural-festival-a-great-initiative","url_text":"\"Asmat Cultural Festival a great initiative\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hebatnya Motor Listrik di Asmat\". Kabar Papua (in Indonesian). 4 April 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kabarpapua.co/hebatnya-motor-listrik-di-asmat/","url_text":"\"Hebatnya Motor Listrik di Asmat\""}]},{"reference":"Salim, Hanz Jimenez (13 April 2018). \"Jokowi Mengaku Kesulitan Pindahkan Penduduk Asmat dari Distrik Terpencil\". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3451991/jokowi-mengaku-kesulitan-pindahkan-penduduk-asmat-dari-distrik-terpencil","url_text":"\"Jokowi Mengaku Kesulitan Pindahkan Penduduk Asmat dari Distrik Terpencil\""}]},{"reference":"Statistics Indonesia. \"Kecamatan Agats Dalam Angka 2017 (Agats Subdistrict in Numbers, 2017)\". asmatkab.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). p. 15. Retrieved 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://asmatkab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/09/26/526913d5e7a65964ee06ac87/kecamatan-agats-dalam-angka-2017.html","url_text":"\"Kecamatan Agats Dalam Angka 2017 (Agats Subdistrict in Numbers, 2017)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PERATURAN KEPALA BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK NOMOR 37 TAHUN 2010\" (PDF). Statistics Indonesia. p. 779. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081329/https://sirusa.bps.go.id/webadmin/doc/MFD_2010_Buku_3.pdf","url_text":"\"PERATURAN KEPALA BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK NOMOR 37 TAHUN 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia","url_text":"Statistics Indonesia"},{"url":"https://sirusa.bps.go.id/webadmin/doc/MFD_2010_Buku_3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Agats\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/467622/","url_text":"\"Climate: Agats\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019, Pesawat ATR Ditargetkan Mendarat di Bandara Ewer Asmat\". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 24 August 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/24/21244271/2019-pesawat-atr-ditargetkan-mendarat-di-bandara-ewer-asmat","url_text":"\"2019, Pesawat ATR Ditargetkan Mendarat di Bandara Ewer Asmat\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019, Ditjen Hubdat akan Optimalkan Pembangunan Dermaga Pelabuhan Agats Papua\". Berita Trans (in Indonesian). 2 December 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://beritatrans.com/2018/12/02/2019-ditjen-hubdat-akan-optimalkan-pembangunan-dermaga-pelabuhan-agats-papua/","url_text":"\"2019, Ditjen Hubdat akan Optimalkan Pembangunan Dermaga Pelabuhan Agats Papua\""}]},{"reference":"Siagian, Wilpret (8 February 2018). \"1.920 Motor di Asmat Pakai Tenaga Listrik\". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.detik.com/energi/d-3856932/1920-motor-di-asmat-pakai-tenaga-listrik","url_text":"\"1.920 Motor di Asmat Pakai Tenaga Listrik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Direktur RSUD Agats: Pasien Campak dan Gizi Buruk Berkurang\". Republika (in Indonesian). 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/18/02/06/p3qhn0409-direktur-rsud-agats-pasien-campak-dan-gizi-buruk-berkurang","url_text":"\"Direktur RSUD Agats: Pasien Campak dan Gizi Buruk Berkurang\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_(Budapest)
Museum of Ethnography (Budapest)
["1 History","2 Collection","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°30′28.13″N 19°2′54.31″E / 47.5078139°N 19.0484194°E / 47.5078139; 19.0484194Museum in Budapest, Hungary You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (December 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hungarian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|hu|Néprajzi Múzeum}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The Museum of Ethnography (Hungarian: Néprajzi Múzeum) is a national museum in Budapest, Hungary. The location of the museum between 1975-2022 (Palace of Justice, Budapest). History It was founded as the Ethnographic Department of the Hungarian National Museum in 1872. Its first director was John Xantus de Vesey. It formally split from the National Museum in 1947. Despite the Museum of Ethnography's status as an institution of rank and prestige, the past 150 years of its history have been largely determined by a continuous struggle to maintain its facilities and keep its collections safe.  Founded in 1872 as part of the Hungarian National Museum, the institution received its first independent home in 1892 in the form of the neo-Renaissance Várkert Bazár building near Budapest's Castle District.  A year later, however, inadequate conditions forced it to move to an apartment building in Csillag utca.  It was in this location that, in 1898, its first permanent exhibition was born. Though in 1906, the museum was once more moved to the Millennial Exhibition's then-empty Hall of Industry, in 1924, storm damage to its collection prompted yet another relocation, this time to an empty secondary school building on Könyves Kálmán út in Budapest's Tisztviselőtelep neighbourhood (Népliget).  In 1929, the museum again opened its doors, its extraordinarily diverse and colourful collections on Hungarian folk and world cultures displayed across thirty of the school's rooms.  Decades later, in 1975, the museum moved into the palatial Hall of Justice opposite the building of the Hungarian Parliament. The Museum of Ethnography's new home has been constructed in City Park, one of the oldest green spaces in the city, based on designs by Napur Architect Ltd. The new building will open in May 2022. Collection The Museum of Ethnography's Africa Collection, also encompassing the island of Madagascar, currently comprises around 10,500 objects, while the Asia Collection contains around 13,000 objects, four-fifths of which were acquired by the museum between the late 19th and early 20th century. In quantitative terms, the two biggest subgroups within the Asia Collection comprise objects originating from Japan and China, followed by India, the Amur region, Mongolia, Turkey, the Caucasus, and Turkestan. The Oceania Collection is, in many respects, one of the museum's most significant collections. It is recognised internationally partly for its size and composition, and partly because of the period in which the collecting work took place. Three-quarters of the 14,500 objects that make up the collection were acquired at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a period when this region was still largely untouched from an ethnographic point of view. The core of the Indonesia Collection, which currently comprises some 4,000 items, was collected between the end of the 19th century and the outbreak of the First World War. Half of the material in the collection comes from two narrow geographical areas: Java and Borneo. The Europe Collection, which contains around 10,000 items, is one of the Museum of Ethnography's first collections. In the 19th century, collecting work tended to be focused on the Finno-Ugric peoples who were ethnically related to the Hungarians. However, from the early 20th century, particular emphasis was given to collecting objects from the nationalities living in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the territories that belonged to it. The vast majority of the collected items are embroidered textiles, as well as musical instruments, metal objects, leather belts, jewellery, and ceramics. Comprising around 8,300 items, the America Collection is the smallest of the museum's non-European collections, although its origins date back to the foundation of the museum itself, as it includes objects collected by the museum's founder, János Xántus, in the 1850s and 1860s. Besides the tasks of conserving, researching, and presenting this important international material, the museum plays a key role in strengthening Hungarian national identity. The materials from the Carpathian Basin, which date from the 17th century up to the end of the 20th century, preserve the traces of a bygone lifestyle — that of the peasants who made up a large proportion of Hungarian society until the middle of the 20th century. From the late 19th century, life in Hungary was radically transformed as a result of modernisation, urbanisation, and globalisation. In a race against time, researchers from the Museum of Ethnography successfully collected objects associated with the everyday existence, festivals and working lives of the Hungarians and other nationalities living in Hungary, preserving their knowledge for future generations. Through the tens of thousands of simple utilitarian and representative objects in its collections associated with traditional forms of subsistence (fishing, animal husbandry and herding, agriculture, and hunting and gathering), the museum illustrates the challenges people faced in the centuries before mechanisation, and the way of life in the fertile countryside criss-crossed by rivers. With around 13,000 objects, the Crafts and Trades Collection is the museum's fourth-largest collection of Hungarian materials. The Transportation Collection and the Building Construction Collection, comprising 1,500 objects associated with popular transportation, carriage, haulage, and communications and signalling, represent an important contribution to our knowledge of the history of technology. The Ceramics Collection, with its almost 30,000 objects, is one of the Museum of Ethnography's biggest collection units. The Collection of Textiles and Costumes contains around 50,000 items, making it an outstanding thematic collection at European level. Besides the folk costumes and household textiles of the peasants, craftspeople, and herders living in the villages and market towns, all of which were characterised by an extraordinary wealth of ornamentation, motifs, and colours, the collection also encompasses the material culture of the wider population, including the urban lower middle class and intelligentsia. The items in the Collection of Furniture and Lighting Instruments originate primarily from the territory of historical Hungary, chiefly from the Hungarians but also from the other ethnic groups living in Hungary. They include items of furniture, lighting instruments, home furnishings and interior decorations (clocks, mirrors, pipe racks, family portraits, and commemorative pictures), children's furniture (cribs, playpens, and walkers), and items used in everyday life (for bathing, washing, and heating). The Nutrition Collection comprises items used in relation to the storage, processing, and preserving of food, along with tableware that does not form part of other collections. The Collection of Religious Objects, the Collection of Customs and Toys, and the 1,000-piece Musical Instruments Collection contain objects and utensils associated with church life and community customs. The Museum of Ethnography specialises not only in artefacts, but, from its very beginnings, has also endeavoured to collect and preserve intangible cultural heritage and materials associated with ethnographic research. Former contributors to the museum's work include such prominent figures as composers László Lajtha and Béla Bartók, whose sound recordings are preserved in the museum's collection of 4,500 phonograph cylinders. Their collecting work encompassed the musical traditions not only of Hungarians but also of other ethnic groups living in the Carpathian Basin, and, in Bartók's case, even extended to the Anatolian Turks and Algerian Arabs. This material makes up only a fraction of the Museum of Ethnography's tens of thousands of analogue audio recordings. As part of the Ethnological Archives, the Film and Video Collection, which contains recordings made on ethnographic topics dating from the 1930s, is similarly unique. The museum's Photograph Collection, which comprises 340,000 items, is the largest collection of images of traditional peasant and folk culture in Hungary and also includes many photographs of the peoples of distant continents taken as early as the end of the 19th century. The 30,000-item Manuscript Collection and the drawings, paintings, and prints preserved in the Image Archive attract international researchers, whose work is also supported by the museum's specialist library, which boasts 197,000 volumes. References ^ "Az utolsó munkálatokat végzik az új Néprajzi Múzeum épületén a Városligetben". pestbuda.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Neprajz.hu - Hungarian Museum of Ethnography". neprajz.hu. Retrieved 2022-05-17. External links Official Budapest Ethnographic Museum website—(in English and Hungarian) vte BudapestLandmarksBridges Árpád Bridge Elisabeth Bridge Liberty Bridge Margaret Bridge Megyeri Bridge Petőfi Bridge Rákóczi Bridge Széchenyi Chain Bridge Castles and palaces Buda Castle Danube Palace Fisherman's Bastion Gresham Palace Hotel Astoria Hotel Gellért Labyrinth of Buda Castle Nagytétény Castle New York Palace Vajdahunyad Castle Government Carmelite Monastery of Buda Sándor Palace Hungarian Parliament Building House of Magnates Hungarian National Bank Budapest City Hall Memorials Holocaust Memorial Center Kossuth Memorial Liberty Statue Little Princess statue Matthias Fountain Shoes on Danube Bank Museums andgalleries Aquincum Museum Museum of Ethnography Geological Museum Kunsthalle Hospital in the Rock House of Terror National Gallery National Museum Natural History Museum Semmelweis Museum of Medical History Railway History Park Koller Gallery Memento Park Metropolitan Ervin Szabó Library Müpa Budapest Museum of Applied Arts Museum of Fine Arts National Széchényi Library Transportation Museum Southeast Asian Gold Museum Parks and gardens Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden City Park City Park Ice Rink Gellért Hill Haller Park Fiume Road National Graveyard Margaret Island Népliget Normafa Óbuda Island Religious buildings Dohány Street Synagogue Gellért Hill Cave Inner City Parish Church in Pest Lutheran Church of Budavár Mary Magdalene Church Matthias Church Our Lady of the Snows Parish Church Palace Chapel Rumbach Street Synagogue Saint Anne Parish St. Catherine of Alexandria Church Stigmatisation of Saint Francis Church Szilágyi Dezső Square Reformed Church St. Stephen's Basilica Tomb of Gül Baba University Church Church of St. George Sports venues Alfréd Hajós National Swimming Stadium Bozsik Stadion Budai II. László Stadion City Park Ice Rink Danube Arena Szusza Ferenc Stadion Ferencváros Stadion Hidegkuti Nándor Stadion Hungaroring-Formula One Illovszky Rudolf Stadion Kincsem Park Kisstadion MVM Dome National Athletics Centre Puskás Aréna Szőnyi úti Stadion László Papp Budapest Sports Arena Squares andstreets Andrássy Avenue Citadella Danube Promenade Deák Ferenc Square Ferenciek Square Grand Boulevard Heroes' Square Hungary Boulevard Kossuth Square Liberty Square Oktogon Small Boulevard Széll Kálmán Square Váci Street Vörösmarty Square Móricz Zsigmond Square Theaters and opera Comedy Theatre Court Theatre of Buda Erkel Theatre Erzsébetliget Theatre Hungarian State Opera House Magyar Theatre National Theatre Vigadó of Pest Thermal spas Gellért Baths Király Baths Lukács Baths Rudas Baths Rácz Thermal Bath Széchenyi Medicinal Bath Other Anker Palace Café Gerbeaud Elizabeth Lookout Great Market Hall Gundel Restaurant Hungarian Academy of Sciences Millennium Underground Railway F-4 Object Districts I. Várkerület II. 2nd district III. Óbuda-Békásmegyer IV. Újpest V. Belváros-Lipótváros VI. Terézváros VII. Erzsébetváros VIII. Józsefváros IX. Ferencváros X. Kőbánya XI. Újbuda XII. Hegyvidék XIII. 13th district XIV. Zugló XV. 15th district XVI. 16th district XVII. Rákosmente XVIII. Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre XIX. Kispest XX. Pesterzsébet XXI. Csepel XXII. Budafok-Tétény XXIII. Soroksár Events andtraditions Budapest Fashion Week Budapest Fringe Festival Budapest Spring Festival Budapest Opera Ball Café Budapest Contemporary Arts Festival Hungarian Cuisine Hungarian National Ballet LOW Festival Sziget Festival Universities Budapest Business School Budapest University of Technology Corvinus University Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian University of Fine Arts Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design National University of Public Service Óbuda University Semmelweis University University of Physical Education Academy of Drama and Film Andrássy University Aquincum Institute of Technology Budapest Metropolitan University Budapest University of Jewish Studies Central European University International Business School Károli Gáspár University of Reformed Church Pázmány Péter Catholic University Economy Budapest Stock Exchange Economy of Budapest List of companies based in Budapest Budapest Metropolitan Area Transport Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Budapest Metro Budapest Tram Network Budapest Commuter Railway BuBi Bicycle M0 Ring Road Eastern railway station Western railway station Southern railway station History of Budapest Category 47°30′28.13″N 19°2′54.31″E / 47.5078139°N 19.0484194°E / 47.5078139; 19.0484194 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Poland Other IdRef
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Its first director was John Xantus de Vesey. It formally split from the National Museum in 1947.Despite the Museum of Ethnography's status as an institution of rank and prestige, the past 150 years of its history have been largely determined by a continuous struggle to maintain its facilities and keep its collections safe.  Founded in 1872 as part of the Hungarian National Museum, the institution received its first independent home in 1892 in the form of the neo-Renaissance Várkert Bazár building near Budapest's Castle District.  A year later, however, inadequate conditions forced it to move to an apartment building in Csillag utca.  It was in this location that, in 1898, its first permanent exhibition was born. Though in 1906, the museum was once more moved to the Millennial Exhibition's then-empty Hall of Industry, in 1924, storm damage to its collection prompted yet another relocation, this time to an empty secondary school building on Könyves Kálmán út in Budapest's Tisztviselőtelep neighbourhood (Népliget).  In 1929, the museum again opened its doors, its extraordinarily diverse and colourful collections on Hungarian folk and world cultures displayed across thirty of the school's rooms.  Decades later, in 1975, the museum moved into the palatial Hall of Justice opposite the building of the Hungarian Parliament.The Museum of Ethnography's new home has been constructed in City Park, one of the oldest green spaces in the city, based on designs by Napur Architect Ltd. The new building will open in May 2022.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"László Lajtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Museum of Ethnography's Africa Collection, also encompassing the island of Madagascar, currently comprises around 10,500 objects, while the Asia Collection contains around 13,000 objects, four-fifths of which were acquired by the museum between the late 19th and early 20th century. In quantitative terms, the two biggest subgroups within the Asia Collection comprise objects originating from Japan and China, followed by India, the Amur region, Mongolia, Turkey, the Caucasus, and Turkestan. The Oceania Collection is, in many respects, one of the museum's most significant collections. It is recognised internationally partly for its size and composition, and partly because of the period in which the collecting work took place. Three-quarters of the 14,500 objects that make up the collection were acquired at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a period when this region was still largely untouched from an ethnographic point of view. The core of the Indonesia Collection, which currently comprises some 4,000 items, was collected between the end of the 19th century and the outbreak of the First World War. Half of the material in the collection comes from two narrow geographical areas: Java and Borneo.The Europe Collection, which contains around 10,000 items, is one of the Museum of Ethnography's first collections. In the 19th century, collecting work tended to be focused on the Finno-Ugric peoples who were ethnically related to the Hungarians. However, from the early 20th century, particular emphasis was given to collecting objects from the nationalities living in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the territories that belonged to it. The vast majority of the collected items are embroidered textiles, as well as musical instruments, metal objects, leather belts, jewellery, and ceramics. Comprising around 8,300 items, the America Collection is the smallest of the museum's non-European collections, although its origins date back to the foundation of the museum itself, as it includes objects collected by the museum's founder, János Xántus, in the 1850s and 1860s.Besides the tasks of conserving, researching, and presenting this important international material, the museum plays a key role in strengthening Hungarian national identity. The materials from the Carpathian Basin, which date from the 17th century up to the end of the 20th century, preserve the traces of a bygone lifestyle — that of the peasants who made up a large proportion of Hungarian society until the middle of the 20th century. From the late 19th century, life in Hungary was radically transformed as a result of modernisation, urbanisation, and globalisation. In a race against time, researchers from the Museum of Ethnography successfully collected objects associated with the everyday existence, festivals and working lives of the Hungarians and other nationalities living in Hungary, preserving their knowledge for future generations. Through the tens of thousands of simple utilitarian and representative objects in its collections associated with traditional forms of subsistence (fishing, animal husbandry and herding, agriculture, and hunting and gathering), the museum illustrates the challenges people faced in the centuries before mechanisation, and the way of life in the fertile countryside criss-crossed by rivers. With around 13,000 objects, the Crafts and Trades Collection is the museum's fourth-largest collection of Hungarian materials. The Transportation Collection and the Building Construction Collection, comprising 1,500 objects associated with popular transportation, carriage, haulage, and communications and signalling, represent an important contribution to our knowledge of the history of technology. The Ceramics Collection, with its almost 30,000 objects, is one of the Museum of Ethnography's biggest collection units.The Collection of Textiles and Costumes contains around 50,000 items, making it an outstanding thematic collection at European level. Besides the folk costumes and household textiles of the peasants, craftspeople, and herders living in the villages and market towns, all of which were characterised by an extraordinary wealth of ornamentation, motifs, and colours, the collection also encompasses the material culture of the wider population, including the urban lower middle class and intelligentsia.The items in the Collection of Furniture and Lighting Instruments originate primarily from the territory of historical Hungary, chiefly from the Hungarians but also from the other ethnic groups living in Hungary. They include items of furniture, lighting instruments, home furnishings and interior decorations (clocks, mirrors, pipe racks, family portraits, and commemorative pictures), children's furniture (cribs, playpens, and walkers), and items used in everyday life (for bathing, washing, and heating). The Nutrition Collection comprises items used in relation to the storage, processing, and preserving of food, along with tableware that does not form part of other collections. The Collection of Religious Objects, the Collection of Customs and Toys, and the 1,000-piece Musical Instruments Collection contain objects and utensils associated with church life and community customs.The Museum of Ethnography specialises not only in artefacts, but, from its very beginnings, has also endeavoured to collect and preserve intangible cultural heritage and materials associated with ethnographic research. Former contributors to the museum's work include such prominent figures as composers László Lajtha and Béla Bartók, whose sound recordings are preserved in the museum's collection of 4,500 phonograph cylinders. Their collecting work encompassed the musical traditions not only of Hungarians but also of other ethnic groups living in the Carpathian Basin, and, in Bartók's case, even extended to the Anatolian Turks and Algerian Arabs. This material makes up only a fraction of the Museum of Ethnography's tens of thousands of analogue audio recordings.As part of the Ethnological Archives, the Film and Video Collection, which contains recordings made on ethnographic topics dating from the 1930s, is similarly unique. The museum's Photograph Collection, which comprises 340,000 items, is the largest collection of images of traditional peasant and folk culture in Hungary and also includes many photographs of the peoples of distant continents taken as early as the end of the 19th century.The 30,000-item Manuscript Collection and the drawings, paintings, and prints preserved in the Image Archive attract international researchers, whose work is also supported by the museum's specialist library, which boasts 197,000 volumes.[2]","title":"Collection"}]
[{"image_text":"The location of the museum between 1975-2022 (Palace of Justice, Budapest).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Budapest_Etnographical_museum1.JPG/220px-Budapest_Etnographical_museum1.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/636_(number)
600 (number)
["1 Mathematical properties","2 Credit and cars","3 Integers from 601 to 699","3.1 600s","3.2 610s","3.3 620s","3.4 630s","3.5 640s","3.6 650s","3.7 660s","3.8 670s","3.9 680s","3.10 690s","4 References"]
For the years 600, see 600s BC (decade), 600s, and 600. "611 (number)" redirects here. For the phone number, see 6-1-1. For other topics, see 611 (disambiguation). Natural number ← 599 600 601 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalsix hundredOrdinal600th(six hundredth)Factorization23 × 3 × 52Divisors1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 600Greek numeralΧ´Roman numeralDCBinary10010110002Ternary2110203Senary24406Octal11308Duodecimal42012Hexadecimal25816ArmenianՈHebrewת"ר / םBabylonian cuneiform𒌋Egyptian hieroglyph𓍧 600 (six hundred) is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601. Mathematical properties Six hundred is a composite number, an abundant number, a pronic number and a Harshad number. Credit and cars In the United States, a credit score of 600 or below is considered poor, limiting available credit at a normal interest rate NASCAR runs 600 advertised miles in the Coca-Cola 600, its longest race The Fiat 600 is a car, the SEAT 600 its Spanish version Integers from 601 to 699 600s 601 = prime number, centered pentagonal number 602 = 2 × 7 × 43, nontotient, number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11, area code for Phoenix, AZ along with 480 and 623 603 = 32 × 67, Harshad number, Riordan number, area code for New Hampshire 604 = 22 × 151, nontotient, totient sum for first 44 integers, area code for southwestern British Columbia (Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Sunshine Coast and Sea to Sky) 605 = 5 × 112, Harshad number, sum of the nontriangular numbers between the two successive triangular numbers 55 and 66, number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9 606 = 2 × 3 × 101, sphenic number, sum of six consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), admirable number 607 – prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (197 + 199 + 211), Mertens function(607) = 0, balanced prime, strictly non-palindromic number, Mersenne prime exponent 608 = 25 × 19, Mertens function(608) = 0, nontotient, happy number, number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares 609 = 3 × 7 × 29, sphenic number, strobogrammatic number 610s 610 = 2 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Fibonacci number, Markov number, also a kind of telephone wall socket used in Australia 611 = 13 × 47, sum of the three standard board sizes in Go (92 + 132 + 192), the 611th tribonacci number is prime 612 = 22 × 32 × 17, Harshad number, Zuckerman number (sequence A007602 in the OEIS), untouchable number, area code for Minneapolis, MN 613 = prime number, first number of prime triple (p, p + 4, p + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (p − 6, p, p + 6). Geometrical numbers: Centered square number with 18 per side, circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid. Also 17-gonal. Hypotenuse of a right triangle with integral sides, these being 35 and 612. Partitioning: 613 partitions of 47 into non-factor primes, 613 non-squashing partitions into distinct parts of the number 54. Squares: Sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18. Additional properties: a lucky number, index of prime Lucas number. In Judaism the number 613 is very significant, as its metaphysics, the Kabbalah, views every complete entity as divisible into 613 parts: 613 parts of every Sefirah; 613 mitzvot, or divine Commandments in the Torah; 613 parts of the human body. The number 613 hangs from the rafters at Madison Square Garden in honor of New York Knicks coach Red Holzman's 613 victories 614 = 2 × 307, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. According to Rabbi Emil Fackenheim, the number of Commandments in Judaism should be 614 rather than the traditional 613. 615 = 3 × 5 × 41, sphenic number 616 = 23 × 7 × 11, Padovan number, balanced number, an alternative value for the Number of the Beast (more commonly accepted to be 666) 617 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of compositions of 17 into distinct parts, prime index prime, index of prime Lucas number Area code 617, a telephone area code covering the metropolitan Boston area 618 = 2 × 3 × 103, sphenic number, admirable number 619 = prime number, strobogrammatic prime, alternating factorial 620s 620 = 22 × 5 × 31, sum of four consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163), sum of eight consecutive primes (61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), the sum of the first 620 primes is itself prime 621 = 33 × 23, Harshad number, the discriminant of a totally real cubic field 622 = 2 × 311, nontotient, Fine number, Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree, it is also the standard diameter of modern road bicycle wheels (622 mm, from hook bead to hook bead) 623 = 7 × 89, number of partitions of 23 into an even number of parts 624 = 24 × 3 × 13 = J4(5), sum of a twin prime (311 + 313), Harshad number, Zuckerman number 625 = 252 = 54, sum of seven consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), centered octagonal number, 1-automorphic number, Friedman number since 625 = 56−2, one of the two three-digit numbers when squared or raised to a higher power that end in the same three digits, the other being 376 626 = 2 × 313, nontotient, 2-Knödel number, Stitch's experiment number 627 = 3 × 11 × 19, sphenic number, number of integer partitions of 20, Smith number 628 = 22 × 157, nontotient, totient sum for first 45 integers 629 = 17 × 37, highly cototient number, Harshad number, number of diagonals in a 37-gon 630s 630 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 7, sum of six consecutive primes (97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), triangular number, hexagonal number, sparsely totient number, Harshad number, balanced number 631 = Cuban prime number, centered triangular number, centered hexagonal number, Chen prime, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS) 632 = 23 × 79, refactorable number, number of 13-bead necklaces with 2 colors 633 = 3 × 211, sum of three consecutive primes (199 + 211 + 223), Blum integer; also, in the title of the movie 633 Squadron 634 = 2 × 317, nontotient, Smith number 635 = 5 × 127, sum of nine consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), Mertens function(635) = 0, number of compositions of 13 into pairwise relatively prime parts "Project 635", the Irtysh River diversion project in China involving a dam and a canal 636 = 22 × 3 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83), Smith number, Mertens function(636) = 0 637 = 72 × 13, Mertens function(637) = 0, decagonal number 638 = 2 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient, centered heptagonal number 639 = 32 × 71, sum of the first twenty primes, also ISO 639 is the ISO's standard for codes for the representation of languages 640s 640 = 27 × 5, Harshad number, refactorable number, hexadecagonal number, number of 1's in all partitions of 24 into odd parts, number of acres in a square mile 641 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, factor of 4294967297 (the smallest nonprime Fermat number), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Proth prime 642 = 2 × 3 × 107 = 14 + 24 + 54, sphenic number, admirable number 643 = prime number, largest prime factor of 123456 644 = 22 × 7 × 23, nontotient, Perrin number, Harshad number, common umask, admirable number 645 = 3 × 5 × 43, sphenic number, octagonal number, Smith number, Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, Harshad number 646 = 2 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, also ISO 646 is the ISO's standard for international 7-bit variants of ASCII, number of permutations of length 7 without rising or falling successions 647 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, 3647 - 2647 is prime 648 = 23 × 34 = A331452(7, 1), Harshad number, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 36 649 = 11 × 59, Blum integer 650s 650 = 2 × 52 × 13, primitive abundant number, square pyramidal number, pronic number, nontotient, totient sum for first 46 integers; (other fields) the number of seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, admirable number 651 = 3 × 7 × 31, sphenic number, pentagonal number, nonagonal number 652 = 22 × 163, maximal number of regions by drawing 26 circles 653 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part 654 = 2 × 3 × 109, sphenic number, nontotient, Smith number, admirable number 655 = 5 × 131, number of toothpicks after 20 stages in a three-dimensional grid 656 = 24 × 41 = ⌊ 3 16 2 16 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor {\frac {3^{16}}{2^{16}}}\rfloor } , in Judaism, 656 is the number of times that Jerusalem is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament 657 = 32 × 73, the largest known number not of the form a2+s with s a semiprime 658 = 2 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, untouchable number 659 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of seven consecutive primes (79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107), Chen prime, Mertens function sets new low of −10 which stands until 661, highly cototient number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, strictly non-palindromic number 660s 660 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 11 Sum of four consecutive primes (157 + 163 + 167 + 173) Sum of six consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127) Sum of eight consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101) Sparsely totient number Sum of 11th row when writing the natural numbers as a triangle. Harshad number. 661 = prime number Sum of three consecutive primes (211 + 223 + 227) Mertens function sets new low of −11 which stands until 665 Pentagram number of the form 5 n 2 − 5 n + 1 {\displaystyle 5n^{2}-5n+1} Hexagram number of the form 6 n 2 − 6 n + 1 {\displaystyle 6n^{2}-6n+1} i.e. a star number 662 = 2 × 331, nontotient, member of Mian–Chowla sequence 663 = 3 × 13 × 17, sphenic number, Smith number 664 = 23 × 83, refactorable number, number of knapsack partitions of 33 Telephone area code for Montserrat Area code for Tijuana within Mexico Model number for the Amstrad CPC 664 home computer 665 = 5 × 7 × 19, sphenic number, Mertens function sets new low of −12 which stands until 1105, number of diagonals in a 38-gon 666 = 2 × 32 × 37, Harshad number, repdigit 667 = 23 × 29, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS) 668 = 22 × 167, nontotient 669 = 3 × 223, blum integer 670s 670 = 2 × 5 × 67, sphenic number, octahedral number, nontotient 671 = 11 × 61. This number is the magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 11. 672 = 25 × 3 × 7, harmonic divisor number, Zuckerman number, admirable number 673 = prime number, Proth prime 674 = 2 × 337, nontotient, 2-Knödel number 675 = 33 × 52, Achilles number 676 = 22 × 132 = 262, palindromic square 677 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight 10 678 = 2 × 3 × 113, sphenic number, nontotient, number of surface points of an octahedron with side length 13, admirable number 679 = 7 × 97, sum of three consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229), sum of nine consecutive primes (59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), smallest number of multiplicative persistence 5 680s 680 = 23 × 5 × 17, tetrahedral number, nontotient 681 = 3 × 227, centered pentagonal number 682 = 2 × 11 × 31, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (163 + 167 + 173 + 179), sum of ten consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), number of moves to solve the Norwegian puzzle strikketoy 683 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of five consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wagstaff prime 684 = 22 × 32 × 19, Harshad number, number of graphical forest partitions of 32 685 = 5 × 137, centered square number 686 = 2 × 73, nontotient, number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with 7 edges 687 = 3 × 229, 687 days to orbit the Sun (Mars) D-number 688 = 24 × 43, Friedman number since 688 = 8 × 86, 2-automorphic number 689 = 13 × 53, sum of three consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233), sum of seven consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109). Strobogrammatic number 690s 690 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 23, sum of six consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), sparsely totient number, Smith number, Harshad number ISO 690 is the ISO's standard for bibliographic references 691 = prime number, (negative) numerator of the Bernoulli number B12 = -691/2730. Ramanujan's tau function τ and the divisor function σ11 are related by the remarkable congruence τ(n) ≡ σ11(n) (mod 691). In number theory, 691 is a "marker" (similar to the radioactive markers in biology): whenever it appears in a computation, one can be sure that Bernoulli numbers are involved. 692 = 22 × 173, number of partitions of 48 into powers of 2 693 = 32 × 7 × 11, triangular matchstick number, the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. 694 = 2 × 347, centered triangular number, nontotient, smallest pandigital number in base 5. 695 = 5 × 139, 695!! + 2 is prime. 696 = 23 × 3 × 29, sum of eight consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), totient sum for first 47 integers, trails of length 9 on honeycomb lattice 697 = 17 × 41, cake number; the number of sides of Colorado 698 = 2 × 349, nontotient, sum of squares of two primes 699 = 3 × 233, D-number References ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2*(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ OEIS: A013916 ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d e f g Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n*(n+3)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n*(7*n-6))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b c d Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ "Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2*n^2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n*(n+1)*(n+2)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-01. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3*n*(n+1)/2)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-18. ^ "Colorado is a rectangle? Think again". 23 January 2023. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. vteIntegers0s  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 ≥1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"600s BC (decade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600s_BC_(decade)"},{"link_name":"600s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600s_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600"},{"link_name":"6-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-1-1"},{"link_name":"611 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/611_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_(number)#590s"},{"link_name":"601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#600s"}],"text":"For the years 600, see 600s BC (decade), 600s, and 600.\"611 (number)\" redirects here. For the phone number, see 6-1-1. For other topics, see 611 (disambiguation).Natural number600 (six hundred) is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601.","title":"600 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composite number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number"},{"link_name":"abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundant_number"},{"link_name":"pronic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronic_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"}],"text":"Six hundred is a composite number, an abundant number, a pronic number[1] and a Harshad number.","title":"Mathematical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"credit score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_score"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_600"},{"link_name":"Fiat 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_600"},{"link_name":"SEAT 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_600"}],"text":"In the United States, a credit score of 600 or below is considered poor, limiting available credit at a normal interest rate\nNASCAR runs 600 advertised miles in the Coca-Cola 600, its longest race\nThe Fiat 600 is a car, the SEAT 600 its Spanish version","title":"Credit and cars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centered pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A005897"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_AZ"},{"link_name":"480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_480"},{"link_name":"623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_623"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"Riordan number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A005043"},{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_603"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"sum of the nontriangular numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006002"},{"link_name":"triangular numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000217"},{"link_name":"number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A283877"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"balanced prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_prime"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Mersenne prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_prime"},{"link_name":"Mertens function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens_function"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"happy number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number"},{"link_name":"number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A331452/a331452_18.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIS452-5"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_number"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"600s","text":"601 = prime number, centered pentagonal number[2]\n602 = 2 × 7 × 43, nontotient, number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11, area code for Phoenix, AZ along with 480 and 623\n603 = 32 × 67, Harshad number, Riordan number, area code for New Hampshire\n604 = 22 × 151, nontotient, totient sum for first 44 integers, area code for southwestern British Columbia (Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Sunshine Coast and Sea to Sky)\n605 = 5 × 112, Harshad number, sum of the nontriangular numbers between the two successive triangular numbers 55 and 66, number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9\n606 = 2 × 3 × 101, sphenic number, sum of six consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), admirable number\n607 – prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (197 + 199 + 211), Mertens function(607) = 0, balanced prime,[3] strictly non-palindromic number,[4] Mersenne prime exponent\n608 = 25 × 19, Mertens function(608) = 0, nontotient, happy number, number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares[5]\n609 = 3 × 7 × 29, sphenic number, strobogrammatic number[6]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fibonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Markov number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"telephone wall socket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/610_(telephone)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"611th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A232543"},{"link_name":"tribonacci number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A100683"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"A007602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A007602"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"untouchable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchable_number"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_612"},{"link_name":"613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_(number)"},{"link_name":"prime triple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_triple"},{"link_name":"sexy prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_prime"},{"link_name":"Centered square number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_square_number"},{"link_name":"circular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_number"},{"link_name":"lucky number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_number"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Kabbalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Sefirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirah"},{"link_name":"613 mitzvot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot"},{"link_name":"Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Red Holzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Holzman"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Emil Fackenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fackenheim"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/616_(number)"},{"link_name":"Padovan number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padovan_sequence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Number of the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_of_the_Beast_(numerology)"},{"link_name":"666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_(number)"},{"link_name":"Chen prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_prime"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_prime"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"prime index prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A006450"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"Area code 617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_617_and_857"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"strobogrammatic prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_prime"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"alternating factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_factorial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"610s","text":"610 = 2 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Fibonacci number,[7] Markov number,[8] also a kind of telephone wall socket used in Australia\n611 = 13 × 47, sum of the three standard board sizes in Go (92 + 132 + 192), the 611th tribonacci number is prime\n612 = 22 × 32 × 17, Harshad number, Zuckerman number (sequence A007602 in the OEIS), untouchable number, area code for Minneapolis, MN\n613 = prime number, first number of prime triple (p, p + 4, p + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (p − 6, p, p + 6). Geometrical numbers: Centered square number with 18 per side, circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid. Also 17-gonal. Hypotenuse of a right triangle with integral sides, these being 35 and 612. Partitioning: 613 partitions of 47 into non-factor primes, 613 non-squashing partitions into distinct parts of the number 54. Squares: Sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18. Additional properties: a lucky number, index of prime Lucas number.[9]\nIn Judaism the number 613 is very significant, as its metaphysics, the Kabbalah, views every complete entity as divisible into 613 parts: 613 parts of every Sefirah; 613 mitzvot, or divine Commandments in the Torah; 613 parts of the human body.\nThe number 613 hangs from the rafters at Madison Square Garden in honor of New York Knicks coach Red Holzman's 613 victories\n614 = 2 × 307, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. According to Rabbi Emil Fackenheim, the number of Commandments in Judaism should be 614 rather than the traditional 613.\n615 = 3 × 5 × 41, sphenic number\n616 = 23 × 7 × 11, Padovan number, balanced number,[10] an alternative value for the Number of the Beast (more commonly accepted to be 666)\n617 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of compositions of 17 into distinct parts,[11] prime index prime, index of prime Lucas number[9]\nArea code 617, a telephone area code covering the metropolitan Boston area\n618 = 2 × 3 × 103, sphenic number, admirable number\n619 = prime number, strobogrammatic prime,[12] alternating factorial[13]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000957"},{"link_name":"bicycle wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_wheel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"J4(5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s_totient_function"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"centered octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"automorphic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_number"},{"link_name":"Friedman number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_(number)#376"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_(Lilo_%26_Stitch)"},{"link_name":"integer partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Smith number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"highly cototient number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_cototient_number"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"}],"sub_title":"620s","text":"620 = 22 × 5 × 31, sum of four consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163), sum of eight consecutive primes (61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), the sum of the first 620 primes is itself prime[14]\n621 = 33 × 23, Harshad number, the discriminant of a totally real cubic field[15]\n622 = 2 × 311, nontotient, Fine number, Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree, it is also the standard diameter of modern road bicycle wheels (622 mm, from hook bead to hook bead)\n623 = 7 × 89, number of partitions of 23 into an even number of parts[16]\n624 = 24 × 3 × 13 = J4(5),[17] sum of a twin prime (311 + 313), Harshad number, Zuckerman number\n625 = 252 = 54, sum of seven consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), centered octagonal number,[18] 1-automorphic number, Friedman number since 625 = 56−2,[19] one of the two three-digit numbers when squared or raised to a higher power that end in the same three digits, the other being 376\n626 = 2 × 313, nontotient, 2-Knödel number, Stitch's experiment number\n627 = 3 × 11 × 19, sphenic number, number of integer partitions of 20,[20] Smith number[21]\n628 = 22 × 157, nontotient, totient sum for first 45 integers\n629 = 17 × 37, highly cototient number,[22] Harshad number, number of diagonals in a 37-gon[23]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_number"},{"link_name":"hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sparsely totient number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparsely_totient_number"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cuban prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_prime"},{"link_name":"centered triangular number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_triangular_number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-27"},{"link_name":"centered hexagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"A000124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000124"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"},{"link_name":"633 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/633_Squadron"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_635_Dam"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh%E2%80%93Karamay%E2%80%93%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Canal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"decagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"centered heptagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_heptagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"ISO 639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"}],"sub_title":"630s","text":"630 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 7, sum of six consecutive primes (97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), triangular number, hexagonal number,[24] sparsely totient number,[25] Harshad number, balanced number[26]\n631 = Cuban prime number, centered triangular number,[27] centered hexagonal number,[28] Chen prime, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS)\n632 = 23 × 79, refactorable number, number of 13-bead necklaces with 2 colors[29]\n633 = 3 × 211, sum of three consecutive primes (199 + 211 + 223), Blum integer; also, in the title of the movie 633 Squadron\n634 = 2 × 317, nontotient, Smith number[21]\n635 = 5 × 127, sum of nine consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), Mertens function(635) = 0, number of compositions of 13 into pairwise relatively prime parts[30]\n\"Project 635\", the Irtysh River diversion project in China involving a dam and a canal\n636 = 22 × 3 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83), Smith number,[21] Mertens function(636) = 0\n637 = 72 × 13, Mertens function(637) = 0, decagonal number[31]\n638 = 2 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient, centered heptagonal number[32]\n639 = 32 × 71, sum of the first twenty primes, also ISO 639 is the ISO's standard for codes for the representation of languages","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain_prime"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"4294967297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4294967297_(number)"},{"link_name":"Fermat number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_number"},{"link_name":"Proth prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proth_prime"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Perrin number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrin_number"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"umask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"octagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"Fermat pseudoprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_pseudoprime"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ISO 646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_646"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"A331452(7, 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A331452/a331452_32.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OEIS452-5"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area_of_a_square_with_diagonal_2n-42"},{"link_name":"Blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"}],"sub_title":"640s","text":"640 = 27 × 5, Harshad number, refactorable number, hexadecagonal number,[33] number of 1's in all partitions of 24 into odd parts,[34] number of acres in a square mile\n641 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] factor of 4294967297 (the smallest nonprime Fermat number), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Proth prime[36]\n642 = 2 × 3 × 107 = 14 + 24 + 54,[37] sphenic number, admirable number\n643 = prime number, largest prime factor of 123456\n644 = 22 × 7 × 23, nontotient, Perrin number,[38] Harshad number, common umask, admirable number\n645 = 3 × 5 × 43, sphenic number, octagonal number, Smith number,[21] Fermat pseudoprime to base 2,[39] Harshad number\n646 = 2 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, also ISO 646 is the ISO's standard for international 7-bit variants of ASCII, number of permutations of length 7 without rising or falling successions[40]\n647 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, 3647 - 2647 is prime[41]\n648 = 23 × 34 = A331452(7, 1),[5] Harshad number, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 36[42]\n649 = 11 × 59, Blum integer","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitive abundant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_abundant_number"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"square pyramidal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_pyramidal_number"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"pentagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"nonagonal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonagonal_number"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"semiprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"untouchable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchable_number"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"sub_title":"650s","text":"650 = 2 × 52 × 13, primitive abundant number,[43] square pyramidal number,[44] pronic number,[1] nontotient, totient sum for first 46 integers; (other fields) the number of seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, admirable number\n651 = 3 × 7 × 31, sphenic number, pentagonal number,[45] nonagonal number[46]\n652 = 22 × 163, maximal number of regions by drawing 26 circles[47]\n653 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] balanced prime,[3] Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part\n654 = 2 × 3 × 109, sphenic number, nontotient, Smith number,[21] admirable number\n655 = 5 × 131, number of toothpicks after 20 stages in a three-dimensional grid[48]\n656 = 24 × 41 = \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 16\n \n \n \n 2\n \n 16\n \n \n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor {\\frac {3^{16}}{2^{16}}}\\rfloor }\n \n,[49] in Judaism, 656 is the number of times that Jerusalem is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament\n657 = 32 × 73, the largest known number not of the form a2+s with s a semiprime\n658 = 2 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, untouchable number\n659 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] sum of seven consecutive primes (79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107), Chen prime, Mertens function sets new low of −10 which stands until 661, highly cototient number,[22] Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, strictly non-palindromic number[4]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"Pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram"},{"link_name":"Hexagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram"},{"link_name":"star number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_number"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"Mian–Chowla sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%E2%80%93Chowla_sequence"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"refactorable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable_number"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"area code for Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_664"},{"link_name":"Area code for Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_664_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC 664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_664"},{"link_name":"sphenic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic_number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"},{"link_name":"666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666_(number)"},{"link_name":"Harshad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshad_number"},{"link_name":"repdigit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit"},{"link_name":"A000124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000124"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"blum integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_integer"}],"sub_title":"660s","text":"660 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 11\nSum of four consecutive primes (157 + 163 + 167 + 173)\nSum of six consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127)\nSum of eight consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101)\nSparsely totient number[25]\nSum of 11th row when writing the natural numbers as a triangle.[50]\nHarshad number.\n661 = prime number\nSum of three consecutive primes (211 + 223 + 227)\nMertens function sets new low of −11 which stands until 665\nPentagram number of the form \n \n \n \n 5\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 5\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5n^{2}-5n+1}\n \n\nHexagram number of the form \n \n \n \n 6\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 6\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 6n^{2}-6n+1}\n \n i.e. a star number\n662 = 2 × 331, nontotient, member of Mian–Chowla sequence[51]\n663 = 3 × 13 × 17, sphenic number, Smith number[21]\n664 = 23 × 83, refactorable number, number of knapsack partitions of 33[52]\nTelephone area code for Montserrat\nArea code for Tijuana within Mexico\nModel number for the Amstrad CPC 664 home computer\n665 = 5 × 7 × 19, sphenic number, Mertens function sets new low of −12 which stands until 1105, number of diagonals in a 38-gon[23]\n666 = 2 × 32 × 37, Harshad number, repdigit\n667 = 23 × 29, lazy caterer number (sequence A000124 in the OEIS)\n668 = 22 × 167, nontotient\n669 = 3 × 223, blum integer","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"octahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"magic constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_constant"},{"link_name":"magic square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square"},{"link_name":"n-queens problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_queens_puzzle"},{"link_name":"harmonic divisor number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_divisor_number"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-36"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"2-Knödel number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"Achilles number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_number"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"admirable number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A111592"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"670s","text":"670 = 2 × 5 × 67, sphenic number, octahedral number,[53] nontotient\n671 = 11 × 61. This number is the magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 11.\n672 = 25 × 3 × 7, harmonic divisor number,[54] Zuckerman number, admirable number\n673 = prime number, Proth prime[36]\n674 = 2 × 337, nontotient, 2-Knödel number\n675 = 33 × 52, Achilles number\n676 = 22 × 132 = 262, palindromic square\n677 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight 10[55]\n678 = 2 × 3 × 113, sphenic number, nontotient, number of surface points of an octahedron with side length 13,[56] admirable number\n679 = 7 × 97, sum of three consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229), sum of nine consecutive primes (59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), smallest number of multiplicative persistence 5[57]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrahedral number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_number"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"strikketoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oeis.org/A000975/a000975.jpg"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-35"},{"link_name":"Wagstaff prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagstaff_prime"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"D-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-64"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"automorphic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_number"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Strobogrammatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobogrammatic_number"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"680s","text":"680 = 23 × 5 × 17, tetrahedral number,[58] nontotient\n681 = 3 × 227, centered pentagonal number[2]\n682 = 2 × 11 × 31, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (163 + 167 + 173 + 179), sum of ten consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), number of moves to solve the Norwegian puzzle strikketoy[59]\n683 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime,[35] sum of five consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wagstaff prime[60]\n684 = 22 × 32 × 19, Harshad number, number of graphical forest partitions of 32[61]\n685 = 5 × 137, centered square number[62]\n686 = 2 × 73, nontotient, number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with 7 edges[63]\n687 = 3 × 229, 687 days to orbit the Sun (Mars) D-number[64]\n688 = 24 × 43, Friedman number since 688 = 8 × 86,[19] 2-automorphic number[65]\n689 = 13 × 53, sum of three consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233), sum of seven consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109). Strobogrammatic number[66]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"ISO 690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number"},{"link_name":"Ramanujan's tau function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%27s_tau_function"},{"link_name":"divisor function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor_function"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/693_(number)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-27"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"cake number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake_number"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"nontotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontotient"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"D-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del_number"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-64"}],"sub_title":"690s","text":"690 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 23, sum of six consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), sparsely totient number,[25] Smith number,[21] Harshad number\nISO 690 is the ISO's standard for bibliographic references\n691 = prime number, (negative) numerator of the Bernoulli number B12 = -691/2730. Ramanujan's tau function τ and the divisor function σ11 are related by the remarkable congruence τ(n) ≡ σ11(n) (mod 691).\nIn number theory, 691 is a \"marker\" (similar to the radioactive markers in biology): whenever it appears in a computation, one can be sure that Bernoulli numbers are involved.\n692 = 22 × 173, number of partitions of 48 into powers of 2[67]\n693 = 32 × 7 × 11, triangular matchstick number,[68] the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.\n694 = 2 × 347, centered triangular number,[27] nontotient, smallest pandigital number in base 5.[69]\n695 = 5 × 139, 695!! + 2 is prime.[70]\n696 = 23 × 3 × 29, sum of eight consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), totient sum for first 47 integers, trails of length 9 on honeycomb lattice[71]\n697 = 17 × 41, cake number; the number of sides of Colorado[72]\n698 = 2 × 349, nontotient, sum of squares of two primes[73]\n699 = 3 × 233, D-number[64]","title":"Integers from 601 to 699"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002378","url_text":"\"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005891","url_text":"\"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006562","url_text":"\"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016038","url_text":"\"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2*(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A331452","url_text":"\"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2*(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000787","url_text":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000045","url_text":"\"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002559","url_text":"\"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001606","url_text":"\"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A032020","url_text":"\"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A007597","url_text":"\"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005165","url_text":"\"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006832","url_text":"\"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A027187","url_text":"\"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A059377","url_text":"\"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A016754","url_text":"\"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036057","url_text":"\"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000041","url_text":"\"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006753","url_text":"\"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A100827","url_text":"\"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n*(n+3)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000096","url_text":"\"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n*(n+3)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000384","url_text":"\"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036913","url_text":"\"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A020492","url_text":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005448","url_text":"\"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003215","url_text":"\"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000031","url_text":"\"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A101268","url_text":"\"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001107","url_text":"\"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A069099","url_text":"\"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n*(7*n-6))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A051868","url_text":"\"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n*(7*n-6))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A036469","url_text":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A080076","url_text":"\"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A074501","url_text":"\"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001608","url_text":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001567","url_text":"\"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002464","url_text":"\"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A057468","url_text":"\"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2*n^2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001105","url_text":"\"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2*n^2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A071395","url_text":"\"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000330","url_text":"\"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000326","url_text":"\"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001106","url_text":"\"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A014206","url_text":"\"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A160160","url_text":"\"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A002379","url_text":"\"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n*(n+1)*(n+2)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A027480","url_text":"\"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n*(n+1)*(n+2)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005282","url_text":"\"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A108917","url_text":"\"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005900","url_text":"\"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001599","url_text":"\"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A316983","url_text":"\"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005899","url_text":"\"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A003001","url_text":"\"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000292","url_text":"\"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000975","url_text":"\"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000979","url_text":"\"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000070","url_text":"\"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001844","url_text":"\"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A050535","url_text":"\"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A033553","url_text":"\"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A030984","url_text":"\"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000787","url_text":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000123","url_text":"\"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3*n*(n+1)/2)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A045943","url_text":"\"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3*n*(n+1)/2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A049363","url_text":"\"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A076185","url_text":"\"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006851","url_text":"\"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\". 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle","url_text":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A045636","url_text":"\"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A331452/a331452_32.png","external_links_name":"A331452(7, 1)"},{"Link":"http://oeis.org/A000975/a000975.jpg","external_links_name":"strikketoy"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002378","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005891","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005891 (Centered pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006562","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006562 (Balanced primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016038","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A016038 (Strictly non-palindromic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A331452","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A331452 (Triangle read by rows: T(n,m) (n >= m >= 1) = number of regions (or cells) formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 2*(m+n) perimeter points of an m X n grid of squares)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000787","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000045","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000045 (Fibonacci numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002559","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002559 (Markoff (or Markov) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001606","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001606 (Indices of prime Lucas numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A032020","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A032020 (Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n into distinct parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A007597","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A007597 (Strobogrammatic primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005165","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005165 (Alternating factorials)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006832","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006832 (Discriminants of totally real cubic fields)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A027187","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A027187 (Number of partitions of n into an even number of parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A059377","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A059377 (Jordan function J_4(n))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A016754","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A016754 (Odd squares: a(n) = (2n+1)^2. Also centered octagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036057","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036057 (Friedman numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000041","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000041 (a(n) = number of partitions of n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006753","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006753 (Smith numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A100827","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A100827 (Highly cototient numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000096","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000096 (a(n) = n*(n+3)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000384","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000384 (Hexagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036913","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036913 (Sparsely totient numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A020492","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A020492 (Balanced numbers: numbers k such that phi(k) (A000010) divides sigma(k) (A000203))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005448","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005448 (Centered triangular numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003215","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A003215 (Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000031","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000031 (Number of n-bead necklaces with 2 colors when turning over is not allowed; also number of output sequences from a simple n-stage cycling shift register; also number of binary irreducible polynomials whose degree divides n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A101268","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A101268 (Number of compositions of n into pairwise relatively prime parts)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001107","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001107 (10-gonal (or decagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A069099","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A069099 (Centered heptagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A051868","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers: a(n) = n*(7*n-6))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A036469","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A036469 (Partial sums of A000009 (partitions into distinct parts))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005384","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A080076","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A080076 (Proth primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A074501","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A074501 (a(n) = 1^n + 2^n + 5^n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001608","external_links_name":"\"Sloane's A001608 : Perrin sequence\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001567","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001567 (Fermat pseudoprimes to base 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002464","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002464 (Hertzsprung's problem: ways to arrange n non-attacking kings on an n X n board, with 1 in each row and column. Also number of permutations of length n without rising or falling successions)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A057468","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A057468 (Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001105","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001105 (a(n) = 2*n^2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A071395","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A071395 (Primitive abundant numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000330","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000326","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001106","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001106 (9-gonal (or enneagonal or nonagonal) numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A014206","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A014206 (a(n) = n^2 + n + 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A160160","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A160160 (Toothpick sequence in the three-dimensional grid)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A002379","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A002379 (a(n) = floor(3^n / 2^n))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A027480","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A027480 (a(n) = n*(n+1)*(n+2)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005282","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005282 (Mian-Chowla sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A108917","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A108917 (Number of knapsack partitions of n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005900","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005900 (Octahedral numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001599","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A316983","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A316983 (Number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005899","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005899 (Number of points on surface of octahedron with side n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A003001","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A003001 (Smallest number of multiplicative persistence n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000292","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000292 (Tetrahedral numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000975","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000975 (Lichtenberg sequence)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000979","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000979 (Wagstaff primes)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000070","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000070 (a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k (A000041))\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001844","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001844 (Centered square numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A050535","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A050535 (Number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with n edges)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A033553","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A033553 (3-Knödel numbers or D-numbers: numbers n > 3 such that n divides k^(n-2)-k for all k with gcd(k, n) = 1)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A030984","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000787","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000123","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000123 (Number of binary partitions: number of partitions of 2n into powers of 2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A045943","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A045943 (Triangular matchstick numbers: a(n) = 3*n*(n+1)/2)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A049363","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A049363 (a(1) = 1; for n > 1, smallest digitally balanced number in base n)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A076185","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A076185 (Numbers n such that n!! + 2 is prime)\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006851","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006851 (Trails of length n on honeycomb lattice)\""},{"Link":"https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle","external_links_name":"\"Colorado is a rectangle? Think again\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A045636","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A045636 (Numbers of the form p^2 + q^2, with p and q primes)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association
Civil Engineering Contractors Association
["1 External links"]
United Kingdom construction organisation Civil Engineering Contractors Association logo The Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA) is a United Kingdom construction organisation. Headquartered in London, it was established in November 1996 to represent the interests of civil engineering contractors. Its membership currently comprises over 350 companies, ranging from small regional businesses to companies operating across the UK and overseas. Collectively, CECA members account for 75-80% of civil engineering work undertaken in the UK. External links CECA website Archived 2010-11-10 at the Wayback Machine vteConstruction industry of the United Kingdom Construction Economy of the United Kingdom CompaniesConsultanciesand supportservices Amey Arcadis Architecture firms Arup Atkins Faithful+Gould Bierrum Buro Happold Capita COWI Egis ERM GHD Jacobs Mace Mitie Mott MacDonald Ramboll Stantec Sweco Systra Tetra Tech Turner & Townsend Wood Group WSP HousebuildersCurrent Barratt Bellway Berkeley Bloor Boot CALA Homes Charles Church Countryside Crest Nicholson Gleeson Keepmoat Lendlease McCarthy & Stone Miller Muir Persimmon Redrow Taylor Wimpey Telford Homes Tilia Homes United House Vistry Defunct Ashtons Beazer Broseley Bryant Homes Comben Homes George Wimpey Ideal Homes Ilke Homes McLean Homes Stewart Milne Group Taylor Woodrow Westbury William Leech Wilson Bowden IntegratedconstructionCurrent Balfour Beatty BAM Construct BAM Nuttall Costain Galliford Try Interserve Keller Kier Laing O'Rourke Lendlease Mace McLaughlin & Harvey Morgan Sindall J. Murphy & Sons Sir Robert McAlpine Robertson Taylor Woodrow Construction Tilbury Douglas VolkerFitzpatrick Wates Willmott Dixon Defunct Alfred McAlpine Birse Buckingham Carillion Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Clugston Connaught plc Dawnus HBG (and Higgs and Hill) Holland, Hannen & Cubitts Leonard Fairclough & Son Linford Mowlem Rok Shand Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Company Sir William Arrol & Co. Trollope & Colls SuppliersCurrent Aggregate Industries Artex Ashtead Breedon Brogan Buildbase Cemex Forterra Heidelberg Materials UK Hope Cement HSS Hire Jewson Kingspan Kingspan Off-Site London Brick Mero-Schmidlin Pilkington RMD Kwikform Saint-Gobain Shepherd SIG Speedy Hire Tarmac Tarmac Building Products Tata Steel Europe Travis Perkins Wolseley Defunct Blue Circle Industries Redland RMC Tarmac Government andregulatory bodies Chief Construction Adviser to UK Government Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Department for Business and Trade Health & Safety Executive Infrastructure and Projects Authority Local planning authority National Infrastructure Commission Planning Inspectorate Industrybodies Actuate UK British Constructional Steelwork Association BSRIA Build UK Building Engineering Services Association Building Research Establishment Chartered Institute of Building Centre for Digital Built Britain Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors Civil Engineering Contractors Association Construction Clients' Group Construction Industry Council CITB Construction Products Association Constructing Excellence Electrical Contractors' Association Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland Electrical Safety Council Federation of Master Builders Home Builders Federation Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers National Access and Scaffolding Confederation National Federation of Builders National Federation of Demolition Contractors National House Building Council Refined Bitumen Association Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Building Federation Society of Construction Arbitrators Strategic Forum for Construction Sustainability Association for Environment Conscious Building BREEAM Code for Sustainable Homes EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Good Homes Alliance UK Green Building Council Other British Construction Industry Awards Building Building control Building regulations in the United Kingdom Building regulations approval Construction News Development control in the United Kingdom Modern methods of construction (MMC) New Civil Engineer Planning permission Retentions Town and country planning in the United Kingdom Category vteConstructionTypes Home construction Offshore construction Underground construction Tunnel construction History Architecture Construction Structural engineering Timeline of architecture Water supply and sanitation Professions Architect Building engineer Building estimator Building officials Chartered Building Surveyor Civil engineer Civil estimator Clerk of works Project manager Quantity surveyor Site manager Structural engineer Superintendent Trades workers(List) Banksman Boilermaker Bricklayer Carpenter Concrete finisher Construction foreman Construction worker Electrician Glazier Ironworker Millwright Plasterer Plumber Roofer Steel fixer Welder Organizations American Institute of Constructors (AIC) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association (ATAC) Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors (APHC) Build UK Construction History Society Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES) Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE) Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA) The Concrete Society Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) FIDIC Home Builders Federation (HBF) Lighting Association National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRC) National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA) Railway Tie Association (RTA) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Scottish Building Federation (SBF) Society of Construction Arbitrators By country India Iran Japan Romania United Kingdom Regulation Building code Construction law Site safety Zoning Architecture Style List Industrial architecture British Indigenous architecture Interior architecture Landscape architecture Vernacular architecture Engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering Civil engineering Coastal engineering Construction engineering Structural engineering Earthquake engineering Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering Methods List Earthbag construction Monocrete construction Slip forming Other topics Building material List of building materials Millwork Construction bidding Construction delay Construction equipment theft Construction loan Construction management Construction waste Demolition Design–build Design–bid–build Heavy equipment Interior design List of tallest buildings and structures Megaproject Megastructure Plasterwork Damp Proofing Parge coat Roughcast Harling Real estate development Stonemasonry Sustainability in construction Unfinished building Urban design Urban planning Outline Category This article about a business, industry, or trade-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hyun_Kyung
Chung Hyun Kyung
["1 Early life and education","2 Struggle to Be the Sun Again","3 WCC at Canberra","4 Works","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
South Korean theologian (born 1956) In this Korean name, the family name is Jeong. Chung Hyun KyungNationalitySouth KoreanAlma materEwha Womans University (B.A. 1979, M.A. 1981)Claremont School of Theology (M.Div. 1984)Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York (Ph.D. 1989)OccupationTheologianKorean nameHangul정현경Hanja鄭玄鏡Revised RomanizationJeong Hyeon-gyeongMcCune–ReischauerChŏng Hyŏn-kyŏng Chung Hyun Kyung (born May 15, 1956) is a South Korean Christian theologian. She is a lay theologian of the Presbyterian Church of Korea, and is also an Associate Professor of Ecumenical Theology at Union Theological Seminary in the United States. Her teaching and research interests include feminist and ecofeminist theologies and spiritualities from Asia, Africa and Latin America; Christian–Buddhist interfaith dialogue; disease and healing in varied religious backgrounds; mysticism and revolutionary social change; as well as the history and critical issues of various Asian Christian theologies. Early life and education Chung Hyun Kyung was born in Gwangju, South Korea, May 15, 1956. Chung graduated from Ewha Womans University in Seoul with a B.A. (1979) and an M.A. (1981). She holds an M.Div. from the Claremont School of Theology (1984), a diploma from the Women's Theological Center in Boston (1984), and a Ph.D. from Union Theological Seminary (1989). Struggle to Be the Sun Again In 1990, Chung introduced Asian women's theology with her book Struggle to Be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology. In it, she responds to the emerging liberation theology which argues for Christianity's preferential option for the poor. She interprets the Gospel through her experience as an Asian woman: "Doing theology is a personal and a political activity. As a Korean woman, I do theology in search of what it means to be fully human in my struggle for wholeness and in my people's concrete historical fight for freedom." (1990: 1) WCC at Canberra In 1991, she was invited to speak at a World Council of Churches gathering in Canberra, Australia. Her speech created a furor and she was accused of syncretism, that is, combining Christian teachings and practices with elements of other traditions. Her retort, however, was: If they ask me, "Are you a syncretist?" I say, "You are right, I am a syncretist, but so are you." My response is that I know I am a syncretist, but you don’t know you are a syncretist because you have hegemonic power ... non-Christian cultures, when they try to interpret the gospel out of their life experience, they are syncretists! But they are just being true to their identity, history and culture. In the same interview, she challenged the Western values imposed on the Third World: "I think in order to really heal the world we need the 'wisdom of darkness.' This can be the Third World, dark people, women, or our 'shadows,' ... all the things we do not want to confront within ourselves, so we project them onto others and call them terrorists. So, I think that we need 'endarkenment' for a while, not enlightenment, to heal the world." Works Chung, Hyun Kyung (1990-01-01). Struggle to be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology. Orbis Books. ISBN 9780883446843. See also Asian feminist theology References ^ 錢玲珠 (November 2012). "聖母瑪利亞的故事與女性神學" . Research Center for Liturgy, Fu Jen Faculty of Theology of St. Robert Bellarmine. Retrieved 25 May 2016. ^ "Chung, Hyun Kyung / Re-Imagining Collection / Duke Digital Repository". Duke Digital Collections. Duke University. Retrieved 10 September 2019. ^ "Foundation Documents". Archived from the original on 2006-01-04. Retrieved 2005-08-09. ^ a b "ZH interviews (Chung) Hyun Kyung". Zion's Herald. Vol. 177, no. 5. September–October 2003. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 12 October 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2006. External links Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians vteUnion Theological SeminaryAffiliates Columbia University Jewish Theological Seminary Presidents Henry Sloane Coffin Joseph C. Hough Jr. Serene Jones FacultyFounding Charles Butler Former William Greenough Thayer Shedd Charles Augustus Briggs Reinhold Niebuhr Paul Tillich John Macquarrie Robert Pollack Raymond E. Brown Edward Robinson Henry Sloane Coffin James H. Cone Dorothee Sölle Beverly Wildung Harrison Harry Emerson Fosdick Harry F. Ward Walter Wink Roger Haight Harrison S. Elliot J. Brooke Mosley Present Mary C. Boys David M. Carr Paul F. Knitter Chung Hyun Kyung Christopher Morse John Anthony McGuckin Ann Belford Ulanov Cornel West Publications Union Seminary Quarterly Review Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Korea Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"lay theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_theologian"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"ecofeminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminist"},{"link_name":"spiritualities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"interfaith dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary"},{"link_name":"Asian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Christian"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Jeong.Chung Hyun Kyung (born May 15, 1956) is a South Korean Christian theologian. She is a lay theologian of the Presbyterian Church of Korea, and is also an Associate Professor of Ecumenical Theology at Union Theological Seminary in the United States.Her teaching and research interests include feminist and ecofeminist theologies and spiritualities from Asia, Africa and Latin America; Christian–Buddhist interfaith dialogue; disease and healing in varied religious backgrounds; mysticism and revolutionary social change; as well as the history and critical issues of various Asian Christian theologies.","title":"Chung Hyun Kyung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duke.edu-2"},{"link_name":"Ewha Womans University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Claremont School of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_School_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Women's Theological Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Theological_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)"}],"text":"Chung Hyun Kyung was born in Gwangju, South Korea, May 15, 1956.[2]\nChung graduated from Ewha Womans University in Seoul with a B.A. (1979) and an M.A. (1981). She holds an M.Div. from the Claremont School of Theology (1984), a diploma from the Women's Theological Center in Boston (1984), and a Ph.D. from Union Theological Seminary (1989).","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"Asian woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(political)"}],"text":"In 1990, Chung introduced Asian women's theology with her book Struggle to Be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology. In it, she responds to the emerging liberation theology which argues for Christianity's preferential option for the poor. She interprets the Gospel through her experience as an Asian woman:\"Doing theology is a personal and a political activity. As a Korean woman, I do theology in search of what it means to be fully human in my struggle for wholeness and in my people's concrete historical fight for freedom.\" (1990: 1)","title":"Struggle to Be the Sun Again"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"syncretism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_culture"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZH2003-4"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZH2003-4"}],"text":"In 1991, she was invited to speak at a World Council of Churches gathering in Canberra, Australia. Her speech[3] created a furor and she was accused of syncretism, that is, combining Christian teachings and practices with elements of other traditions. Her retort, however, was:If they ask me, \"Are you a syncretist?\" I say, \"You are right, I am a syncretist, but so are you.\" My response is that I know I am a syncretist, but you don’t know you are a syncretist because you have hegemonic power ... non-Christian cultures, when they try to interpret the gospel out of their life experience, they are syncretists! But they are just being true to their identity, history and culture.[4]In the same interview, she challenged the Western values imposed on the Third World:\"I think in order to really heal the world we need the 'wisdom of darkness.' This can be the Third World, dark people, women, or our 'shadows,' ... all the things we do not want to confront within ourselves, so we project them onto others and call them terrorists. So, I think that we need 'endarkenment' for a while, not enlightenment, to heal the world.\"[4]","title":"WCC at Canberra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Struggle to be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/struggletobesuna00chun"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780883446843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883446843"}],"text":"Chung, Hyun Kyung (1990-01-01). Struggle to be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women's Theology. Orbis Books. ISBN 9780883446843.","title":"Works"}]
[]
[{"title":"Asian feminist theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death_in_Italy
Black Death in Italy
["1 Background","1.1 Italy in the mid-14th century","1.2 The Black Death","2 Plague migration","2.1 Southern Italy","2.2 Central Italy","2.3 Northern Italy","3 Consequences","4 See also","5 References"]
Bubonic plague pandemic This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Black Death in Italy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) 1346–1353 spread of the Black Death in Europe map An engraving by Luigi Sabatelli (1772–1850) of Florence during the plague in 1348, based on Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron Decameron; The plague of Florence The Black Death was present in Italy between 1347-1348. Sicily and the Italian Peninsula was the first area in then Catholic Western Europe to be reached by the bubonic plague pandemic known as the Black Death, which reached the region by an Italian ship from the Crimea which landed in Messina in Sicily in October 1347. Coming to a completely unprepared region, the Black Death was a shock to Italy and to Europe. The Black Death in Italy belongs to the most documented among its outbreaks in Europe, with many literate eyewitnesses, among them being Giovanni Boccaccio, Marchionne di Coppo Stefani, and Agnolo di Tura, whose descriptions of it in their own cities and areas have become famous. The well-organized and Urban city republics of Central and Northern Italy had the most well-developed administration in Europe prior to the Black Death; their documentation has provided among the most useful descriptions of the pandemic, and the preventive measures and regulations initiated by the Italian city-states during and following the Black Death pandemic has been referred to as the foundation of modern quarantine law regulation. Background Italy in the mid-14th century When the Black Death reached modern-day Italy, it was roughly divided into the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, the Papal States in the middle, and the heavily urbanised Northern Italy, which formally belonged to the Holy Roman Empire but in reality, divided into several autonomous city republics or principalities. The Black Death The traditional story of how the plague first came to Europe was that it was introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their slave trade port city of Kaffa in the Crimea. During a protracted siege of the city, the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. When the plague spread inside the city, the Genoese ships in the harbour fled from Kaffa toward Italy, bringing the plague with them. This story is now largely discredited as a xenophobic blame narrative. Plague migration Southern Italy The arrival of the Black Death to Sicily has been described by the chronicler Michele da Piazza. In October 1347, 12 Genoese ships from the East arrived at Messina on Sicily. After the Genoese came ashore, the inhabitants of Messina started to develop abscesses, cough and die. The Genoese were immediately banished from the city, but the illness spread with such speed that the city experienced a collapse of social order. The sick wished to be cured, to make wills and to take the confession, but physicians, notaries and priests were infected and soon refused to go near them; people abandoned their homes, which were pillaged by criminals without being stopped by the guards and officials, who also died. On Sicily, Messina was pointed out as a city being condemned by God for its sins. Refugees from Messina fled toward Catania to ask the statue of Saint Agatha to be brought to Messina to appeal to God, but the citizens of Catania locked the gates to them. They were instead allowed to take the statue of the Virgin Mary from Santa Maria della Scala to Messina. During November, refugees desperately fled from Messina in all directions, dying on the roads and spreading the plague all over the island of Sicily, including Catania, which became the 2nd plague centre of the island. One of the members of the royal family, Duke Giovanni, fled from Catania to the forest of Mascalia where he was referred to as the last victim of the plague in Sicily in April 1348. Central Italy According to Agnolo di Tura, the Black Death migrated from Genova to Pisa in January 1348 and spread from Pisa to the rest of Central Italy: to Piombino, Lucca in February, to Florence in March and Siena, Perugia and Orvieto in April and May 1348. Agnolo di Tura described how people abandoned their loved ones whose bodies were thrown down holes all over the city of Siena, but how no one cried because everyone thought that they would soon die as well. The survivors pleasured themselves with food, wine, pleasure hunting and games. When the plague finally left Siena, the cities rulers had died, as well as the artists Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti: Agnolo di Tura claimed that only 8 people remained alive in Siena when the plague left. The Black Death in Florence has been famously described by Giovanni Boccaccio. In the autumn of 1347, rumours had reached the city about a great epidemic. To prevent it from reaching Florence, the city streets were cleaned, ill travellers were refused entry, the authorities instructed all inhabitants to keep their houses, streets and squares empty and not allow animals entry into the city, butchers were mandated to strict hygienic regulations, prostitutes and homosexuals were banned from the city in order to lessen the wrath of God, and processions of prayers were held in public to prevent the plague from reaching the city. In March 1348, the plague reached Florence, where it lasted until July. Neither formally educated medical doctors nor the traditional male and female folk healers and medical practitioners could do anything about it. The infected died within 3 days, people were infected by the smallest contact, even with the clothes or other objects handled by the ill. Boccaccio witnessed dead bodies being thrown out upon the streets, after which, the animals who started to touch it fell down dead. Priests and other authorities died so swiftly that the administration and law and order collapsed. People refused to bury their dead, who were instead buried by a special group of grave diggers recruited from the poorest beggars, the becchini, who charged enormous sums to throw the bodies in mass graves. Those who couldn't pay left the bodies on the street, which were soon full of rotting corpses. In the countryside outside Florence, the peasantry fell down dead in their fields which were abandoned by the living, who let loose their animals and ate their supplies because they lost any hope of surviving. Matteo Villani described how people in Florence, expecting their death, lived to enjoy life without consequences: the poor ignored the class system and started to eat luxury food and dress in the fashion of dead aristocrats, and how people started to marry anyone that they wished without considering class, status or suitability. Giovanni Boccaccio claimed that 100,000 people died in Florence. This isn't possible because the entire city population didn't reach that number, but the death toll was nonetheless very high. One of the most well-known victims was the painter Bernardo Daddi. The Black Death appears to have reached the city of Rome in August 1348. At this point in time, Rome was experiencing a period of decay. Due to the Pope residing in Avignon, Rome had lost its place as the center of Christianity and the pilgrims and clerical visitors that use to favor the city, and had almost been reduced to a local town; but the loss of the pilgrimages also meant that the arrival of the Black Death to Rome was delayed. Northern Italy One of the most well-known contemporary descriptions of the Black Death in Northern Italy is the Historia de Morbo by Gabriele de' Mussi. He describes it with a focus on his own home town of Piacenza. According to the chronicle, the plague didn't migrate from the South across the Italian Peninsula but was taken directly to Genova and Venice by Genoese plague ships. The plague came to Piacenza with the Genoese Fulco della Croce, who died shortly after his arrival, followed by his host family and their neighbours. When the plague entered a house through one victim, 3 days remained before all of the inhabitants of that house were dead. The ill called upon physicians to care for them, notaries to make their will and priests or monks to take their confessions and witness their wills, and all of the visitors took the plague with them when they left; convents, especially, were badly infected through the priests taking the confessions from the sick. Soon, the sick and dying were abandoned by physicians, priests and their own families who fled from the illness and the lonely screams of the dying could be heard from the abandoned houses. The corpses of the dead were left in the abandoned houses, which were closed off in fear of the deceased, and only the richest paid the poorest to bury the remains of the dead. The cemeteries were filled so rapidly that mass burials were arranged, and eventually, the sick started to dig their own graves in the middle of the town squares. Between March and September 1348, in Bologna, several famous academics of the University of Bologna died, among them Giovanni d'Andrea. The Black Death of Trento (June 1348) has been described in the chronicle of Giovanni of Parma. In July 1348, 2 of the rulers of Padua died in succession. The Black Death of the Republic of Venice has been described in the chronicles of the Doge Andrea Dandolo, the monk Francesco della Grazia and Lorenzo de Monacis. Venice was one of the biggest cities in Europe, and at this point overcrowded with refugees from the famine in the countryside the year prior and the earthquake in January. In April 1348, the plague reached the crowded city and the streets became littered with the bodies of the sick, dying and the dead, and with smells emanating from houses where the dead had been abandoned. Between 25-30 people were buried daily in the cemetery near Rialto, and corpses were transported to be buried on islands in the lagoon by people who gradually caught the plague and died themselves. So many Venetians fled the city, including the officials of the state, that the remaining members of the city councils banned the Venetians from leaving the city in July by threatening loss of their position and status if they did, to prevent a collapse of social order. Consequences The population decline caused by the Black Death resulted in smaller taxes and smaller income for the elite, and a smaller workforce who demanded better salaries and better conditions from the elite, who reacted to the demands by repression and violence toward their workforce. In parallel, the dissolution of law and order in the countryside during the plague became long-lasting when unemployed mercenaries, known as the Condottiero, took control of the countryside population. The Black Death in Italy came to have great importance for the development of modern quarantine law, health authorities and hospitals in Europe. When the Black Death migrated toward the well-organized urban city-states of Northern Italy, the cities banned travellers from infected areas from entering their city and occasionally also the destruction of textiles and other objects which had been in contact with the sick. From the second half of the 14th century, quarantine regulations against travellers from infected areas were introduced in city after city in Northern Italy (ship quarantine in port cities and hospital quarantine for inland cities), which also strengthened the belief that isolation of the sick was an effective prevention method of epidemic and eventually became common all over Italy and Europe. See also Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Harrison, Dick, Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2000 ISBN 91-7324-752-9 ^ Barker, Hannah (2021), "Laying the Corpses to Rest: Grain, Embargoes, and Yersinia pestis in the Black Sea, 1346–48", Speculum, 96: 97–126, doi:10.1086/711596, S2CID 229344364 ^ Benedictow, O. J. (2004). The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Storbritannien: Boydell Press. p. 93 ^ Benedictow, O. J. (2004). The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History. Storbritannien: Boydell Press. p. 93 vteBlack DeathThematic Pandemics First Second Third Migration Causes Consequences Notable deaths Persecution of Jews Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani In medieval culture By geography Denmark England France Holy Roman Empire Italy Middle East Norway Poland Spain Sweden Category Commons
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The Black Death in Italy belongs to the most documented among its outbreaks in Europe, with many literate eyewitnesses, among them being Giovanni Boccaccio, Marchionne di Coppo Stefani, and Agnolo di Tura, whose descriptions of it in their own cities and areas have become famous.The well-organized and Urban city republics of Central and Northern Italy had the most well-developed administration in Europe prior to the Black Death; their documentation has provided among the most useful descriptions of the pandemic, and the preventive measures and regulations initiated by the Italian city-states during and following the Black Death pandemic has been referred to as the foundation of modern quarantine law regulation.[1]","title":"Black Death in Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"}],"sub_title":"Italy in the mid-14th century","text":"When the Black Death reached modern-day Italy, it was roughly divided into the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, the Papal States in the middle, and the heavily urbanised Northern Italy, which formally belonged to the Holy Roman Empire but in reality, divided into several autonomous city republics or principalities.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"a protracted siege of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caffa"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Jani Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Beg"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"catapulted infected corpses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The Black Death","text":"The traditional story of how the plague first came to Europe was that it was introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their slave trade port city of Kaffa in the Crimea. During a protracted siege of the city, the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. When the plague spread inside the city, the Genoese ships in the harbour fled from Kaffa toward Italy, bringing the plague with them.[1] This story is now largely discredited as a xenophobic blame narrative.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plague migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michele da Piazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_da_Piazza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"}],"sub_title":"Southern Italy","text":"The arrival of the Black Death to Sicily has been described by the chronicler Michele da Piazza. In October 1347, 12 Genoese ships from the East arrived at Messina on Sicily. After the Genoese came ashore, the inhabitants of Messina started to develop abscesses, cough and die. The Genoese were immediately banished from the city, but the illness spread with such speed that the city experienced a collapse of social order. The sick wished to be cured, to make wills and to take the confession, but physicians, notaries and priests were infected and soon refused to go near them; people abandoned their homes, which were pillaged by criminals without being stopped by the guards and officials, who also died.[1]On Sicily, Messina was pointed out as a city being condemned by God for its sins. Refugees from Messina fled toward Catania to ask the statue of Saint Agatha to be brought to Messina to appeal to God, but the citizens of Catania locked the gates to them.[1] They were instead allowed to take the statue of the Virgin Mary from Santa Maria della Scala to Messina.[1]During November, refugees desperately fled from Messina in all directions, dying on the roads and spreading the plague all over the island of Sicily, including Catania, which became the 2nd plague centre of the island. One of the members of the royal family, Duke Giovanni, fled from Catania to the forest of Mascalia where he was referred to as the last victim of the plague in Sicily in April 1348.[1]","title":"Plague migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnolo di Tura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnolo_di_Tura"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Pietro Lorenzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Boccaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Matteo Villani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Villani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Daddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Daddi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Central Italy","text":"According to Agnolo di Tura, the Black Death migrated from Genova to Pisa in January 1348 and spread from Pisa to the rest of Central Italy: to Piombino, Lucca in February, to Florence in March and Siena, Perugia and Orvieto in April and May 1348.[1] Agnolo di Tura described how people abandoned their loved ones whose bodies were thrown down holes all over the city of Siena, but how no one cried because everyone thought that they would soon die as well.[1] The survivors pleasured themselves with food, wine, pleasure hunting and games.[1] When the plague finally left Siena, the cities rulers had died, as well as the artists Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti: Agnolo di Tura claimed that only 8 people remained alive in Siena when the plague left.[1]The Black Death in Florence has been famously described by Giovanni Boccaccio. In the autumn of 1347, rumours had reached the city about a great epidemic. To prevent it from reaching Florence, the city streets were cleaned, ill travellers were refused entry, the authorities instructed all inhabitants to keep their houses, streets and squares empty and not allow animals entry into the city, butchers were mandated to strict hygienic regulations, prostitutes and homosexuals were banned from the city in order to lessen the wrath of God, and processions of prayers were held in public to prevent the plague from reaching the city.[1]In March 1348, the plague reached Florence, where it lasted until July.[1] Neither formally educated medical doctors nor the traditional male and female folk healers and medical practitioners could do anything about it.[1] The infected died within 3 days, people were infected by the smallest contact, even with the clothes or other objects handled by the ill.[1] Boccaccio witnessed dead bodies being thrown out upon the streets, after which, the animals who started to touch it fell down dead.[1] Priests and other authorities died so swiftly that the administration and law and order collapsed.[1] People refused to bury their dead, who were instead buried by a special group of grave diggers recruited from the poorest beggars, the becchini, who charged enormous sums to throw the bodies in mass graves.[1] Those who couldn't pay left the bodies on the street, which were soon full of rotting corpses.[1] In the countryside outside Florence, the peasantry fell down dead in their fields which were abandoned by the living, who let loose their animals and ate their supplies because they lost any hope of surviving.[1] Matteo Villani described how people in Florence, expecting their death, lived to enjoy life without consequences: the poor ignored the class system and started to eat luxury food and dress in the fashion of dead aristocrats, and how people started to marry anyone that they wished without considering class, status or suitability.[1]Giovanni Boccaccio claimed that 100,000 people died in Florence. This isn't possible because the entire city population didn't reach that number, but the death toll was nonetheless very high. One of the most well-known victims was the painter Bernardo Daddi.[1]The Black Death appears to have reached the city of Rome in August 1348.[3] At this point in time, Rome was experiencing a period of decay. Due to the Pope residing in Avignon, Rome had lost its place as the center of Christianity and the pilgrims and clerical visitors that use to favor the city, and had almost been reduced to a local town; but the loss of the pilgrimages also meant that the arrival of the Black Death to Rome was delayed.[4]","title":"Plague migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriele de' Mussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_de%27_Mussi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Giovanni d'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_d%27Andrea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Andrea Dandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Dandolo"},{"link_name":"Francesco della Grazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_della_Grazia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo de Monacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Monacis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"}],"sub_title":"Northern Italy","text":"One of the most well-known contemporary descriptions of the Black Death in Northern Italy is the Historia de Morbo by Gabriele de' Mussi.[1]\nHe describes it with a focus on his own home town of Piacenza. According to the chronicle, the plague didn't migrate from the South across the Italian Peninsula but was taken directly to Genova and Venice by Genoese plague ships.[1]The plague came to Piacenza with the Genoese Fulco della Croce, who died shortly after his arrival, followed by his host family and their neighbours.[1] When the plague entered a house through one victim, 3 days remained before all of the inhabitants of that house were dead.[1] The ill called upon physicians to care for them, notaries to make their will and priests or monks to take their confessions and witness their wills, and all of the visitors took the plague with them when they left; convents, especially, were badly infected through the priests taking the confessions from the sick. Soon, the sick and dying were abandoned by physicians, priests and their own families who fled from the illness and the lonely screams of the dying could be heard from the abandoned houses.[1] The corpses of the dead were left in the abandoned houses, which were closed off in fear of the deceased, and only the richest paid the poorest to bury the remains of the dead.[1] The cemeteries were filled so rapidly that mass burials were arranged, and eventually, the sick started to dig their own graves in the middle of the town squares.[1]Between March and September 1348, in Bologna, several famous academics of the University of Bologna died, among them Giovanni d'Andrea.[1] The Black Death of Trento (June 1348) has been described in the chronicle of Giovanni of Parma. In July 1348, 2 of the rulers of Padua died in succession.The Black Death of the Republic of Venice has been described in the chronicles of the Doge Andrea Dandolo, the monk Francesco della Grazia and Lorenzo de Monacis. Venice was one of the biggest cities in Europe, and at this point overcrowded with refugees from the famine in the countryside the year prior and the earthquake in January. In April 1348, the plague reached the crowded city and the streets became littered with the bodies of the sick, dying and the dead, and with smells emanating from houses where the dead had been abandoned.[1] Between 25-30 people were buried daily in the cemetery near Rialto, and corpses were transported to be buried on islands in the lagoon by people who gradually caught the plague and died themselves.[1] So many Venetians fled the city, including the officials of the state, that the remaining members of the city councils banned the Venetians from leaving the city in July by threatening loss of their position and status if they did, to prevent a collapse of social order.[1]","title":"Plague migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"Condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison,_Dick-1"}],"text":"The population decline caused by the Black Death resulted in smaller taxes and smaller income for the elite, and a smaller workforce who demanded better salaries and better conditions from the elite, who reacted to the demands by repression and violence toward their workforce.[1] In parallel, the dissolution of law and order in the countryside during the plague became long-lasting when unemployed mercenaries, known as the Condottiero, took control of the countryside population.[1]The Black Death in Italy came to have great importance for the development of modern quarantine law, health authorities and hospitals in Europe.[1] When the Black Death migrated toward the well-organized urban city-states of Northern Italy, the cities banned travellers from infected areas from entering their city and occasionally also the destruction of textiles and other objects which had been in contact with the sick.[1] From the second half of the 14th century, quarantine regulations against travellers from infected areas were introduced in city after city in Northern Italy (ship quarantine in port cities and hospital quarantine for inland cities), which also strengthened the belief that isolation of the sick was an effective prevention method of epidemic and eventually became common all over Italy and Europe.[1]","title":"Consequences"}]
[{"image_text":"1346–1353 spread of the Black Death in Europe map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1346-1353_spread_of_the_Black_Death_in_Europe_map.svg/220px-1346-1353_spread_of_the_Black_Death_in_Europe_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An engraving by Luigi Sabatelli (1772–1850) of Florence during the plague in 1348, based on Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Boccaccio%27s_%27The_plague_of_Florence_in_1348%27_Wellcome_L0072270.jpg/220px-Boccaccio%27s_%27The_plague_of_Florence_in_1348%27_Wellcome_L0072270.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decameron; The plague of Florence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Decameron_003.jpg/220px-Decameron_003.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronaca_fiorentina_di_Marchionne_di_Coppo_Stefani"}]
[{"reference":"Barker, Hannah (2021), \"Laying the Corpses to Rest: Grain, Embargoes, and Yersinia pestis in the Black Sea, 1346–48\", Speculum, 96: 97–126, doi:10.1086/711596, S2CID 229344364","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F711596","url_text":"10.1086/711596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229344364","url_text":"229344364"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade
Horse Guards Parade
["1 History","1.1 Car park usage","2 Layout","3 Monuments","4 Ceremonial","4.1 Changing The King's Life Guard","4.2 Trooping the Colour","4.3 Beating Retreat","4.4 Remembrance Sunday","5 Sporting and public events","5.1 2012 Summer Olympics","5.2 London Polo Championships","5.3 Sainsburys Anniversary Games 2014","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′17″N 0°07′42″W / 51.5047°N 0.1283°W / 51.5047; -0.1283Square and parade ground in London Trooping the Colour at Horse Guards Parade in 1956 Horse Guards Parade is a large parade ground off Whitehall in central London (at grid reference TQ299800). It is the site of the annual ceremonies of Trooping the Colour, which commemorates the monarch's official birthday, and the Beating Retreat. History The Coldstream Guards on Parade at Horse Guards, by John Chapman, c. 1755 Horse Guards Parade was formerly the site of the Palace of Whitehall's tiltyard, where tournaments (including jousting) were held in the time of Henry VIII. It was also the scene of annual celebrations of the birthday of Queen Elizabeth I. The area has been used for a variety of reviews, parades and other ceremonies since the 17th century. The adjacent Horse Guards building was once the Headquarters of the British Army. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was based in Horse Guards when he was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. The current General officer commanding London District still occupies the same office and uses the same desk. Wellington also had living quarters within the building, which today are used as offices. Car park usage Horse Guards Parade with the London Eye Ferris wheel in the background For much of the late 20th century, Horse Guards Parade was used as a car park for senior civil servants; about 500 were granted the privilege, which was known as the 'Great Perk'. The PIRA's mortar attack on 10 Downing Street on 7 February 1991, which was carried out from a vehicle parked in Horse Guards Avenue nearby, narrowly missed causing casualties and led to concerns. In April 1993 the Royal Parks Review Group, headed by Dame Jennifer Jenkins (later Baroness Jenkins) recommended that the parade should be restored for public use, and linked to St James's Park by closing Horse Guards Road. The proposal was taken up by the Department of National Heritage but then resisted by senior Cabinet members, apparently under pressure from the civil servants who were to lose their parking places. Public revelation of the resistance led to considerable criticism by Simon Jenkins, a newspaper columnist, who pressured Sir Robin Butler, Head of the Home Civil Service, to end general usage as parking as part of a wider programme of reforms. In late 1996 Horse Guards Parade was cleared, for repairs, and in March 1997 it was announced that parking was banned. Layout The parade ground is open on the west side, where it faces Horse Guards Road and St James's Park. It is enclosed to the north by the Admiralty Citadel and the Admiralty Extension building, to the east by Admiralty House, William Kent's Horse Guards and the rear of Dover House (home of the Scotland Office), and to the south by Kent's Treasury building (now used by the Cabinet Office), garden walls of 10 Downing Street (the official residence and office of the British Prime Minister) and Mountbatten Green before the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's west wing. Access to the south side is restricted for national security. On the east side, Horse Guards Parade is normally accessible to the public from Whitehall through the arches of Horse Guards. Panorama of Horse Guards Parade, from the northwest corner. North: Admiralty Citadel, Admiralty Extension building; east: Admiralty House (with a scaffold at its cornice level), Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards, Dover House; South: Cabinet Office, garden wall and trees of 10 Downing Street, Mountbatten Green and small part of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; west: St James's Park (at foreground, centre) the Guards Memorial. Monuments The Guards Memorial A number of military monuments and trophies ring the outside of the parade ground, including: To the west, beside St James's Park, the Guards Memorial, designed by the sculptor Gilbert Ledward in 1923–26 and erected to commemorate the First Battle of Ypres and other battles of World War I. To the north, the Royal Naval Division War Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in 1925, removed before the Second World War, and returned to its original site beside the Admiralty Extension building and rededicated on "Beaucourt Day" (13 November 2003). To the east: Equestrian statues of Field Marshals Roberts and Wolseley (see Equestrian statue of the Earl Roberts, London and Equestrian statue of the Viscount Wolseley). A Turkish cannon made in 1524 "by Murad son of Abdullah, chief gunner" which was captured in Egypt in 1801. The Cádiz Memorial, a French mortar mounted on a brass monster which commemorates the lifting of the Siege of Cádiz in Spain in 1812. To the south, statues of Field Marshal Kitchener and of Admiral of the Fleet Mountbatten (see Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London and Statue of the Earl Mountbatten, London). An oddity is the black background to the number 2 of the double sided clock which overlooks the Parade Ground and the front entrance, it is popularly thought to commemorate the time the last absolute monarch of England, Charles I, was beheaded at the Banqueting House opposite. Ceremonial Changing The King's Life Guard in 2013. Changing The King's Life Guard Main article: King's Guard § The King's Life Guard The ceremony of Changing The King's Life Guard takes place every weekday at 11:00 am on Horse Guards Parade, adjacent to the Horse Guards building. Two mounted sentries guard the entrance to Horse Guards on Whitehall from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm and are changed every hour. There is a dismounted parade at 4:00 pm and two dismounted sentries remain on duty until 8:00 pm. Trooping the Colour in 2022. Trooping the Colour Main article: Trooping the Colour In the early summer, grandstands are erected in Horse Guards Parade in preparation for the Trooping the Colour ceremony which is usually on the second Saturday in June and celebrates the monarch's Official Birthday. There are two full dress rehearsals: The Major General's Review, usually two weeks beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Major-General commanding the Household Division The Colonel's Review, the week beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Royal colonel of whichever of the five regiments of foot guards will have their regimental colour "trooped". Around 1,400 soldiers take part in the ceremony in which the regimental colour of one of the guards regiments is "trooped" or marched along the assembled ranks. It concludes with the foot and horse guards marching past and saluting the monarch. The public can watch the troops enter and leave Horse Guards Parade and tickets for the seating are sold subject to a ballot. The Bands of the Household Division at the finale of Beating Retreat in 2013. Beating Retreat Main article: Beating Retreat On two evenings in June, this ceremony is carried out by the Bands of the Household Division. Beating Retreat is also performed at Horseguards biannually in July by the Royal Marines Band Service. Proceeds from ticket sales are donated to military charities. Remembrance Sunday At the National Service of Remembrance, the various contingents of veterans' organisations form up on Horse Guards Parade, and after the ceremony at The Cenotaph, they return and march past a member of the Royal Family by the Guards Memorial, who takes their salute. Sporting and public events 2012 Summer Olympics Horse Guards Parade during the 2012 Summer Olympics Horse Guards Parade hosted beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London. Temporary courts and seating designed by Populous were installed by the Arena Group, much as seating is installed annually for Trooping the Colour. There was one court with a capacity of 15,000 with two tiers and a floodlight tower at each of its four corners, two practice courts to the east of the arena, and a further six practice courts at St. James's Park. Most matches were played on Centre Court, but some matches were played on Court 1 on day 6 of the competition. London Polo Championships Horse Guards Parade hosted the 1st London Polo Championships on 17 and 18 June 2009 with teams from around the world. Sainsburys Anniversary Games 2014 On Sunday 20 July 2014, a temporary arena played host to the anniversary games. References ^ a b Jenkins, Simon (4 June 1994). "Desperate to guard the perk on the Park". The Times. p. 16. ^ John Young, "Watchdog deplores traffic disgrace at Buckingham Palace", The Times, 22 April 1993, p. 2. ^ David Lister, "Mandarins say No Minister to traffic ban", The Independent, 2 June 1994, p. 3. ^ Alan Hamilton, "Bashed square back on parade fit for a king", The Times, 7 March 1997, p. 8. ^ UK Ministry of Defence: Guards Memorial ^ "The King's Life Guard". www.householddivision.org.uk. The Household Division. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ a b "Trooping the Colour". www.householddivision.org.uk. The Household Division. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "What is the Beating Retreat and how did it originate?". www.forces.net. BFBS. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "Beating Retreat 2022". www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Royal Navy. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "Remembrance 2022". www.royal.uk. The Royal Household. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ Rachael Church-Sanders. "Arena Group and London 2012". majoreventsinternational.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ London2012.com profile Archived 15 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 29 September 2010. ^ "London International Polo 2014". londonpolo.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ "Sainsbury's Anniversary Games". ITV News. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2022. 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Queen's Gallery Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers One Canada Square One Churchill Place 8 Canada Square 20 Fenchurch Street 122 Leadenhall Street Broadgate Tower Citigroup Centre (London) The Gherkin Heron Tower The Shard St George Wharf Tower Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben The Cenotaph Cleopatra's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch Monument to the Great Fire of London Nelson's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros") Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Blackfriars station Cannon Street station Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station Fenchurch Street station King's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station London Cable Car Victoria Coach Station Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd's building London Zoo Oxo Tower Smithfield Market Somerset House St Bartholomew's Hospital ParksRoyal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent's Park Richmond Park St James's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Kew Gardens Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares andpublic spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Carnaby Street Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King's Road Lombard Street The Mall Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall 51°30′17″N 0°07′42″W / 51.5047°N 0.1283°W / 51.5047; -0.1283
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trooping_the_Colour,_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trooping the Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour"},{"link_name":"parade ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system"},{"link_name":"TQ299800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Horse_Guards_Parade&params=51.504004_N_0.129793_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Trooping the Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour"},{"link_name":"monarch's official birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Beating Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beating_Retreat"}],"text":"Square and parade ground in LondonTrooping the Colour at Horse Guards Parade in 1956Horse Guards Parade is a large parade ground off Whitehall in central London (at grid reference TQ299800). It is the site of the annual ceremonies of Trooping the Colour, which commemorates the monarch's official birthday, and the Beating Retreat.","title":"Horse Guards Parade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parade_at_Horseguards.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Chapman_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palace of Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall"},{"link_name":"tiltyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltyard"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"jousting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief of the Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Forces"},{"link_name":"General officer commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer_commanding"},{"link_name":"London District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_District_(British_Army)"}],"text":"The Coldstream Guards on Parade at Horse Guards, by John Chapman, c. 1755Horse Guards Parade was formerly the site of the Palace of Whitehall's tiltyard, where tournaments (including jousting) were held in the time of Henry VIII. It was also the scene of annual celebrations of the birthday of Queen Elizabeth I. The area has been used for a variety of reviews, parades and other ceremonies since the 17th century.The adjacent Horse Guards building was once the Headquarters of the British Army. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was based in Horse Guards when he was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. The current General officer commanding London District still occupies the same office and uses the same desk. Wellington also had living quarters within the building, which today are used as offices.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_Guards_from_St_James_Park_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Eye"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perk-1"},{"link_name":"PIRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA"},{"link_name":"mortar attack on 10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack"},{"link_name":"the Royal Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Parks"},{"link_name":"St James's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Department of National Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Simon Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Robin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Butler,_Baron_Butler_of_Brockwell"},{"link_name":"Head of the Home Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Car park usage","text":"Horse Guards Parade with the London Eye Ferris wheel in the backgroundFor much of the late 20th century, Horse Guards Parade was used as a car park for senior civil servants; about 500 were granted the privilege, which was known as the 'Great Perk'.[1] The PIRA's mortar attack on 10 Downing Street on 7 February 1991, which was carried out from a vehicle parked in Horse Guards Avenue nearby, narrowly missed causing casualties and led to concerns. In April 1993 the Royal Parks Review Group, headed by Dame Jennifer Jenkins (later Baroness Jenkins) recommended that the parade should be restored for public use, and linked to St James's Park by closing Horse Guards Road.[2] The proposal was taken up by the Department of National Heritage but then resisted by senior Cabinet members, apparently under pressure from the civil servants who were to lose their parking places.[3]Public revelation of the resistance led to considerable criticism by Simon Jenkins, a newspaper columnist, who pressured Sir Robin Butler, Head of the Home Civil Service, to end general usage as parking as part of a wider programme of reforms.[1] In late 1996 Horse Guards Parade was cleared, for repairs, and in March 1997 it was announced that parking was banned.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiralty Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_citadels_under_London#Admiralty_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Extension building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_buildings#Admiralty_Extension"},{"link_name":"Admiralty House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_House,_London"},{"link_name":"William Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kent"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"Dover House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_House"},{"link_name":"Scotland Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Office"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_Guards_Parade,_London_-_360%C2%B0_Panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horse_Guards_Parade,_London_-_360%C2%B0_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_citadels_under_London#Admiralty_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Extension building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_buildings#Admiralty_Extension"},{"link_name":"Admiralty House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_House,_London"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)"},{"link_name":"Dover House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_House"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"St James's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Guards Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guards_Memorial"}],"text":"The parade ground is open on the west side, where it faces Horse Guards Road and St James's Park. It is enclosed to the north by the Admiralty Citadel and the Admiralty Extension building, to the east by Admiralty House, William Kent's Horse Guards and the rear of Dover House (home of the Scotland Office), and to the south by Kent's Treasury building (now used by the Cabinet Office), garden walls of 10 Downing Street (the official residence and office of the British Prime Minister) and Mountbatten Green before the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's west wing. Access to the south side is restricted for national security.On the east side, Horse Guards Parade is normally accessible to the public from Whitehall through the arches of Horse Guards.Panorama of Horse Guards Parade, from the northwest corner. North: Admiralty Citadel, Admiralty Extension building; east: Admiralty House (with a scaffold at its cornice level), Household Cavalry Museum, Horse Guards, Dover House; South: Cabinet Office, garden wall and trees of 10 Downing Street, Mountbatten Green and small part of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; west: St James's Park (at foreground, centre) the Guards Memorial.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guards_Division_War_Memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"St James's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Guards Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guards_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Ledward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ledward"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Division War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Division_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"Equestrian statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Wolseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Joseph_Wolseley"},{"link_name":"Equestrian statue of the Earl Roberts, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Earl_Roberts,_London"},{"link_name":"Equestrian statue of the Viscount Wolseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_the_Viscount_Wolseley"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cádiz Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Siege of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_the_Earl_Kitchener,_London"},{"link_name":"Statue of the Earl Mountbatten, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_the_Earl_Mountbatten,_London"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Banqueting House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqueting_House"}],"text":"The Guards MemorialA number of military monuments and trophies ring the outside of the parade ground, including:To the west, beside St James's Park, the Guards Memorial, designed by the sculptor Gilbert Ledward in 1923–26 and erected to commemorate the First Battle of Ypres and other battles of World War I.[5]\nTo the north, the Royal Naval Division War Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in 1925, removed before the Second World War, and returned to its original site beside the Admiralty Extension building and rededicated on \"Beaucourt Day\" (13 November 2003).\nTo the east:\nEquestrian statues of Field Marshals Roberts and Wolseley (see Equestrian statue of the Earl Roberts, London and Equestrian statue of the Viscount Wolseley).\nA Turkish cannon made in 1524 \"by Murad son of Abdullah, chief gunner\" which was captured in Egypt in 1801.\nThe Cádiz Memorial, a French mortar mounted on a brass monster which commemorates the lifting of the Siege of Cádiz in Spain in 1812.\nTo the south, statues of Field Marshal Kitchener and of Admiral of the Fleet Mountbatten (see Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London and Statue of the Earl Mountbatten, London).An oddity is the black background to the number 2 of the double sided clock which overlooks the Parade Ground and the front entrance, it is popularly thought to commemorate the time the last absolute monarch of England, Charles I, was beheaded at the Banqueting House opposite.","title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_horse_guards_parade_09.03.2013_13-02-45.JPG"}],"text":"Changing The King's Life Guard in 2013.","title":"Ceremonial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trooping_the_Colour_2022.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Changing The King's Life Guard","text":"The ceremony of Changing The King's Life Guard takes place every weekday at 11:00 am on Horse Guards Parade, adjacent to the Horse Guards building. Two mounted sentries guard the entrance to Horse Guards on Whitehall from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm and are changed every hour. There is a dismounted parade at 4:00 pm and two dismounted sentries remain on duty until 8:00 pm.[6]Trooping the Colour in 2022.","title":"Ceremonial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grandstands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandstand"},{"link_name":"monarch's Official Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Major-General commanding the Household Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General_commanding_the_Household_Division"},{"link_name":"Royal colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_colonel"},{"link_name":"foot guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_guards"},{"link_name":"regimental colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_colour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-householddivision-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-householddivision-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LOND-2013-076-300.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Trooping the Colour","text":"In the early summer, grandstands are erected in Horse Guards Parade in preparation for the Trooping the Colour ceremony which is usually on the second Saturday in June and celebrates the monarch's Official Birthday. There are two full dress rehearsals:The Major General's Review, usually two weeks beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Major-General commanding the Household Division\nThe Colonel's Review, the week beforehand, when the salute is taken by the Royal colonel of whichever of the five regiments of foot guards will have their regimental colour \"trooped\".[7]Around 1,400 soldiers take part in the ceremony in which the regimental colour of one of the guards regiments is \"trooped\" or marched along the assembled ranks. It concludes with the foot and horse guards marching past and saluting the monarch. The public can watch the troops enter and leave Horse Guards Parade and tickets for the seating are sold subject to a ballot.[7]The Bands of the Household Division at the finale of Beating Retreat in 2013.","title":"Ceremonial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bands of the Household Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bands_of_the_Household_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines Band Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines_Band_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Beating Retreat","text":"On two evenings in June, this ceremony is carried out by the Bands of the Household Division.[8] Beating Retreat is also performed at Horseguards biannually in July by the Royal Marines Band Service. Proceeds from ticket sales are donated to military charities.[9]","title":"Ceremonial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Service of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_of_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"The Cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Remembrance Sunday","text":"At the National Service of Remembrance, the various contingents of veterans' organisations form up on Horse Guards Parade, and after the ceremony at The Cenotaph, they return and march past a member of the Royal Family by the Guards Memorial, who takes their salute.[10]","title":"Ceremonial"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sporting and public events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Beach_volleyball.jpg"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populous_(company)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2012 Summer Olympics","text":"Horse Guards Parade during the 2012 Summer OlympicsHorse Guards Parade hosted beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London. Temporary courts and seating designed by Populous were installed by the Arena Group,[11] much as seating is installed annually for Trooping the Colour. There was one court with a capacity of 15,000 with two tiers and a floodlight tower at each of its four corners, two practice courts to the east of the arena, and a further six practice courts at St. James's Park.[12] Most matches were played on Centre Court, but some matches were played on Court 1 on day 6 of the competition.","title":"Sporting and public events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"London Polo Championships","text":"Horse Guards Parade hosted the 1st London Polo Championships on 17 and 18 June 2009 with teams from around the world.[13]","title":"Sporting and public events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Sainsburys Anniversary Games 2014","text":"On Sunday 20 July 2014, a temporary arena played host to the anniversary games.[14]","title":"Sporting and public events"}]
[{"image_text":"Trooping the Colour at Horse Guards Parade in 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Trooping_the_Colour%2C_1956.jpg/170px-Trooping_the_Colour%2C_1956.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Coldstream Guards on Parade at Horse Guards, by John Chapman, c. 1755","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Parade_at_Horseguards.jpg/220px-Parade_at_Horseguards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horse Guards Parade with the London Eye Ferris wheel in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horse_Guards_from_St_James_Park_2023.jpg/220px-Horse_Guards_from_St_James_Park_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Guards Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Guards_Division_War_Memorial.jpg/170px-Guards_Division_War_Memorial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Changing The King's Life Guard in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/London_horse_guards_parade_09.03.2013_13-02-45.JPG/220px-London_horse_guards_parade_09.03.2013_13-02-45.JPG"},{"image_text":"Trooping the Colour in 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Trooping_the_Colour_2022.jpg/220px-Trooping_the_Colour_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bands of the Household Division at the finale of Beating Retreat in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LOND-2013-076-300.JPG/220px-LOND-2013-076-300.JPG"},{"image_text":"Horse Guards Parade during the 2012 Summer Olympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Beach_volleyball.jpg/220px-2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Beach_volleyball.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jenkins, Simon (4 June 1994). \"Desperate to guard the perk on the Park\". The Times. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins","url_text":"Jenkins, Simon"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Life Guard\". www.householddivision.org.uk. The Household Division. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.householddivision.org.uk/king-life-guard","url_text":"\"The King's Life Guard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trooping the Colour\". www.householddivision.org.uk. The Household Division. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.householddivision.org.uk/trooping-the-colour","url_text":"\"Trooping the Colour\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the Beating Retreat and how did it originate?\". www.forces.net. BFBS. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces.net/military-life/music/what-beating-retreat-and-how-did-it-originate","url_text":"\"What is the Beating Retreat and how did it originate?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beating Retreat 2022\". www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Royal Navy. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/events/rm-band/beating-retreat-2022","url_text":"\"Beating Retreat 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembrance 2022\". www.royal.uk. The Royal Household. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royal.uk/remembrance-2022","url_text":"\"Remembrance 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Rachael Church-Sanders. \"Arena Group and London 2012\". majoreventsinternational.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.majoreventsinternational.com/community/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1875:arena-group-and-london-2012&catid=19&Itemid=109","url_text":"\"Arena Group and London 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"London International Polo 2014\". londonpolo.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonpolo.co.uk/","url_text":"\"London International Polo 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sainsbury's Anniversary Games\". ITV News. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/london/update/2014-07-20/sainsburys-anniversary-games/","url_text":"\"Sainsbury's Anniversary Games\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores
Cry of Dolores
["1 Historical event","1.1 Exact words and meaning","2 National festivities","2.1 Presidential celebration at Mexico City","2.2 Recent exceptions","2.3 Celebrations by governors and municipal presidents","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Call to arms triggering the Mexican War of Independence El Grito de DoloresA statue of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in front of the church in Dolores Hidalgo, GuanajuatoObserved byMexicoSignificanceCommemorates the start of the Mexican War of Independence, by repeating the words of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in the early morning of 16 September 1810Date16 SeptemberNext time16 September 2024 (2024-09-16)FrequencyAnnual The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as "El Grito de Independencia" (The Independence Cry). Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City, while ringing the same bell Hidalgo used in 1810. During the patriotic speech, the president calls out the names of the fallen heroes who died during the War of Independence and he ends the speech by shouting "Viva Mexico!" three times followed by the Mexican National Anthem. Historical event Close-up of balcony where the president of Mexico gives the annual 'Grito de Dolores' on Independence Day Image extracted from the book by Vicente Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880) "México a través de los siglos" Tomo III: "La Guerra de Independencia" (1808–1821). In the 1810s, what would become Mexico was still New Spain, part of the Spanish crown. The independence movement began to take shape when José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara went to the small town of Dolores (now known as Dolores Hidalgo) and asked the local Roman Catholic priest, Miguel Hidalgo, to help initiate an effort to free New Spain from Spanish control. Gutiérrez de Lara went to Washington, D.C. for military support (being the first Mexican to do so). Hidalgo remained in Dolores, waiting for Gutiérrez de Lara to return with military support. However, fearing arrest, Hidalgo told his brother Mauricio to make the sheriff free the pro-independence inmates there. Mauricio and armed men set 80 inmates free in the early morning hours of 16 September 1810. Around 2:30 a.m., Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to revolt. His speech became known as the "Cry of Dolores". The liberated country adopted Mexico as its official name. Mexico's independence from Spain took a decade of war. Gutiérrez de Lara commanded and led Mexico to victory. Independence was achieved by the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire 11 years and 12 days later, on 28 September 1821. However, Hidalgo is credited as being the "father of his country". Exact words and meaning Scholars have not been able to reach a consensus on the exact words Miguel Hidalgo said at the time. Michael Meyer has noted: "The exact words of this most famous of all Mexican speeches are not known, or, rather, they are reproduced in almost as many variations as there are historians to reproduce them." Meyer also argues that: ...the essential spirit of the message is... 'My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once... Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Gachupines!' In contrast, William F. Cloud divides the sentiments above between Hidalgo and the crowd: told them that the time for action on their part had now come. When he asked, 'Will you be slaves of Napoleon or will you as patriots defend your religion, your hearths, and your rights?' there was a unanimous cry, 'We will defend to the utmost! Long live religion, long live our most holy mother of Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad government, and death to the Gachupines!' Many believe that Hidalgo's Grito condemned the notion of monarchy and criticized the current social order in detail. In fact, his opposition was targeted to Spain and its viceroy in Mexico: that is, not against the monarchy in general but against "bad government". The Grito also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Mexican-born Criollos and Peninsulares (native Spaniards) could sympathize. However, the strong anti-Spanish cry of "Death to Gachupines" (Gachupines being a slur given to Peninsulares) would have shocked Mexico's elites. National festivities The day of 16 September was first celebrated in 1812 in Huichapan, Hidalgo. It was given the status of a national holiday in the Constitution of Apatzingán, ratified by the conventions of 1822 and 1824, and first celebrated nationally in 1825. The Cry of Dolores has assumed an almost mythical status. Since the late 20th century, the event has come to symbolize Mexican independence and to initiate Independence Day ceremonies the following day (16 September). Independence Day in Mexico is a patriotic holiday, marked by parades, concerts, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and special programs on the national and local media outlets. Presidential celebration at Mexico City This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) President Andrés Manuel López Obrador at the National Palace balcony during the Grito Mexico City, 15 September 2023 Video of the ceremony in 2022. Every 15 September at around 11 p.m., the President of Mexico stands on the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City and rings the same bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810, which was moved to the National Palace. The President then recites a shout of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano) based upon the "Grito de Dolores", with the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence who were there on that historic day. The Grito ends with the threefold shout of ¡Viva México! The Grito often differs slightly from year to year to reflect recent sentiments, or a preference by the President for a shorter or longer shout. This is the version often recited by the President of Mexico: Spanish ¡Mexicanos! ¡Vivan los héroes que nos dieron patria! ¡Viva Hidalgo! ¡Viva Morelos! ¡Viva Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez! ¡Viva Allende! ¡Vivan Aldama y Matamoros! ¡Viva la Independencia Nacional! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! English Mexicans! Long live the heroes who gave us our homeland! Long live Hidalgo! Long live Morelos! Long live Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez! Long live Allende! Long live Aldama and Matamoros! Long live the nation's independence! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Beneath the balcony of the National Palace, there is a large crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución (also called the Zócalo), to hear the recitation. The event draws up to half a million spectators from all over Mexico and tourists worldwide. After the President recites each line beginning with "¡Viva(n)!", the crowd responds by repeating, "¡Viva(n)!" After the recitation, the President rings the bell one last time and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd. This is followed by the playing of the Mexican national anthem by a military band from the Mexican Armed Forces, with the crowd singing along. The ceremonies conclude with a spectacular fireworks display at the Zócalo grounds. On the morning of 16 September, or Independence Day, the national military parade in honor of the holiday starts in the Zócalo and its outskirts, passes the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City's main boulevard, passing "El Ángel de la Independencia" memorial column and other places along the way. Recent exceptions Grito de Dolores, 16 September 1810 Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Mexico The Grito is not always re-enacted at the National Palace; some years it is performed in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, where it originally happened. This is especially common in the final year of a President's term. President Felipe Calderón made an exception by re-enacting the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations on 16 September 2010, even though he had already done so the night before from the National Palace balcony to launch the celebrations. As a result, in 2012, Calderón's final year as president, he did not go to Dolores Hidalgo but gave the Grito from the National Palace balcony instead. President Enrique Peña Nieto did not give the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo in any of his six years as president, becoming the fourth president to break the tradition. Many presidents add their "personal touch" to the Grito and this can be controversial. President Vicente Fox frequently took liberties with it, adding and removing items, addressing Mexicans in both genders, and in 2001 wishing long life to "our agreements". Peña Nieto gave "vivas" to victims of recent earthquakes in 2017. During Peña Nieto's presidency, the Grito became an occasion for political protest against him and his Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). On 15 September 2016, a month after the president appeared to be humiliated by U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump, thousands of citizens marched, yelled, and carried signs. They tried to enter the Zócalo during the Grito, but were blocked by a wall of soldiers. News outlets within Mexico failed to acknowledge the protest. The event was well-attended but opponents charge that the PRI brought acarreados (poor people or hand-picked party members) as a fake show of support. The Grito was also disrupted in 2006 by a demonstration called the Plantón. Crowds loyal to losing candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador protested alleged irregularities in the general election just concluded, and the Grito could not be delivered at the Zócalo but was spoken at the National Palace. López Obrador won the presidency in 2018. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the Grito to be done remotely. Celebrations by governors and municipal presidents Municipal president giving the "grito" of "¡Viva México!" at the commencement of Independence Day festivities at 11 pm on 16 September 2008 in Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo Similar celebrations to the presidential one occur in cities and towns throughout Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide on 15 or 16 September. The chief executive, ambassador, or consul rings a bell and recites the traditional words, including the names of independence heroes and local patriots, and ending with the threefold shout of Viva Mexico! The bell rings a second time, the Mexican flag is waved, and everyone sings the National Anthem, followed by fireworks. There are also celebrations in schools throughout Mexico, and in these cases whenever the bell ringing is reenacted the school or university head utters the traditional words. Celebrations also take place outside of Mexico, such as in U.S. states that have a large concentration of people of Mexican heritage who celebrate the holiday. Notes ^ As a common noun, dolores means "pains" or "sorrows" in Spanish; in this context, however, Dolores is a place name. Overliteral translations such as "shout of pains", sometimes made by machine translation software, are therefore incorrect. References ^ a b Kirkwood, Burton (2000). History of Mexico. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30351-7. ^ Sosa, Francisco (1985) (in Spanish). Biografias de Mexicanos Distinguidos-Miguel Hidalgo. 472. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa SA. pp. 288–292. ISBN 968-452-050-6. ^ Virginia Guedea, "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 640. ^ a b Meyer, Michael, et al (1979). The Course of Mexican History, p. 276, New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-502413-5. ^ William F. Cloud (1896). Church and State or Mexican Politics from Cortez to Diaz. Kansas City, Mo: Peck & Clark, Printers. ^ "En Huichapan, Hidalgo, se dio el primer "Grito de Independencia" hace casi 200 años" (in Spanish). La Jornada. 2010-09-16. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. ^ Emmanuel Carballo (September 2009). "El grito de Dolores de 1812 a 1968" (in Spanish). University of México. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ Hamill, Hugh M. (1966). The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence. University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2528-1. ^ Knight, Alan (2002). Mexico: The Colonial Era. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89196-5. ^ Saint-Louis, Miya. "How to Celebrate Mexico's Independence Day: Grito de Dolores". iexplore.com. Inside-Out Media. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ "Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial - Photo Gallery - LIFE". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ "Calderón revive grito original en magnos festejos por bicentenario de México" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ Fernando Serrano Migallón (April 2008). "El Grito: símbolo, fiesta, mito e identidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25. ^ James Fredrick (2016-09-16). "'Resign now' thousands of Mexicans tell president Peña Nieto at Independence Day protest". The Telegraph. London Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ "En el Zócalo, miles de acarreados para la ovación; afuera, miles de indignados exigen renuncia de EPN" (in Spanish). Periodicocentral.mx. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2017-01-23. ^ "Mexicans Rally in Support of Recount". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2018-09-17. ^ "A lo Miguel Hidalgo, Dolores tendrá su grito de independencia a pesar del COVID-19". ^ Paso, City of El (2019-09-10). "Mexican Independence Day celebration being held this weekend in El Paso". KFOX. Retrieved 2021-09-09. Further reading Fernández Tejedo, Isabel; Nava Nava, Carmen (2001). "Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The Grito de Dolores, History and Myth". In William H. Beezly and David E. Lorey (ed.). ¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16. Silhouettes: studies in history and culture series. Margarita González Aredondo and Elena Murray de Parodi (Spanish-English trans.). Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. pp. 1–42. ISBN 0-8420-2914-1. OCLC 248568379. Sr. Antonio Barajas Becerra, "Entrada de los Insurgentes a la Villa de San Miguel El Grande, la tarde del Domingo, 16 de Septiembre de 1801." Antonio Barajas Beccera, 1969, Generalisimo don Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, 2a edicion, p. 108 ("a las cinco de la manana del domingo 16 de Septiembre, 1810"). Gloria Cisneros Lenoir, Miguel Guzman Peredo, 1985, Miguel Hidalgo y la Ruta de la Independencia, Bertelsmann de Mexico, p. 87. Costeloe, Michael (1 January 1997). "The Junta Patriótica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825–1855". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 13 (1): 21–53. doi:10.2307/1051865. JSTOR 1051865. Archer, Christon I. (2011). "Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821)". The Encyclopedia of War. doi:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4. External links Mexico connect.com: "El Grito" (The Cry) Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811. Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial Archived 2010-09-21 at the Wayback Machine - slideshow by Life magazine vte Public holidays in MexicoStatutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla"},{"link_name":"call to arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciamiento"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eve"},{"link_name":"President of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"}],"text":"The Cry of Dolores[n 1] (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as \"El Grito de Independencia\" (The Independence Cry).Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City, while ringing the same bell Hidalgo used in 1810. During the patriotic speech, the president calls out the names of the fallen heroes who died during the War of Independence and he ends the speech by shouting \"Viva Mexico!\" three times followed by the Mexican National Anthem.","title":"Cry of Dolores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balc%C3%B3n_principal_del_Palacio_Nacional.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Objetos_de_la_%C3%A9poca_de_independencia.png"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkwood-2"},{"link_name":"sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Allende"},{"link_name":"Juan Aldama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Aldama"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Close-up of balcony where the president of Mexico gives the annual 'Grito de Dolores' on Independence DayImage extracted from the book by Vicente Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880) \"México a través de los siglos\" Tomo III: \"La Guerra de Independencia\" (1808–1821).In the 1810s, what would become Mexico was still New Spain, part of the Spanish crown. The independence movement began to take shape when José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara went to the small town of Dolores (now known as Dolores Hidalgo) and asked the local Roman Catholic priest, Miguel Hidalgo, to help initiate an effort to free New Spain from Spanish control.[clarification needed][citation needed]Gutiérrez de Lara went to Washington, D.C. for military support (being the first Mexican to do so).[citation needed] Hidalgo remained in Dolores, waiting for Gutiérrez de Lara to return with military support. However, fearing arrest,[1] Hidalgo told his brother Mauricio to make the sheriff free the pro-independence inmates there. Mauricio and armed men set 80 inmates free in the early morning hours of 16 September 1810.[2] Around 2:30 a.m., Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to revolt. His speech became known as the \"Cry of Dolores\".The liberated country adopted Mexico as its official name. Mexico's independence from Spain took a decade of war. Gutiérrez de Lara commanded and led Mexico to victory. Independence was achieved by the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire 11 years and 12 days later, on 28 September 1821. However, Hidalgo is credited as being the \"father of his country\".[3]","title":"Historical event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Criollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people"},{"link_name":"Peninsulares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsulars"},{"link_name":"Gachupines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkwood-2"}],"sub_title":"Exact words and meaning","text":"Scholars have not been able to reach a consensus on the exact words Miguel Hidalgo said at the time. Michael Meyer has noted:\"The exact words of this most famous of all Mexican speeches are not known, or, rather, they are reproduced in almost as many variations as there are historians to reproduce them.\"[4]Meyer also argues that:...the essential spirit of the message is... 'My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once... Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Gachupines!'[4]In contrast, William F. Cloud divides the sentiments above between Hidalgo and the crowd:[Hidalgo] told them that the time for action on their part had now come. When he asked, 'Will you be slaves of Napoleon or will you as patriots defend your religion, your hearths, and your rights?' there was a unanimous cry, 'We will defend to the utmost! Long live religion, long live our most holy mother of Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad government, and death to the Gachupines!'[5]Many believe that Hidalgo's Grito condemned the notion of monarchy and criticized the current social order in detail. In fact, his opposition was targeted to Spain and its viceroy in Mexico: that is, not against the monarchy in general but against \"bad government\". The Grito also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Mexican-born Criollos and Peninsulares (native Spaniards) could sympathize. However, the strong anti-Spanish cry of \"Death to Gachupines\" (Gachupines being a slur given to Peninsulares) would have shocked Mexico's elites.[1]","title":"Historical event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huichapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichapan"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Apatzingán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Apatzing%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"patriotic holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestas_Patrias_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The day of 16 September was first celebrated in 1812 in Huichapan, Hidalgo.[6] It was given the status of a national holiday in the Constitution of Apatzingán, ratified by the conventions of 1822 and 1824, and first celebrated nationally in 1825.[7]The Cry of Dolores has assumed an almost mythical status.[8][9] Since the late 20th century, the event has come to symbolize Mexican independence and to initiate Independence Day ceremonies the following day (16 September). Independence Day in Mexico is a patriotic holiday, marked by parades, concerts, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and special programs on the national and local media outlets.[10]","title":"National festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceremonia_del_Grito_de_Independencia_2023_-_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Grito Mexicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"Mexicanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_people"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Ortiz_de_Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Allende"},{"link_name":"Aldama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Aldama"},{"link_name":"Matamoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Matamoros"},{"link_name":"Plaza de la Constitución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Zócalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"Flag of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"national military parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16_military_parade"},{"link_name":"Paseo de la Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma"},{"link_name":"El Ángel de la Independencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_%C3%81ngel"}],"sub_title":"Presidential celebration at Mexico City","text":"President Andrés Manuel López Obrador at the National Palace balcony during the Grito Mexico City, 15 September 2023Video of the ceremony in 2022.Every 15 September at around 11 p.m., the President of Mexico stands on the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City and rings the same bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810, which was moved to the National Palace. The President then recites a shout of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano) based upon the \"Grito de Dolores\", with the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence who were there on that historic day. The Grito ends with the threefold shout of ¡Viva México!The Grito often differs slightly from year to year to reflect recent sentiments, or a preference by the President for a shorter or longer shout. This is the version often recited by the President of Mexico:Spanish\n¡Mexicanos!\n¡Vivan los héroes que nos dieron patria!\n¡Viva Hidalgo!\n¡Viva Morelos!\n¡Viva Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez!\n¡Viva Allende!\n¡Vivan Aldama y Matamoros!\n¡Viva la Independencia Nacional!\n¡Viva México! ¡Viva México! ¡Viva México!\nEnglish\nMexicans!\nLong live the heroes who gave us our homeland!\nLong live Hidalgo!\nLong live Morelos!\nLong live Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez!\nLong live Allende!\nLong live Aldama and Matamoros!\nLong live the nation's independence!\nLong Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico!Beneath the balcony of the National Palace, there is a large crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución (also called the Zócalo), to hear the recitation. The event draws up to half a million spectators from all over Mexico and tourists worldwide. After the President recites each line beginning with \"¡Viva(n)!\", the crowd responds by repeating, \"¡Viva(n)!\"After the recitation, the President rings the bell one last time and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd.This is followed by the playing of the Mexican national anthem by a military band from the Mexican Armed Forces, with the crowd singing along. The ceremonies conclude with a spectacular fireworks display at the Zócalo grounds.On the morning of 16 September, or Independence Day, the national military parade in honor of the holiday starts in the Zócalo and its outskirts, passes the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City's main boulevard, passing \"El Ángel de la Independencia\" memorial column and other places along the way.","title":"National festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla_antes_del_grito_de_Dolores,_pintura_de_Unzueta.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parroquia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Dolores_-_Dolores_Hidalgo,_Guanajuato,_M%C3%A9xico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"bicentennial celebrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_of_Mexican_political_anniversaries_in_2010"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calderon_life-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp-13"},{"link_name":"Enrique Peña Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Institutional Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Zócalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Mexican_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Recent exceptions","text":"Grito de Dolores, 16 September 1810Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, MexicoThe Grito is not always re-enacted at the National Palace; some years it is performed in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, where it originally happened. This is especially common in the final year of a President's term.President Felipe Calderón made an exception by re-enacting the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations on 16 September 2010, even though he had already done so the night before from the National Palace balcony to launch the celebrations.[11][12] As a result, in 2012, Calderón's final year as president, he did not go to Dolores Hidalgo but gave the Grito from the National Palace balcony instead. President Enrique Peña Nieto did not give the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo in any of his six years as president, becoming the fourth president to break the tradition.Many presidents add their \"personal touch\" to the Grito and this can be controversial. President Vicente Fox frequently took liberties with it, adding and removing items, addressing Mexicans in both genders, and in 2001 wishing long life to \"our agreements\".[13] Peña Nieto gave \"vivas\" to victims of recent earthquakes in 2017.During Peña Nieto's presidency, the Grito became an occasion for political protest against him and his Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). On 15 September 2016, a month after the president appeared to be humiliated by U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump, thousands of citizens marched, yelled, and carried signs. They tried to enter the Zócalo during the Grito, but were blocked by a wall of soldiers.[14] News outlets within Mexico failed to acknowledge the protest. The event was well-attended but opponents charge that the PRI brought acarreados (poor people or hand-picked party members) as a fake show of support.[15]The Grito was also disrupted in 2006 by a demonstration called the Plantón. Crowds loyal to losing candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador protested alleged irregularities in the general election just concluded, and the Grito could not be delivered at the Zócalo but was spoken at the National Palace.[16] López Obrador won the presidency in 2018.In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the Grito to be done remotely.[17]","title":"National festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GritoIxmiquilpan.JPG"},{"link_name":"grito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"Ixmiquilpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixmiquilpan"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)"},{"link_name":"embassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission"},{"link_name":"patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patriot"},{"link_name":"Mexican flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Celebrations by governors and municipal presidents","text":"Municipal president giving the \"grito\" of \"¡Viva México!\" at the commencement of Independence Day festivities at 11 pm on 16 September 2008 in Ixmiquilpan, HidalgoSimilar celebrations to the presidential one occur in cities and towns throughout Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide on 15 or 16 September. The chief executive, ambassador, or consul rings a bell and recites the traditional words, including the names of independence heroes and local patriots, and ending with the threefold shout of Viva Mexico! The bell rings a second time, the Mexican flag is waved, and everyone sings the National Anthem, followed by fireworks. There are also celebrations in schools throughout Mexico, and in these cases whenever the bell ringing is reenacted the school or university head utters the traditional words. Celebrations also take place outside of Mexico, such as in U.S. states that have a large concentration of people of Mexican heritage who celebrate the holiday.[18]","title":"National festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"}],"text":"^ As a common noun, dolores means \"pains\" or \"sorrows\" in Spanish; in this context, however, Dolores is a place name. Overliteral translations such as \"shout of pains\", sometimes made by machine translation software, are therefore incorrect.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tqxZzztmqygC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8420-2914-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2914-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"248568379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/248568379"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1051865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1051865"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1051865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1051865"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338232.wbeow399"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4051-9037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9037-4"}],"text":"Fernández Tejedo, Isabel; Nava Nava, Carmen (2001). \"Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The Grito de Dolores, History and Myth\". In William H. Beezly and David E. Lorey (ed.). ¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16. Silhouettes: studies in history and culture series. Margarita González Aredondo and Elena Murray de Parodi (Spanish-English trans.). Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. pp. 1–42. ISBN 0-8420-2914-1. OCLC 248568379.\nSr. Antonio Barajas Becerra, \"Entrada de los Insurgentes a la Villa de San Miguel El Grande, la tarde del Domingo, 16 de Septiembre de 1801.\"\nAntonio Barajas Beccera, 1969, Generalisimo don Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, 2a edicion, p. 108 (\"a las cinco de la manana del domingo 16 de Septiembre, 1810\").\nGloria Cisneros Lenoir, Miguel Guzman Peredo, 1985, Miguel Hidalgo y la Ruta de la Independencia, Bertelsmann de Mexico, p. 87.\nCosteloe, Michael (1 January 1997). \"The Junta Patriótica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825–1855\". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 13 (1): 21–53. doi:10.2307/1051865. JSTOR 1051865.\nArcher, Christon I. (2011). \"Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821)\". The Encyclopedia of War. doi:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Close-up of balcony where the president of Mexico gives the annual 'Grito de Dolores' on Independence Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Balc%C3%B3n_principal_del_Palacio_Nacional.JPG/250px-Balc%C3%B3n_principal_del_Palacio_Nacional.JPG"},{"image_text":"Image extracted from the book by Vicente Riva Palacio, Julio Zárate (1880) \"México a través de los siglos\" Tomo III: \"La Guerra de Independencia\" (1808–1821).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Objetos_de_la_%C3%A9poca_de_independencia.png/260px-Objetos_de_la_%C3%A9poca_de_independencia.png"},{"image_text":"President Andrés Manuel López Obrador at the National Palace balcony during the Grito Mexico City, 15 September 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ceremonia_del_Grito_de_Independencia_2023_-_3.jpg/250px-Ceremonia_del_Grito_de_Independencia_2023_-_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Video of the ceremony in 2022."},{"image_text":"Grito de Dolores, 16 September 1810","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla_antes_del_grito_de_Dolores%2C_pintura_de_Unzueta.jpg/150px-Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla_antes_del_grito_de_Dolores%2C_pintura_de_Unzueta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Parroquia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Dolores_-_Dolores_Hidalgo%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/250px-Parroquia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_los_Dolores_-_Dolores_Hidalgo%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Municipal president giving the \"grito\" of \"¡Viva México!\" at the commencement of Independence Day festivities at 11 pm on 16 September 2008 in Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GritoIxmiquilpan.JPG/220px-GritoIxmiquilpan.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"William F. Cloud (1896). Church and State or Mexican Politics from Cortez to Diaz. Kansas City, Mo: Peck & Clark, Printers.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/churchstateormex01clou","url_text":"Church and State or Mexican Politics from Cortez to Diaz"}]},{"reference":"\"En Huichapan, Hidalgo, se dio el primer \"Grito de Independencia\" hace casi 200 años\" (in Spanish). La Jornada. 2010-09-16. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100917151033/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2010/09/16/en-huichapan-hidalgo-se-dio-el-primer-grito-de-independencia-hace-casi-100-anos","url_text":"\"En Huichapan, Hidalgo, se dio el primer \"Grito de Independencia\" hace casi 200 años\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jornada","url_text":"La Jornada"},{"url":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2010/09/16/en-huichapan-hidalgo-se-dio-el-primer-grito-de-independencia-hace-casi-100-anos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emmanuel Carballo (September 2009). \"El grito de Dolores de 1812 a 1968\" (in Spanish). University of México. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.revistadelauniversidad.unam.mx/6709/carballo/67carballo.html","url_text":"\"El grito de Dolores de 1812 a 1968\""}]},{"reference":"Hamill, Hugh M. (1966). The Hidalgo Revolt: Prelude to Mexican Independence. University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2528-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2528-1","url_text":"0-8130-2528-1"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Alan (2002). Mexico: The Colonial Era. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89196-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocolonialer00knig","url_text":"Mexico: The Colonial Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89196-5","url_text":"0-521-89196-5"}]},{"reference":"Saint-Louis, Miya. \"How to Celebrate Mexico's Independence Day: Grito de Dolores\". iexplore.com. Inside-Out Media. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iexplore.com/experiences/festivals-events/Mexico-independence-day","url_text":"\"How to Celebrate Mexico's Independence Day: Grito de Dolores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial - Photo Gallery - LIFE\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135335/http://www.life.com/gallery/48791#index/16","url_text":"\"Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial - Photo Gallery - LIFE\""},{"url":"http://www.life.com/gallery/48791#index/16","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calderón revive grito original en magnos festejos por bicentenario de México\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919153732/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gbXywGZb0nEzHv-T5BB9CXSgqpww","url_text":"\"Calderón revive grito original en magnos festejos por bicentenario de México\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gbXywGZb0nEzHv-T5BB9CXSgqpww","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernando Serrano Migallón (April 2008). \"El Grito: símbolo, fiesta, mito e identidad\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016043513/http://estepais.com/inicio/historicos/205/1_propuesta_el%20grito_serrano.pdf","url_text":"\"El Grito: símbolo, fiesta, mito e identidad\""},{"url":"http://estepais.com/inicio/historicos/205/1_propuesta_el%20grito_serrano.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Fredrick (2016-09-16). \"'Resign now' thousands of Mexicans tell president Peña Nieto at Independence Day protest\". The Telegraph. London Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/16/resign-now-thousands-of-mexicans-tell-president-pea-nieto-at-ind/","url_text":"\"'Resign now' thousands of Mexicans tell president Peña Nieto at Independence Day protest\""}]},{"reference":"\"En el Zócalo, miles de acarreados para la ovación; afuera, miles de indignados exigen renuncia de EPN\" (in Spanish). Periodicocentral.mx. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2017-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://periodicocentral.mx/2015/nacional-seccion/en-el-zocalo-miles-de-acarreados-para-la-ovacion-afuera-miles-de-indignados-exigen-renuncia-de-epn","url_text":"\"En el Zócalo, miles de acarreados para la ovación; afuera, miles de indignados exigen renuncia de EPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexicans Rally in Support of Recount\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2018-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060822052712/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico17jul17%2C0%2C1043192.story","url_text":"\"Mexicans Rally in Support of Recount\""},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico17jul17,0,1043192.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A lo Miguel Hidalgo, Dolores tendrá su grito de independencia a pesar del COVID-19\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/07/31/a-lo-miguel-hidalgo-dolores-tendra-su-grito-de-independencia-a-pesar-del-covid-19/","url_text":"\"A lo Miguel Hidalgo, Dolores tendrá su grito de independencia a pesar del COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"Paso, City of El (2019-09-10). \"Mexican Independence Day celebration being held this weekend in El Paso\". KFOX. Retrieved 2021-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/mexican-independence-day-celebration-being-held-this-weekend-in-el-paso","url_text":"\"Mexican Independence Day celebration being held this weekend in El Paso\""}]},{"reference":"Fernández Tejedo, Isabel; Nava Nava, Carmen (2001). \"Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The Grito de Dolores, History and Myth\". In William H. Beezly and David E. Lorey (ed.). ¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16. Silhouettes: studies in history and culture series. Margarita González Aredondo and Elena Murray de Parodi (Spanish-English trans.). Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. pp. 1–42. ISBN 0-8420-2914-1. OCLC 248568379.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tqxZzztmqygC","url_text":"¡Viva Mexico! ¡Viva la independencia!: Celebrations of September 16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2914-1","url_text":"0-8420-2914-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248568379","url_text":"248568379"}]},{"reference":"Costeloe, Michael (1 January 1997). \"The Junta Patriótica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825–1855\". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 13 (1): 21–53. doi:10.2307/1051865. JSTOR 1051865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1051865","url_text":"10.2307/1051865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051865","url_text":"1051865"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Christon I. (2011). \"Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821)\". The Encyclopedia of War. doi:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338232.wbeow399","url_text":"10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9037-4","url_text":"978-1-4051-9037-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekyia
Nekyia
["1 Questioning ghosts","2 The Odyssey","3 Menippus and Lucian of Samosata","4 Jung","4.1 Night sea-journey","5 Cultural references","6 See also","7 References"]
Ancient Greek cult practice The Shade of Tiresias Appearing to Odysseus during the Sacrifice (c. 1780-85), painting by Johann Heinrich Füssli, showing a scene from Book Eleven of the Odyssey In ancient Greek cult-practice and literature, a nekyia or nekya (Ancient Greek: νέκυια, νεκυία; νεκύα) is a "rite by which ghosts were called up and questioned about the future," i.e., necromancy. A nekyia is not necessarily the same thing as a katabasis. While they both afford the opportunity to converse with the dead, only a katabasis is the actual, physical journey to the underworld undertaken by several heroes in Greek and Roman myth. In common parlance, however, the term "nekyia" is often used to subsume both types of event, so that by Late Antiquity for example "Olympiodorus ... claimed that three myths were classified as nekyia (an underworld story, as in Homer's Odyssey book 11)". Questioning ghosts A number of sites in Greece and Italy were dedicated wholly or in part to this practice. "The Underworld communicated with the earth by direct channels. These were caverns whose depths were unplumbed, like that of Heraclea Pontica." The most notable was the Necromanteion in the northwestern Greek town of Ephyra. Other oracles of the dead could be found at Taenaron and Avernus. Such specialized locations, however, were not the only places where necromancy was performed. One could also perform the rite at a tomb, for example. Among the gods associated with the nekyia rite are Hades, his wife Persephone, Hecate, and Hermes (in his capacity as psychopompus – one who escorted souls to Hades). The Odyssey The earliest reference to this cult practice comes from Book 11 of the Odyssey, which was called the Nekyia in Classical antiquity. Odysseus was instructed to "make a journey of a very different kind, and find your way to the Halls of Hades ... across the River of Ocean". There he consults the soul of the priest and prophet Tiresias about the means to return home to Ithaca, in a setting of "ghosts and dark blood and eerie noises, like a canvas of Hieronymous Bosch". He sacrifices a ram and an ewe so that "the countless shades of the dead and gone" would "surge around" him and then he meets and talks to the souls of the dead. "The story of Odysseus's journey to Hades ... was followed ... by further accounts of such journeys undertaken by other heroes", although it is clear that, for example, "the κατάβασις of Herakles in its traditional form must have differed noticeably from the Nekyia". The Athenian playwright Aeschylus features the use of tombside nekyiai in his Persians and Libation Bearers. Returning from the Underworld, from the House of Hades, alive represents the monumental feat a mere mortal could accomplish. In this, Aeneas surpasses Odysseus who merely journeys to the entrance of the Underworld to perform the ritual sacrifice needed to summon the spirits of the dead, the ghosts whose knowledge he seeks. Aeneas actually descends into the House of Hades and travels through the world of the dead. Menippus and Lucian of Samosata Lucian of Samosata is the author of a satirical dialogue titled Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία, dating from 161–162 CE, which, as German classical philologist Rudolf Helm (1872–1966) argues, may be an epitome of the lost Nekyia of cynic philosopher Menippus. In The Lives of the Philosophers, Diogenes Laërtius lists the Nekyia among the thirteen works composed by Menippus (Vitae philosophorum, VI, 101). In Lucian's dialogue, Menippus, perplexed by the conflicting accounts of the afterlife put forward by Homer, Hesiod, the philosophers, and the tragic poets, decides to discover the truth for himself. He therefore enlists the help of a Babylonian Magus, named Mithrobarzanes, in order to visit the underworld. Mithrobarzanes performs a necromantic ritual, and the two descend to Hades, where they see Pyriphlegethon, Cerberus, the palace of Pluto, Charon, and the rest of the mythological machinery of the Greek underworld. Ultimately, the underworld setting serves Lucian as a vehicle for satire on not only the rich and powerful, but also the philosophers. Jung C. G. Jung used the concept of Nekyia as an integral part of his analytical psychology: "Nekyia ... introversion of the conscious mind into the deeper layers of the unconscious psyche". For Jung, "the Nekyia is no aimless or destructive fall into the abyss, but a meaningful katabasis ... its object the restoration of the whole man". Jolande Jacobi added that "this 'great Nekyia' ... is interwoven with innumerable lesser Nekyia experiences". Night sea-journey Jung used the images of the Nekyia, of "the night journey on the sea ... descend into the belly of the monster (journey to hell)", and of "'Katabasis' (descent into the lower world)" almost interchangeably. His closest followers also saw them as indistinguishable metaphors for "a descent into the dark, hot depths of the unconscious ... a journey to hell and 'death'" – emphasising for example that "the great arc of the night sea journey comprises many lesser rhythms, lesser arcs on the same 'primordial pattern,'" just like the nekyia. The post-Jungian James Hillman however made some clear distinctions among them: The descent of the underworld can be distinguished from the night sea-journey of the hero in many ways… the hero returns from the night sea-journey in better shape for the tasks of life, whereas the nekyia takes the soul into a depth for its own sake so that there is no "return." The night sea-journey is further marked by building interior heat (tapas), whereas the nekyia goes below that pressured containment, that tempering in the fires of passion, to a zone of utter coldness ... The devil image still haunts in our fears of the unconscious and the latent psychosis that supposedly lurks there, and we still turn to methods of Christianism – moralizing, kind feelings, communal sharing, and childlike naivete – as propitiations against our fear, instead of classical descent into it, the nekyia into imagination… (Only) after his nekyia, Freud, like Aeneas (who carried his father on his back), could finally enter "Rome". Cultural references "Thomas Mann's conception of the nekyia draws extensively from 'the doctrines of the East...Gnosticism, and Hellenism'". Jung viewed Picasso's "early Blue Period ... as the symbol of 'Nekya', a descent into hell and darkness". In 1937, English composer Michael Tippett planned a large choral work based on Jungian concepts, titled Nekyia. The work would become the basis of his secular oratorio, A Child of Our Time. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nekyia. Odyssey Geography of the Odyssey References ^ Gary A. Stilwell, Afterlife (2005) p. 11 ^ Felix Guirand ed., The New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1968) p. 164 ^ E, V. Rieu trans., The Odyssey (Penguin 1959) p. 158-9 ^ M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (Penguin 1967) p. 164 ^ The Odyssey (translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 1997): pages 246–47, 250–51 and following  ^ E. Rohde, Psyche (2000) pp. 244 ^ Morford, Mark P. O. (1999). Classical mythology. Lenardon, Robert J., 1928- (6th ed.). New York: Longman. pp. 394–395. ISBN 0195143388. OCLC 39189848. ^ Lucian und Menipp, Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner, 1906, chapter 1 "Die Nekyomantie", pp. 17-62. ^ C . G. Jung, Analytical Psychology (London 1976) p. 41 ^ Quoted in D. R. Griffin, Archetypal Process (1990) p. 118 ^ J. Jacobi, Complex, Archetype, Symbol (London 1959) p. 186 ^ C. G. Jung, Psychology of the Unconscious (London 1944) p. 131, p. 156, and p. 220 ^ Jacobi, p. 187 ^ Hillman, James (1979). Dream and the Underworld. HarperCollins. pp. 88, 168, 206 01. ISBN 0-06-090682-0. ^ E. L. Smith, The Hero Journey in Literature (1997) p. 343 ^ Golding, John (1973). "Picasso and Surrealism". In Penrose, Roger (ed.). Picasso, 1881-1973. Paul Elek. p. 81. ISBN 0236176773. OL 5476165M. ^ O. Soden, Michael Tippett: The Biography (2019) p. 195 Authority control databases: National Germany
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A nekyia is not necessarily the same thing as a katabasis. While they both afford the opportunity to converse with the dead, only a katabasis is the actual, physical journey to the underworld undertaken by several heroes in Greek and Roman myth.In common parlance, however, the term \"nekyia\" is often used to subsume both types of event, so that by Late Antiquity for example \"Olympiodorus ... claimed that three [Platonic] myths were classified as nekyia (an underworld story, as in Homer's Odyssey book 11)\".[1]","title":"Nekyia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Pontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Necromanteion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromanteion"},{"link_name":"Ephyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichyrus"},{"link_name":"Taenaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenaron"},{"link_name":"Avernus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avernus"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Hecate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"psychopompus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopompus"}],"text":"A number of sites in Greece and Italy were dedicated wholly or in part to this practice. \"The Underworld communicated with the earth by direct channels. These were caverns whose depths were unplumbed, like that of Heraclea Pontica.\"[2] The most notable was the Necromanteion in the northwestern Greek town of Ephyra. Other oracles of the dead could be found at Taenaron and Avernus. Such specialized locations, however, were not the only places where necromancy was performed. One could also perform the rite at a tomb, for example. Among the gods associated with the nekyia rite are Hades, his wife Persephone, Hecate, and Hermes (in his capacity as psychopompus – one who escorted souls to Hades).","title":"Questioning ghosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tiresias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias"},{"link_name":"Hieronymous Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymous_Bosch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"katabasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katabasis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persians"},{"link_name":"Libation Bearers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libation_Bearers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The earliest reference to this cult practice comes from Book 11 of the Odyssey, which was called the Nekyia in Classical antiquity. Odysseus was instructed to \"make a journey of a very different kind, and find your way to the Halls of Hades ... across the River of Ocean\".[3] There he consults the soul of the priest and prophet Tiresias about the means to return home to Ithaca, in a setting of \"ghosts and dark blood and eerie noises, like a canvas of Hieronymous Bosch\".[4] He sacrifices a ram and an ewe so that \"the countless shades of the dead and gone\" would \"surge around\" him[5] and then he meets and talks to the souls of the dead.\"The story of Odysseus's journey to Hades ... was followed ... by further accounts of such journeys undertaken by other heroes\", although it is clear that, for example, \"the κατάβασις [katabasis, \"descent\"] of Herakles in its traditional form must have differed noticeably from the Nekyia\".[6]The Athenian playwright Aeschylus features the use of tombside nekyiai in his Persians and Libation Bearers.Returning from the Underworld, from the House of Hades, alive represents the monumental feat a mere mortal could accomplish. In this, Aeneas surpasses Odysseus who merely journeys to the entrance of the Underworld to perform the ritual sacrifice needed to summon the spirits of the dead, the ghosts whose knowledge he seeks. Aeneas actually descends into the House of Hades and travels through the world of the dead.[7]","title":"The Odyssey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucian of Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Helm"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Menippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippus"},{"link_name":"Diogenes Laërtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Pyriphlegethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyriphlegethon"},{"link_name":"Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Charon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Greek underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld"}],"text":"Lucian of Samosata is the author of a satirical dialogue titled Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία, dating from 161–162 CE, which, as German classical philologist Rudolf Helm (1872–1966) argues,[8] may be an epitome of the lost Nekyia of cynic philosopher Menippus. In The Lives of the Philosophers, Diogenes Laërtius lists the Nekyia among the thirteen works composed by Menippus (Vitae philosophorum, VI, 101). In Lucian's dialogue, Menippus, perplexed by the conflicting accounts of the afterlife put forward by Homer, Hesiod, the philosophers, and the tragic poets, decides to discover the truth for himself. He therefore enlists the help of a Babylonian Magus, named Mithrobarzanes, in order to visit the underworld. Mithrobarzanes performs a necromantic ritual, and the two descend to Hades, where they see Pyriphlegethon, Cerberus, the palace of Pluto, Charon, and the rest of the mythological machinery of the Greek underworld. Ultimately, the underworld setting serves Lucian as a vehicle for satire on not only the rich and powerful, but also the philosophers.","title":"Menippus and Lucian of Samosata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. G. Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._G._Jung"},{"link_name":"analytical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jolande Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolande_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"C. G. Jung used the concept of Nekyia as an integral part of his analytical psychology: \"Nekyia ... introversion of the conscious mind into the deeper layers of the unconscious psyche\".[9] For Jung, \"the Nekyia is no aimless or destructive fall into the abyss, but a meaningful katabasis ... its object the restoration of the whole man\".[10]Jolande Jacobi added that \"this 'great Nekyia' ... is interwoven with innumerable lesser Nekyia experiences\".[11]","title":"Jung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"James Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hillman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Night sea-journey","text":"Jung used the images of the Nekyia, of \"the night journey on the sea ... descend[ing] into the belly of the monster (journey to hell)\", and of \"'Katabasis' (descent into the lower world)\"[12] almost interchangeably. His closest followers also saw them as indistinguishable metaphors for \"a descent into the dark, hot depths of the unconscious ... a journey to hell and 'death'\" – emphasising for example that \"the great arc of the night sea journey comprises many lesser rhythms, lesser arcs on the same 'primordial pattern,'\"[13] just like the nekyia.The post-Jungian James Hillman however made some clear distinctions among them:The descent of the underworld can be distinguished from the night sea-journey of the hero in many ways… the hero returns from the night sea-journey in better shape for the tasks of life, whereas the nekyia takes the soul into a depth for its own sake so that there is no \"return.\" The night sea-journey is further marked by building interior heat (tapas), whereas the nekyia goes below that pressured containment, that tempering in the fires of passion, to a zone of utter coldness ...\nThe devil image still haunts in our fears of the unconscious and the latent psychosis that supposedly lurks there, and we still turn to methods of Christianism – moralizing, kind feelings, communal sharing, and childlike naivete – as propitiations against our fear, instead of classical descent into it, the nekyia into imagination… (Only) after his nekyia, Freud, like Aeneas (who carried his father on his back), could finally enter \"Rome\".[14]","title":"Jung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Hellenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_religion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Blue Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso%27s_Blue_Period"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Michael Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tippett"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"A Child of Our Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_Our_Time"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Thomas Mann's conception of the nekyia draws extensively from 'the doctrines of the East...Gnosticism, and Hellenism'\".[15]\nJung viewed Picasso's \"early Blue Period ... as the symbol of 'Nekya', a descent into hell and darkness\".[16]\nIn 1937, English composer Michael Tippett planned a large choral work based on Jungian concepts, titled Nekyia. The work would become the basis of his secular oratorio, A Child of Our Time.[17]","title":"Cultural references"}]
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[{"title":"Nekyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nekyia"},{"title":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"title":"Geography of the Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey"}]
[{"reference":"Morford, Mark P. O. (1999). Classical mythology. Lenardon, Robert J., 1928- (6th ed.). New York: Longman. pp. 394–395. ISBN 0195143388. OCLC 39189848.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195143388","url_text":"0195143388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39189848","url_text":"39189848"}]},{"reference":"Hillman, James (1979). Dream and the Underworld. HarperCollins. pp. 88, 168, 206 01. ISBN 0-06-090682-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dreamunderworld00hill","url_text":"Dream and the Underworld"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dreamunderworld00hill/page/88","url_text":"88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090682-0","url_text":"0-06-090682-0"}]},{"reference":"Golding, John (1973). \"Picasso and Surrealism\". In Penrose, Roger (ed.). Picasso, 1881-1973. Paul Elek. p. 81. ISBN 0236176773. OL 5476165M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Elek","url_text":"Paul Elek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0236176773","url_text":"0236176773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5476165M","url_text":"5476165M"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_maker
Market maker
["1 In currency exchange","2 In stock exchange","2.1 New York","2.2 London","2.3 Frankfurt","2.4 Tokyo","3 Decentralized network protocols","4 Income of market makers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Stock market trading entity Part of a series onFinancial markets Public market Exchange · Securities Bond market Bond valuation Corporate bond Fixed income Government bond High-yield debt Municipal bond Securitization Stock market Common stock Growth stock Preferred stock Registered share Stock Stockbroker Stock certificate Stock exchange Watered stock Other markets Derivatives (Credit derivativeFutures exchangeHybrid security) Foreign exchange (CurrencyExchange rate) Commodity ETF Money Mutual fund Option Real estate Reinsurance Structured product Swap (finance) Over-the-counter (off-exchange) ForwardsOptions Spot marketSwaps Trading Participants Regulation Clearing Related areas Alternative investment Angel investor Asset (economics) Asset pricing Banks and banking Bull Climate finance Diversification (finance) Eco-investing Environmental finance ESG Financial analysis analyst asset betting corporate crime forecast personal public services Fintech Greenwashing Growth investing Impact investing Investment management Market risk Market trend Speculative attack Sustainable development goals Sustainable finance vte A market maker or liquidity provider is a company or an individual that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a tradable asset held in inventory, hoping to make a profit on the bid–ask spread, or turn. The benefit to the firm is that it makes money from doing so; the benefit to the market is that this helps limit price variation (volatility) by setting a limited trading price range for the assets being traded. In U.S. markets, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines a "market maker" as a firm that stands ready to buy and sell stock on a regular and continuous basis at a publicly quoted price. A Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) is a specialized market maker approved by an exchange to guarantee that they will take a position in a particular assigned security, option, or option index. In currency exchange Most foreign exchange trading firms are market makers, as are many banks. The foreign exchange market maker both buys foreign currency from clients and then sells it to other clients. They derive income from the price differentials on such trades, as well as for the service of providing liquidity, reducing transaction costs, and facilitating trade. In stock exchange Market makers that stand ready to buy and sell stocks listed on an exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the London Stock Exchange (LSE), are called "third market makers". Most stock exchanges operate on a "matched bargain" or "order driven" basis. When a buyer's bid price meets a seller's offer price or vice versa, the stock exchange's matching system decides that a deal has been executed. In such a system, there may be no designated or official market makers, but market makers nevertheless exist. As of October 2008, there were over two thousand market makers in the United States, and over a hundred in Canada. New York In the United States, the New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange (AMEX), among others, have designated market makers, formerly known as "specialists", who act as the official market maker for a given security. The market makers provide a required amount of liquidity to the security's market, and take the other side of trades when there are short-term buy-and-sell-side imbalances in customer orders. In return, the specialist is granted various informational and trade execution advantages. Other U.S. exchanges, most prominently the NASDAQ stock exchange, employ several competing official market makers in a security. These market makers are required to maintain two-sided markets during exchange hours and are obligated to buy and sell at their displayed bids and offers. They typically do not receive the trading advantages a specialist does, but they do get some, such as the ability to naked short a stock, i.e., selling it without borrowing it. In most situations, only official market makers are permitted to engage in naked shorting. Changes to the rules in the 2000s and 2010s have explicitly banned naked shorting by options market makers. In liquid markets like the New York Stock Exchange, nearly every asset has open interest, providing two benefits: price takers can buy or sell at any time, and observers can continually monitor a precise price of every asset. A prediction market, or market explicitly designed to uncover the value of an asset, relies heavily on continual price discovery holding true. Prediction markets benefit from automated market makers, or algorithmic traders that maintain constant open interest, providing needed liquidity to the markets that would be difficult to provide naturally. Examples of New York market makers are Optiver, Jane Street Capital, Flow Traders, IMC, and Virtu Financial, according to Article 17(13) of Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012. London On the London Stock Exchange there are official market makers for many securities. Some of the LSE's member firms take on the obligation of always making a two-way price in each of the stocks in which they make markets. Their prices are the ones displayed on the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation (SEAQ) system and it is they who generally deal with brokers buying or selling stock on behalf of clients. Proponents of the official market making system claim market makers add to the liquidity and depth of the market by taking a short or long position for a time, thus assuming some risk in return for the chance of a small profit. On the LSE, one can always buy and sell stock: each stock always has at least two market makers and they are obliged to deal. In contrast, on smaller, order-driven markets such as the JSE Securities Exchange it can be difficult to determine the buying and selling prices of even a small block of stocks that lack a clear and immediate market value because there are often no buyers or sellers on the order board. Unofficial market makers are free to operate on order driven markets or, indeed, on the LSE. They do not have the obligation to always be making a two-way price, but they do not have the advantage that everyone must deal with them either. Examples of UK Market makers since Big Bang Day are Peel Hunt LLP, Winterflood Securities, Liberum Capital, Shore Capital, Fairfax IS and Altium Securities. Prior to the Big Bang, jobbers had exclusive rights of market making on the LSE. Frankfurt The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB) runs a system of market makers appointed by the listed companies. These are called "designated sponsors". Designated Sponsors secure higher liquidity by quoting binding prices for buying and selling the shares. The largest market maker by number of mandates in Germany is ODDO BHF Corporates & Markets AG. Tokyo Since 2018, the Tokyo Stock Exchange has had an ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme in place, which provides incentives to designated market makers who maintain quoting obligations in qualified ETFs. This list of market makers includes Nomura Securities, Flow Traders, and Optiver. Decentralized network protocols This section may be very hard to understand. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help clarify it. (March 2022) Liquidity provision in a decentralized network protocol works rather differently. There are no companies nor other centralized entities involved at the protocol level. Companies or individuals may, however, choose to use the protocol, by providing liquidity to the protocol, typically in return for the prospect of making an ROI on the assets committed to the liquidity pools. Traditional courts with jurisdiction in defined geographic boundaries may have difficulty regulating or shutting down such protocols, since the protocols have no central or headquarters jurisdiction in which they operate. The network operates on the principles, and according to the code, that is running on the network. Income of market makers The income of a market maker is the difference between the bid price, the price at which the firm is willing to buy a stock, and the ask price, the price at which the firm is willing to sell it. It is known as the market-maker spread, or bid–ask spread. Supposing that equal amounts of buy and sell orders arrive and the price never changes, this is the amount that the market maker will gain on each round trip. Market makers usually also provide liquidity to the firm's clients, for which they earn a commission. See also Divide and choose, analogous to a two-way price List of finance topics Sales and trading References ^ Radcliffe, Robert C. (1997). Investment: Concepts, Analysis, Strategy. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. p. 134. ISBN 0-673-99988-2. ^ a b "Market Makers". Retrieved 17 April 2015. ^ "Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) Program Info". CBoe.org. Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2014-06-25. ^ "List of U.S. market makers". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-10-31. ^ "List of market makers in Canada". Archived from the original on 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2008-10-31. ^ "'Naked' short-selling ban now permanent". NBCNews. Associated Press. July 27, 2009. ^ Barker, Alex (October 19, 2011). "EU ban on 'naked' CDS to become permanent". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 27 September 2012. ^ a b c Othman, Abraham; Sandholm, Tuomas; Pennock, David; Reeves, Daniel. "A Practical Liquidity-Sensitive Automated Market Maker" (PDF). harvard.edu. Harvard University. Retrieved 14 July 2014. ^ "List of market makers and authorised primary dealers". esma.europa.eu. European Securities and Markets Authority. Retrieved 28 September 2022. ^ "Winterflood Home - Winterflood Securities". Wins.co.uk. ^ "Deutsche Börse Xetra - Designated Sponsors". Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2013-08-07. ^ "JPX ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme". ^ Croman, Kyle; Decker, Christian; Ittay, Eyal; Gencer, Adem Efe; Juels, Ari (31 August 2016). "On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains: (A Position Paper)". Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. Ahmed Kosba, Andrew Miller, Prateek Saxena, Elaine Shi, Emin Gün Sirer, Dawn Song, Roger Wattenhofer. SpringerLink. pp. 106–125. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8. ISBN 978-3-662-53356-7. Retrieved 9 March 2021. ^ Aldridge, Irene (April 2013). High-Frequency Trading: A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118416822. External links Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure - Chapter 1 Derivatives Overview Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group vteFinancial marketsTypes of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker Floor broker Inter-dealer broker Broker-dealer Market maker Trader Floor trader Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Investor Hedger Speculator Arbitrager Scalper Regulator Trading venues Exchange List of stock exchanges Trading hours Over-the-counter (off-exchange) Alternative Trading System (ATS) Multilateral trading facility (MTF) Electronic communication network (ECN) Direct market access (DMA) Straight-through processing (STP) Dark pool (private exchange) Crossing network Liquidity aggregator Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) Beta Buffett indicator (Cap-to-GDP) Book value (BV) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) Capital market line (CML) Dividend discount model (DDM) Dividend yield Earnings yield EV/EBITDA Fed model Net asset value (NAV) Security characteristic line Security market line (SML) T-model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Dollar cost averaging Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory (MPT) Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) Random walk hypothesis (RMH) Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value averaging Value investing Related terms Bid–ask spread Block trade Cross listing Dividend Dual-listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Financial law Flight-to-quality Government bond Greenspan put Haircut Initial public offering (IPO) Long Mandatory offer Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Order book Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns-based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Squeeze-out Stock dilution Stock exchange Stock market index Stock split Stock swap Trade Tender offer Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company"},{"link_name":"bid–ask spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%E2%80%93ask_spread"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"volatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A market maker or liquidity provider is a company or an individual that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a tradable asset held in inventory, hoping to make a profit on the bid–ask spread, or turn.[1] The benefit to the firm is that it makes money from doing so; the benefit to the market is that this helps limit price variation (volatility) by setting a limited trading price range for the assets being traded.In U.S. markets, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines a \"market maker\" as a firm that stands ready to buy and sell stock on a regular and continuous basis at a publicly quoted price.[2] A Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) is a specialized market maker approved by an exchange to guarantee that they will take a position in a particular assigned security, option, or option index.[3]","title":"Market maker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liquidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidity"}],"text":"Most foreign exchange trading firms are market makers, as are many banks. The foreign exchange market maker both buys foreign currency from clients and then sells it to other clients. They derive income from the price differentials on such trades, as well as for the service of providing liquidity, reducing transaction costs, and facilitating trade.","title":"In currency exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-2"},{"link_name":"stock exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_maker&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Market makers that stand ready to buy and sell stocks listed on an exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the London Stock Exchange (LSE), are called \"third market makers\".[2] Most stock exchanges operate on a \"matched bargain\" or \"order driven\" basis. When a buyer's bid price meets a seller's offer price or vice versa, the stock exchange's matching system decides that a deal has been executed. In such a system, there may be no designated or official market makers, but market makers nevertheless exist.[citation needed]As of October 2008,[update] there were over two thousand market makers in the United States,[4] and over a hundred in Canada.[5]","title":"In stock exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"American Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"trade execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Execution"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"naked short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_short_selling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-othmanstudy-8"},{"link_name":"price discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discovery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-othmanstudy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-othmanstudy-8"},{"link_name":"Optiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiver"},{"link_name":"Jane Street Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Street_Capital"},{"link_name":"Flow Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Traders"},{"link_name":"IMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMC_Financial_Markets"},{"link_name":"Virtu Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu_Financial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"In the United States, the New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange (AMEX), among others, have designated market makers, formerly known as \"specialists\", who act as the official market maker for a given security. The market makers provide a required amount of liquidity to the security's market, and take the other side of trades when there are short-term buy-and-sell-side imbalances in customer orders. In return, the specialist is granted various informational and trade execution advantages.Other U.S. exchanges, most prominently the NASDAQ stock exchange, employ several competing official market makers in a security. These market makers are required to maintain two-sided markets during exchange hours and are obligated to buy and sell at their displayed bids and offers. They typically do not receive the trading advantages a specialist does, but they do get some, such as the ability to naked short a stock, i.e., selling it without borrowing it. In most situations, only official market makers are permitted to engage in naked shorting. Changes to the rules in the 2000s and 2010s have explicitly banned naked shorting by options market makers.[6][7]In liquid markets like the New York Stock Exchange, nearly every asset has open interest, providing two benefits: price takers can buy or sell at any time, and observers can continually monitor a precise price of every asset.[8]A prediction market, or market explicitly designed to uncover the value of an asset, relies heavily on continual price discovery holding true.[8] Prediction markets benefit from automated market makers, or algorithmic traders that maintain constant open interest, providing needed liquidity to the markets that would be difficult to provide naturally.[8]Examples of New York market makers are Optiver, Jane Street Capital, Flow Traders, IMC, and Virtu Financial, according to Article 17(13) of Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council\nof 14 March 2012.[9]","title":"In stock exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Stock Exchange Automated Quotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAQ"},{"link_name":"brokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbroker"},{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)"},{"link_name":"long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_(finance)"},{"link_name":"JSE Securities Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSE_Securities_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Big Bang Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)"},{"link_name":"Winterflood Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Brothers_Group#Winterflood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)"},{"link_name":"jobbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockjobber"}],"sub_title":"London","text":"On the London Stock Exchange there are official market makers for many securities. Some of the LSE's member firms take on the obligation of always making a two-way price in each of the stocks in which they make markets. Their prices are the ones displayed on the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation (SEAQ) system and it is they who generally deal with brokers buying or selling stock on behalf of clients.Proponents of the official market making system claim market makers add to the liquidity and depth of the market by taking a short or long position for a time, thus assuming some risk in return for the chance of a small profit. On the LSE, one can always buy and sell stock: each stock always has at least two market makers and they are obliged to deal.In contrast, on smaller, order-driven markets such as the JSE Securities Exchange it can be difficult to determine the buying and selling prices of even a small block of stocks that lack a clear and immediate market value because there are often no buyers or sellers on the order board.Unofficial market makers are free to operate on order driven markets or, indeed, on the LSE. They do not have the obligation to always be making a two-way price, but they do not have the advantage that everyone must deal with them either.Examples of UK Market makers since Big Bang Day are Peel Hunt LLP, Winterflood Securities,[10] Liberum Capital, Shore Capital, Fairfax IS and Altium Securities.Prior to the Big Bang, jobbers had exclusive rights of market making on the LSE.","title":"In stock exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ODDO BHF Corporates & Markets AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODDO_BHF"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Frankfurt","text":"The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB) runs a system of market makers appointed by the listed companies. These are called \"designated sponsors\".[11] Designated Sponsors secure higher liquidity by quoting binding prices for buying and selling the shares. The largest market maker by number of mandates in Germany is ODDO BHF Corporates & Markets AG.[citation needed]","title":"In stock exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ETFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund"},{"link_name":"Nomura Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Securities"},{"link_name":"Flow Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Traders"},{"link_name":"Optiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiver"}],"sub_title":"Tokyo","text":"Since 2018, the Tokyo Stock Exchange has had an ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme[12] in place, which provides incentives to designated market makers who maintain quoting obligations in qualified ETFs. This list of market makers includes Nomura Securities, Flow Traders, and Optiver.","title":"In stock exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decentralized network protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_network_protocol"},{"link_name":"ROI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"regulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_authority"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-croman2016-13"}],"text":"Liquidity provision in a decentralized network protocol works rather differently. There are no companies nor other centralized entities involved at the protocol level. Companies or individuals may, however, choose to use the protocol, by providing liquidity to the protocol, typically in return for the prospect of making an ROI on the assets committed to the liquidity pools. Traditional courts with jurisdiction in defined geographic boundaries may have difficulty regulating or shutting down such protocols, since the protocols have no central or headquarters jurisdiction in which they operate.[citation needed] The network operates on the principles, and according to the code, that is running on the network.[13]","title":"Decentralized network protocols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bid price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_price"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"ask price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_price"},{"link_name":"bid–ask spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%E2%80%93ask_spread"},{"link_name":"liquidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The income of a market maker is the difference between the bid price, the price at which the firm is willing to buy a stock, and the ask price, the price at which the firm is willing to sell it. It is known as the market-maker spread, or bid–ask spread. Supposing that equal amounts of buy and sell orders arrive and the price never changes, this is the amount that the market maker will gain on each round trip.Market makers usually also provide liquidity to the firm's clients, for which they earn a commission.[14]","title":"Income of market makers"}]
[]
[{"title":"Divide and choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_choose"},{"title":"List of finance topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_topics"},{"title":"Sales and trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_and_trading"}]
[{"reference":"Radcliffe, Robert C. (1997). Investment: Concepts, Analysis, Strategy. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. p. 134. ISBN 0-673-99988-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-99988-2","url_text":"0-673-99988-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Market Makers\". Retrieved 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/answers/mktmaker.htm","url_text":"\"Market Makers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) Program Info\". CBoe.org. Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2014-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022100258/https://www.cboe.org/members/generalinfo/dpm1.aspx","url_text":"\"Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) Program Info\""},{"url":"https://www.cboe.org/members/generalinfo/dpm1.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of U.S. market makers\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122074413/http://www.alphatrade.com/techSupport/marketMakers.html","url_text":"\"List of U.S. market makers\""},{"url":"http://www.alphatrade.com/techSupport/marketMakers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of market makers in Canada\". Archived from the original on 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2008-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070109084732/http://www.alphatrade.com/techSupport/canadianIDs.html","url_text":"\"List of market makers in Canada\""},{"url":"http://www.alphatrade.com/techSupport/canadianIDs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Naked' short-selling ban now permanent\". NBCNews. Associated Press. July 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32174335","url_text":"\"'Naked' short-selling ban now permanent\""}]},{"reference":"Barker, Alex (October 19, 2011). \"EU ban on 'naked' CDS to become permanent\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 27 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cc9c5050-f96f-11e0-bf8f-00144feab49a.html#axzz27gDnfbro","url_text":"\"EU ban on 'naked' CDS to become permanent\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221250/https://www.ft.com/content/cc9c5050-f96f-11e0-bf8f-00144feab49a#axzz27gDnfbro","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Othman, Abraham; Sandholm, Tuomas; Pennock, David; Reeves, Daniel. \"A Practical Liquidity-Sensitive Automated Market Maker\" (PDF). harvard.edu. Harvard University. Retrieved 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs286r/courses/fall12/papers/OPRS10.pdf","url_text":"\"A Practical Liquidity-Sensitive Automated Market Maker\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of market makers and authorised primary dealers\". esma.europa.eu. European Securities and Markets Authority. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/short_selling?locale=en","url_text":"\"List of market makers and authorised primary dealers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winterflood Home - Winterflood Securities\". Wins.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wins.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Winterflood Home - Winterflood Securities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Börse Xetra - Designated Sponsors\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2013-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609011706/http://xetra.com/xetra/dispatch/en/kir/navigation/xetra/200_listing/400_being_public/300_designated_sponsors","url_text":"\"Deutsche Börse Xetra - Designated Sponsors\""},{"url":"http://xetra.com/xetra/dispatch/en/kir/navigation/xetra/200_listing/400_being_public/300_designated_sponsors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JPX ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpx.co.jp/english/equities/products/etfs/market-making/","url_text":"\"JPX ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"Croman, Kyle; Decker, Christian; Ittay, Eyal; Gencer, Adem Efe; Juels, Ari (31 August 2016). \"On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains: (A Position Paper)\". Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. Ahmed Kosba, Andrew Miller, Prateek Saxena, Elaine Shi, Emin Gün Sirer, Dawn Song, Roger Wattenhofer. SpringerLink. pp. 106–125. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8. ISBN 978-3-662-53356-7. Retrieved 9 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8","url_text":"\"On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains: (A Position Paper)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-53357-4_8","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-53356-7","url_text":"978-3-662-53356-7"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, Irene (April 2013). High-Frequency Trading: A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118416822.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QpIsVUMhmEC&pg=PT167","url_text":"High-Frequency Trading: A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118416822","url_text":"9781118416822"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_Hassan_II
2009 Grand Prix Hassan II
["1 Finals","1.1 Singles","1.2 Doubles","2 External links"]
Tennis tournament2009 Grand Prix Hassan IIDateApril 6 – April 12Edition25thChampionsSingles Juan Carlos FerreroDoubles Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach ← 2008 · Grand Prix Hassan II · 2010 → The 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 25th edition of the Grand Prix Hassan II, and was an ATP Tour World 250 event on the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca, Morocco, from April 6 through April 12, 2009. Finals Singles Main article: 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II – Singles Juan Carlos Ferrero defeated Florent Serra, 6–4, 7–5 It was Juan Carlos Ferrero's 1st title in 5 years, and his 12th overall. Doubles Main article: 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach defeated Simon Aspelin / Paul Hanley, 7–6(7–4), 3–6, External links Official website vteCasablanca/Marrakesh tournaments 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 NH 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NH NH 2022 2023 2024 vte2009 ATP World Tour « 2008 2010 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells (S, D) Miami (S, D) Monte Carlo (S, D) Rome (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Shanghai (S, D) Paris (S, D) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam (S, D) Memphis (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Barcelona (S, D) Hamburg (S, D) Washington (S, D) Beijing (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Valencia (S, D) Basel (S, D) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane (S, D) Chennai (S, D) Doha (S, D) Sydney (S, D) Auckland (S, D) Johannesburg (S, D) Zagreb (S, D) Viña del Mar (S, D) San Jose (S, D) Costa do Sauípe (S, D) Buenos Aires (S, D) Marseille (S, D) Delray Beach (S, D) Casablanca (S, D) Houston (S, D) Munich (S, D) Belgrade (S, D) Estoril (S, D) Kitzbühel (S, D) Düsseldorf London (S, D) Halle (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Eastbourne (S, D) Newport (S, D) Båstad (S, D) Stuttgart (S, D) Indianapolis (S, D) Gstaad (S, D) Los Angeles (S, D) Umag (S, D) New Haven (S, D) Bucharest (S, D) Metz (S, D) Bangkok (S, D) Kuala Lumpur (S, D) Stockholm (S, D) Moscow (S, D) St. Petersburg (S, D) Vienna (S, D) Lyon (S, D) Team events Davis Cup World Group + play-offs Americas Asia/Oceania Europe/Africa World Team Cup ATP World Tour Finals, London (S, D) vte2009 in tennisGrand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Finals, London ATP Challenger Tour ITF Futures Tour Women Sony Ericsson WTA Tour WTA Tournament of Champions, Bali Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Championships, Doha ITF Women's Circuit Team events Davis Cup (World Group) Fed Cup (World Group) Hopman Cup World Team Cup Other events Bolivarian Games East Asian Games Maccabiah Games Mediterranean Games National Games of the PR of China Southeast Asian Games Summer Universiade
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"clay courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Hassan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Hassan_II"},{"link_name":"2009 ATP World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ATP_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Complexe Al Amal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexe_Al_Amal"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"The 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 25th edition of the Grand Prix Hassan II, and was an ATP Tour World 250 event on the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca, Morocco, from April 6 through April 12, 2009.","title":"2009 Grand Prix Hassan II"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Ferrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ferrero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Florent Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Serra"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Juan Carlos Ferrero defeated Florent Serra, 6–4, 7–5It was Juan Carlos Ferrero's 1st title in 5 years, and his 12th overall.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Kubot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Simon Aspelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Aspelin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Paul Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hanley_(tennis)"}],"sub_title":"Doubles","text":"Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach defeated Simon Aspelin / Paul Hanley, 7–6(7–4), 3–6, [10–6]","title":"Finals"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)
Estate (law)
["1 Bankruptcy","2 Legal estate in land","3 Equitable estates","4 See also","5 References"]
Value of a person's assets minus their liabilities This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Estate" law – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Property law Part of the common law series Types Personal property Community property Real property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Land tenure Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence Higher category: Law and Common law vte In common law, an estate is a living or deceased person's net worth. It is the sum of a person's assets – the legal rights, interests, and entitlements to property of any kind – less all liabilities at a given time. The issue is of special legal significance on a question of bankruptcy and death of the person. (See inheritance.) Depending on the particular context, the term is also used in reference to an estate in land or of a particular kind of property (such as real estate or personal estate). The term is also used to refer to the sum of a person's assets only. The equivalent in civil law legal systems is patrimony. Bankruptcy Under United States bankruptcy law, a person's estate consists of all assets or property of any kind available for distribution to creditors. However, some assets are recognized as exempt to allow a person significant resources to restart his or her financial life. In the United States, asset exemptions depend on various factors, including state and federal law. The estate (or assets) of a bankrupt person is administered by a trustee in bankruptcy. The legal position in all common law countries is similar in this respect. Legal estate in land Main article: Estate in land In land law, the term "estate" is a remnant of the English feudal system, which created a complex hierarchy of estates and interests in land. The allodial or fee simple interest is the most complete ownership that one can have of property in the common law system. An estate can be an estate for years, an estate at will, a life estate (extinguishing at the death of the holder), an estate pur autre vie (a life interest for the life of another person) or a fee tail estate (to the heirs of one's body) or some more limited kind of heir (e.g. to heirs male of one's body). Fee simple estates may be either fee simple absolute or defeasible (i.e. subject to future conditions) like fee simple determinable and fee simple subject to condition subsequent; this is the complex system of future interests (q.v.) which allows concepts of trusts and estates to elide into actuarial science through the use of life contingencies. Estate in land can also be divided into estates of inheritance and other estates that are not of inheritance. The fee simple estate and the fee tail estate are estates of inheritance; they pass to the owner's heirs by operation of law, either without restrictions (in the case of fee simple), or with restrictions (in the case of fee tail). The estate for years and the life estate are estates not of inheritance; the owner owns nothing after the term of years has passed, and cannot pass on anything to his or her heirs. Legal estates and interests are called rights "in rem", and said to be "good against the world". Equitable estates Superimposed on the legal estate and interests in land, English courts created "equitable interests" over the same legal interests. These obligations are called trusts which will be enforceable in a court. A trustee is the person who holds the legal title to property, while the beneficiary is said to have an equitable interest in the property. See also Estate tax Estate tax in the United States Estate planning Literary executor References ^ Bankruptcy Code 11 U.S.C. § 541. ^ Fay, Scott; Hurst, Erik; White, Michele J. (June 2002). "The Household Bankruptcy Decision". The American Economic Review. 92 (3): 706–718. doi:10.1257/00028280260136327. JSTOR 3083362. ^ "Chapter 7 - Bankruptcy Basics". United States Courts. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ "11 U.S. Code § 522 - Exemptions". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 20 September 2017. Authority control databases National Germany Israel United States Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"net worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth"},{"link_name":"assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assets"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property"},{"link_name":"liabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"estate in land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_in_land"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property"},{"link_name":"personal estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"patrimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_patrimony"}],"text":"In common law, an estate is a living or deceased person's net worth. It is the sum of a person's assets – the legal rights, interests, and entitlements to property of any kind – less all liabilities at a given time. The issue is of special legal significance on a question of bankruptcy and death of the person. (See inheritance.)Depending on the particular context, the term is also used in reference to an estate in land or of a particular kind of property (such as real estate or personal estate). The term is also used to refer to the sum of a person's assets only.The equivalent in civil law legal systems is patrimony.","title":"Estate (law)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States bankruptcy law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempt_property"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"trustee in bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee_in_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"}],"text":"Under United States bankruptcy law, a person's estate consists of all assets or property of any kind available for distribution to creditors.[1] However, some assets are recognized as exempt to allow a person significant resources to restart his or her financial life. In the United States, asset exemptions depend on various factors, including state and federal law.[2][3][4] The estate (or assets) of a bankrupt person is administered by a trustee in bankruptcy. The legal position in all common law countries is similar in this respect.","title":"Bankruptcy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"land law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_law"},{"link_name":"feudal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_system"},{"link_name":"allodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial"},{"link_name":"fee simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_simple"},{"link_name":"life estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate"},{"link_name":"fee tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_tail"},{"link_name":"fee simple absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_simple_absolute"},{"link_name":"defeasible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_estate"},{"link_name":"future interests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interests"},{"link_name":"actuarial science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"by operation of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_of_law"}],"text":"In land law, the term \"estate\" is a remnant of the English feudal system, which created a complex hierarchy of estates and interests in land. The allodial or fee simple interest is the most complete ownership that one can have of property in the common law system. An estate can be an estate for years, an estate at will, a life estate (extinguishing at the death of the holder), an estate pur autre vie (a life interest for the life of another person) or a fee tail estate (to the heirs of one's body) or some more limited kind of heir (e.g. to heirs male of one's body).Fee simple estates may be either fee simple absolute or defeasible (i.e. subject to future conditions) like fee simple determinable and fee simple subject to condition subsequent; this is the complex system of future interests (q.v.) which allows concepts of trusts and estates to elide into actuarial science through the use of life contingencies.Estate in land can also be divided into estates of inheritance and other estates that are not of inheritance. The fee simple estate and the fee tail estate are estates of inheritance; they pass to the owner's heirs by operation of law, either without restrictions (in the case of fee simple), or with restrictions (in the case of fee tail). The estate for years and the life estate are estates not of inheritance; the owner owns nothing after the term of years has passed, and cannot pass on anything to his or her heirs.Legal estates and interests are called rights \"in rem\", and said to be \"good against the world\".","title":"Legal estate in land"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equitable interests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_interest"},{"link_name":"trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"trustee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee"},{"link_name":"legal title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_title"},{"link_name":"beneficiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiary"}],"text":"Superimposed on the legal estate and interests in land, English courts created \"equitable interests\" over the same legal interests. These obligations are called trusts which will be enforceable in a court. A trustee is the person who holds the legal title to property, while the beneficiary is said to have an equitable interest in the property.","title":"Equitable estates"}]
[]
[{"title":"Estate tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"title":"Estate tax in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Estate planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_planning"},{"title":"Literary executor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_executor"}]
[{"reference":"Fay, Scott; Hurst, Erik; White, Michele J. (June 2002). \"The Household Bankruptcy Decision\". The American Economic Review. 92 (3): 706–718. doi:10.1257/00028280260136327. JSTOR 3083362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F00028280260136327","url_text":"10.1257/00028280260136327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3083362","url_text":"3083362"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 7 - Bankruptcy Basics\". United States Courts. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-basics/chapter-7-bankruptcy-basics","url_text":"\"Chapter 7 - Bankruptcy Basics\""}]},{"reference":"\"11 U.S. Code § 522 - Exemptions\". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/11/522","url_text":"\"11 U.S. Code § 522 - Exemptions\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulamadhyamakakarika
Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
["1 Background","2 Content","2.1 Chapter overview","3 Commentaries","4 Modern scholarly interpretations","5 Translations","6 Quotations","6.1 1:1","6.2 15:9","6.3 15:10","6.4 16:10","6.5 18:6–12","6.6 22:11","6.7 22:16","6.8 24:18, 24:19","6.9 25:19–20","6.10 25:22–24","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]
Foundational text of the Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna philosophy Part of a series onBuddhism Glossary Index Outline History Timeline The Buddha Pre-sectarian Buddhism Councils Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Decline in the Indian subcontinent Later Buddhists Buddhist modernism DharmaConcepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Dharma wheel Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Not-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Morality Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts Buddhavacana Early Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Sanskrit literature Tibetan canon Chinese canon Post-canon Practices Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Five precepts Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Devotional practices Merit making Recollections Mindfulness Wisdom Sublime abidings Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Lay life Buddhist chant Pilgrimage Vegetarianism Nirvāṇa Awakening Four Stages Arhat Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Buddha Traditions Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country Bhutan Brazil Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Russia Singapore US Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Religion portalvte The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Devanagari: मूलमध्यमककारिका, lit. 'Root Verses on the Middle Way'), abbreviated as MMK, is the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy. It was composed by the Indian philosopher Nāgārjuna (around roughly 150 CE). The MMK makes use of reductio arguments to show how all phenomena (dharmas) are empty of svabhava (which has been variously translated as essence, own-being, or inherent existence). The MMK is widely regarded as one of the most influential and widely studied texts in the history of Buddhist philosophy. The MMK had a major impact on the subsequent development of Buddhist thought, especially in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism. Background A modern statue of Nāgārjuna, protected by the Nagas, snake spirits who are said to be the guardians of the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras. The MMK is the work of Nāgārjuna, an Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher writing in Sanskrit. Very little is known about this figure, including exactly where he lived (somewhere in the Indian subcontinent), exactly what time (some time around the 2nd or 3rd century CE), and how many texts he composed. As with many early Indian historical figures, the biographical information which does exist is mainly hagiographical and from later periods. Most scholars agree that Nāgārjuna was a Mahāyāna Buddhist who believed all things (dharmas) to be empty, or without an intrinsic existence and nature (svabhāva). Beyond that, little can be said about him with certainty. During the second and third centuries, Mahāyāna ideas were held by a minority of Buddhists in India who lived within the communities of Nikāya Buddhism (i.e. non-Mahāyāna Buddhism). Although all the major Buddhist schools at the time held that the person was empty of any eternal self or soul, some of the Abhidharma schools conceived of dharmas (transient phenomena, impermanent events) as ultimately real entities (dravyata) that had essences or "intrinsic natures" (svabhāva). These intrinsic natures were seen as an independent part of a phenomenon, an inherent self-sufficiency that was not caused by something else. Abhidharma schools like the Vaibhasikas accepted this doctrine and did not see it as conflicting with the idea of dependent origination. In the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Nāgārjuna sought to refute these essentialist ideas found in Buddhist traditions such as Vaibhasika and Pudgalavada, as well as in Brahmanical schools of thought like Nyaya who also defended an essence based metaphysics. As such, his philosophy is also often termed Niḥsvabhāvavāda (the no svabhāva doctrine). Nāgārjuna's main contention with svabhāva theories was that they contradicted the fundamental Buddhist doctrine of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Furthermore, essence theories are not in agreement with the Mahāyāna sutras Nāgārjuna would have been familiar with. These sutras, particularly the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, teach a kind of comprehensive illusionist ontology that sees all dharmas, even nirvana and Buddhahood, as being empty and like an illusion. This illusionism was not totally new, since similar ideas about emptiness can be found in the early Buddhist texts (see: Samyutta Nikaya 22:95, as well as Samyukta Āgama 335 and 297). However, the Prajñāpāramitā texts are unique in seeing all dharmas, including nirvana, as empty and like illusions. The MMK cites the Kaccānagotta Sutta, an early Buddhist text, from which it draws one of its major ideas regarding the middle way: the explanation of "right-view" as being a middle way between saying that "everything exists" (referring to the view of permanent existence: Pali: atthitā, Skt. astitva) and saying that "everything does not exist" (non-existence; Pali: n'atthitā, Skt nāstitva). This middle way is then defined as the 12 principles (dvādaśāṅga) of dependent origination. Thus, Nāgārjuna's main project was to develop the philosophical position of the Buddha's teaching of dependent origination and not-self/emptiness as well as the ideas of the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras in a logical and systematic manner by refuting svabhāva theories and self theories. Content The text is a series of 450 verses (karikas) organized into 27 chapters. The verses are aphoristic, often enigmatic, and extremely short. The text's arguments are presented in a highly compressed and concise form. This is because the text is a karika-style work. Such texts were meant to be memorized as an aid to learning by students. The text's arguments would be filled out through the oral commentary of a master. As such, the karikas are like a verse outline of the major philosophical arguments of an oral tradition. The text seems to be mainly addressed to a Buddhist audience, particularly those who followed Abhidharma doctrines which held that dharmas are ultimately real and have svabhava (an intrinsic nature). The MMK takes up numerous Buddhist Abhidharma categories and ideas and examines them to show that they are empty and cannot have intrinsic nature. The MMK presents various arguments, mostly reductio in style, such as showing that an idea leads to an infinite regress. The text begins with the following dedication verse:I salute the Fully Enlightened One, the best of orators, who taught the doctrine of dependent origination, according to which there is neither cessation nor origination, neither annihilation nor the eternal, neither singularity nor plurality, neither the coming nor the going the auspicious cessation of hypostatization.The dedication sets out the main goal of the MMK, to eliminate conceptual proliferation, reification and hypostatization (prapañca), which expresses itself in different philosophical concepts such as essentialism, eternalism and annihilationism. The first chapter discusses causation. The main thesis to be defended is given in the first verse:Not from itself, not from another, not from both, nor without cause: Never in any way is there any existing thing that has arisen.To put it another way, the main thesis which Nāgārjuna will defend here is that phenomena (dharmas) do not come into being in any of the following four ways: By being self-caused, or due to the fact that the effect was already present in the cause (hetu). This view was called satkāryavāda. By being caused by something else (asatkāryavāda), the cause and the effect being distinct entities A combination of both of the above, i.e. the cause and the effect and both identical and different Acausality, phenomena originate without causes (ahetu) The main view that MMK focuses on debating with is the second one, which is held by Buddhist Abhidharma theorists which put forth four main forms of conditionality: the primary cause (hetu-pratyaya), the objective support (ārambaṇa-pratyaya), the proximate condition (samanantara-pratyaya), and the dominant condition (adhipati-pratyaya). The MMK takes up each one in order to refute them, arguing that, for those who hold that cause and effect are distinct, the producing relation can only be a conceptual construction. Chapter overview The 27 chapters of the MMK are as follows: Pratyayaparīkṣā: Analysis of conditions Gatāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of going and not going Cakṣurādīndriyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the eye and the other sense-organs Skandhaparīkṣā: Analysis of the skandhas ("aggregates") Dhātuparīkṣā: Analysis of the dhatūs ("constituents") Rāgaraktaparīkṣā: Analysis of desire and the desirous Saṃskṛtaparīkṣā: Analysis of the constructed Karmakārakaparīkṣā: Analysis of action and actor Pūrvaparīkṣā: Analysis of the past Agnīndhanaparīkṣā: Analysis of fire and fuel Pūrvaparakoṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of initial and final limits Duḥkhaparīkṣā: Analysis of suffering Saṃskāraparīkṣā: Analysis of mental constructions Saṃsargaparīkṣā: Analysis of admixture Svabhāvaparīkṣā: Analysis of own-nature Bandhanamokṣaparīkṣā: Analysis of bondage and liberation Karmaphalaparīkṣa: Analysis of action (karma) and its fruit Ātmaparīkṣā: Analysis of the self (atman). Kālaparīkṣā: Analysis of time Sāmagrīparīkṣā: Analysis of combination Saṃbhavavibhavaparīkṣā: Analysis of becoming and un-becoming Tathāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of the Tathāgata. Viparyāsaparīkṣā: Analysis of Error Āryasatyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the Noble Truths Nirvānaparīkṣā: Analysis of nirvāṇa Dvādaśāṅgaparīkṣā: Analysis of the twelve links (of dependent origination) Dṛṣṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of views The authenticity of the last two chapters is disputed, and they may have been later additions, not composed by Nāgārjuna. However, most ancient commentaries take them to be canonical. Different scholars divide up the work into different main parts. According to Jay Garfield, the MMK can be divided into four main sections: Chapters 1 through 7, which focus on the fundamental theoretical constructs in Buddhist ontology, such as dependent origination, change and impermanence, perception, the five aggregates, the elements or properties of things, and the relation between substance and attribute. All of these are shown to be empty of own-nature or essence. Chapters 8 through 13 focus on the nature of the self and of subjective experience. Chapters 14 through 21 are mainly concerned with the external world and the relation of the self to objects. Chapters 22 through 27 discuss phenomena associated with the ultimate truth, such as buddhahood, emptiness, and nirvana (it is argued that all of these are also empty), as well as the relation of the conventional truth to the ultimate phenomena. Commentaries As a kārikā-style text, the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā presents only aphoristic, often enigmatic and extremely short verses, much like the sūtra works of the various Hindu philosophical schools. Since they served primarily as pedagogical or mnemonic aids for teachers, commentaries were required to make the meaning of this type of text more explicit to the uninitiated reader. According to the Indian author Avalokitavrata, eight commentaries were written on the MMK: Nagarjuna's self-commentary, and those of Buddhapalita, Candrakirti, Devasharman, Gunashri, Gunamati, Sthiramati, and Bhavaviveka. Not all of these have survived in full or in the original. Devasharman and Gunamati's commentaries only survive in fragments and nothing is known of Gunashri's. The Indian commentary called the Akutobhayā, whose authorship is unknown, though is attributed to Nagarjuna in the tradition, is held by Ames to be the earliest commentary on the MMK. C.W. Huntington has suggested that this commentary may not have been considered a separate text, but instead may have been a set of notes which may go back to oral explanations of the root text by Nāgārjuna himself. The earliest known commentary on the MMK by another author is preserved within the first Chinese translation of the Kārikā, known as the "Middle Treatise" (中論 Zhong Lun), translated by Kumarajiva in 409. The author of this commentary is given as either "Blue Eyes" (青目; back translated as *Vimalākṣa) or *Piṅgala (賓伽羅). This is by far the best known commentary in the East Asian Mādhyamaka tradition, forming one of the three commentaries that make up the Sanlun ("Three Treatise") school. An influential figure of the Sanlun school is Jízàng (549–623), who wrote a commentary on the Middle Treatise in Chinese, the Zhongguanlun shu (中觀論疏). Other surviving and influential Indian commentaries on the MMK include Buddhapālita's (c. 470–550) "Madhyamakvr̩tti" and Bhāviveka's (c. 500–578) "Prajñāpradīpa" (Lamp of Wisdom). These two survive in Tibetan translation. The most influential commentary for Tibetan Buddhism is Candrakirti's (c. 7th century) Prasannapadā (Clear Words), which survives in Sanskrit and Tibetan translation. An MMK commentary by the Indian Yogacara philosopher Sthiramati also survives in Chinese translation. This is the Commentary on the Mahāyāna Madhyamaka (Dasheng zhongguan shilun 大乘中觀釋論) which comments on the text from a Yogacara point of view. In Tibet, various influential Tibetan language commentaries were written on the MMK. An early and important commentary is Ornament of Reason by Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü (12th century). In the Gelug school, the key and definitive commentary is Je Tsongkhapa's (1357–1419) Ocean of Reasoning. Meanwhile, in the Nyingma school, the most important commentaries are by more recent figures, mainly Ju Mipham and Khenpo Shenga. During the modern and contemporary periods, new commentaries have been written from different perspectives. David Kalupahana, a Sri Lankan scholar, wrote a commentary (Kalupahana 1986) which interprets the text from an early Buddhist perspective. Meanwhile, Jay Garfield has published an English translation and commentary (Garfield 1995) which, though influenced by Tibetan interpretations, also attempts to explain the text to Western philosophers. Gudo Nishijima wrote a commentary from a Soto Zen perspective, while Siderits and Katsura have published a translation and commentary (2013) which mainly follow the classical Sanskrit tradition. Modern scholarly interpretations As noted by Ruegg, Western scholarship has given a broad variety of interpretations of Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka thought in the MMK, including: "nihilism, monism, irrationalism, misology, agnosticism, scepticism, criticism, dialectic, mysticism, acosmism, absolutism, relativism, nominalism, and linguistic analysis with therapeutic value". Some of the main scholarly interpretations of Nagarjuna's MMK include the following: The Kantian interpretation, exemplified by Theodore Stcherbatsky’s "The Conception of Buddhist Nirvāna" (1927). This Kantian interpretation saw Nagarjuna as dividing the world into a realm of appearance or phenomenon (saṃsāra) and a realm of absolute reality or noumenon (nirvāṇa). This is also seen in T. R. V. Murti's 1955 "The Central Philosophy of Buddhism". The Pyrrhonian skeptic interpretation. Some scholars, such as Thomas McEvilley, have either argued that Nagarjuna was influenced by Greek Pyrrhonism or see Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka as similar to that of Pyrrhonist philosophers such as Sextus Empiricus. The analytic interpretation, exemplified by Richard Robinson's 1957 article “Some Logical Aspects of Nāgārjuna’s System”, sought to explain Madhyamaka using analytic philosophy's logical apparatus. , Richard P. Hayes meanwhile, using analytical logic, critiques Nagarjuna as irrational and as relying on "fallacies and tricks". The Pragmatist interpretation, exemplified by David Kalupahana's translation and commentary of the MMK. The Wittgensteinian interpretation, exemplified by Frederick Streng's "Emptiness" and Chris Gudmunsen's "Wittgenstein and Buddhism", which stressed the similarities between Nāgārjuna and the later Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy. American philosopher Mark Siderits has defended a svātantrika position. Garfield, Napper, Hopkins, have adopted Gelug prāsaṅgika influenced interpretation. Jay Garfield has defended the use of modern logic to interpret Nagarjuna's MMK. C.W. Huntington criticizes the reading of Nagarjuna through the use of modern analytical logic, since he sees Nagarjuna as "distrustful of logic". He puts forth a more literary interpretation that focuses on the effect Nagarjuna was attempting to "conjure" on his readers (i.e. an experience of having no views). Jan Westerhoff, argues that Nagarjuna's thought is a kind of anti-foundationalism, "which does not just deny the objective, intrinsic, and mind-independent existence of some class of objects, but rejects such existence for any kinds of objects that we could regard as the most fundamental building-blocks of the world." Translations Author Title Publisher Date ISBN Notes Richard Jones Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher Jackson Square Books 2014 ISBN 978-1502768070 Translation from the Sanskrit of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Nagarjuna's other available Sanskrit texts. Mark Siderits and Shōryū Katsura Nāgārjuna's Middle Way: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Wisdom Publications 2013 ISBN 978-1-61429-050-6 A new translation from the Sanskrit. Sanskrit verses are presented in Roman characters prior to their translations. The authors have created a brief running commentary that conveys interpretations given in extant Indian commentaries in order to capture the early Indian perspectives on the work. Gudo Wafu Nishijima and Brad Warner Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika Monkfish Book Publishing 2011 ISBN 978-0-9833589-0-9 A modern interpretation from a Zen perspective. Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü Ornament of Reason: The Great Commentary to Nagarjuna's Root of the Middle Way Snow Lion 2011 ISBN 978-1-55939-368-3 Commentary translated by The Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Padmakara Translation Group The Root Stanzas on the Middle Way Éditions Padmakara 2008 ISBN 978-2-916915-44-9 A translation from the Tibetan, following (but not including) the commentary of the Nyingma and Rimé master Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche. This volume, containing both the Tibetan text and translation, was made to mark the visit of the Dalai Lama to France in August 2008, and as a support for the teachings scheduled for that occasion. Luetchford, Michael J. Between Heaven and Earth - From Nagarjuna to Dogen Windbell Publications 2002 ISBN 978-0-9523002-5-0 A translation and interpretation with references to the philosophy of Zen Master Dogen. Batchelor, Stephen Verses from the Center Diane Publishing 2000 ISBN 978-0756760977 Batchelor's translation is the first nonacademic, idiomatic English version of the text. McCagney, Nancy Nagarjuna and the Philosophy of Openness Rowman & Littlefield 1997 ISBN 978-0-8476-8626-1 Romanized text, translation and philosophical analysis. Garfield, Jay L. The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-19-509336-0 A translation of the Tibetan version together with commentary. Bocking, Brian Nagarjuna in China: A Translation of the Middle Treatise Edwin Mellen Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-7734-8981-3 Kumarajiva's Chinese version with commentary by Blue Eyes. Kalupahana, David J. Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way State University of New York Press 1986 ISBN 978-81-208-0774-7 Romanized text, translation, and commentary. Interpretation of the text in the light of the Canon. Sprung, Mervyn Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way Prajna Press, Boulder 1979 ISBN 978-0-7100-0190-0 Partial translation of the verses together with Chandrakirti's commentary. Inada, Kenneth K. Nagarjuna: A Translation of his Mulamadhyamakakarika With an Introductory Essay The Hokuseido Press 1970 ISBN 978-0-89346-076-1 Romanized text and translation. Streng, Frederick Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning Abdingdon Press 1967 (predates ISBN) Translation and considerable analysis. Quotations This section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (October 2016) 1:1 Neither from itself nor from another, Nor from both, Nor without a cause, Does anything whatever, anywhere arise. 15:9 If intrinsic nature does not exist, of what will there be alteration? If intrinsic nature does exist, of what will there be alteration? 15:10 अस्तीति शाश्वतग्राहो नास्तीत्युच्चेददर्शनं astīti śāśvatagrāho nāstītyuccedadarśanaṁ To say "it is" is to grasp for permanence. To say "it is not" is to adopt the view of nihilism. तस्माद् अस्तित्वनास्तित्वे नाश्रीयेत विचक्षणः। tasmād astitvanāstitve nāśrīyeta vicakṣaṇaḥ Therefore a wise person does not say "exists" or "does not exist". 16:10 न निर्वाणसमारोपो न संसारापकषणम् na nirvāṇasamāropo na saṁsārāpakaṣaṇam यत्र कस्तत्र संसारो निर्वाणं किं विकल्प्यते yatra kastatra saṁsāro nirvāṇaṁ kiṁ vikalpyate Where there is neither an addition of nirvana nor a removal of samsara; There, what samsara is discriminated from what nirvana? 18:6–12 ātmetya api prajñapitam anātmetyapi deśitam Although (the term) "self" is caused to be known (of, about), and although (a doctrine or teaching of) "no self" is taught, buddhair nātmā na cānātmā kaścid ity api deśitaṁ| 6 No "self" or any "nonself" whatsoever has been taught by the Buddhas. nivṛtam abhidhātavyaṁ nivṛtte cittagocare The designable is ceased when/where the range of thought is ceased, anutpannāniruddhā hi nirvāṇam iva dharmatā| 7 Nirvana is like phenomenality, unarisen and unstopping. sarvaṁ tathyaṁ na vā tathyaṁ tathyaṁ cātathyam eva ca Everything is actual, or not actual, or actual and not actual naivātathyaṁ naiva tathyam etad buddhānuśāsanaṁ| 8 Or neither actual nor not actual; this is the Buddha's teaching. aparapratyayaṁ śāntaṁ prapañcair aprapañcitaṁ Independent, peaceful, not delusionally diversified by delusional diversification nirvikalpam anānārtham etat tattvasya lakśaṇaṁ| 9 Devoid of mental construction, without variation, this is the mark of thatness. pratītya yad yad bhavati na hi tāvat tad eva tad Whatsoever becomes dependently, is not insofar, that and only that. na cānyad api tat tasmān noccinnaṁ nāpi śāśvataṁ| 10 Nor is it the other; therefore, it is neither exterminated nor eternal. anekārtham anānārtham anuccedam aśāśvatam Not singular, not plural, not exterminated, not eternal, etat tal lokanāthānāṁ bhuddhānāṁ śāsanāmṛtaṁ| 11 This is the immortal teaching of the Buddhas, lords of the world. sambhuddhānām anutpāde śrāvakāṇāṁ punaḥ kśaye And again, when the disciples are destroyed and full Buddhas do not arrive, jñānaṁ pratyekabuddhānām asamsargāt pravartate|12 The gnosis (knowledge, etc.) of the independently enlightened Buddhas proceeds without association (with teachings). 22:11 "Empty" should not be asserted."Nonempty" should not be asserted. Neither both nor neither should be asserted. They are only used nominally. 22:16 तथागतो यत्स्वभावस्तत्स्वभावमिदं जगत् tathāgato yat svabhāvas tat svabhāvam idam jagat What is the nature of the thus-gone one (the Buddha), that is the nature of the world. तथागतो निःस्वभावो निःस्वभावम् इदं जगत्। १६ tathāgato niḥsvabhāvo niḥsvabhāvam idaṁ jagat| 16 The thus-gone one is devoid of nature; the world is devoid of nature. 24:18, 24:19 Whatever is dependently co-arisen / That is explained to be emptiness. That, being a dependent designation, / Is itself the middle way. Something that is not dependently arisen / Such a thing does not exist. Therefore a non-empty thing / Does not exist. 25:19–20 न संसारस्य निर्वाणात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं na saṁsārasya nirvāṇāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ There is nothing whatsoever of samsara distinguishing (it) from nirvana. न निर्वाणस्य संसारात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं। १९ na nirvāṇasya saṁsārāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ| 19 There is nothing whatsoever of nirvana distinguishing it from samsara. निर्वाणस्य च या कोटिः।कोटिः। संसरणस्य च nirvāṇasya ca yā koṭiḥ koṭiḥ saṁsaraṇasya ca (That?) is the limit which is the limit of nirvana and the limit of samsara; न तयोर् अन्तरं किंचित् सुसूक्ष्मम् अपि विद्यते। २० na tayor antaraṁ kiñcit susūkśmam api vidyate| 20 Even a very subtle interval is not found of (between) them. 25:22–24 śūnyeṣu sarvadharmeṣu kim anantaṁ kimantavat kim anantam antavac ca nānantaṁ nāntavacca kiṁ| 22 kiṁ tad eva kim anyat kiṁ śāśvataṁ kim aśāśvataṁ aśāśvataṁ śāśvataṁ ca kiṁ vā nobhayam apyataḥ 'tha| 23 sarvopalambhpaśamaḥ prapañcopaśamaḥ śivaḥ na kva cit kasyacit kaścid dharmo buddhena deśitaḥ| When all dharmas are empty, what is endless? What has an end? What is endless and with an end? What is not endless and not with an end? What is "it"? What is "other"? What is permanent? What is impermanent? What is impermanent and permanent? What is neither? Auspicious is the pacification of phenomenal metastasis, the pacification of all apprehending; There is no dharma whatsoever taught by the Buddha to whomever whenever, wherever. See also Buddhist philosophy Madhyamaka Nāgārjuna Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism References ^ Also known as the Prajñā-nāma-mūlamadhyamakakārikā or as the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā-prajñā-nāma. ^ a b Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 1. ^ Garfield (1995), p. 89. ^ Garfield (1995), p. 87. ^ "The Most Important Indian Philosophy Books". The Reading Lists. ^ a b c Westerhoff (2019), p. 89. ^ a b c d Mark Siderits; Shoryu Katsura. "Introduction". Nāgārjuna's Middle Way. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-1-61429-050-6. ^ Walser (2005), p. 43. ^ Westerhoff (2019), pp. 109-111. ^ a b Westerhoff (2019), pp. 101-102. ^ Shì hùifēng (2013), “Dependent Origination = Emptiness”—Nāgārjuna’s Innovation? An Examination of the Early and Mainstream Sectarian Textual Sources, p. 26. JCBSSL VOL. XI ^ Kalupahana (1991). p. 10. ^ Westerhoff (2019), p. 105. ^ Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 2. ^ Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 5. ^ Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 7. ^ a b Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 13. ^ a b Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 18. ^ Mark Siderits; Shoryu Katsura. "25. Analysis of nirvana". Nagarjuna's Middle Way. Wisdom Publications. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-61429-050-6. ^ Garfield (1995), pp. 91-92. ^ a b c Nguyen, Cuong Tu. "Sthiramati's Interpretation of Buddhology and Soteriology." PhD diss., p. 33. Harvard University, 1990. ^ Ames, William L. (1993). "Bhāvaviveka's Prajñāpradīpa – A Translation of Chapter One: 'Examinations of Causal Conditions' (Pratyaya)". Journal of Indian Philosophy, 1993, vol.21. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p.209 ^ Westerhoff (2019), p. 122. ^ a b Westerhoff (2019), p. 121. ^ Edelglass, William; Harter, Pierre-Julien; McClintock, Sara (2022). The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy), p. 377. ^ Nguyen, Cuong Tu. "Sthiramati's Interpretation of Buddhology and Soteriology." PhD diss., pp. 33-39. Harvard University, 1990. ^ Westerhoff (2019) p. 89. ^ Westerhoff (2009), pp. 9-10. ^ Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought 2002 pp 499-505 ^ Matthew Neale Madhyamaka and Pyrrhonism 2014 ^ Adrian Kuzminski, Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism 2008 ^ a b c C. W. Huntington, Jr., The nature of the Madhyamika trick, J Indian Philos (2007) 35:103–131 DOI 10.1007/s10781-007-9018-4 ^ Siderits, Mark, Studies in Buddhist philosophy, p 38. ^ Westerhoff, Jan, Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford University Press; 1 edition (February 23, 2009), p. 208. ^ Garfield 1995, p. 3. ^ Garfield 1995, p. 40. ^ Garfield 1995, p. 61. ^ Garfield 1995, p. 304. ^ Malik, A., Survey of Buddhist Temples and Monasteries (New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2007), p. 56. Sources Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015), Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press Garfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way, Oxford: Oxford University Press Kalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited Kalupahana, David J (1991). Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way, Motilal Barnasidass. Siderits, Mark; Katsura, Shoryu (2013). Nagarjuna's Middle Way: Mulamadhyamakakarika. Simon and Schuster Westerhoff, Jan (2018). The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy. Oxford University Press Westerhoff, Jan (2009). Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford University Press External links Nāgārjuna: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Multi-Lingual Edition (Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, English) with Several Commentaries at Bibliotheca Polyglotta (TLB) Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Sanskrit Source at Uwest Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Mūlamadhyamakakārikā-s of Nāgārjuna: Sanskrit text "Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness:Why did Nagarjuana start with causation?" Jay L. Garfield Nagarjuna's Middle Way: A thesis on the Mulamadhyamakakarika, by Jonah Winters (Reed College, 1994; advisor Kees Bolle) Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 中論 Wikisource has original text related to this article: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Romanized Sanskrit Text) vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Middle Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way"},{"link_name":"Madhyamaka school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka"},{"link_name":"Mahāyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"Buddhist philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Nāgārjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"reductio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum"},{"link_name":"dharmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmas"},{"link_name":"svabhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svabhava"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_buddhism"},{"link_name":"East Asian Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā[1] (Devanagari: मूलमध्यमककारिका, lit. 'Root Verses on the Middle Way'), abbreviated as MMK, is the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy. It was composed by the Indian philosopher Nāgārjuna (around roughly 150 CE).[2]The MMK makes use of reductio arguments to show how all phenomena (dharmas) are empty of svabhava (which has been variously translated as essence, own-being, or inherent existence).[2][3] The MMK is widely regarded as one of the most influential and widely studied texts in the history of Buddhist philosophy.[4] The MMK had a major impact on the subsequent development of Buddhist thought, especially in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.[5]","title":"Mūlamadhyamakakārikā"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagardjuna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"hagiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Mahāyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"dharmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma"},{"link_name":"empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMK2013-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Nikāya Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaya_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman"},{"link_name":"Abhidharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma"},{"link_name":"dharmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma#Dharma_theory"},{"link_name":"essences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence"},{"link_name":"Abhidharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"essentialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism"},{"link_name":"Vaibhasika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika"},{"link_name":"Pudgalavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudgalavada"},{"link_name":"Brahmanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion"},{"link_name":"Nyaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMK2013-7"},{"link_name":"dependent origination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"Mahāyāna sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_sutras"},{"link_name":"Prajñāpāramitā sūtras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajnaparamita"},{"link_name":"nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Buddhahood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood"},{"link_name":"illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"emptiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81"},{"link_name":"early Buddhist texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts"},{"link_name":"Samyutta Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"Āgama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Kaccānagotta Sutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacc%C4%81nagotta_Sutta"},{"link_name":"right-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path#Right_view"},{"link_name":"dependent origination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Prajñāpāramitā sūtras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajnaparamita"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A modern statue of Nāgārjuna, protected by the Nagas, snake spirits who are said to be the guardians of the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.The MMK is the work of Nāgārjuna, an Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher writing in Sanskrit. Very little is known about this figure, including exactly where he lived (somewhere in the Indian subcontinent), exactly what time (some time around the 2nd or 3rd century CE), and how many texts he composed.[6] As with many early Indian historical figures, the biographical information which does exist is mainly hagiographical and from later periods.[6] Most scholars agree that Nāgārjuna was a Mahāyāna Buddhist who believed all things (dharmas) to be empty, or without an intrinsic existence and nature (svabhāva).[7] Beyond that, little can be said about him with certainty.[6]During the second and third centuries, Mahāyāna ideas were held by a minority of Buddhists in India who lived within the communities of Nikāya Buddhism (i.e. non-Mahāyāna Buddhism).[8] Although all the major Buddhist schools at the time held that the person was empty of any eternal self or soul, some of the Abhidharma schools conceived of dharmas (transient phenomena, impermanent events) as ultimately real entities (dravyata) that had essences or \"intrinsic natures\" (svabhāva). These intrinsic natures were seen as an independent part of a phenomenon, an inherent self-sufficiency that was not caused by something else. Abhidharma schools like the Vaibhasikas accepted this doctrine and did not see it as conflicting with the idea of dependent origination.[9]In the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Nāgārjuna sought to refute these essentialist ideas found in Buddhist traditions such as Vaibhasika and Pudgalavada, as well as in Brahmanical schools of thought like Nyaya who also defended an essence based metaphysics.[7] As such, his philosophy is also often termed Niḥsvabhāvavāda (the no svabhāva doctrine).Nāgārjuna's main contention with svabhāva theories was that they contradicted the fundamental Buddhist doctrine of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Furthermore, essence theories are not in agreement with the Mahāyāna sutras Nāgārjuna would have been familiar with. These sutras, particularly the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, teach a kind of comprehensive illusionist ontology that sees all dharmas, even nirvana and Buddhahood, as being empty and like an illusion.[10] This illusionism was not totally new, since similar ideas about emptiness can be found in the early Buddhist texts (see: Samyutta Nikaya 22:95, as well as Samyukta Āgama 335 and 297).[11] However, the Prajñāpāramitā texts are unique in seeing all dharmas, including nirvana, as empty and like illusions.[10] The MMK cites the Kaccānagotta Sutta, an early Buddhist text, from which it draws one of its major ideas regarding the middle way: the explanation of \"right-view\" as being a middle way between saying that \"everything exists\" (referring to the view of permanent existence: Pali: atthitā, Skt. astitva) and saying that \"everything does not exist\" (non-existence; Pali: n'atthitā, Skt nāstitva). This middle way is then defined as the 12 principles (dvādaśāṅga) of dependent origination.[12]Thus, Nāgārjuna's main project was to develop the philosophical position of the Buddha's teaching of dependent origination and not-self/emptiness as well as the ideas of the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras in a logical and systematic manner by refuting svabhāva theories and self theories.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karika"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"reductio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum"},{"link_name":"infinite regress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fully Enlightened One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_oblivion"},{"link_name":"eternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassatavada"},{"link_name":"singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism"},{"link_name":"plurality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"nirvāṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-17"},{"link_name":"prapañca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_proliferation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-17"},{"link_name":"causation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"satkāryavāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satkaryavada"},{"link_name":"four main forms of conditionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika"}],"text":"The text is a series of 450 verses (karikas) organized into 27 chapters. The verses are aphoristic, often enigmatic, and extremely short. The text's arguments are presented in a highly compressed and concise form. This is because the text is a karika-style work. Such texts were meant to be memorized as an aid to learning by students. The text's arguments would be filled out through the oral commentary of a master. As such, the karikas are like a verse outline of the major philosophical arguments of an oral tradition.[14]The text seems to be mainly addressed to a Buddhist audience, particularly those who followed Abhidharma doctrines which held that dharmas are ultimately real and have svabhava (an intrinsic nature).[15] The MMK takes up numerous Buddhist Abhidharma categories and ideas and examines them to show that they are empty and cannot have intrinsic nature. The MMK presents various arguments, mostly reductio in style, such as showing that an idea leads to an infinite regress.[16]The text begins with the following dedication verse:I salute the Fully Enlightened One, the best of orators, who taught the doctrine of dependent origination, according to which there is neither cessation nor origination, neither annihilation nor the eternal, neither singularity nor plurality, neither the coming nor the going [of any dharma, for the purpose of nirvāṇa characterized by] the auspicious cessation of hypostatization.[17]The dedication sets out the main goal of the MMK, to eliminate conceptual proliferation, reification and hypostatization (prapañca), which expresses itself in different philosophical concepts such as essentialism, eternalism and annihilationism.[17]\nThe first chapter discusses causation. The main thesis to be defended is given in the first verse:Not from itself, not from another, not from both, nor without cause: Never in any way is there any existing thing that has arisen.[18]To put it another way, the main thesis which Nāgārjuna will defend here is that phenomena (dharmas) do not come into being in any of the following four ways:[18]By being self-caused, or due to the fact that the effect was already present in the cause (hetu). This view was called satkāryavāda.\nBy being caused by something else (asatkāryavāda), the cause and the effect being distinct entities\nA combination of both of the above, i.e. the cause and the effect and both identical and different\nAcausality, phenomena originate without causes (ahetu)The main view that MMK focuses on debating with is the second one, which is held by Buddhist Abhidharma theorists which put forth four main forms of conditionality: the primary cause (hetu-pratyaya), the objective support (ārambaṇa-pratyaya), the proximate condition (samanantara-pratyaya), and the dominant condition (adhipati-pratyaya). The MMK takes up each one in order to refute them, arguing that, for those who hold that cause and effect are distinct, the producing relation can only be a conceptual construction.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skandhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha"},{"link_name":"dhatūs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C4%81tu_(ayurveda)"},{"link_name":"suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha"},{"link_name":"mental constructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"own-nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svabhava"},{"link_name":"atman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"Tathāgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathagata"},{"link_name":"Noble Truths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths"},{"link_name":"nirvāṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"dependent origination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_origination"},{"link_name":"views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Chapter overview","text":"The 27 chapters of the MMK are as follows:Pratyayaparīkṣā: Analysis of conditions\nGatāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of going and not going\nCakṣurādīndriyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the eye and the other sense-organs\nSkandhaparīkṣā: Analysis of the skandhas (\"aggregates\")\nDhātuparīkṣā: Analysis of the dhatūs (\"constituents\")\nRāgaraktaparīkṣā: Analysis of desire and the desirous\nSaṃskṛtaparīkṣā: Analysis of the constructed\nKarmakārakaparīkṣā: Analysis of action and actor\nPūrvaparīkṣā: Analysis of the past\nAgnīndhanaparīkṣā: Analysis of fire and fuel\nPūrvaparakoṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of initial and final limits\nDuḥkhaparīkṣā: Analysis of suffering\nSaṃskāraparīkṣā: Analysis of mental constructions\nSaṃsargaparīkṣā: Analysis of admixture\nSvabhāvaparīkṣā: Analysis of own-nature\nBandhanamokṣaparīkṣā: Analysis of bondage and liberation\nKarmaphalaparīkṣa: Analysis of action (karma) and its fruit\nĀtmaparīkṣā: Analysis of the self (atman).\nKālaparīkṣā: Analysis of time\nSāmagrīparīkṣā: Analysis of combination\nSaṃbhavavibhavaparīkṣā: Analysis of becoming and un-becoming\nTathāgataparīkṣā: Analysis of the Tathāgata.\nViparyāsaparīkṣā: Analysis of Error\nĀryasatyaparīkṣā: Analysis of the Noble Truths\nNirvānaparīkṣā: Analysis of nirvāṇa\nDvādaśāṅgaparīkṣā: Analysis of the twelve links (of dependent origination)\nDṛṣṭiparīkṣā: Analysis of viewsThe authenticity of the last two chapters is disputed, and they may have been later additions, not composed by Nāgārjuna. However, most ancient commentaries take them to be canonical.[19]Different scholars divide up the work into different main parts. According to Jay Garfield, the MMK can be divided into four main sections:[20]Chapters 1 through 7, which focus on the fundamental theoretical constructs in Buddhist ontology, such as dependent origination, change and impermanence, perception, the five aggregates, the elements or properties of things, and the relation between substance and attribute. All of these are shown to be empty of own-nature or essence.\nChapters 8 through 13 focus on the nature of the self and of subjective experience.\nChapters 14 through 21 are mainly concerned with the external world and the relation of the self to objects.\nChapters 22 through 27 discuss phenomena associated with the ultimate truth, such as buddhahood, emptiness, and nirvana (it is argued that all of these are also empty), as well as the relation of the conventional truth to the ultimate phenomena.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"philosophical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81stika"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMK2013-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ames,_William_L._1993_p.209-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kumarajiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva"},{"link_name":"East Asian Mādhyamaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka"},{"link_name":"Jízàng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizang"},{"link_name":"Buddhapālita's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita"},{"link_name":"Bhāviveka's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMK2013-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Candrakirti's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candrak%C4%ABrti"},{"link_name":"Prasannapadā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasannapada"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-24"},{"link_name":"Yogacara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogachara"},{"link_name":"Sthiramati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthiramati"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabja_Changchub_Ts%C3%B6ndr%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Je Tsongkhapa's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa"},{"link_name":"Nyingma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma"},{"link_name":"Ju Mipham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso"},{"link_name":"Khenpo Shenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khenpo_Shenga"},{"link_name":"David Kalupahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kalupahana"},{"link_name":"Jay Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_L._Garfield"},{"link_name":"Gudo Nishijima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%8D_Wafu_Nishijima"},{"link_name":"Soto Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"}],"text":"As a kārikā-style text, the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā presents only aphoristic, often enigmatic and extremely short verses, much like the sūtra works of the various Hindu philosophical schools. Since they served primarily as pedagogical or mnemonic aids for teachers, commentaries were required to make the meaning of this type of text more explicit to the uninitiated reader.[7]According to the Indian author Avalokitavrata, eight commentaries were written on the MMK: Nagarjuna's self-commentary, and those of Buddhapalita, Candrakirti, Devasharman, Gunashri, Gunamati, Sthiramati, and Bhavaviveka.[21] Not all of these have survived in full or in the original. Devasharman and Gunamati's commentaries only survive in fragments and nothing is known of Gunashri's.[21]The Indian commentary called the Akutobhayā, whose authorship is unknown, though is attributed to Nagarjuna in the tradition, is held by Ames to be the earliest commentary on the MMK.[22] C.W. Huntington has suggested that this commentary may not have been considered a separate text, but instead may have been a set of notes which may go back to oral explanations of the root text by Nāgārjuna himself.[23]The earliest known commentary on the MMK by another author is preserved within the first Chinese translation of the Kārikā, known as the \"Middle Treatise\" (中論 Zhong Lun), translated by Kumarajiva in 409. The author of this commentary is given as either \"Blue Eyes\" (青目; back translated as *Vimalākṣa) or *Piṅgala (賓伽羅). This is by far the best known commentary in the East Asian Mādhyamaka tradition, forming one of the three commentaries that make up the Sanlun (\"Three Treatise\") school. An influential figure of the Sanlun school is Jízàng (549–623), who wrote a commentary on the Middle Treatise in Chinese, the Zhongguanlun shu (中觀論疏).Other surviving and influential Indian commentaries on the MMK include Buddhapālita's (c. 470–550) \"Madhyamakvr̩tti\" and Bhāviveka's (c. 500–578) \"Prajñāpradīpa\" (Lamp of Wisdom).[7] These two survive in Tibetan translation.[21]The most influential commentary for Tibetan Buddhism is Candrakirti's (c. 7th century) Prasannapadā (Clear Words), which survives in Sanskrit and Tibetan translation.[24]An MMK commentary by the Indian Yogacara philosopher Sthiramati also survives in Chinese translation.[24] This is the Commentary on the Mahāyāna Madhyamaka (Dasheng zhongguan shilun 大乘中觀釋論) which comments on the text from a Yogacara point of view.[25][26]In Tibet, various influential Tibetan language commentaries were written on the MMK. An early and important commentary is Ornament of Reason by Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü (12th century). In the Gelug school, the key and definitive commentary is Je Tsongkhapa's (1357–1419) Ocean of Reasoning. Meanwhile, in the Nyingma school, the most important commentaries are by more recent figures, mainly Ju Mipham and Khenpo Shenga.During the modern and contemporary periods, new commentaries have been written from different perspectives. David Kalupahana, a Sri Lankan scholar, wrote a commentary (Kalupahana 1986) which interprets the text from an early Buddhist perspective. Meanwhile, Jay Garfield has published an English translation and commentary (Garfield 1995) which, though influenced by Tibetan interpretations, also attempts to explain the text to Western philosophers. Gudo Nishijima wrote a commentary from a Soto Zen perspective, while Siderits and Katsura have published a translation and commentary (2013) which mainly follow the classical Sanskrit tradition.","title":"Commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nihilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism"},{"link_name":"monism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism"},{"link_name":"irrationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationality"},{"link_name":"misology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misology"},{"link_name":"agnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"scepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"acosmism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acosmism"},{"link_name":"absolutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"relativism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism"},{"link_name":"nominalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianism"},{"link_name":"Theodore Stcherbatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Shcherbatskoy"},{"link_name":"phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon"},{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"noumenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noumenon"},{"link_name":"nirvāṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhonian skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism"},{"link_name":"Thomas McEvilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sextus Empiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robinson_(Buddhism_scholar)"},{"link_name":"analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"logical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"Richard P. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hayes_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-32"},{"link_name":"Pragmatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism"},{"link_name":"David Kalupahana's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kalupahana"},{"link_name":"Wittgensteinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Frederick Streng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Streng"},{"link_name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"svātantrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gelug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug"},{"link_name":"prāsaṅgika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction"},{"link_name":"Jay Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_L._Garfield"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-32"},{"link_name":"views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-32"},{"link_name":"Jan Westerhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Westerhoff"},{"link_name":"anti-foundationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foundationalism"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"As noted by Ruegg, Western scholarship has given a broad variety of interpretations of Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka thought in the MMK, including: \"nihilism, monism, irrationalism, misology, agnosticism, scepticism, criticism, dialectic, mysticism, acosmism, absolutism, relativism, nominalism, and linguistic analysis with therapeutic value\".[27]Some of the main scholarly interpretations of Nagarjuna's MMK include the following:[28]The Kantian interpretation, exemplified by Theodore Stcherbatsky’s \"The Conception of Buddhist Nirvāna\" (1927). This Kantian interpretation saw Nagarjuna as dividing the world into a realm of appearance or phenomenon (saṃsāra) and a realm of absolute reality or noumenon (nirvāṇa). This is also seen in T. R. V. Murti's 1955 \"The Central Philosophy of Buddhism\".\nThe Pyrrhonian skeptic interpretation. Some scholars, such as Thomas McEvilley,[29] have either argued that Nagarjuna was influenced by Greek Pyrrhonism[30] or see Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka as similar to that of Pyrrhonist philosophers such as Sextus Empiricus.[31]\nThe analytic interpretation, exemplified by Richard Robinson's 1957 article “Some Logical Aspects of Nāgārjuna’s System”, sought to explain Madhyamaka using analytic philosophy's logical apparatus. , Richard P. Hayes meanwhile, using analytical logic, critiques Nagarjuna as irrational and as relying on \"fallacies and tricks\".[32]\nThe Pragmatist interpretation, exemplified by David Kalupahana's translation and commentary of the MMK.\nThe Wittgensteinian interpretation, exemplified by Frederick Streng's \"Emptiness\" and Chris Gudmunsen's \"Wittgenstein and Buddhism\", which stressed the similarities between Nāgārjuna and the later Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy.\nAmerican philosopher Mark Siderits has defended a svātantrika position.[33]\nGarfield,[citation needed] Napper,[citation needed] Hopkins,[citation needed] have adopted Gelug prāsaṅgika influenced interpretation. Jay Garfield has defended the use of modern logic to interpret Nagarjuna's MMK.\nC.W. Huntington criticizes the reading of Nagarjuna through the use of modern analytical logic, since he sees Nagarjuna as \"distrustful of logic\".[32] He puts forth a more literary interpretation that focuses on the effect Nagarjuna was attempting to \"conjure\" on his readers (i.e. an experience of having no views).[32]\nJan Westerhoff, argues that Nagarjuna's thought is a kind of anti-foundationalism, \"which does not just deny the objective, intrinsic, and mind-independent existence of some class of objects, but rejects such existence for any kinds of objects that we could regard as the most fundamental building-blocks of the world.\"[34]","title":"Modern scholarly interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield19953-35"}],"sub_title":"1:1","text":"Neither from itself nor from another,\nNor from both,\nNor without a cause,\nDoes anything whatever, anywhere arise.[35]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"15:9","text":"If intrinsic nature does not exist, of what will there be alteration?\nIf intrinsic nature does exist, of what will there be alteration?","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield199540-36"}],"sub_title":"15:10","text":"अस्तीति शाश्वतग्राहो नास्तीत्युच्चेददर्शनं\nastīti śāśvatagrāho nāstītyuccedadarśanaṁ\nTo say \"it is\" is to grasp for permanence. To say \"it is not\" is to adopt the view of nihilism.\nतस्माद् अस्तित्वनास्तित्वे नाश्रीयेत विचक्षणः।\ntasmād astitvanāstitve nāśrīyeta vicakṣaṇaḥ\nTherefore a wise person does not say \"exists\" or \"does not exist\".[36]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"16:10","text":"न निर्वाणसमारोपो न संसारापकषणम्\nna nirvāṇasamāropo na saṁsārāpakaṣaṇam\nयत्र कस्तत्र संसारो निर्वाणं किं विकल्प्यते\nyatra kastatra saṁsāro nirvāṇaṁ kiṁ vikalpyate\nWhere there is neither an addition of nirvana nor a removal of samsara; There, what samsara is discriminated from what nirvana?[citation needed]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"no self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta"},{"link_name":"Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood"},{"link_name":"phenomenality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma#Dharmas_in_Buddhist_phenomenology"},{"link_name":"becomes dependently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_origination"},{"link_name":"exterminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism"},{"link_name":"eternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity"},{"link_name":"independently enlightened Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyekabuddha"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"18:6–12","text":"ātmetya api prajñapitam anātmetyapi deśitam\nAlthough (the term) \"self\" is caused to be known (of, about), and although (a doctrine or teaching of) \"no self\" is taught,\nbuddhair nātmā na cānātmā kaścid ity api deśitaṁ| 6\nNo \"self\" or any \"nonself\" whatsoever has been taught by the Buddhas.\nnivṛtam abhidhātavyaṁ nivṛtte cittagocare\nThe designable is ceased when/where the range of thought is ceased,\nanutpannāniruddhā hi nirvāṇam iva dharmatā| 7\nNirvana is like phenomenality, unarisen and unstopping.\nsarvaṁ tathyaṁ na vā tathyaṁ tathyaṁ cātathyam eva ca\nEverything is actual, or not actual, or actual and not actual\nnaivātathyaṁ naiva tathyam etad buddhānuśāsanaṁ| 8\nOr neither actual nor not actual; this is the Buddha's teaching.\naparapratyayaṁ śāntaṁ prapañcair aprapañcitaṁ\nIndependent, peaceful, not delusionally diversified by delusional diversification\nnirvikalpam anānārtham etat tattvasya lakśaṇaṁ| 9\nDevoid of mental construction, without variation, this is the mark of thatness.\npratītya yad yad bhavati na hi tāvat tad eva tad\nWhatsoever becomes dependently, is not insofar, that and only that.\nna cānyad api tat tasmān noccinnaṁ nāpi śāśvataṁ| 10\nNor is it the other; therefore, it is neither exterminated nor eternal.\nanekārtham anānārtham anuccedam aśāśvatam\nNot singular, not plural, not exterminated, not eternal,\netat tal lokanāthānāṁ bhuddhānāṁ śāsanāmṛtaṁ| 11\nThis is the immortal teaching of the Buddhas, lords of the world.\nsambhuddhānām anutpāde śrāvakāṇāṁ punaḥ kśaye\nAnd again, when the disciples are destroyed and full Buddhas do not arrive,\njñānaṁ pratyekabuddhānām asamsargāt pravartate|12\nThe gnosis (knowledge, etc.) of the independently enlightened Buddhas proceeds without association (with teachings).[citation needed]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield199561-37"}],"sub_title":"22:11","text":"\"Empty\" should not be asserted.\"Nonempty\" should not be asserted.\nNeither both nor neither should be asserted. They are only used nominally.[37]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thus-gone one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathagata"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"22:16","text":"तथागतो यत्स्वभावस्तत्स्वभावमिदं जगत्\ntathāgato yat svabhāvas tat svabhāvam idam jagat\nWhat is the nature of the thus-gone one (the Buddha), that is the nature of the world.तथागतो निःस्वभावो निःस्वभावम् इदं जगत्। १६\ntathāgato niḥsvabhāvo niḥsvabhāvam idaṁ jagat| 16\nThe thus-gone one is devoid of nature; the world is devoid of nature.[citation needed]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dependently co-arisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_origination"},{"link_name":"emptiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunyata"},{"link_name":"dependent designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptir_up%C4%81d%C4%81ya"},{"link_name":"middle way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka"},{"link_name":"thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield1995304-38"}],"sub_title":"24:18, 24:19","text":"Whatever is dependently co-arisen / That is explained to be emptiness.\nThat, being a dependent designation, / Is itself the middle way.Something that is not dependently arisen / Such a thing does not exist.\nTherefore a non-empty thing / Does not exist.[38]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"25:19–20","text":"न संसारस्य निर्वाणात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं\nna saṁsārasya nirvāṇāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ\nThere is nothing whatsoever of samsara distinguishing (it) from nirvana.\nन निर्वाणस्य संसारात् किं चिद् अस्ति विशेषणं। १९\nna nirvāṇasya saṁsārāt kiṁ cid asti viśeṣaṇaṁ| 19\nThere is nothing whatsoever of nirvana distinguishing it from samsara.\nनिर्वाणस्य च या कोटिः।कोटिः। संसरणस्य च\nnirvāṇasya ca yā koṭiḥ koṭiḥ saṁsaraṇasya ca\n(That?) is the limit which is the limit of nirvana and the limit of samsara;\nन तयोर् अन्तरं किंचित् सुसूक्ष्मम् अपि विद्यते। २०\nna tayor antaraṁ kiñcit susūkśmam api vidyate| 20\nEven a very subtle interval is not found of (between) them.[citation needed]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"25:22–24","text":"śūnyeṣu sarvadharmeṣu kim anantaṁ kimantavat\nkim anantam antavac ca nānantaṁ nāntavacca kiṁ| 22\nkiṁ tad eva kim anyat kiṁ śāśvataṁ kim aśāśvataṁ\naśāśvataṁ śāśvataṁ ca kiṁ vā nobhayam apyataḥ 'tha| 23\nsarvopalambhpaśamaḥ prapañcopaśamaḥ śivaḥ\nna kva cit kasyacit kaścid dharmo buddhena deśitaḥ|When all dharmas are empty, what is endless? What has an end?\nWhat is endless and with an end? What is not endless and not with an end?\nWhat is \"it\"? What is \"other\"? What is permanent? What is impermanent?\nWhat is impermanent and permanent? What is neither?\nAuspicious is the pacification of phenomenal metastasis, the pacification of all apprehending;\nThere is no dharma whatsoever taught by the Buddha to whomever whenever, wherever.[39]","title":"Quotations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015), Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press\nGarfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way, Oxford: Oxford University Press\nKalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications\nKalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited\nKalupahana, David J (1991). Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way, Motilal Barnasidass.\nSiderits, Mark; Katsura, Shoryu (2013). Nagarjuna's Middle Way: Mulamadhyamakakarika. Simon and Schuster\nWesterhoff, Jan (2018). The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy. Oxford University Press\nWesterhoff, Jan (2009). Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford University Press","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of_inverse_trigonometric_functions
List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
["1 Arcsine function integration formulas","2 Arccosine function integration formulas","3 Arctangent function integration formulas","4 Arccotangent function integration formulas","5 Arcsecant function integration formulas","6 Arccosecant function integration formulas","7 See also","8 References"]
Trigonometry Outline History Usage Functions (sin, cos, tan, inverse) Generalized trigonometry Reference Identities Exact constants Tables Unit circle Laws and theorems Sines Cosines Tangents Cotangents Pythagorean theorem Calculus Trigonometric substitution Integrals (inverse functions) Derivatives Trigonometric series Mathematicians Hipparchus Ptolemy Brahmagupta al-Hasib al-Battani Regiomontanus Viète de Moivre Euler Fourier vte The following is a list of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of expressions involving the inverse trigonometric functions. For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the "arc functions". C is used for the arbitrary constant of integration that can only be determined if something about the value of the integral at some point is known. Thus each function has an infinite number of antiderivatives. There are three common notations for inverse trigonometric functions. The arcsine function, for instance, could be written as sin−1, asin, or, as is used on this page, arcsin. For each inverse trigonometric integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions. Arcsine function integration formulas ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arcsin ⁡ ( x ) + 1 − x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(x)\,dx=x\arcsin(x)+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C} ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) + 1 − a 2 x 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(ax)\,dx=x\arcsin(ax)+{\frac {\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}{a}}+C} ∫ x arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) 2 − arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) 4 a 2 + x 1 − a 2 x 2 4 a + C {\displaystyle \int x\arcsin(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\arcsin(ax)}{2}}-{\frac {\arcsin(ax)}{4\,a^{2}}}+{\frac {x{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{4\,a}}+C} ∫ x 2 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) 3 + ( a 2 x 2 + 2 ) 1 − a 2 x 2 9 a 3 + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\arcsin(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\arcsin(ax)}{3}}+{\frac {\left(a^{2}x^{2}+2\right){\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{9\,a^{3}}}+C} ∫ x m arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 − a m + 1 ∫ x m + 1 1 − a 2 x 2 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\arcsin(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\arcsin(ax)}{m+1}}\,-\,{\frac {a}{m+1}}\int {\frac {x^{m+1}}{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) 2 d x = − 2 x + x arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) 2 + 2 1 − a 2 x 2 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) a + C {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(ax)^{2}\,dx=-2x+x\arcsin(ax)^{2}+{\frac {2{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arcsin(ax)}{a}}+C} ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n d x = x arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n + n 1 − a 2 x 2 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n − 1 a − n ( n − 1 ) ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n − 2 d x {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(ax)^{n}\,dx=x\arcsin(ax)^{n}\,+\,{\frac {n{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arcsin(ax)^{n-1}}{a}}\,-\,n\,(n-1)\int \arcsin(ax)^{n-2}\,dx} ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n d x = x arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n + 2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) + 1 − a 2 x 2 arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n + 1 a ( n + 1 ) − 1 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ∫ arcsin ⁡ ( a x ) n + 2 d x , ( n ≠ − 1 , − 2 ) {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(ax)^{n}\,dx={\frac {x\arcsin(ax)^{n+2}}{(n+1)\,(n+2)}}\,+\,{\frac {{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arcsin(ax)^{n+1}}{a\,(n+1)}}\,-\,{\frac {1}{(n+1)\,(n+2)}}\int \arcsin(ax)^{n+2}\,dx\,,\quad (n\neq -1,-2)} Arccosine function integration formulas ∫ arccos ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arccos ⁡ ( x ) − 1 − x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \arccos(x)\,dx=x\arccos(x)-{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C} ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arccos ⁡ ( a x ) − 1 − a 2 x 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int \arccos(ax)\,dx=x\arccos(ax)-{\frac {\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}{a}}+C} ∫ x arccos ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) 2 − arccos ⁡ ( a x ) 4 a 2 − x 1 − a 2 x 2 4 a + C {\displaystyle \int x\arccos(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\arccos(ax)}{2}}-{\frac {\arccos(ax)}{4\,a^{2}}}-{\frac {x{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{4\,a}}+C} ∫ x 2 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) 3 − ( a 2 x 2 + 2 ) 1 − a 2 x 2 9 a 3 + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\arccos(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\arccos(ax)}{3}}-{\frac {\left(a^{2}x^{2}+2\right){\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{9\,a^{3}}}+C} ∫ x m arccos ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 + a m + 1 ∫ x m + 1 1 − a 2 x 2 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\arccos(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\arccos(ax)}{m+1}}\,+\,{\frac {a}{m+1}}\int {\frac {x^{m+1}}{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) 2 d x = − 2 x + x arccos ⁡ ( a x ) 2 − 2 1 − a 2 x 2 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) a + C {\displaystyle \int \arccos(ax)^{2}\,dx=-2x+x\arccos(ax)^{2}-{\frac {2{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arccos(ax)}{a}}+C} ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n d x = x arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n − n 1 − a 2 x 2 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n − 1 a − n ( n − 1 ) ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n − 2 d x {\displaystyle \int \arccos(ax)^{n}\,dx=x\arccos(ax)^{n}\,-\,{\frac {n{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arccos(ax)^{n-1}}{a}}\,-\,n\,(n-1)\int \arccos(ax)^{n-2}\,dx} ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n d x = x arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n + 2 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) − 1 − a 2 x 2 arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n + 1 a ( n + 1 ) − 1 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ∫ arccos ⁡ ( a x ) n + 2 d x , ( n ≠ − 1 , − 2 ) {\displaystyle \int \arccos(ax)^{n}\,dx={\frac {x\arccos(ax)^{n+2}}{(n+1)\,(n+2)}}\,-\,{\frac {{\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\arccos(ax)^{n+1}}{a\,(n+1)}}\,-\,{\frac {1}{(n+1)\,(n+2)}}\int \arccos(ax)^{n+2}\,dx\,,\quad (n\neq -1,-2)} Arctangent function integration formulas ∫ arctan ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arctan ⁡ ( x ) − ln ⁡ ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \arctan(x)\,dx=x\arctan(x)-{\frac {\ln \left(x^{2}+1\right)}{2}}+C} ∫ arctan ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arctan ⁡ ( a x ) − ln ⁡ ( a 2 x 2 + 1 ) 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int \arctan(ax)\,dx=x\arctan(ax)-{\frac {\ln \left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\right)}{2\,a}}+C} ∫ x arctan ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arctan ⁡ ( a x ) 2 + arctan ⁡ ( a x ) 2 a 2 − x 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int x\arctan(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\arctan(ax)}{2}}+{\frac {\arctan(ax)}{2\,a^{2}}}-{\frac {x}{2\,a}}+C} ∫ x 2 arctan ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arctan ⁡ ( a x ) 3 + ln ⁡ ( a 2 x 2 + 1 ) 6 a 3 − x 2 6 a + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\arctan(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\arctan(ax)}{3}}+{\frac {\ln \left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\right)}{6\,a^{3}}}-{\frac {x^{2}}{6\,a}}+C} ∫ x m arctan ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arctan ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 − a m + 1 ∫ x m + 1 a 2 x 2 + 1 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\arctan(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\arctan(ax)}{m+1}}-{\frac {a}{m+1}}\int {\frac {x^{m+1}}{a^{2}x^{2}+1}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} Arccotangent function integration formulas ∫ arccot ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arccot ⁡ ( x ) + ln ⁡ ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccot}(x)\,dx=x\operatorname {arccot}(x)+{\frac {\ln \left(x^{2}+1\right)}{2}}+C} ∫ arccot ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arccot ⁡ ( a x ) + ln ⁡ ( a 2 x 2 + 1 ) 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccot}(ax)\,dx=x\operatorname {arccot}(ax)+{\frac {\ln \left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\right)}{2\,a}}+C} ∫ x arccot ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arccot ⁡ ( a x ) 2 + arccot ⁡ ( a x ) 2 a 2 + x 2 a + C {\displaystyle \int x\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{2}}+{\frac {\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{2\,a^{2}}}+{\frac {x}{2\,a}}+C} ∫ x 2 arccot ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arccot ⁡ ( a x ) 3 − ln ⁡ ( a 2 x 2 + 1 ) 6 a 3 + x 2 6 a + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{3}}-{\frac {\ln \left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\right)}{6\,a^{3}}}+{\frac {x^{2}}{6\,a}}+C} ∫ x m arccot ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arccot ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 + a m + 1 ∫ x m + 1 a 2 x 2 + 1 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{m+1}}+{\frac {a}{m+1}}\int {\frac {x^{m+1}}{a^{2}x^{2}+1}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} Arcsecant function integration formulas ∫ arcsec ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arcsec ⁡ ( x ) − ln ⁡ ( | x | + x 2 − 1 ) + C = x arcsec ⁡ ( x ) − arcosh ⁡ | x | + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arcsec}(x)\,dx=x\operatorname {arcsec}(x)\,-\,\ln \left(\left|x\right|+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)\,+\,C=x\operatorname {arcsec}(x)-\operatorname {arcosh} |x|+C} ∫ arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) − 1 a arcosh ⁡ | a x | + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\,dx=x\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)-{\frac {1}{a}}\,\operatorname {arcosh} |ax|+C} ∫ x arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) 2 − x 2 a 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int x\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{2}}-{\frac {x}{2\,a}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C} ∫ x 2 arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) 3 − arcosh ⁡ | a x | 6 a 3 − x 2 6 a 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{3}}\,-\,{\frac {\operatorname {arcosh} |ax|}{6\,a^{3}}}\,-\,{\frac {x^{2}}{6\,a}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\,+\,C} ∫ x m arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arcsec ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 − 1 a ( m + 1 ) ∫ x m − 1 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{m+1}}\,-\,{\frac {1}{a\,(m+1)}}\int {\frac {x^{m-1}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} Arccosecant function integration formulas ∫ arccsc ⁡ ( x ) d x = x arccsc ⁡ ( x ) + ln ⁡ ( | x | + x 2 − 1 ) + C = x arccsc ⁡ ( x ) + arcosh ⁡ | x | + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccsc}(x)\,dx=x\operatorname {arccsc}(x)\,+\,\ln \left(\left|x\right|+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)\,+\,C=x\operatorname {arccsc}(x)\,+\,\operatorname {arcosh} |x|\,+\,C} ∫ arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) + 1 a artanh 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\,dx=x\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)+{\frac {1}{a}}\,\operatorname {artanh} \,{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C} ∫ x arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 2 arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) 2 + x 2 a 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int x\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{2}\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{2}}+{\frac {x}{2\,a}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C} ∫ x 2 arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x 3 arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) 3 + 1 6 a 3 artanh 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + x 2 6 a 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int x^{2}\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{3}\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{3}}\,+\,{\frac {1}{6\,a^{3}}}\,\operatorname {artanh} \,{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\,+\,{\frac {x^{2}}{6\,a}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\,+\,C} ∫ x m arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) d x = x m + 1 arccsc ⁡ ( a x ) m + 1 + 1 a ( m + 1 ) ∫ x m − 1 1 − 1 a 2 x 2 d x , ( m ≠ − 1 ) {\displaystyle \int x^{m}\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\,dx={\frac {x^{m+1}\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{m+1}}\,+\,{\frac {1}{a\,(m+1)}}\int {\frac {x^{m-1}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}}\,dx\,,\quad (m\neq -1)} See also Differentiation of trigonometric functions – Mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function List of trigonometric identities – Equalities that involve trigonometric functions Lists of integrals References vteLists of integrals Rational functions Irrational functions Trigonometric functions Inverse trigonometric functions Hyperbolic functions Inverse hyperbolic functions Exponential functions Logarithmic functions Gaussian functions Definite integrals
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indefinite integrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_integral"},{"link_name":"antiderivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivative"},{"link_name":"inverse trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"lists of integrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals"},{"link_name":"constant of integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_of_integration"},{"link_name":"list of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of_inverse_hyperbolic_functions"}],"text":"The following is a list of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of expressions involving the inverse trigonometric functions. For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals.The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the \"arc functions\".\nC is used for the arbitrary constant of integration that can only be determined if something about the value of the integral at some point is known. Thus each function has an infinite number of antiderivatives.\nThere are three common notations for inverse trigonometric functions. The arcsine function, for instance, could be written as sin−1, asin, or, as is used on this page, arcsin.\nFor each inverse trigonometric integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions.","title":"List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n +\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arcsin(x)\\,dx=x\\arcsin(x)+{\\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n +\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arcsin(ax)\\,dx=x\\arcsin(ax)+{\\frac {\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}{a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n 4\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\arcsin(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\arcsin(ax)}{2}}-{\\frac {\\arcsin(ax)}{4\\,a^{2}}}+{\\frac {x{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{4\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\arcsin(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\arcsin(ax)}{3}}+{\\frac {\\left(a^{2}x^{2}+2\\right){\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{9\\,a^{3}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\arcsin(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\arcsin(ax)}{m+1}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {a}{m+1}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m+1}}{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n −\n 2\n x\n +\n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n a\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arcsin(ax)^{2}\\,dx=-2x+x\\arcsin(ax)^{2}+{\\frac {2{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arcsin(ax)}{a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n −\n \n n\n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arcsin(ax)^{n}\\,dx=x\\arcsin(ax)^{n}\\,+\\,{\\frac {n{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arcsin(ax)^{n-1}}{a}}\\,-\\,n\\,(n-1)\\int \\arcsin(ax)^{n-2}\\,dx}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n x\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsin\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n n\n ≠\n −\n 1\n ,\n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arcsin(ax)^{n}\\,dx={\\frac {x\\arcsin(ax)^{n+2}}{(n+1)\\,(n+2)}}\\,+\\,{\\frac {{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arcsin(ax)^{n+1}}{a\\,(n+1)}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {1}{(n+1)\\,(n+2)}}\\int \\arcsin(ax)^{n+2}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (n\\neq -1,-2)}","title":"Arcsine function integration formulas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n −\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arccos(x)\\,dx=x\\arccos(x)-{\\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arccos(ax)\\,dx=x\\arccos(ax)-{\\frac {\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}{a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n 4\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\arccos(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\arccos(ax)}{2}}-{\\frac {\\arccos(ax)}{4\\,a^{2}}}-{\\frac {x{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{4\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\arccos(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\arccos(ax)}{3}}-{\\frac {\\left(a^{2}x^{2}+2\\right){\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}{9\\,a^{3}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\arccos(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\arccos(ax)}{m+1}}\\,+\\,{\\frac {a}{m+1}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m+1}}{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n −\n 2\n x\n +\n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n a\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arccos(ax)^{2}\\,dx=-2x+x\\arccos(ax)^{2}-{\\frac {2{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arccos(ax)}{a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n −\n \n n\n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arccos(ax)^{n}\\,dx=x\\arccos(ax)^{n}\\,-\\,{\\frac {n{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arccos(ax)^{n-1}}{a}}\\,-\\,n\\,(n-1)\\int \\arccos(ax)^{n-2}\\,dx}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n x\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccos\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n n\n ≠\n −\n 1\n ,\n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arccos(ax)^{n}\\,dx={\\frac {x\\arccos(ax)^{n+2}}{(n+1)\\,(n+2)}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {{\\sqrt {1-a^{2}x^{2}}}\\arccos(ax)^{n+1}}{a\\,(n+1)}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {1}{(n+1)\\,(n+2)}}\\int \\arccos(ax)^{n+2}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (n\\neq -1,-2)}","title":"Arccosine function integration formulas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n −\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arctan(x)\\,dx=x\\arctan(x)-{\\frac {\\ln \\left(x^{2}+1\\right)}{2}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n −\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\arctan(ax)\\,dx=x\\arctan(ax)-{\\frac {\\ln \\left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\\right)}{2\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\arctan(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\arctan(ax)}{2}}+{\\frac {\\arctan(ax)}{2\\,a^{2}}}-{\\frac {x}{2\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 6\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\arctan(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\arctan(ax)}{3}}+{\\frac {\\ln \\left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\\right)}{6\\,a^{3}}}-{\\frac {x^{2}}{6\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arctan\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n a\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\arctan(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\arctan(ax)}{m+1}}-{\\frac {a}{m+1}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m+1}}{a^{2}x^{2}+1}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}","title":"Arctangent function integration formulas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n +\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arccot}(x)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arccot}(x)+{\\frac {\\ln \\left(x^{2}+1\\right)}{2}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n +\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)+{\\frac {\\ln \\left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\\right)}{2\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{2}}+{\\frac {\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{2\\,a^{2}}}+{\\frac {x}{2\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 6\n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{3}}-{\\frac {\\ln \\left(a^{2}x^{2}+1\\right)}{6\\,a^{3}}}+{\\frac {x^{2}}{6\\,a}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arccot\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n a\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\operatorname {arccot}(ax)}{m+1}}+{\\frac {a}{m+1}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m+1}}{a^{2}x^{2}+1}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}","title":"Arccotangent function integration formulas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n −\n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n |\n x\n |\n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n +\n \n C\n =\n x\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n −\n arcosh\n ⁡\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arcsec}(x)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arcsec}(x)\\,-\\,\\ln \\left(\\left|x\\right|+{\\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\\right)\\,+\\,C=x\\operatorname {arcsec}(x)-\\operatorname {arcosh} |x|+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n −\n \n \n 1\n a\n \n \n \n arcosh\n ⁡\n \n |\n \n a\n x\n \n |\n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)-{\\frac {1}{a}}\\,\\operatorname {arcosh} |ax|+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{2}}-{\\frac {x}{2\\,a}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n arcosh\n ⁡\n \n |\n \n a\n x\n \n |\n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 6\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{3}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {\\operatorname {arcosh} |ax|}{6\\,a^{3}}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {x^{2}}{6\\,a}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\\,+\\,C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arcsec\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n (\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\operatorname {arcsec}(ax)}{m+1}}\\,-\\,{\\frac {1}{a\\,(m+1)}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m-1}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}","title":"Arcsecant function integration formulas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"∫\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n +\n \n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n |\n x\n |\n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n +\n \n C\n =\n x\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n +\n \n arcosh\n ⁡\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n \n +\n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arccsc}(x)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arccsc}(x)\\,+\\,\\ln \\left(\\left|x\\right|+{\\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\\right)\\,+\\,C=x\\operatorname {arccsc}(x)\\,+\\,\\operatorname {arcosh} |x|\\,+\\,C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n x\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n +\n \n \n 1\n a\n \n \n \n artanh\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int \\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\\,dx=x\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)+{\\frac {1}{a}}\\,\\operatorname {artanh} \\,{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n x\n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{2}\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{2}}+{\\frac {x}{2\\,a}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}+C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n 3\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 6\n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n artanh\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 6\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{2}\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{3}\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{3}}\\,+\\,{\\frac {1}{6\\,a^{3}}}\\,\\operatorname {artanh} \\,{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\\,+\\,{\\frac {x^{2}}{6\\,a}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}\\,+\\,C}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n arccsc\n ⁡\n (\n a\n x\n )\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n (\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n \n x\n \n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n ,\n \n (\n m\n ≠\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int x^{m}\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)\\,dx={\\frac {x^{m+1}\\operatorname {arccsc}(ax)}{m+1}}\\,+\\,{\\frac {1}{a\\,(m+1)}}\\int {\\frac {x^{m-1}}{\\sqrt {1-{\\frac {1}{a^{2}x^{2}}}}}}\\,dx\\,,\\quad (m\\neq -1)}","title":"Arccosecant function integration formulas"}]
[]
[{"title":"Differentiation of trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_of_trigonometric_functions"},{"title":"List of trigonometric identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric_identities"},{"title":"Lists of integrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Walton
Gordon Walton
["1 Biography","2 Game developer","3 Selected projects","4 References"]
Gordon Walton at Kesmai in 1998(Conrad) Gordon Walton, Jr. (born 1956) is an American video game developer and executive producer who has worked with many North American online game companies, from Maxis to Electronic Arts to Sony Online to BioWare. Since 1977 he has personally developed over thirty games, and overseen development of hundreds more, working as a producer, vice-president or executive producer. He is currently Executive Producer of the Kickstarter-backed MMORPG Crowfall. Biography Walton was born on March 2, 1956, in Houston, Texas, to Conrad G. Walton, Sr., an architect, and Rilda Akin, an artist. Roberta Agnes (Robin) Hensley and Evelyn Coleman (Eve) Lowey are his siblings. He attended Spring Woods High School in Houston, and then enlisted in the U.S. Army from 1974 to 1977, attaining the rank of Sergeant. He was stationed at Fort Ord, Fort Gordon, Fort Hood, Fort Chaffee, and Kaiserslautern, Germany. In 1977 he left the army to enroll at Texas A&M University, and continued serving in the U.S. National Guard until 1979. In 1981, he received his BS degree in computer science. From 1990 to 1992 he also served briefly in the US Army Reserve. Game developer He played his first computer game in 1977 on the PLATO system, and published his first computer game, Trek-X, in 1978 on the Commodore PET 2001. In 1984, he co-founded Applied Computing (later called Digital Illusions) with Don Gilman, and he was development manager for both Three-Sixty Pacific and Konami of America, Inc. Though his work had been exclusively in the single-player game industry up until that point, in 1995 he joined the growing online game industry, managing games such as Air Warrior and Multiplayer Battletech at Kesmai. After Kesmai, Walton moved on to managing Ultima Online at Origin Systems, and then at Sony Online Entertainment in Austin, he worked on Star Wars Galaxies. At Maxis, he was an executive producer on The Sims Online. He worked on the MMOG Star Wars: The Old Republic at BioWare's studio in Austin until January 2011. He was last employed at the social gaming company Playdom and started his own company in 2013. He is a frequent speaker at industry conferences such as E3, GDC, and the Austin Games Conference, and attained fame in 2003 for a talk entitled, "Ten Great Reasons You Don't want to Make a Massively Multiplayer Game." He is also active in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and IGDA, and has been on the steering committee of the IGDA's Online Games SIG. He is on the advisory boards for the Full Sail University, University of Texas at Austin, and Austin Community College Game Programs, while informally advising other educational programs. Walton currently lives in Austin, Texas with his wife, Laura Ann Miskines Walton, and children John and Katherine. Selected projects The following is a brief list of games which Walton either managed, produced, or developed: Crowfall (2021), ArtCraft Star Wars: The Old Republic (2011), BioWare Star Wars: Galaxies - Jump to Light Speed (2004), LucasArts The Sims (2003), Electronic Arts Inc. The Sims Online (2002), Electronic Arts Inc. Ultima Online: Third Dawn (2001), Electronic Arts Inc. Ultima Online: Renaissance (2000), Electronic Arts Inc. Air Warrior II (1997), iEntertainment Network Air Warrior III (1997), iEntertainment Network Harpoon Classic '97 (1996), iEntertainment Network Harpoon (1989), Three Sixty Pacific PT-109 (1987), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc. Sub Battle Simulator (1987), Epyx, Inc. Orbiter (1986), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc. Reader Rabbit NFL Challenge, (1987) XOr The Playroom References ^ "Crowfall: About the Team". Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Everett, Larry (2011-02-15). "Massively News: SWTOR's loss is Playdom's gain - Gordon Walton". Massively.joystiq.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. MobyGames bio
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Maxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxis"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Sony Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Online"},{"link_name":"BioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioWare"},{"link_name":"Executive Producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Producer"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"Crowfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowfall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowfall_team-1"}],"text":"(Conrad) Gordon Walton, Jr. (born 1956) is an American video game developer and executive producer who has worked with many North American online game companies, from Maxis to Electronic Arts to Sony Online to BioWare. Since 1977 he has personally developed over thirty games, and overseen development of hundreds more, working as a producer, vice-president or executive producer. He is currently Executive Producer of the Kickstarter-backed MMORPG Crowfall.[1]","title":"Gordon Walton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"Spring Woods High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Woods_High_School"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ord"},{"link_name":"Fort Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"Fort Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"Kaiserslautern, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Guard"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"}],"text":"Walton was born on March 2, 1956, in Houston, Texas, to Conrad G. Walton, Sr., an architect, and Rilda Akin, an artist. Roberta Agnes (Robin) Hensley and Evelyn Coleman (Eve) Lowey are his siblings. He attended Spring Woods High School in Houston, and then enlisted in the U.S. Army from 1974 to 1977, attaining the rank of Sergeant. He was stationed at Fort Ord, Fort Gordon, Fort Hood, Fort Chaffee, and Kaiserslautern, Germany. In 1977 he left the army to enroll at Texas A&M University, and continued serving in the U.S. National Guard until 1979. In 1981, he received his BS degree in computer science. From 1990 to 1992 he also served briefly in the US Army Reserve.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PLATO system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_system"},{"link_name":"Commodore PET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET"},{"link_name":"Don Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Gilman_(programmer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Three-Sixty Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Sixty_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Air Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Warrior_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Multiplayer Battletech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_Battletech"},{"link_name":"Kesmai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesmai"},{"link_name":"Ultima Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_Online"},{"link_name":"Origin Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_Systems"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Galaxies"},{"link_name":"The Sims Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims_Online"},{"link_name":"MMOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMOG"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Old Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Playdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_Media_and_Business_Summit"},{"link_name":"GDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"Austin Games Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Games_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"IGDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGDA"},{"link_name":"Online Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Games"},{"link_name":"SIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Interest_Group"},{"link_name":"Full Sail University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Sail_University"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Austin Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"}],"text":"He played his first computer game in 1977 on the PLATO system, and published his first computer game, Trek-X, in 1978 on the Commodore PET 2001. In 1984, he co-founded Applied Computing (later called Digital Illusions) with Don Gilman, and he was development manager for both Three-Sixty Pacific and Konami of America, Inc.Though his work had been exclusively in the single-player game industry up until that point, in 1995 he joined the growing online game industry, managing games such as Air Warrior and Multiplayer Battletech at Kesmai. After Kesmai, Walton moved on to managing Ultima Online at Origin Systems, and then at Sony Online Entertainment in Austin, he worked on Star Wars Galaxies. At Maxis, he was an executive producer on The Sims Online. He worked on the MMOG Star Wars: The Old Republic at BioWare's studio in Austin until January 2011. He was last employed at the social gaming company Playdom and started his own company in 2013.[2]He is a frequent speaker at industry conferences such as E3, GDC, and the Austin Games Conference, and attained fame in 2003 for a talk entitled, \"Ten Great Reasons You Don't want to Make a Massively Multiplayer Game.\" He is also active in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and IGDA, and has been on the steering committee of the IGDA's Online Games SIG. He is on the advisory boards for the Full Sail University, University of Texas at Austin, and Austin Community College Game Programs, while informally advising other educational programs.Walton currently lives in Austin, Texas with his wife, Laura Ann Miskines Walton, and children John and Katherine.","title":"Game developer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowfall"},{"link_name":"ArtCraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ArtCraft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Old Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic"},{"link_name":"BioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioWare"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Galaxies"},{"link_name":"LucasArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts"},{"link_name":"The Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"The Sims Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Land"},{"link_name":"Ultima Online: Third Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_Online:_Third_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Ultima Online: Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_Online:_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Air Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Warrior_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"iEntertainment Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEntertainment_Network"},{"link_name":"Harpoon Classic '97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_(computer_game)"},{"link_name":"Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_(computer_game)"},{"link_name":"PT-109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Epyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epyx"},{"link_name":"Orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiter_(1986_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Spectrum Holobyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Holobyte"},{"link_name":"Reader Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"NFL Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Challenge"}],"text":"The following is a brief list of games which Walton either managed, produced, or developed:Crowfall (2021), ArtCraft\nStar Wars: The Old Republic (2011), BioWare\nStar Wars: Galaxies - Jump to Light Speed (2004), LucasArts\nThe Sims (2003), Electronic Arts Inc.\nThe Sims Online (2002), Electronic Arts Inc.\nUltima Online: Third Dawn (2001), Electronic Arts Inc.\nUltima Online: Renaissance (2000), Electronic Arts Inc.\nAir Warrior II (1997), iEntertainment Network\nAir Warrior III (1997), iEntertainment Network\nHarpoon Classic '97 (1996), iEntertainment Network\nHarpoon (1989), Three Sixty Pacific\nPT-109 (1987), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc.\nSub Battle Simulator (1987), Epyx, Inc.\nOrbiter (1986), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc.\nReader Rabbit\nNFL Challenge, (1987) XOr\nThe Playroom","title":"Selected projects"}]
[{"image_text":"Gordon Walton at Kesmai in 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GordonWalton.jpg/220px-GordonWalton.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Crowfall: About the Team\". Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowfall.com/#/team","url_text":"\"Crowfall: About the Team\""}]},{"reference":"Everett, Larry (2011-02-15). \"Massively News: SWTOR's loss is Playdom's gain - Gordon Walton\". Massively.joystiq.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108034739/http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/02/15/swtors-loss-is-playdoms-gain-gordon-walton/","url_text":"\"Massively News: SWTOR's loss is Playdom's gain - Gordon Walton\""},{"url":"http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/02/15/swtors-loss-is-playdoms-gain-gordon-walton/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://crowfall.com/#/team","external_links_name":"\"Crowfall: About the Team\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108034739/http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/02/15/swtors-loss-is-playdoms-gain-gordon-walton/","external_links_name":"\"Massively News: SWTOR's loss is Playdom's gain - Gordon Walton\""},{"Link":"http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/02/15/swtors-loss-is-playdoms-gain-gordon-walton/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,2674/","external_links_name":"MobyGames bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanes
Polyurethane
["1 History","2 Chemistry","3 Raw materials","3.1 Isocyanates","3.2 Polyols","3.3 Bio-derived materials","3.4 Chain extenders and cross linkers","3.5 Catalysts","3.6 Surfactants","4 Production","5 Health and safety","6 Manufacturing","6.1 Dispensing equipment","6.2 Tooling","7 Applications","8 Degradation and environmental fate","8.1 Effects of visible light","8.2 Hydrolysis and biodegradation","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links Polyurethane synthesis, wherein the urethane groups −NH−(C=O)−O− link the molecular units A kitchen sponge made of polyurethane foam Polyurethane (/ˌpɒliˈjʊərəˌθeɪn, -jʊəˈrɛθeɪn/; often abbreviated PUR and PU) refers to a class of polymers composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. In contrast to other common polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene, polyurethane is produced from a wide range of starting materials. This chemical variety produces polyurethanes with different chemical structures leading to many different applications. These include rigid and flexible foams, and coatings, adhesives, electrical potting compounds, and fibers such as spandex and polyurethane laminate (PUL). Foams are the largest application accounting for 67% of all polyurethane produced in 2016. A polyurethane is typically produced by reacting a polymeric isocyanate with a polyol. Since a polyurethane contains two types of monomers, which polymerize one after the other, they are classed as alternating copolymers. Both the isocyanates and polyols used to make a polyurethane contain two or more functional groups per molecule. Global production in 2019 was 25 million metric tonnes, accounting for about 6% of all polymers produced in that year. History Otto Bayer in 1952 demonstrating his creation Otto Bayer and his coworkers at IG Farben in Leverkusen, Germany, first made polyurethanes in 1937. The new polymers had some advantages over existing plastics that were made by polymerizing olefins or by polycondensation, and were not covered by patents obtained by Wallace Carothers on polyesters. Early work focused on the production of fibers and flexible foams and PUs were applied on a limited scale as aircraft coating during World War II. Polyisocyanates became commercially available in 1952, and production of flexible polyurethane foam began in 1954 by combining toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyester polyols. These materials were also used to produce rigid foams, gum rubber, and elastomers. Linear fibers were produced from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). DuPont introduced polyethers, specifically poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol, in 1956. BASF and Dow Chemical introduced polyalkylene glycols in 1957. Polyether polyols were cheaper, easier to handle and more water-resistant than polyester polyols. Union Carbide and Mobay, a U.S. Monsanto/Bayer joint venture, also began making polyurethane chemicals. In 1960 more than 45,000 metric tons of flexible polyurethane foams were produced. The availability of chlorofluoroalkane blowing agents, inexpensive polyether polyols, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) allowed polyurethane rigid foams to be used as high-performance insulation materials. In 1967, urethane-modified polyisocyanurate rigid foams were introduced, offering even better thermal stability and flammability resistance. During the 1960s, automotive interior safety components, such as instrument and door panels, were produced by back-filling thermoplastic skins with semi-rigid foam. In 1969, Bayer exhibited an all-plastic car in Düsseldorf, Germany. Parts of this car, such as the fascia and body panels, were manufactured using a new process called reaction injection molding (RIM), in which the reactants were mixed and then injected into a mold. The addition of fillers, such as milled glass, mica, and processed mineral fibers, gave rise to reinforced RIM (RRIM), which provided improvements in flexural modulus (stiffness), reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion and better thermal stability. This technology was used to make the first plastic-body automobile in the United States, the Pontiac Fiero, in 1983. Further increases in stiffness were obtained by incorporating pre-placed glass mats into the RIM mold cavity, also known broadly as resin injection molding, or structural RIM. Starting in the early 1980s, water-blown microcellular flexible foams were used to mold gaskets for automotive panels and air-filter seals, replacing PVC polymers. Polyurethane foams are used in many automotive applications including seating, head and arm rests, and headliners. Polyurethane foam (including foam rubber) is sometimes made using small amounts of blowing agents to give less dense foam, better cushioning/energy absorption or thermal insulation. In the early 1990s, because of their impact on ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol restricted the use of many chlorine-containing blowing agents, such as trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). By the late 1990s, blowing agents such as carbon dioxide, pentane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) were widely used in North America and the EU, although chlorinated blowing agents remained in use in many developing countries. Later, HFC-134a was also banned due to high ODP and GWP readings, and HFC-141B was introduced in early 2000s as an alternate blowing agent in developing nations. Chemistry Polyurethanes are produced by reacting diisocyanates with polyols, often in the presence of a catalyst, or upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Common catalysts include tertiary amines, such as DABCO, DMDEE, or metallic soaps, such as dibutyltin dilaurate. The stoichiometry of the starting materials must be carefully controlled as excess isocyanate can trimerise, leading to the formation of rigid polyisocyanurates. The polymer usually has a highly crosslinked molecular structure, resulting in a thermosetting material which does not melt on heating; although some thermoplastic polyurethanes are also produced. The most common application of polyurethane is as solid foams, which requires the presence of a gas, or blowing agent, during the polymerization step. This is commonly achieved by adding small amounts of water, which reacts with isocyanates to form CO2 gas and an amine, via an unstable carbamic acid group. The amine produced can also react with isocyanates to form urea groups, and as such the polymer will contain both these and urethane linkers. The urea is not very soluble in the reaction mixture and tends to form separate "hard segment" phases consisting mostly of polyurea. The concentration and organization of these polyurea phases can have a significant impact on the properties of the foam. R − N = C = O + H 2 O → step   1 R 1 − N | H − C O ‖ − O − H → − CO 2 step   2 R − NH 2 + R − N = C = O → step   3 − R − N | H − C O ‖ − N | H − R − {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\ce {{R-N=C=O}+H2O->R1-{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{N}}-{\overset {\displaystyle O \atop \|}{C}}-O-H->{R-NH2}+{R-N=C=O}->-R-{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{N}}-{\overset {\displaystyle O \atop \|}{C}}-{\underset {| \atop \displaystyle H}{N}}-R}}{-}\end{array}}} The type of foam produced can be controlled by regulating the amount of blowing agent and also by the addition of various surfactants which change the rheology of the polymerising mixture. Foams can be either "closed-cell", where most of the original bubbles or cells remain intact, or "open-cell", where the bubbles have broken but the edges of the bubbles are stiff enough to retain their shape, in extreme cases reticulated foams can be formed. Open-cell foams feel soft and allow air to flow through, so they are comfortable when used in seat cushions or mattresses. Closed-cell foams are used as rigid thermal insulation. High-density microcellular foams can be formed without the addition of blowing agents by mechanically frothing the polyol prior to use. These are tough elastomeric materials used in covering car steering wheels or shoe soles. The properties of a polyurethane are greatly influenced by the types of isocyanates and polyols used to make it. Long, flexible segments, contributed by the polyol, give soft, elastic polymer. High amounts of crosslinking give tough or rigid polymers. Long chains and low crosslinking give a polymer that is very stretchy, short chains with many crosslinks produce a hard polymer while long chains and intermediate crosslinking give a polymer useful for making foam. The choices available for the isocyanates and polyols, in addition to other additives and processing conditions allow polyurethanes to have the very wide range of properties that make them such widely used polymers. Raw materials The main ingredients to make a polyurethane are di- and tri-isocyanates and polyols. Other materials are added to aid processing the polymer or to modify the properties of the polymer. PU foam formulation sometimes have water added too. Isocyanates Isocyanates used to make polyurethane have two or more isocyanate groups on each molecule. The most commonly used isocyanates are the aromatic diisocyanates, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, (MDI). These aromatic isocyanates are more reactive than aliphatic isocyanates. TDI and MDI are generally less expensive and more reactive than other isocyanates. Industrial grade TDI and MDI are mixtures of isomers and MDI often contains polymeric materials. They are used to make flexible foam (for example slabstock foam for mattresses or molded foams for car seats), rigid foam (for example insulating foam in refrigerators) elastomers (shoe soles, for example), and so on. The isocyanates may be modified by partially reacting them with polyols or introducing some other materials to reduce volatility (and hence toxicity) of the isocyanates, decrease their freezing points to make handling easier or to improve the properties of the final polymers. MDI isomers and polymer Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic isocyanates are used in smaller quantities, most often in coatings and other applications where color and transparency are important since polyurethanes made with aromatic isocyanates tend to darken on exposure to light. The most important aliphatic and cycloaliphatic isocyanates are 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 1-isocyanato-3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI), and 4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI or hydrogenated MDI). Other more specialized isocyanates include Tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI). Polyols Main article: Polyol Polyols are polymers in their own right and have on average two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. They can be converted to polyether polyols by co-polymerizing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with a suitable polyol precursor. Polyester polyols are made by the polycondensation of multifunctional carboxylic acids and polyhydroxyl compounds. They can be further classified according to their end use. Higher molecular weight polyols (molecular weights from 2,000 to 10,000) are used to make more flexible polyurethanes while lower molecular weight polyols make more rigid products. Polyols for flexible applications use low functionality initiators such as dipropylene glycol (f = 2), glycerine (f = 3), or a sorbitol/water solution (f = 2.75). Polyols for rigid applications use higher functionality initiators such as sucrose (f = 8), sorbitol (f = 6), toluenediamine (f = 4), and Mannich bases (f = 4). Propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide is added to the initiators until the desired molecular weight is achieved. The order of addition and the amounts of each oxide affect many polyol properties, such as compatibility, water-solubility, and reactivity. Polyols made with only propylene oxide are terminated with secondary hydroxyl groups and are less reactive than polyols capped with ethylene oxide, which contain primary hydroxyl groups. Incorporating carbon dioxide into the polyol structure is being researched by multiple companies. Graft polyols (also called filled polyols or polymer polyols) contain finely dispersed styrene–acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile, or polyurea (PHD) polymer solids chemically grafted to a high molecular weight polyether backbone. They are used to increase the load-bearing properties of low-density high-resiliency (HR) foam, as well as add toughness to microcellular foams and cast elastomers. Initiators such as ethylenediamine and triethanolamine are used to make low molecular weight rigid foam polyols that have built-in catalytic activity due to the presence of nitrogen atoms in the backbone. A special class of polyether polyols, poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols, which are made by polymerizing tetrahydrofuran, are used in high performance coating, wetting and elastomer applications. Conventional polyester polyols are based on virgin raw materials and are manufactured by the direct polyesterification of high-purity diacids and glycols, such as adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol. Polyester polyols are usually more expensive and more viscous than polyether polyols, but they make polyurethanes with better solvent, abrasion, and cut resistance. Other polyester polyols are based on reclaimed raw materials. They are manufactured by transesterification (glycolysis) of recycled poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) or dimethylterephthalate (DMT) distillation bottoms with glycols such as diethylene glycol. These low molecular weight, aromatic polyester polyols are used in rigid foam, and bring low cost and excellent flammability characteristics to polyisocyanurate (PIR) boardstock and polyurethane spray foam insulation. Specialty polyols include polycarbonate polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, polybutadiene polyols, and polysulfide polyols. The materials are used in elastomer, sealant, and adhesive applications that require superior weatherability, and resistance to chemical and environmental attack. Natural oil polyols derived from castor oil and other vegetable oils are used to make elastomers, flexible bunstock, and flexible molded foam. Co-polymerizing chlorotrifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene with vinyl ethers containing hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether produces fluorinated (FEVE) polyols. Two-component fluorinated polyurethanes prepared by reacting FEVE fluorinated polyols with polyisocyanate have been used to make ambient cure paints and coatings. Since fluorinated polyurethanes contain a high percentage of fluorine–carbon bonds, which are the strongest bonds among all chemical bonds, fluorinated polyurethanes exhibit resistance to UV, acids, alkali, salts, chemicals, solvents, weathering, corrosion, fungi and microbial attack. These have been used for high performance coatings and paints. Phosphorus-containing polyols are available that become chemically bonded to the polyurethane matrix for the use as flame retardants. This covalent linkage prevents migration and leaching of the organophosphorus compound. Bio-derived materials Interest in sustainable "green" products raised interest in polyols derived from vegetable oils. Various oils used in the preparation polyols for polyurethanes include soybean, cotton seed, neem seed, and castor. Vegetable oils are functionalized by various ways and modified to polyetheramide, polyethers, alkyds, etc. Renewable sources used to prepare polyols may be dimer fatty acids or fatty acids. Some biobased and isocyanate-free polyurethanes exploit the reaction between polyamines and cyclic carbonates to produce polyhydroxurethanes. Chain extenders and cross linkers Chain extenders (f = 2) and cross linkers (f ≥ 3) are low molecular weight hydroxyl and amine terminated compounds that play an important role in the polymer morphology of polyurethane fibers, elastomers, adhesives, and certain integral skin and microcellular foams. The elastomeric properties of these materials are derived from the phase separation of the hard and soft copolymer segments of the polymer, such that the urethane hard segment domains serve as cross-links between the amorphous polyether (or polyester) soft segment domains. This phase separation occurs because the mainly nonpolar, low melting soft segments are incompatible with the polar, high melting hard segments. The soft segments, which are formed from high molecular weight polyols, are mobile and are normally present in coiled formation, while the hard segments, which are formed from the isocyanate and chain extenders, are stiff and immobile. Because the hard segments are covalently coupled to the soft segments, they inhibit plastic flow of the polymer chains, thus creating elastomeric resiliency. Upon mechanical deformation, a portion of the soft segments are stressed by uncoiling, and the hard segments become aligned in the stress direction. This reorientation of the hard segments and consequent powerful hydrogen bonding contributes to high tensile strength, elongation, and tear resistance values. The choice of chain extender also determines flexural, heat, and chemical resistance properties. The most important chain extenders are ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO or BDO), 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol and hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE). All of these glycols form polyurethanes that phase separate well and form well defined hard segment domains, and are melt processable. They are all suitable for thermoplastic polyurethanes with the exception of ethylene glycol, since its derived bis-phenyl urethane undergoes unfavorable degradation at high hard segment levels. Diethanolamine and triethanolamine are used in flex molded foams to build firmness and add catalytic activity. Diethyltoluenediamine is used extensively in RIM, and in polyurethane and polyurea elastomer formulations. Table of chain extenders and cross linkers Compound type Molecule Mol. mass Density(g/cm3) Melting pt (°C) Boiling pt (°C) Hydroxyl compounds – difunctional molecules Ethylene glycol 62.1 1.110 −13.4 197.4 Diethylene glycol 106.1 1.111 −8.7 245.5 Triethylene glycol 150.2 1.120 −7.2 287.8 Tetraethylene glycol 194.2 1.123 −9.4 325.6 Propylene glycol 76.1 1.032 Supercools 187.4 Dipropylene glycol 134.2 1.022 Supercools 232.2 Tripropylene glycol 192.3 1.110 Supercools 265.1 1,3-Propanediol 76.1 1.060 −28 210 1,3-Butanediol 92.1 1.005 — 207.5 1,4-Butanediol 92.1 1.017 20.1 235 Neopentyl glycol 104.2 — 130 206 1,6-Hexanediol 118.2 1.017 43 250 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol — — — — HQEE — — — — Ethanolamine 61.1 1.018 10.3 170 Diethanolamine 105.1 1.097 28 271 Methyldiethanolamine 119.1 1.043 −21 242 Phenyldiethanolamine 181.2 — 58 228 Hydroxyl compounds – trifunctional molecules Glycerol 92.1 1.261 18.0 290 Trimethylolpropane — — — — 1,2,6-Hexanetriol — — — — Triethanolamine 149.2 1.124 21 — Hydroxyl compounds – tetrafunctional molecules Pentaerythritol 136.2 — 260.5 — N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine — — — — Amine compounds – difunctional molecules Diethyltoluenediamine 178.3 1.022 — 308 Dimethylthiotoluenediamine 214.0 1.208 — — Catalysts Main article: catalyst Polyurethane catalysts can be classified into two broad categories, basic and acidic amine. Tertiary amine catalysts function by enhancing the nucleophilicity of the diol component. Alkyl tin carboxylates, oxides and mercaptides oxides function as mild Lewis acids in accelerating the formation of polyurethane. As bases, traditional amine catalysts include triethylenediamine (TEDA, also called DABCO, 1,4-diazabicyclooctane), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol and bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether, a blowing catalyst also called A-99. A typical Lewis acidic catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate. The process is highly sensitive to the nature of the catalyst and is also known to be autocatalytic. Factors affecting catalyst selection include balancing three reactions: urethane (polyol+isocyanate, or gel) formation, the urea (water+isocyanate, or "blow") formation, or the isocyanate trimerization reaction (e.g., using potassium acetate, to form isocyanurate rings). A variety of specialized catalysts have been developed. Surfactants Main article: surfactant Surfactants are used to modify the characteristics of both foam and non-foam polyurethane polymers. They take the form of polydimethylsiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers, silicone oils, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and other organic compounds. In foams, they are used to emulsify the liquid components, regulate cell size, and stabilize the cell structure to prevent collapse and sub-surface voids. In non-foam applications they are used as air release and antifoaming agents, as wetting agents, and are used to eliminate surface defects such as pin holes, orange peel, and sink marks. Production Polyurethanes are produced by mixing two or more liquid streams. The polyol stream contains catalysts, surfactants, blowing agents (when making polyurethane foam insulation) and so on. The two components are referred to as a polyurethane system, or simply a system. The isocyanate is commonly referred to in North America as the 'A-side' or just the 'iso'. The blend of polyols and other additives is commonly referred to as the 'B-side' or as the 'poly'. This mixture might also be called a 'resin' or 'resin blend'. In Europe the meanings for 'A-side' and 'B-side' are reversed. Resin blend additives may include chain extenders, cross linkers, surfactants, flame retardants, blowing agents, pigments, and fillers. Polyurethane can be made in a variety of densities and hardnesses by varying the isocyanate, polyol or additives. Health and safety Fully reacted polyurethane polymer is chemically inert. No exposure limits have been established in the U.S. by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) or ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). It is not regulated by OSHA for carcinogenicity. Open-flame test. Top: untreated polyurethane foam burns vigorously. Bottom: with fire-retardant treatment. Polyurethanes are combustible. Decomposition from fire can produce significant amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, in addition to nitrogen oxides, isocyanates, and other toxic products. Because of the flammability of the material, it has to be treated with flame retardants (at least in case of furniture), almost all of which are considered harmful. California later issued Technical Bulletin 117 2013 which allowed most polyurethane foam to pass flammability tests without the use of flame retardants. Green Science Policy Institute states: "Although the new standard can be met without flame retardants, it does NOT ban their use. Consumers who wish to reduce household exposure to flame retardants can look for a TB117-2013 tag on furniture, and verify with retailers that products do not contain flame retardants." Liquid resin blends and isocyanates may contain hazardous or regulated components. Isocyanates are known skin and respiratory sensitizers. Additionally, amines, glycols, and phosphate present in spray polyurethane foams present risks. Exposure to chemicals that may be emitted during or after application of polyurethane spray foam (such as isocyanates) are harmful to human health and therefore special precautions are required during and after this process. In the United States, additional health and safety information can be found through organizations such as the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association (PMA) and the Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI), as well as from polyurethane system and raw material manufacturers. Regulatory information can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (Food and Drugs) and Title 40 (Protection of the Environment). In Europe, health and safety information is available from ISOPA, the European Diisocyanate and Polyol Producers Association. Manufacturing The methods of manufacturing polyurethane finished goods range from small, hand pour piece-part operations to large, high-volume bunstock and boardstock production lines. Regardless of the end-product, the manufacturing principle is the same: to meter the liquid isocyanate and resin blend at a specified stoichiometric ratio, mix them together until a homogeneous blend is obtained, dispense the reacting liquid into a mold or on to a surface, wait until it cures, then demold the finished part. Dispensing equipment Although the capital outlay can be high, it is desirable to use a meter-mix or dispense unit for even low-volume production operations that require a steady output of finished parts. Dispense equipment consists of material holding (day) tanks, metering pumps, a mix head, and a control unit. Often, a conditioning or heater–chiller unit is added to control material temperature in order to improve mix efficiency, cure rate, and to reduce process variability. Choice of dispense equipment components depends on shot size, throughput, material characteristics such as viscosity and filler content, and process control. Material day tanks may be single to hundreds of gallons in size and may be supplied directly from drums, IBCs (intermediate bulk containers, such as caged IBC totes), or bulk storage tanks. They may incorporate level sensors, conditioning jackets, and mixers. Pumps can be sized to meter in single grams per second up to hundreds of pounds per minute. They can be rotary, gear, or piston pumps, or can be specially hardened lance pumps to meter liquids containing highly abrasive fillers such as chopped or hammer-milled glass fiber and wollastonite. A high-pressure polyurethane dispense unit, showing control panel, high-pressure pump, integral day tanks, and hydraulic drive unit A high-pressure mix head, showing simple controls (front view) A high-pressure mix head, showing material supply and hydraulic actuator lines (rear view) The pumps can drive low-pressure (10 to 30 bar, 1 to 3 MPa) or high-pressure (125 to 250 bar, 12.5 to 25.0 MPa) dispense systems. Mix heads can be simple static mix tubes, rotary-element mixers, low-pressure dynamic mixers, or high-pressure hydraulically actuated direct impingement mixers. Control units may have basic on/off and dispense/stop switches, and analogue pressure and temperature gauges, or may be computer-controlled with flow meters to electronically calibrate mix ratio, digital temperature and level sensors, and a full suite of statistical process control software. Add-ons to dispense equipment include nucleation or gas injection units, and third or fourth stream capability for adding pigments or metering in supplemental additive packages. A low-pressure mix head with calibration chamber installed, showing material supply and air actuator lines Low-pressure mix head components, including mix chambers, conical mixers, and mounting plates 5-gallon (20-liter) material day tanks for supplying a low-pressure dispense unit Tooling Distinct from pour-in-place, bun and boardstock, and coating applications, the production of piece parts requires tooling to contain and form the reacting liquid. The choice of mold-making material is dependent on the expected number of uses to end-of-life (EOL), molding pressure, flexibility, and heat transfer characteristics. RTV silicone is used for tooling that has an EOL in the thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding rigid foam parts, where the ability to stretch and peel the mold around undercuts is needed. The heat transfer characteristic of RTV silicone tooling is poor. High-performance, flexible polyurethane elastomers are also used in this way. Epoxy, metal-filled epoxy, and metal-coated epoxy is used for tooling that has an EOL in the tens of thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding flexible foam cushions and seating, integral skin and microcellular foam padding, and shallow-draft RIM bezels and fascia. The heat transfer characteristic of epoxy tooling is fair; the heat transfer characteristic of metal-filled and metal-coated epoxy is good. Copper tubing can be incorporated into the body of the tool, allowing hot water to circulate and heat the mold surface. Aluminum is used for tooling that has an EOL in the hundreds of thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding microcellular foam gasketing and cast elastomer parts, and is milled or extruded into shape. Mirror-finish stainless steel is used for tooling that imparts a glossy appearance to the finished part. The heat transfer characteristic of metal tooling is excellent. Finally, molded or milled polypropylene is used to create low-volume tooling for molded gasket applications. Instead of many expensive metal molds, low-cost plastic tooling can be formed from a single metal master, which also allows greater design flexibility. The heat transfer characteristic of polypropylene tooling is poor, which must be taken into consideration during the formulation process. Applications Main articles: List of polyurethane applications and Polyurethane varnish In 2007, the global consumption of polyurethane raw materials was above 12 million metric tons, and the average annual growth rate was about 5%. Revenues generated with PUR on the global market are expected to rise to approximately US$75 billion by 2022. As they are such an important class of materials, research is constantly taking place and papers published. Degradation and environmental fate Effects of visible light Polyurethane foam made with an aromatic isocyanate, which has been exposed to UV light. Readily apparent is the discoloration that occurs over time. Wikinews has related news: Polyurethane plastic substitute can biodegrade in seawater, say scientists Polyurethanes, especially those made using aromatic isocyanates, contain chromophores that interact with light. This is of particular interest in the area of polyurethane coatings, where light stability is a critical factor and is the main reason that aliphatic isocyanates are used in making polyurethane coatings. When PU foam, which is made using aromatic isocyanates, is exposed to visible light, it discolors, turning from off-white to yellow to reddish brown. It has been generally accepted that apart from yellowing, visible light has little effect on foam properties. This is especially the case if the yellowing happens on the outer portions of a large foam, as the deterioration of properties in the outer portion has little effect on the overall bulk properties of the foam itself. It has been reported that exposure to visible light can affect the variability of some physical property test results. Higher-energy UV radiation promotes chemical reactions in foam, some of which are detrimental to the foam structure. Hydrolysis and biodegradation Polyurethanes may degrade due to hydrolysis. This is a common problem with shoes left in a closet, and reacting with moisture in the air. Microbial degradation of polyurethane is believed to be due to the action of esterase, urethanase, hydrolase and protease enzymes. The process is slow as most microbes have difficulty moving beyond the surface of the polymer. 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CDC. 21 March 2012. ^ "Quick Safety Tips for Spray Polyurethane Foam Users". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 August 2015. ^ "Home : ISOPA". www.isopa.org. ^ Avar, G. (October 2008). "Polyurethanes (PU)". Kunststoffe International (10/2008): 123–7. ^ "Market Study: Polyurethanes and Isocyanates". Ceresana. July 2013. ^ Jakhmola, Swati; Das, Sonalee; Dutta, Kingshuk (2023-10-31). "Emerging research trends in the field of polyurethane and its nanocomposites: Chemistry, Synthesis, Characterization, Application in coatings and Future perspectives". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00841-z (inactive 2024-05-03). ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 264908475.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link) ^ "Discoloration of polyurethane foam" (PDF). Foamex Information sheet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Valentine, C.; Craig, T.A.; Hager, S.L. (1993). "Inhibition of the Discoloration of Polyurethane Foam Caused by Ultraviolet Light". Journal of Cellular Plastics. 29 (6): 569–88. doi:10.1177/0021955X9302900605. S2CID 208363195. ^ Blair, G. Ron; Dawe, Bob; McEvoy, Jim; Pask, Roy; de Priamus, Marcela Rusan; Wright, Carol (2007). The Effect of Visible Light on the Variability of Flexible Foam Compression Sets (PDF). Orlando, FL: Center for the Polyurethane Industry. Retrieved 2008-01-26. ^ Newman, Christopher R.; Forciniti, Daniel (2001). "Modeling the Ultraviolet Photodegradation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 40 (15): 3346–52. doi:10.1021/ie0009738. ^ "Hydrolysis, The Crumbling of Shoe Soles explained | Safety Shoes and Gloves". www.safetyjogger.com. ^ Toward, Gary T. (June 2002). "Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 49 (4): 245–252. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00051-3. ^ Russell, J. R.; Huang, J.; Anand, P.; Kucera, K.; Sandoval, A. G.; Dantzler, K. W.; Hickman, D.; Jee, J.; Kimovec, F. M.; Koppstein, D.; Marks, D. H.; Mittermiller, P. A.; Nunez, S. J.; Santiago, M.; Townes, M. A.; Vishnevetsky, M.; Williams, N. E.; Vargas, M. P. N.; Boulanger, L.-A.; Bascom-Slack, C.; Strobel, S. A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951. ^ "Could Plastic-Eating Mushrooms Solve mankind's Plastic Problem?". Sciencemint. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-07-02. ^ Cappitelli, F.; Sorlini, C. (2007). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–9. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627. ^ Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (2009). "Biodegradability of Plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyurethanes. Center for the Polyurethanes Industry: information for EH&S issues related to polyurethanes developments Polyurethane synthesis, Polymer Science Learning Center, University of Southern Mississippi Polyurethane Foam Association: Industry information, educational materials and resources related to flexible polyurethane foam PU Europe: European PU insulation industry association (formerly BING): European voice for the national trade associations representing the polyurethane insulation industry ISOPA: European Diisocyanate & Polyol Producers Association: ISOPA represents the manufacturers in Europe of aromatic diisocyanates and polyols vtePlasticsChemical types Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) Polyacrylic acid (PAA) Polyamide (PA) Polybutylene (PB) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Polycarbonate (PC) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polyester (PEs) Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) Polyimide (PI) Polylactic acid (PLA) Polyoxymethylene (POM) Polyphenyl ether (PPE) Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polysulfone (PES) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Polyurethane (PU) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) Tritan copolyester Mechanical types Thermoplastic Thermosetting polymer Fibre-reinforced plastic Corrugated plastic Polymeric foam High-performance plastics Additives Polymer additive Colorants Plasticizer Polymer stabilizers Biodegradable additives Filler (materials) Plastics processing Injection moulding Plastic extrusion Blow molding Thermoforming Compression molding Calendering Transfer molding Laminating Fiberglass molding Pultrusion Plastic welding Filament winding Solvent bonding Vacuum forming Rotational molding ProductsPlastics industry segments Commodity plastics Construction Engineering plastics Geosynthetics High-performance plastics Nurdle Category:Plastics applications Plasticulture (Agriculture) Specific goods Blister pack Chairs Packaging film Bottles Bags Cutlery Shopping bags Foam food containers Environment and healthvteHealth issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs)Plasticizers: Phthalates DIBP DBP BBP (BBzP) DIHP DEHP (DOP) DIDP DINP Miscellaneous plasticizers Organophosphates Adipates (DEHA DOA) Monomers Bisphenol A (BPA, in Polycarbonates) Vinyl chloride (in PVC) Miscellaneous additives incl. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyurethane_synthesis.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urethane_sponge1.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˌpɒliˈjʊərəˌθeɪn, -jʊəˈrɛθeɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"carbamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"different applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polyurethane_applications"},{"link_name":"foams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"electrical potting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"spandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex"},{"link_name":"polyurethane laminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane_laminate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"isocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate"},{"link_name":"polyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"alternating copolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer#Alternating_copolymers"},{"link_name":"functional groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Polyurethane synthesis, wherein the urethane groups −NH−(C=O)−O− link the molecular unitsA kitchen sponge made of polyurethane foamPolyurethane (/ˌpɒliˈjʊərəˌθeɪn, -jʊəˈrɛθeɪn/;[1] often abbreviated PUR and PU) refers to a class of polymers composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. In contrast to other common polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene, polyurethane is produced from a wide range of starting materials. This chemical variety produces polyurethanes with different chemical structures leading to many different applications. These include rigid and flexible foams, and coatings, adhesives, electrical potting compounds, and fibers such as spandex and polyurethane laminate (PUL). Foams are the largest application accounting for 67% of all polyurethane produced in 2016.[2]A polyurethane is typically produced by reacting a polymeric isocyanate with a polyol.[3] Since a polyurethane contains two types of monomers, which polymerize one after the other, they are classed as alternating copolymers. Both the isocyanates and polyols used to make a polyurethane contain two or more functional groups per molecule.Global production in 2019 was 25 million metric tonnes,[4] accounting for about 6% of all polymers produced in that year.","title":"Polyurethane"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1937_1952_Prof_Otto_Bayer_Polyurethan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Otto Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bayer"},{"link_name":"IG Farben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"polycondensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycondensation"},{"link_name":"Wallace Carothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Carothers"},{"link_name":"polyesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seymour-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seymour-7"},{"link_name":"Polyisocyanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyisocyanate"},{"link_name":"toluene diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"elastomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer"},{"link_name":"hexamethylene diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylene_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"1,4-Butanediol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Butanediol"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(tetramethylene_ether)_glycol"},{"link_name":"BASF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF"},{"link_name":"Dow Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical"},{"link_name":"Union Carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Carbide"},{"link_name":"Mobay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobay"},{"link_name":"Monsanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto"},{"link_name":"Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seymour-7"},{"link_name":"chlorofluoroalkane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluoroalkane"},{"link_name":"methylene diphenyl diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"polyisocyanurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyisocyanurate"},{"link_name":"flammability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammability"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_(car)"},{"link_name":"reaction injection molding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_injection_molding"},{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"flexural modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural_modulus"},{"link_name":"thermal expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"Pontiac Fiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Fiero"},{"link_name":"resin injection molding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding"},{"link_name":"PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"blowing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agent"},{"link_name":"ozone depletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion"},{"link_name":"Montreal Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol"},{"link_name":"chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"trichlorofluoromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"pentane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentane"},{"link_name":"1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane"},{"link_name":"1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane"},{"link_name":"ODP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion_potential"},{"link_name":"GWP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Otto Bayer in 1952 demonstrating his creationOtto Bayer and his coworkers at IG Farben in Leverkusen, Germany, first made polyurethanes in 1937.[5][6] The new polymers had some advantages over existing plastics that were made by polymerizing olefins or by polycondensation, and were not covered by patents obtained by Wallace Carothers on polyesters.[7] Early work focused on the production of fibers and flexible foams and PUs were applied on a limited scale as aircraft coating during World War II.[7] Polyisocyanates became commercially available in 1952, and production of flexible polyurethane foam began in 1954 by combining toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyester polyols. These materials were also used to produce rigid foams, gum rubber, and elastomers. Linear fibers were produced from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).DuPont introduced polyethers, specifically poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol, in 1956. BASF and Dow Chemical introduced polyalkylene glycols in 1957. Polyether polyols were cheaper, easier to handle and more water-resistant than polyester polyols. Union Carbide and Mobay, a U.S. Monsanto/Bayer joint venture, also began making polyurethane chemicals.[7] In 1960 more than 45,000 metric tons of flexible polyurethane foams were produced. The availability of chlorofluoroalkane blowing agents, inexpensive polyether polyols, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) allowed polyurethane rigid foams to be used as high-performance insulation materials. In 1967, urethane-modified polyisocyanurate rigid foams were introduced, offering even better thermal stability and flammability resistance. During the 1960s, automotive interior safety components, such as instrument and door panels, were produced by back-filling thermoplastic skins with semi-rigid foam.In 1969, Bayer exhibited an all-plastic car in Düsseldorf, Germany. Parts of this car, such as the fascia and body panels, were manufactured using a new process called reaction injection molding (RIM), in which the reactants were mixed and then injected into a mold. The addition of fillers, such as milled glass, mica, and processed mineral fibers, gave rise to reinforced RIM (RRIM), which provided improvements in flexural modulus (stiffness), reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion and better thermal stability. This technology was used to make the first plastic-body automobile in the United States, the Pontiac Fiero, in 1983. Further increases in stiffness were obtained by incorporating pre-placed glass mats into the RIM mold cavity, also known broadly as resin injection molding, or structural RIM.Starting in the early 1980s, water-blown microcellular flexible foams were used to mold gaskets for automotive panels and air-filter seals, replacing PVC polymers. Polyurethane foams are used in many automotive applications including seating, head and arm rests, and headliners.Polyurethane foam (including foam rubber) is sometimes made using small amounts of blowing agents to give less dense foam, better cushioning/energy absorption or thermal insulation. In the early 1990s, because of their impact on ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol restricted the use of many chlorine-containing blowing agents, such as trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). By the late 1990s, blowing agents such as carbon dioxide, pentane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) were widely used in North America and the EU, although chlorinated blowing agents remained in use in many developing countries. Later, HFC-134a was also banned due to high ODP and GWP readings, and HFC-141B was introduced in early 2000s as an alternate blowing agent in developing nations.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isocyanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate"},{"link_name":"polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ge2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gum_1992-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oertel_1985-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soto_2014-15"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"DABCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DABCO"},{"link_name":"DMDEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMDEE"},{"link_name":"metallic soaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_soap"},{"link_name":"dibutyltin dilaurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibutyltin_dilaurate"},{"link_name":"stoichiometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry"},{"link_name":"trimerise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"polyisocyanurates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyisocyanurate"},{"link_name":"crosslinked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslink"},{"link_name":"thermosetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic polyurethanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyurethane_synthesis.tif"},{"link_name":"foams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"blowing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agent"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"carbamic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamic_acid"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"polyurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurea"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"rheology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheology"},{"link_name":"reticulated foams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulated_foam"},{"link_name":"mattresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattresses"},{"link_name":"thermal insulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"microcellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcellular"},{"link_name":"steering wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel"},{"link_name":"shoe soles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_sole"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(solid_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"crosslinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"}],"text":"Polyurethanes are produced by reacting diisocyanates with polyols,[9][10][11][12][13][14] often in the presence of a catalyst, or upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.[15] \nCommon catalysts include tertiary amines, such as DABCO, DMDEE, or metallic soaps, such as dibutyltin dilaurate. The stoichiometry of the starting materials must be carefully controlled as excess isocyanate can trimerise, leading to the formation of rigid polyisocyanurates. The polymer usually has a highly crosslinked molecular structure, resulting in a thermosetting material which does not melt on heating; although some thermoplastic polyurethanes are also produced.The most common application of polyurethane is as solid foams, which requires the presence of a gas, or blowing agent, during the polymerization step. This is commonly achieved by adding small amounts of water, which reacts with isocyanates to form CO2 gas and an amine, via an unstable carbamic acid group. The amine produced can also react with isocyanates to form urea groups, and as such the polymer will contain both these and urethane linkers. The urea is not very soluble in the reaction mixture and tends to form separate \"hard segment\" phases consisting mostly of polyurea. The concentration and organization of these polyurea phases can have a significant impact on the properties of the foam.[16]R\n \n −\n \n N\n \n =\n \n C\n \n =\n \n O\n \n +\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n →\n \n \n step\n \n  \n 1\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n |\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n O\n \n ‖\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n O\n \n −\n \n H\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n CO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n step\n \n  \n 2\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n −\n \n \n NH\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n R\n \n −\n \n N\n \n =\n \n C\n \n =\n \n O\n \n \n \n →\n \n \n step\n \n  \n 3\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n R\n \n −\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n |\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n O\n \n ‖\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n |\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n R\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{array}{l}{\\ce {{R-N=C=O}+H2O->[{\\ce {step}}\\ 1]R1-{\\underset {| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{N}}-{\\overset {\\displaystyle O \\atop \\|}{C}}-O-H->[{\\ce {step}}\\ 2][{\\ce {-CO2}}]{R-NH2}+{R-N=C=O}->[{\\ce {step}}\\ 3]-R-{\\underset {| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{N}}-{\\overset {\\displaystyle O \\atop \\|}{C}}-{\\underset {| \\atop \\displaystyle H}{N}}-R}}{-}\\end{array}}}The type of foam produced can be controlled by regulating the amount of blowing agent and also by the addition of various surfactants which change the rheology of the polymerising mixture. Foams can be either \"closed-cell\", where most of the original bubbles or cells remain intact, or \"open-cell\", where the bubbles have broken but the edges of the bubbles are stiff enough to retain their shape, in extreme cases reticulated foams can be formed. Open-cell foams feel soft and allow air to flow through, so they are comfortable when used in seat cushions or mattresses. Closed-cell foams are used as rigid thermal insulation. High-density microcellular foams can be formed without the addition of blowing agents by mechanically frothing the polyol prior to use. These are tough elastomeric materials used in covering car steering wheels or shoe soles.The properties of a polyurethane are greatly influenced by the types of isocyanates and polyols used to make it. Long, flexible segments, contributed by the polyol, give soft, elastic polymer. High amounts of crosslinking give tough or rigid polymers. Long chains and low crosslinking give a polymer that is very stretchy, short chains with many crosslinks produce a hard polymer while long chains and intermediate crosslinking give a polymer useful for making foam. The choices available for the isocyanates and polyols, in addition to other additives and processing conditions allow polyurethanes to have the very wide range of properties that make them such widely used polymers.","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isocyanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanates"},{"link_name":"polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyols"}],"text":"The main ingredients to make a polyurethane are di- and tri-isocyanates and polyols. Other materials are added to aid processing the polymer or to modify the properties of the polymer. PU foam formulation sometimes have water added too.","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity"},{"link_name":"toluene diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"methylene diphenyl diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"aliphatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MDI_isomers.PNG"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylene_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"isophorone diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isophorone_diisocyanate"},{"link_name":"4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenated_MDI"},{"link_name":"Tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylxylylene_diisocyanate"}],"sub_title":"Isocyanates","text":"Isocyanates used to make polyurethane have two or more isocyanate groups on each molecule. The most commonly used isocyanates are the aromatic diisocyanates, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, (MDI). These aromatic isocyanates are more reactive than aliphatic isocyanates.TDI and MDI are generally less expensive and more reactive than other isocyanates. Industrial grade TDI and MDI are mixtures of isomers and MDI often contains polymeric materials. They are used to make flexible foam (for example slabstock foam for mattresses or molded foams for car seats),[17] rigid foam (for example insulating foam in refrigerators) elastomers (shoe soles, for example), and so on. The isocyanates may be modified by partially reacting them with polyols or introducing some other materials to reduce volatility (and hence toxicity) of the isocyanates, decrease their freezing points to make handling easier or to improve the properties of the final polymers.MDI isomers and polymerAliphatic and cycloaliphatic isocyanates are used in smaller quantities, most often in coatings and other applications where color and transparency are important since polyurethanes made with aromatic isocyanates tend to darken on exposure to light.[page needed][18] The most important aliphatic and cycloaliphatic isocyanates are 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 1-isocyanato-3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI), and 4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI or hydrogenated MDI). Other more specialized isocyanates include Tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI).","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyols#Polyols_in_polymer_chemistry"},{"link_name":"ethylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"propylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"dipropylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"glycerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sucrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose"},{"link_name":"sorbitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol"},{"link_name":"toluenediamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenediamine"},{"link_name":"Mannich bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannich_base"},{"link_name":"Propylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"ethylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"styrene–acrylonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer"},{"link_name":"acrylonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile"},{"link_name":"ethylenediamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine"},{"link_name":"triethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethanolamine"},{"link_name":"poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(tetramethylene_ether)_glycol"},{"link_name":"tetrahydrofuran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"poly(ethyleneterephthalate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate"},{"link_name":"dimethylterephthalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylterephthalate"},{"link_name":"polyisocyanurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyisocyanurate"},{"link_name":"polycarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate"},{"link_name":"polycaprolactone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycaprolactone"},{"link_name":"polybutadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutadiene"},{"link_name":"polysulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfide"},{"link_name":"Natural oil polyols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_oil_polyols"},{"link_name":"castor oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil"},{"link_name":"vegetable oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oils"},{"link_name":"chlorotrifluoroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotrifluoroethylene"},{"link_name":"tetrafluoroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"chemically bonded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond"},{"link_name":"flame retardants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_retardants"},{"link_name":"organophosphorus compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound"}],"sub_title":"Polyols","text":"Polyols are polymers in their own right and have on average two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. They can be converted to polyether polyols by co-polymerizing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with a suitable polyol precursor.[19] Polyester polyols are made by the polycondensation of multifunctional carboxylic acids and polyhydroxyl compounds. They can be further classified according to their end use. Higher molecular weight polyols (molecular weights from 2,000 to 10,000) are used to make more flexible polyurethanes while lower molecular weight polyols make more rigid products.Polyols for flexible applications use low functionality initiators such as dipropylene glycol (f = 2), glycerine (f = 3), or a sorbitol/water solution (f = 2.75).[20] Polyols for rigid applications use higher functionality initiators such as sucrose (f = 8), sorbitol (f = 6), toluenediamine (f = 4), and Mannich bases (f = 4). Propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide is added to the initiators until the desired molecular weight is achieved. The order of addition and the amounts of each oxide affect many polyol properties, such as compatibility, water-solubility, and reactivity. Polyols made with only propylene oxide are terminated with secondary hydroxyl groups and are less reactive than polyols capped with ethylene oxide, which contain primary hydroxyl groups. Incorporating carbon dioxide into the polyol structure is being researched by multiple companies.Graft polyols (also called filled polyols or polymer polyols) contain finely dispersed styrene–acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile, or polyurea (PHD) polymer solids chemically grafted to a high molecular weight polyether backbone. They are used to increase the load-bearing properties of low-density high-resiliency (HR) foam, as well as add toughness to microcellular foams and cast elastomers. Initiators such as ethylenediamine and triethanolamine are used to make low molecular weight rigid foam polyols that have built-in catalytic activity due to the presence of nitrogen atoms in the backbone. A special class of polyether polyols, poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols, which are made by polymerizing tetrahydrofuran, are used in high performance coating, wetting and elastomer applications.Conventional polyester polyols are based on virgin raw materials and are manufactured by the direct polyesterification of high-purity diacids and glycols, such as adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol. Polyester polyols are usually more expensive and more viscous than polyether polyols, but they make polyurethanes with better solvent, abrasion, and cut resistance. Other polyester polyols are based on reclaimed raw materials. They are manufactured by transesterification (glycolysis) of recycled poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) or dimethylterephthalate (DMT) distillation bottoms with glycols such as diethylene glycol. These low molecular weight, aromatic polyester polyols are used in rigid foam, and bring low cost and excellent flammability characteristics to polyisocyanurate (PIR) boardstock and polyurethane spray foam insulation.Specialty polyols include polycarbonate polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, polybutadiene polyols, and polysulfide polyols. The materials are used in elastomer, sealant, and adhesive applications that require superior weatherability, and resistance to chemical and environmental attack. Natural oil polyols derived from castor oil and other vegetable oils are used to make elastomers, flexible bunstock, and flexible molded foam.Co-polymerizing chlorotrifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene with vinyl ethers containing hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether produces fluorinated (FEVE) polyols. Two-component fluorinated polyurethanes prepared by reacting FEVE fluorinated polyols with polyisocyanate have been used to make ambient cure paints and coatings. Since fluorinated polyurethanes contain a high percentage of fluorine–carbon bonds, which are the strongest bonds among all chemical bonds, fluorinated polyurethanes exhibit resistance to UV, acids, alkali, salts, chemicals, solvents, weathering, corrosion, fungi and microbial attack. These have been used for high performance coatings and paints.[21]Phosphorus-containing polyols are available that become chemically bonded to the polyurethane matrix for the use as flame retardants. This covalent linkage prevents migration and leaching of the organophosphorus compound.","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sustainable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable"},{"link_name":"\"green\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry"},{"link_name":"vegetable oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussc-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"polyamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-From_Petrochemical_Polyurethanes_to_Biobased_Polyhydroxyurethanes-26"}],"sub_title":"Bio-derived materials","text":"Interest in sustainable \"green\" products raised interest in polyols derived from vegetable oils.[22][23][24] Various oils used in the preparation polyols for polyurethanes include soybean, cotton seed, neem seed, and castor. Vegetable oils are functionalized by various ways and modified to polyetheramide, polyethers, alkyds, etc. Renewable sources used to prepare polyols may be dimer fatty acids or fatty acids.[25] Some biobased and isocyanate-free polyurethanes exploit the reaction between polyamines and cyclic carbonates to produce polyhydroxurethanes.[26]","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chain extenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_extender"},{"link_name":"cross linkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oertel_1985-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"1,4-butanediol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-butanediol"},{"link_name":"1,6-hexanediol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,6-hexanediol"},{"link_name":"cyclohexane dimethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane_dimethanol"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic polyurethanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethanes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gum_1992-10"}],"sub_title":"Chain extenders and cross linkers","text":"Chain extenders (f = 2) and cross linkers (f ≥ 3) are low molecular weight hydroxyl and amine terminated compounds that play an important role in the polymer morphology of polyurethane fibers, elastomers, adhesives, and certain integral skin and microcellular foams. The elastomeric properties of these materials are derived from the phase separation of the hard and soft copolymer segments of the polymer, such that the urethane hard segment domains serve as cross-links between the amorphous polyether (or polyester) soft segment domains. This phase separation occurs because the mainly nonpolar, low melting soft segments are incompatible with the polar, high melting hard segments. The soft segments, which are formed from high molecular weight polyols, are mobile and are normally present in coiled formation, while the hard segments, which are formed from the isocyanate and chain extenders, are stiff and immobile. Because the hard segments are covalently coupled to the soft segments, they inhibit plastic flow of the polymer chains, thus creating elastomeric resiliency. Upon mechanical deformation, a portion of the soft segments are stressed by uncoiling, and the hard segments become aligned in the stress direction. This reorientation of the hard segments and consequent powerful hydrogen bonding contributes to high tensile strength, elongation, and tear resistance values.[12][27][28][29][30]\nThe choice of chain extender also determines flexural, heat, and chemical resistance properties. The most important chain extenders are ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO or BDO), 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol and hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE). All of these glycols form polyurethanes that phase separate well and form well defined hard segment domains, and are melt processable. They are all suitable for thermoplastic polyurethanes with the exception of ethylene glycol, since its derived bis-phenyl urethane undergoes unfavorable degradation at high hard segment levels.[10] Diethanolamine and triethanolamine are used in flex molded foams to build firmness and add catalytic activity. Diethyltoluenediamine is used extensively in RIM, and in polyurethane and polyurea elastomer formulations.","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"Tertiary amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_amine"},{"link_name":"DABCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DABCO"},{"link_name":"dimethylcyclohexylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimethylcyclohexylamine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dimethylethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine"},{"link_name":"Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol"},{"link_name":"dibutyltin dilaurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibutyltin_dilaurate"},{"link_name":"autocatalytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocatalytic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"isocyanurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanurate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Catalysts","text":"Polyurethane catalysts can be classified into two broad categories, basic and acidic amine. Tertiary amine catalysts function by enhancing the nucleophilicity of the diol component. Alkyl tin carboxylates, oxides and mercaptides oxides function as mild Lewis acids in accelerating the formation of polyurethane. As bases, traditional amine catalysts include triethylenediamine (TEDA, also called DABCO, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol and bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether, a blowing catalyst also called A-99. A typical Lewis acidic catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate. The process is highly sensitive to the nature of the catalyst and is also known to be autocatalytic.[32]Factors affecting catalyst selection include balancing three reactions: urethane (polyol+isocyanate, or gel) formation, the urea (water+isocyanate, or \"blow\") formation, or the isocyanate trimerization reaction (e.g., using potassium acetate, to form isocyanurate rings). A variety of specialized catalysts have been developed.[33][34][35]","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactants"},{"link_name":"silicone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone"},{"link_name":"nonylphenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonylphenol"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Surfactants","text":"Surfactants are used to modify the characteristics of both foam and non-foam polyurethane polymers. They take the form of polydimethylsiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers, silicone oils, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and other organic compounds. In foams, they are used to emulsify the liquid components, regulate cell size, and stabilize the cell structure to prevent collapse and sub-surface voids.[36] In non-foam applications they are used as air release and antifoaming agents, as wetting agents, and are used to eliminate surface defects such as pin holes, orange peel, and sink marks.","title":"Raw materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blowing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cross linkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_linker"},{"link_name":"surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"flame retardants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_retardant"},{"link_name":"blowing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agent"},{"link_name":"pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"fillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filler_(materials)"}],"text":"Polyurethanes are produced by mixing two or more liquid streams. The polyol stream contains catalysts, surfactants, blowing agents (when making polyurethane foam insulation) and so on. The two components are referred to as a polyurethane system, or simply a system. The isocyanate is commonly referred to in North America as the 'A-side' or just the 'iso'. The blend of polyols and other additives is commonly referred to as the 'B-side' or as the 'poly'.[citation needed] This mixture might also be called a 'resin' or 'resin blend'. In Europe the meanings for 'A-side' and 'B-side' are reversed.[citation needed] Resin blend additives may include chain extenders, cross linkers, surfactants, flame retardants, blowing agents, pigments, and fillers. Polyurethane can be made in a variety of densities and hardnesses by varying the isocyanate, polyol or additives.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inert"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conference_of_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flame_Retardant_Research_-_LDH_materials_(16241017250).jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"hydrogen cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"flame retardants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_retardant"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"isocyanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"polyurethane spray foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_foams_(insulation)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Fully reacted polyurethane polymer is chemically inert.[37] No exposure limits have been established in the U.S. by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) or ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). It is not regulated by OSHA for carcinogenicity.Open-flame test. Top: untreated polyurethane foam burns vigorously. Bottom: with fire-retardant treatment.Polyurethanes are combustible.[38] Decomposition from fire can produce significant amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, in addition to nitrogen oxides, isocyanates, and other toxic products.[39] Because of the flammability of the material, it has to be treated with flame retardants (at least in case of furniture), almost all of which are considered harmful.[40][41] California later issued Technical Bulletin 117 2013 which allowed most polyurethane foam to pass flammability tests without the use of flame retardants. Green Science Policy Institute states: \"Although the new standard can be met without flame retardants, it does NOT ban their \nuse. Consumers who wish to reduce household exposure to flame retardants can look for a TB117-2013 tag on furniture, and verify with retailers that products do not contain flame retardants.\"[42]Liquid resin blends and isocyanates may contain hazardous or regulated components. Isocyanates are known skin and respiratory sensitizers. Additionally, amines, glycols, and phosphate present in spray polyurethane foams present risks.[43]Exposure to chemicals that may be emitted during or after application of polyurethane spray foam (such as isocyanates) are harmful to human health and therefore special precautions are required during and after this process.[44]In the United States, additional health and safety information can be found through organizations such as the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association (PMA) and the Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI), as well as from polyurethane system and raw material manufacturers. Regulatory information can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (Food and Drugs) and Title 40 (Protection of the Environment). In Europe, health and safety information is available from ISOPA,[45] the European Diisocyanate and Polyol Producers Association.","title":"Health and safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bunstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunstock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"boardstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boardstock&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The methods of manufacturing polyurethane finished goods range from small, hand pour piece-part operations to large, high-volume bunstock and boardstock production lines. Regardless of the end-product, the manufacturing principle is the same: to meter the liquid isocyanate and resin blend at a specified stoichiometric ratio, mix them together until a homogeneous blend is obtained, dispense the reacting liquid into a mold or on to a surface, wait until it cures, then demold the finished part.","title":"Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control"},{"link_name":"intermediate bulk containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container"},{"link_name":"caged IBC totes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caged_IBC_tote"},{"link_name":"storage tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_tank"},{"link_name":"lance pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lance_pump&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"glass fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber"},{"link_name":"wollastonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HighPressureDispenseUnit800x600.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HighPressureLHeadFront600x800.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HighPressureLHeadRear600x800.png"},{"link_name":"impingement mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impinging_mixer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LowPressureMixHead600x800.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LowPressureMixChamberComponents800x600.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LowPressure5GallonDayTanks800x600.png"}],"sub_title":"Dispensing equipment","text":"Although the capital outlay can be high, it is desirable to use a meter-mix or dispense unit for even low-volume production operations that require a steady output of finished parts. Dispense equipment consists of material holding (day) tanks, metering pumps, a mix head, and a control unit. Often, a conditioning or heater–chiller unit is added to control material temperature in order to improve mix efficiency, cure rate, and to reduce process variability. Choice of dispense equipment components depends on shot size, throughput, material characteristics such as viscosity and filler content, and process control. Material day tanks may be single to hundreds of gallons in size and may be supplied directly from drums, IBCs (intermediate bulk containers, such as caged IBC totes), or bulk storage tanks. They may incorporate level sensors, conditioning jackets, and mixers. Pumps can be sized to meter in single grams per second up to hundreds of pounds per minute. They can be rotary, gear, or piston pumps, or can be specially hardened lance pumps to meter liquids containing highly abrasive fillers such as chopped or hammer-milled glass fiber and wollastonite.[citation needed]A high-pressure polyurethane dispense unit, showing control panel, high-pressure pump, integral day tanks, and hydraulic drive unit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA high-pressure mix head, showing simple controls (front view)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA high-pressure mix head, showing material supply and hydraulic actuator lines (rear view)The pumps can drive low-pressure (10 to 30 bar, 1 to 3 MPa) or high-pressure (125 to 250 bar, 12.5 to 25.0 MPa) dispense systems. Mix heads can be simple static mix tubes, rotary-element mixers, low-pressure dynamic mixers, or high-pressure hydraulically actuated direct impingement mixers. Control units may have basic on/off and dispense/stop switches, and analogue pressure and temperature gauges, or may be computer-controlled with flow meters to electronically calibrate mix ratio, digital temperature and level sensors, and a full suite of statistical process control software. Add-ons to dispense equipment include nucleation or gas injection units, and third or fourth stream capability for adding pigments or metering in supplemental additive packages.A low-pressure mix head with calibration chamber installed, showing material supply and air actuator lines\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLow-pressure mix head components, including mix chambers, conical mixers, and mounting plates\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5-gallon (20-liter) material day tanks for supplying a low-pressure dispense unit","title":"Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"}],"sub_title":"Tooling","text":"Distinct from pour-in-place, bun and boardstock, and coating applications, the production of piece parts requires tooling to contain and form the reacting liquid.\nThe choice of mold-making material is dependent on the expected number of uses to end-of-life (EOL), molding pressure, flexibility, and heat transfer characteristics.RTV silicone is used for tooling that has an EOL in the thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding rigid foam parts, where the ability to stretch and peel the mold around undercuts is needed.\nThe heat transfer characteristic of RTV silicone tooling is poor. High-performance, flexible polyurethane elastomers are also used in this way.Epoxy, metal-filled epoxy, and metal-coated epoxy is used for tooling that has an EOL in the tens of thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding flexible foam cushions and seating, integral skin and microcellular foam padding, and shallow-draft RIM bezels and fascia. The heat transfer characteristic of epoxy tooling is fair; the heat transfer characteristic of metal-filled and metal-coated epoxy is good. Copper tubing can be incorporated into the body of the tool, allowing hot water to circulate and heat the mold surface.Aluminum is used for tooling that has an EOL in the hundreds of thousands of parts. It is typically used for molding microcellular foam gasketing and cast elastomer parts, and is milled or extruded into shape.Mirror-finish stainless steel is used for tooling that imparts a glossy appearance to the finished part. The heat transfer characteristic of metal tooling is excellent.Finally, molded or milled polypropylene is used to create low-volume tooling for molded gasket applications. Instead of many expensive metal molds, low-cost plastic tooling can be formed from a single metal master, which also allows greater design flexibility. The heat transfer characteristic of polypropylene tooling is poor, which must be taken into consideration during the formulation process.","title":"Manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In 2007, the global consumption of polyurethane raw materials was above 12 million metric tons, and the average annual growth rate was about 5%.[46] Revenues generated with PUR on the global market are expected to rise to approximately US$75 billion by 2022.[47] As they are such an important class of materials, research is constantly taking place and papers published.[48]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Degradation and environmental fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UVDistressedFlexMoldedFoam800x600.png"},{"link_name":"Polyurethane plastic substitute can biodegrade in seawater, say scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Polyurethane_plastic_substitute_can_biodegrade_in_seawater,_say_scientists"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic"},{"link_name":"chromophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophores"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light"},{"link_name":"aliphatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Effects of visible light","text":"Polyurethane foam made with an aromatic isocyanate, which has been exposed to UV light. Readily apparent is the discoloration that occurs over time.Wikinews has related news:\n Polyurethane plastic substitute can biodegrade in seawater, say scientistsPolyurethanes, especially those made using aromatic isocyanates, contain chromophores that interact with light. This is of particular interest in the area of polyurethane coatings, where light stability is a critical factor and is the main reason that aliphatic isocyanates are used in making polyurethane coatings. When PU foam, which is made using aromatic isocyanates, is exposed to visible light, it discolors, turning from off-white to yellow to reddish brown. It has been generally accepted that apart from yellowing, visible light has little effect on foam properties.[49][50] This is especially the case if the yellowing happens on the outer portions of a large foam, as the deterioration of properties in the outer portion has little effect on the overall bulk properties of the foam itself.It has been reported that exposure to visible light can affect the variability of some physical property test results.[51]Higher-energy UV radiation promotes chemical reactions in foam, some of which are detrimental to the foam structure.[52]","title":"Degradation and environmental fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"esterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterase"},{"link_name":"urethanase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethanase"},{"link_name":"hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolase"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"extracellular enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_extracellular_enzyme_activity"},{"link_name":"Pestalotiopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestalotiopsis"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Hydrolysis and biodegradation","text":"Polyurethanes may degrade due to hydrolysis. This is a common problem with shoes left in a closet, and reacting with moisture in the air.[53]Microbial degradation of polyurethane is believed to be due to the action of esterase, urethanase, hydrolase and protease enzymes.[54] The process is slow as most microbes have difficulty moving beyond the surface of the polymer. Susceptibility to fungi is higher due to their release of extracellular enzymes, which are better able to permeate the polymer matrix. Two species of the Ecuadorian fungus Pestalotiopsis are capable of biodegrading polyurethane in aerobic and anaerobic conditions such as found at the bottom of landfills.[55][56] Degradation of polyurethane items at museums has been reported.[57] Polyester-type polyurethanes are more easily biodegraded by fungus than polyether-type.[58]","title":"Degradation and environmental fate"}]
[{"image_text":"Polyurethane synthesis, wherein the urethane groups −NH−(C=O)−O− link the molecular units","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Polyurethane_synthesis.svg/220px-Polyurethane_synthesis.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A kitchen sponge made of polyurethane foam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Urethane_sponge1.jpg/220px-Urethane_sponge1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Otto Bayer in 1952 demonstrating his creation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1937_1952_Prof_Otto_Bayer_Polyurethan.jpg/220px-1937_1952_Prof_Otto_Bayer_Polyurethan.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Polyurethane_synthesis.tif/lossless-page1-800px-Polyurethane_synthesis.tif.png"},{"image_text":"MDI isomers and polymer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MDI_isomers.PNG/500px-MDI_isomers.PNG"},{"image_text":"Open-flame test. Top: untreated polyurethane foam burns vigorously. Bottom: with fire-retardant treatment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flame_Retardant_Research_-_LDH_materials_%2816241017250%29.jpg/440px-Flame_Retardant_Research_-_LDH_materials_%2816241017250%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polyurethane foam made with an aromatic isocyanate, which has been exposed to UV light. Readily apparent is the discoloration that occurs over time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/UVDistressedFlexMoldedFoam800x600.png/220px-UVDistressedFlexMoldedFoam800x600.png"}]
[{"title":"Botanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanol"},{"title":"Passive fire protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protection"},{"title":"Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrant_(mechanical,_electrical,_or_structural)"},{"title":"Polyaspartic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaspartic"},{"title":"Polyurethane dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane_dispersion"},{"title":"Thermoplastic polyurethanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethanes"},{"title":"Thermoset polymer matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoset_polymer_matrix"}]
[{"reference":"\"polyurethane\". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/polyurethane","url_text":"\"polyurethane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com","url_text":"Dictionary.com Unabridged"}]},{"reference":"Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana (27 September 2018). \"Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future\". Materials. 11 (10): 1841. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.1841G. doi:10.3390/ma11101841. PMC 6213201. PMID 30262722.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213201","url_text":"\"Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Mate...11.1841G","url_text":"2018Mate...11.1841G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fma11101841","url_text":"10.3390/ma11101841"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213201","url_text":"6213201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30262722","url_text":"30262722"}]},{"reference":"\"Polyurethane\". American Chemistry Council. Retrieved 2022-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanchemistry.com/chemistry-in-america/chemistries/polyurethane","url_text":"\"Polyurethane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polyurethane global market volume 2015-2026\". Statista. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/720341/global-polyurethane-market-size-forecast/","url_text":"\"Polyurethane global market volume 2015-2026\""}]},{"reference":"Bayer, Otto (1947). \"Das Di-Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahren (Polyurethane)\". Angewandte Chemie. 59 (9): 257–72. Bibcode:1947AngCh..59..257B. doi:10.1002/ange.19470590901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947AngCh..59..257B","url_text":"1947AngCh..59..257B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19470590901","url_text":"10.1002/ange.19470590901"}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Raymond B.; Kauffman, George B. (1992). \"Polyurethanes: A class of modern versatile materials\". Journal of Chemical Education. 69 (11): 909. Bibcode:1992JChEd..69..909S. doi:10.1021/ed069p909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JChEd..69..909S","url_text":"1992JChEd..69..909S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed069p909","url_text":"10.1021/ed069p909"}]},{"reference":"Feske, Bert (October 2004). \"The Use of Saytex RB-9130/9170 Low Viscosity Brominated Flame Retardant Polyols in HFC-245fa and High Water Formulations\" (PDF). Polyurethanes Expo 2004. Las Vegas, NV: Alliance for the Polyurethane Industry Technical Conference. p. 309. Retrieved 2007-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/48098803X.pdf","url_text":"\"The Use of Saytex RB-9130/9170 Low Viscosity Brominated Flame Retardant Polyols in HFC-245fa and High Water Formulations\""}]},{"reference":"Gum, Wilson; Riese, Wolfram; Ulrich, Henri (1992). Reaction Polymers. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-520933-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520933-4","url_text":"978-0-19-520933-4"}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Ron; Hock, Kathy (1991). Flexible Polyurethane Foams. Midland: The Dow Chemical Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oertel, Gunter (1985). Polyurethane Handbook. New York: Macmillen Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 978-0-02-948920-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-948920-8","url_text":"978-0-02-948920-8"}]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Henri (1996). Chemistry and Technology of Isocyanates. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-96371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96371-4","url_text":"978-0-471-96371-4"}]},{"reference":"Woods, George (1990). The ICI Polyurethanes Book. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-92658-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92658-0","url_text":"978-0-471-92658-0"}]},{"reference":"Soto, Marc; Sebastián, Rosa María; Marquet, Jordi (2014). \"Photochemical Activation of Extremely Weak Nucleophiles: Highly Fluorinated Urethanes and Polyurethanes from Polyfluoro Alcohols\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (11): 5019–27. doi:10.1021/jo5005789. PMID 24820955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo5005789","url_text":"10.1021/jo5005789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24820955","url_text":"24820955"}]},{"reference":"Kaushiva, Byran D. (August 15, 1999). Structure-Property Relationships of Flexible Polyurethane Foams (Ph.D.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute.","urls":[{"url":"http://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-083199-185156/","url_text":"Structure-Property Relationships of Flexible Polyurethane Foams"}]},{"reference":"\"Technical data sheet from Dow Chemical\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154430/http://dowglobal.beta.ides.com/DocSelect.aspx?DOC=DOWTDS&E=101414","url_text":"\"Technical data sheet from Dow Chemical\""},{"url":"http://dowglobal.beta.ides.com/DocSelect.aspx?DOC=DOWTDS&E=101414","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Randall, David; Lee, Steve (2002). The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85041-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85041-1","url_text":"978-0-470-85041-1"}]},{"reference":"Petrović, Zoran S. (2008). \"Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils\". Polymer Reviews. 48 (1): 109–155. doi:10.1080/15583720701834224. S2CID 95466690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15583720701834224","url_text":"10.1080/15583720701834224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95466690","url_text":"95466690"}]},{"reference":"Bob Parker. \"FEVE Technology for Higher Performance Coating Systems on Bridges\" (PDF). Paintsquare.com. Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paintsquare.com/library/articles/(038-47)BridgeResins01-15.pdf#:~:text=The%20FEVE%20polyol%20resins%20play%20an%20integral%20part,coating%20systems%20across%20the%20globe%20since%20its%20introduction","url_text":"\"FEVE Technology for Higher Performance Coating Systems on Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"Niemeyer, Timothy; Patel, Munjal; Geiger, Eric (September 2006). A Further Examination of Soy-Based Polyols in Polyurethane Systems. Salt Lake City, UT: Alliance for the Polyurethane Industry Technical Conference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Twist on Green: 2008 Ford Mustang Seats Will Be Soy-Based Foam\". Edmunds inside line. July 12, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2010-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080531084933/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=121682","url_text":"\"New Twist on Green: 2008 Ford Mustang Seats Will Be Soy-Based Foam\""},{"url":"http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=121682","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nohra, Bassam; Candy, Laure; Blanco, Jean-François; Guerin, Celine; Raoul, Yann; Mouloungui, Zephirin (2013). \"From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes\" (PDF). Macromolecules. 46 (10): 3771–92. Bibcode:2013MaMol..46.3771N. doi:10.1021/ma400197c. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9942/1/Nohra_9942.pdf","url_text":"\"From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MaMol..46.3771N","url_text":"2013MaMol..46.3771N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma400197c","url_text":"10.1021/ma400197c"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043448/http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9942/1/Nohra_9942.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, J.; Nagarajan, M. R.; Hoitink, T. B. (1981). \"The Structure of the Hard Segments in MDI/diol/PTMA Polyurethane Elastomers\". ACS Symposium Series. 172. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society: 179–196. doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0172.ch014. ISBN 978-0-8412-0664-9. ISSN 0097-6156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbk-1981-0172.ch014","url_text":"10.1021/bk-1981-0172.ch014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-0664-9","url_text":"978-0-8412-0664-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-6156","url_text":"0097-6156"}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, John; Gardner, Kenncorwin H. (1979). \"Structure of the hard segments in polyurethane elastomers\". Polymer. 20: 13–17. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(79)90035-1. ISSN 0032-3861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-3861%2879%2990035-1","url_text":"10.1016/0032-3861(79)90035-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3861","url_text":"0032-3861"}]},{"reference":"Grillo, D. J.; Housel, T. L. (1992). \"Physical Properties of Polyurethanes from Polyesters and Other Polyols\". Polyurethanes '92 Conference Proceedings. New Orleans, LA: The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Musselman, S. G.; Santosusso, T. M.; Sperling, L. H. (1998). \"Structure Versus Performance Properties of Cast Elastomers\". Polyurethanes '98 Conference Proceedings. Dallas, TX: The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A Guide to Glycols. Midland, Mich.: The Dow Chemical Co., Chemicals and Metals Department. 1992. Brochure 117-00991-92Hyc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adam, Norbert; Avar, Geza; Blankenheim, Herbert; Friederichs, Wolfgang; Giersig, Manfred; Weigand, Eckehard; Halfmann, Michael; Wittbecker, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Larimer, Donald-Richard; Maier, Udo; Meyer-Ahrens, Sven; Noble, Karl-Ludwig; Wussow, Hans-Georg (2005). \"Polyurethanes\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_665.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_665.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a21_665.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2","url_text":"978-3-527-30673-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffcat Amine Catalysts for the Polyurethane Industry\" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. 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January 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Randall, David; Lee, Steve, eds. (2002). \"10\". The Polyurethanes Book. The United Kingdom: Huntsman International LLC, Polyurethanes business. pp. 156–159. ISBN 978-0470850411.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polyurethanes+Book-p-9780470850411","url_text":"\"10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470850411","url_text":"978-0470850411"}]},{"reference":"Dernehl, C. U. (1966). \"Health hazards associated with polyurethane foams\". Journal of Occupational Medicine. 8 (2): 59–62. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_Hayne
Paul Hamilton Hayne
["1 Biography","2 Writings","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American journalist Paul Hamilton HayneBorn(1830-01-01)January 1, 1830Charleston, South CarolinaDiedJuly 6, 1886(1886-07-06) (aged 56)Signature Paul Hamilton Hayne (January 1, 1830 – July 6, 1886) was a poet, critic, and editor from the American South. Biography Paul Hamilton Hayne was born in Charleston, South Carolina on January 1, 1830. After losing his father as a young child, Hayne was reared by his mother in the home of his prosperous and prominent uncle, Robert Y. Hayne, who was an orator and politician who served in the United States Senate. Hayne was educated in Charleston city schools and graduated from the College of Charleston in 1852. He began the practice of law but soon abandoned it in order to pursue his literary interests and ambitions. Hayne served in the Confederate army in 1861 and remained in the army until his health failed after four months, where he served as aide-de-camp to South Carolina Governor Francis Pickens. He lost all of his possessions — including his house and an extensive library — when Charleston was bombarded in 1862. In 1863, Hayne moved his family to Grovetown, Georgia, a wooded area about 16 miles from Augusta, Georgia. Here, Hayne lived and worked until his death in 1886. Grovetown was also where his career as a literary critic and magazine editor began. He contributed to important magazines of the South during his era, including the Charleston Literary Gazette, the Southern Literary Messenger, the Home Journal, and Southern Bivouac. Hayne was also instrumental with Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms in the founding of Russell's Magazine, which Hayne edited. Hayne is also noteworthy for his friendship with fellow Southern poet Henry Timrod, whom Hayne helped with both his life and his career. Timrod was frail and ill throughout his life with tuberculosis, and Hayne helped to provide financially for Timrod and his wife and young son. Most importantly for literature and history, Hayne preserved Timrod's poems and edited them into a collection that was published in 1872 and that presented such historically important poems as "The Cotton Boll" and "Ode Sung On The Occasion Of Decorating The Graves Of The Confederate Dead". Timrod now has the greater reputation as a poet, while Hayne is known more for his role as an editor and literary critic than as a poet. Timrod has continued to influence other modern Southern writers, including the poet Allen Tate, whose most famous poem, "Ode to the Confederate Dead", owes a great deal to Timrod's similarly titled poem. Hayne had a friendship also with Sidney Lanier. Though the two never met, they corresponded, and advised each other--Hayne suggested to Lanier that he leave the medievalism of his poem "The Jacquerie" alone and turn to Southern topics, and Lanier helping Hayne to strive for "more simplicity and directness in his poems". Hayne died at his home, Copse Hill, at Grovetown, Georgia, on July 6, 1886. His papers are variously preserved in the libraries of the College of Charleston, Duke University, the University of Virginia, and the South Carolina Historical Society. Writings Hayne's first volume of poetry, Poems, was published in 1855 by Ticknor and Fields; not every critic loved it, but it drew attention from national magazines, more so than any of his later volumes. Sonnets and Other Poems (1857) sold fewer than 200 copies, and Avolio (1859) was little noticed despite a positive review by James Russell Lowell. After the Civil War, Legends and Lyrics (1872) and The Mountains of the Lovers (1875) fared no better. A complete edition appeared in 1882. His poetry emphasizes romantic verse, long narrative poems, and ballads. Like other fellow Southern poets of his day, his work was highly descriptive of nature. Some critics contend that his graceful lyrics reflect the influence of poet John Keats. In a review of his work by Rayburn S. Moore, his influences are described as also including Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Wordsworth, and Alfred Tennyson, although the derivative nature and lack of intellectual force are considered weaknesses. Moore considers strengths of Hayne's poetry to include the authenticity of detail and observation of locality and situation as well as the versatility of forms, metrical schemes, and techniques, especially in short poems and sonnets. Hayne's sonnets are considered his best work. He was appreciated even in the north and became known as an unofficial poet laureate of the South, and at least one scholar referred to him as a "Poet of the Confederacy". The Paul Hayne School in Birmingham, Alabama was named for Hayne after he sent an original poem and book of verse to the school on the occasion of its dedication in 1886. See also Biography portal Four Southern Poets Monument References ^ Moore, Rayburn S. Paul Hamilton Hayne. Twayne Publishers, 1972: 15. ^ a b More, Rayburn S. Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The nineteenth century. ed Eric L. Haralson, John Hollander Taylor & Francis, 1998, page 203-206 ^ a b Young, Thomas Daniel (1973). "Review: How Time Has Served Two Southern Poets: Paul Hamilton Hayne and Sidney Lanier". The Southern Literary Journal. 6 (1): 101–110. JSTOR 20077479. ^ a b Moore, Rayburn S. Paul Hamilton Hayne. Twayne Publishers, 1972: 29. ^ Johannsen, Robert W. (1988). To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination. Oxford UP. p. 212. ISBN 9780195364187. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Paul Hamilton Hayne Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Hamilton Hayne. Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul Hamilton Hayne.  "Hayne, Paul Hamilton", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource Paul Hamilton Hayne at Find a Grave Works by or about Paul Hamilton Hayne at Internet Archive Works by Paul Hamilton Hayne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Paul Hamilton Hayne historical marker Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Paul Hamilton Hayne notes, 1881 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC
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Hayne, who was an orator and politician who served in the United States Senate.Hayne was educated in Charleston city schools and graduated from the College of Charleston in 1852. He began the practice of law but soon abandoned it in order to pursue his literary interests and ambitions. Hayne served in the Confederate army in 1861 and remained in the army until his health failed after four months, where he served as aide-de-camp to South Carolina Governor Francis Pickens.[2] He lost all of his possessions — including his house and an extensive library — when Charleston was bombarded in 1862. In 1863, Hayne moved his family to Grovetown, Georgia, a wooded area about 16 miles from Augusta, Georgia. Here, Hayne lived and worked until his death in 1886. Grovetown was also where his career as a literary critic and magazine editor began. He contributed to important magazines of the South during his era, including the Charleston Literary Gazette, the Southern Literary Messenger, the Home Journal, and Southern Bivouac. Hayne was also instrumental with Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms in the founding of Russell's Magazine, which Hayne edited.Hayne is also noteworthy for his friendship with fellow Southern poet Henry Timrod, whom Hayne helped with both his life and his career. Timrod was frail and ill throughout his life with tuberculosis, and Hayne helped to provide financially for Timrod and his wife and young son. Most importantly for literature and history, Hayne preserved Timrod's poems and edited them into a collection that was published in 1872 and that presented such historically important poems as \"The Cotton Boll\" and \"Ode Sung On The Occasion Of Decorating The Graves Of The Confederate Dead\". Timrod now has the greater reputation as a poet, while Hayne is known more for his role as an editor and literary critic than as a poet. Timrod has continued to influence other modern Southern writers, including the poet Allen Tate, whose most famous poem, \"Ode to the Confederate Dead\", owes a great deal to Timrod's similarly titled poem.Hayne had a friendship also with Sidney Lanier. Though the two never met, they corresponded, and advised each other--Hayne suggested to Lanier that he leave the medievalism of his poem \"The Jacquerie\" alone and turn to Southern topics, and Lanier helping Hayne to strive for \"more simplicity and directness in his poems\".[3]Hayne died at his home, Copse Hill, at Grovetown, Georgia, on July 6, 1886. His papers are variously preserved in the libraries of the College of Charleston, Duke University, the University of Virginia, and the South Carolina Historical Society.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ticknor and Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields"},{"link_name":"James Russell Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-3"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Edmund Spenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser"},{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Alfred Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haralson-2"},{"link_name":"sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"poet laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_laureate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"}],"text":"Hayne's first volume of poetry, Poems, was published in 1855 by Ticknor and Fields; not every critic loved it, but it drew attention from national magazines, more so than any of his later volumes. Sonnets and Other Poems (1857) sold fewer than 200 copies, and Avolio (1859) was little noticed despite a positive review by James Russell Lowell. After the Civil War, Legends and Lyrics (1872) and The Mountains of the Lovers (1875) fared no better.[3] A complete edition appeared in 1882. His poetry emphasizes romantic verse, long narrative poems, and ballads. Like other fellow Southern poets of his day, his work was highly descriptive of nature. Some critics contend that his graceful lyrics reflect the influence of poet John Keats.[4] In a review of his work by Rayburn S. Moore, his influences are described as also including Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, William Wordsworth, and Alfred Tennyson, although the derivative nature and lack of intellectual force are considered weaknesses. Moore considers strengths of Hayne's poetry to include the authenticity of detail and observation of locality and situation as well as the versatility of forms, metrical schemes, and techniques, especially in short poems and sonnets.[2] Hayne's sonnets are considered his best work. He was appreciated even in the north and became known as an unofficial poet laureate of the South,[4] and at least one scholar referred to him as a \"Poet of the Confederacy\".[5]The Paul Hayne School in Birmingham, Alabama was named for Hayne after he sent an original poem and book of verse to the school on the occasion of its dedication in 1886.","title":"Writings"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium
Belgium
["1 History","1.1 Antiquity","1.2 Middle Ages","1.3 Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands","1.4 Spanish and Austrian Netherlands","1.5 French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands","1.6 Independent Belgium","2 Geography","2.1 Provinces","3 Politics and government","3.1 Political culture","3.2 Communities and regions","3.3 Locus of policy jurisdiction","3.4 Foreign relations","3.5 Armed forces","4 Economy","4.1 Science and technology","5 Demographics","5.1 Migration","5.2 Languages","5.3 Religion","5.4 Health","5.5 Education","6 Culture","6.1 Fine arts","6.2 Folklore","6.3 Cuisine","6.4 Sports","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 References","9.1 Online sources","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links","10.1 Government","10.2 General"]
Coordinates: 50°50′N 4°00′E / 50.833°N 4.000°E / 50.833; 4.000Country in Northwestern Europe This article is about the country. For other uses, see Belgium (disambiguation). "Belgique" redirects here. For other uses, see Belgique (disambiguation). "Belgia" redirects here. For the predecessor as an Ancient Roman province, see Gallia Belgica. For the passenger ship, see SS Belgia. "Bélgica" redirects here. For other uses, see Belgica (disambiguation). Kingdom of BelgiumKoninkrijk België (Dutch)Royaume de Belgique (French)Königreich Belgien (German) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Eendracht maakt macht (Dutch)L'union fait la force (French)Einigkeit macht stark (German)(English: "Unity makes strength")Anthem: La Brabançonne(English: "The Brabantian")Belgium centred on the globeMap of Europe centred on BelgiumLocation of Belgium (dark green)Capitaland largest cityBrussels50°51′N 4°21′E / 50.850°N 4.350°E / 50.850; 4.350Official languagesDutchFrenchGermanEthnic groups (2024)64.8% Belgians35.2% otherReligion (2020) 63.7% Christianity 60.6% Catholicism 3.1% other Christian 28.0% no religion 7.4% Islam 0.9% other Demonym(s)BelgianGovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional monarchy• Monarch Philippe• Prime Minister Alexander De Croo LegislatureFederal Parliament• Upper houseSenate• Lower houseChamber of RepresentativesIndependence from the Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands• Brabant Revolution 24 October 1789• United Belgian States 11 January 1790• Belgian Revolution 25 August 1830• Declared 4 October 1830• Recognized 19 April 1839• Federal state 1970 Area • Total30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) (136th)• Water (%)0.71 (2015)Population• 2023 estimate 11,697,557 (82nd)• Density376/km2 (973.8/sq mi) (22nd)GDP (PPP)2024 estimate• Total $803.166 billion (37th)• Per capita $68,079 (20th)GDP (nominal)2024 estimate• Total $655.192 billion (23rd)• Per capita $55,536 (16th)Gini (2022) 24.9lowHDI (2022) 0.942very high (12th)CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)• Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Driving siderightCalling code+32ISO 3166 codeBEInternet TLD.be and .eu The flag's official proportions of 13:15 are rarely seen; proportions of 2:3 or similar are more common.The Brussels region is the de facto capital, but the City of Brussels municipality is the de jure capital.The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376/km2 (970/sq mi). Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven. Belgium is a sovereign state and a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds. It is divided into three highly autonomous regions: the Flemish Region (Flanders) in the north, the Walloon Region (Wallonia) in the south, and the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region, as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita. Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the Flemish Community, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the French Community, which constitutes about 40 percent of the population. A small German-speaking Community, making up around one percent of the population, exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch, although French is the majority language and lingua franca. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Since the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location has meant that the area has been relatively prosperous, connected commercially and politically to its bigger neighbours. The country as it exists today was established following the 1830 Belgian Revolution, when it seceded from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had incorporated the Southern Netherlands (which comprised most of modern-day Belgium) after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The name chosen for the new state is derived from the Latin word Belgium, used in Julius Caesar's "Gallic Wars", to describe a nearby region in the period around 55 BCE. Belgium has also been the battleground of European powers, earning the moniker "the Battlefield of Europe", a reputation reinforced in the 20th century by both world wars. Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution, and during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies, notably the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. These colonies gained independence between 1960 and 1962. The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speakers and French-speakers, fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching state reforms, resulting in the transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement between 1970 and 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions have persisted: there is particularly significant separatist sentiment among the Flemish, language laws such as the municipalities with language facilities have been the source of much controversy, and the government formation period following the 2010 federal election set the world record at 589 days. Unemployment in Wallonia is more than double that of Flanders, which boomed after the Second World War. Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy. The country is one of the six founding members of the European Union, and its capital, Brussels, is the de facto capital of the European Union itself, hosting the official seats of the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, and the European Council, as well as one of two seats of the European Parliament (the other being Strasbourg). Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD, and WTO, and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union and the Schengen Area. Brussels also hosts the headquarters of many major international organizations, such as NATO. History Main article: History of Belgium For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Belgian history. Antiquity Gallia Belgica at the time of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 54 BCE According to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were the inhabitants of the northernmost part of Gaul. They lived in a region stretching from Paris to the Rhine, which is much bigger than modern Belgium. However, he also specifically used the Latin word "Belgium" to refer to a politically dominant part of that region, which is now in northernmost France. Modern Belgium corresponds to the lands of the most northerly Belgae; the Morini, Menapii, Nervii, Germani Cisrhenani, and Aduatuci; whom Caesar found particularly warlike and economically undeveloped. Caesar described this region as having strong kinship links to the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine. The area around Arlon in southern Belgium was a part of the country of the Treveri. After Caesar's conquests, Gallia Belgica came to be the Latin name of a large Roman province covering most of Northern Gaul, including the Treveri. However, areas closer to the lower Rhine frontier, including the eastern part of modern Belgium, subsequently became part of the frontier province of Germania Inferior, which continued to interact with their neighbours outside the empire. At the time when central government collapsed in the Western Roman Empire, the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania were inhabited by a mix of a Romanized population and Germanic-speaking Franks who came to dominate the military and political class. Middle Ages During the 5th century, the area came under the rule of the Frankish Merovingian kings, who initially established a kingdom ruling over the Romanized population in what is now northern France, and then conquered the other Frankish kingdoms. During the 8th century, the empire of the Franks came to be ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, whose centre of power included the area which is now eastern Belgium. Over the centuries, it was divided up in many ways, but the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms whose borders had a lasting impact on medieval political boundaries. Most of modern Belgium was in the Middle Kingdom, later known as Lotharingia, but the coastal county of Flanders, west of the Scheldt, became the northernmost part of West Francia, the predecessor of France. In 870 in the Treaty of Meerssen, modern Belgium lands all became part of the western kingdom for a period, but in 880 in the Treaty of Ribemont, Lotharingia came under the lasting control of the eastern kingdom, which became the Holy Roman Empire. The lordships and bishoprics along the "March" (frontier) between the two great kingdoms maintained important connections between each other. For example, the county of Flanders expanded over the Scheldt into the empire, and during several periods was ruled by the same lords as the county of Hainaut. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the cloth industry and commerce boomed especially in the County of Flanders and it became one of the richest areas in Europe. This prosperity played a role in conflicts between Flanders and the king of France. Famously, Flemish militias scored a surprise victory at the Battle of the Golden Spurs against a strong force of mounted knights in 1302, but France soon regained control of the rebellious province. Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands The Burgundian State of Charles the Bold in the 15th century In the 15th century, the Duke of Burgundy in France took control of Flanders, and from there they proceeded to unite much of what is now the Benelux, the so-called Burgundian Netherlands. "Burgundy" and "Flanders" were the first two common names used for the Burgundian Netherlands which was the predecessor of the Austrian Netherlands, the predecessor of modern Belgium. The union, technically stretching between two kingdoms, gave the area economic and political stability which led to an even greater prosperity and artistic creation. Born in Belgium, the Habsburg Emperor Charles V was heir of the Burgundians, but also of the royal families of Austria, Castile and Aragon. With the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 he gave the Seventeen Provinces more legitimacy as a stable entity, rather than just a temporary personal union. He also increased the influence of these Netherlands over the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, which continued to exist as a large semi-independent enclave. Spanish and Austrian Netherlands The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) was triggered by the Spanish government's policy towards Protestantism, which was becoming popular in the Low Countries. The rebellious northern United Provinces (Belgica Foederata in Latin, the "Federated Netherlands") eventually separated from the Southern Netherlands (Belgica Regia, the "Royal Netherlands"). The southern part continued to be ruled successively by the Spanish (Spanish Netherlands) and the Austrian House of Habsburgs (Austrian Netherlands) and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countries – including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – were annexed by the French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region. A reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1814, after the abdication of Napoleon. Independent Belgium Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Gustaf Wappers, 1834 Map of Belgium, 1832, before the final settlement of borders in 1839 In 1830, the Belgian Revolution led to the re-separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress. Since the installation of Leopold I as king on 21 July 1831, now celebrated as Belgium's National Day, Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a laicist constitution based on the Napoleonic code. Although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 (with plural voting until 1919) and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party and the Liberal Party, with the Belgian Labour Party emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the official language used by the nobility and the bourgeoisie, especially after the rejection of the Dutch monarchy. French progressively lost its dominance as Dutch began to recover its status. This recognition became official in 1898, and in 1967, the parliament accepted a Dutch version of the Constitution. The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession. From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold II, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production. Many Congolese were killed by Leopold's agents for failing to meet production quotas for ivory and rubber. In 1908, this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the Belgian Congo. A Belgian commission in 1919 estimated that Congo's population was half what it was in 1879. Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels, 4 September 1944 Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan to attack France, and much of the Western Front fighting of World War I occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as the Rape of Belgium due to German excesses. Belgium assumed control of the German colonies of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) during the war, and in 1924 the League of Nations mandated them to Belgium. In the aftermath of the First World War, Belgium annexed the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. German forces again invaded the country in May 1940, and 40,690 Belgians, over half of them Jews, were killed during the subsequent occupation and the Holocaust. From September 1944 to February 1945 the Allies liberated Belgium. After World War II, a general strike forced King Leopold III to abdicate in 1951 in favour of his son, Prince Baudouin, since many Belgians thought he had collaborated with Germany during the war. The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 during the Congo Crisis; Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joined NATO as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium became one of the six founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and of the European Atomic Energy Community and European Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter has now become the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the European Parliament. In the early 1990s, Belgium saw several large corruption scandals notably surrounding Marc Dutroux, Andre Cools, the Dioxin Affair, Agusta Scandal and the murder of Karel van Noppen. Geography Main article: Geography of Belgium Relief map of Belgium Belgium shares borders with France (620 km), Germany (167 km), Luxembourg (148 km) and the Netherlands (450 km). Its total surface, including water area, is 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi). Before 2018, its total area was believed to be 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi). However, when the country's statistics were measured in 2018, a new calculation method was used. Unlike previous calculations, this one included the area from the coast to the low-water line, revealing the country to be 160 km2 (62 sq mi) larger in surface area than previously thought. Its land area alone is 30,446 square kilometers. It lies between latitudes 49°30' and 51°30' N, and longitudes 2°33' and 6°24' E. Belgium has three main geographical regions; the coastal plain in the northwest and the central plateau both belong to the Anglo-Belgian Basin, and the Ardennes uplands in the southeast to the Hercynian orogenic belt. The Paris Basin reaches a small fourth area at Belgium's southernmost tip, Belgian Lorraine. The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders. Further inland lies a smooth, slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways, with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the Campine (Kempen). The thickly forested hills and plateaus of the Ardennes are more rugged and rocky with caves and small gorges. Extending westward into France, this area is eastwardly connected to the Eifel in Germany by the High Fens plateau, on which the Signal de Botrange forms the country's highest point at 694 m (2,277 ft). The climate is maritime temperate with significant precipitation in all seasons (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), like most of northwest Europe. The average temperature is lowest in January at 3 °C (37.4 °F) and highest in July at 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average precipitation per month varies between 54 mm (2.1 in) for February and April, to 78 mm (3.1 in) for July. Averages for the years 2000 to 2006 show daily temperature minimums of 7 °C (44.6 °F) and maximums of 14 °C (57.2 °F) and monthly rainfall of 74 mm (2.9 in); these are about 1 °C and nearly 10 millimeters above last century's normal values, respectively. Phytogeographically, Belgium is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Belgium belongs to the terrestrial ecoregions of Atlantic mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests. Belgium had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.36/10, ranking it 163rd globally out of 172 countries. Provinces  Antwerp  EastFlanders  Flemish       Brabant  Hainaut  Liège  Limburg  Luxembourg  Namur  Walloon Brabant  WestFlanders    Flanders    Wallonia    Brussels Main article: Provinces of Belgium The territory of Belgium is divided into three Regions, two of which, the Flemish Region and Walloon Region, are in turn subdivided into provinces; the third Region, the Brussels Capital Region, is neither a province nor a part of a province. Province Dutch name French name German name Capital Area Population(1 January 2019) Density ISO 3166-2:BE Flemish Region  Antwerp Antwerpen Anvers Antwerpen Antwerp 2,876 km2 (1,110 sq mi) 1,857,986 647/km2 (1,680/sq mi) VAN  East Flanders Oost-Vlaanderen Flandre orientale Ostflandern Ghent 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi) 1,515,064 504/km2 (1,310/sq mi) VOV  Flemish Brabant Vlaams-Brabant Brabant flamand Flämisch-Brabant Leuven 2,118 km2 (818 sq mi) 1,146,175 542/km2 (1,400/sq mi) VBR  Limburg Limburg Limbourg Limburg Hasselt 2,427 km2 (937 sq mi) 874,048 361/km2 (930/sq mi) VLI  West Flanders West-Vlaanderen Flandre occidentale Westflandern Bruges 3,197 km2 (1,234 sq mi) 1,195,796 375/km2 (970/sq mi) VWV Walloon Region  Hainaut Henegouwen Hainaut Hennegau Mons 3,813 km2 (1,472 sq mi) 1,344,241 353/km2 (910/sq mi) WHT  Liège Luik Liège Lüttich Liège 3,857 km2 (1,489 sq mi) 1,106,992 288/km2 (750/sq mi) WLG  Luxembourg Luxemburg Luxembourg Luxemburg Arlon 4,459 km2 (1,722 sq mi) 284,638 64/km2 (170/sq mi) WLX  Namur Namen Namur Namur (Namür) Namur 3,675 km2 (1,419 sq mi) 494,325 135/km2 (350/sq mi) WNA  Walloon Brabant Waals-Brabant Brabant wallon Wallonisch-Brabant Wavre 1,097 km2 (424 sq mi) 403,599 368/km2 (950/sq mi) WBR Brussels Capital Region  Brussels Capital Region Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest Région de Bruxelles-Capitale Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt Brussels City 162.4 km2 (62.7 sq mi) 1,208,542 7,442/km2 (19,270/sq mi) BBR Total België Belgique Belgien Brussels City 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) 11,431,406 373/km2 (970/sq mi) Politics and government Main articles: Politics of Belgium and Belgian federal government PhilippeKing of the Belgianssince 21 July 2013Alexander De CrooPrime Minister of Belgiumsince 1 October 2020 Chart illustrating the federal government construction of Belgium Belgium is a constitutional, popular monarchy and a federal parliamentary democracy. The bicameral federal parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives. The former is made up of 50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the communities and regions and 10 co-opted senators. Prior to 2014, most of the Senate's members were directly elected. The Chamber's 150 representatives are elected under a proportional voting system from 11 electoral districts. Belgium has compulsory voting and thus maintains one of the highest rates of voter turnout in the world. The King (currently Philippe) is the head of state, though with limited prerogatives. He appoints ministers, including a Prime Minister, that have the confidence of the Chamber of Representatives to form the federal government. The Council of Ministers is composed of no more than fifteen members. With the possible exception of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers is composed of an equal number of Dutch-speaking members and French-speaking members. The judicial system is based on civil law and originates from the Napoleonic code. The Court of Cassation is the court of last resort, with the courts of appeal one level below. Political culture Belgium's political institutions are complex; most political power rests on representation of the main cultural communities. Since about 1970, the significant national Belgian political parties have split into distinct components that mainly represent the political and linguistic interests of these communities. The major parties in each community, though close to the political center, belong to three main groups: Christian Democrats, Liberals, and Social Democrats. Further notable parties came into being well after the middle of last century, mainly to represent linguistic, nationalist, or environmental interests, and recently smaller ones of some specific liberal nature. The Belgian Federal Parliament in Brussels, one of six different governments of the country A string of Christian Democrat coalition governments from 1958 was broken in 1999 after the first dioxin crisis, a major food contamination scandal. A "rainbow coalition" emerged from six parties: the Flemish and the French-speaking Liberals, Social Democrats and Greens. Later, a "purple coalition" of Liberals and Social Democrats formed after the Greens lost most of their seats in the 2003 election. The government led by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt from 1999 to 2007 achieved a balanced budget, some tax reforms, a labor-market reform, scheduled nuclear phase-out and instigated legislation allowing more stringent war crime and more lenient soft drug usage prosecution. Restrictions on euthanasia were reduced and same-sex marriage was introduced. The government promoted active diplomacy in Africa and opposed the invasion of Iraq. It is the only country that does not have age restrictions on euthanasia. Verhofstadt's coalition fared badly in the June 2007 elections. For more than a year, the country experienced a political crisis. This crisis was such that many observers speculated on a possible partition of Belgium. From 21 December 2007 until 20 March 2008 the temporary Verhofstadt III Government was in office. This was a coalition of the Flemish and Francophone Christian Democrats, the Flemish and Francophone Liberals together with the Francophone Social Democrats. On that day a new government, led by Flemish Christian Democrat Yves Leterme, the actual winner of the federal elections of June 2007, was sworn in by the king. On 15 July 2008 Leterme offered the resignation of the cabinet to the king, as no progress in constitutional reforms had been made. In December 2008, Leterme once more offered his resignation after a crisis surrounding the sale of Fortis to BNP Paribas. At this juncture, his resignation was accepted and Christian Democratic and Flemish Herman Van Rompuy was sworn in as Prime Minister on 30 December 2008. After Herman Van Rompuy was designated the first permanent President of the European Council on 19 November 2009, he offered the resignation of his government to King Albert II on 25 November 2009. A few hours later, the new government under Prime Minister Yves Leterme was sworn in. On 22 April 2010, Leterme again offered the resignation of his cabinet to the king after one of the coalition partners, the OpenVLD, withdrew from the government, and on 26 April 2010 King Albert officially accepted the resignation. The Parliamentary elections in Belgium on 13 June 2010 saw the Flemish nationalist N-VA become the largest party in Flanders, and the Socialist Party PS the largest party in Wallonia. Until December 2011, Belgium was governed by Leterme's caretaker government awaiting the end of the deadlocked negotiations for formation of a new government. By 30 March 2011, this set a new world record for the elapsed time without an official government, previously held by war-torn Iraq. Finally, in December 2011 the Di Rupo Government led by Walloon socialist Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo was sworn in. The 2014 federal election (coinciding with the regional elections) resulted in a further electoral gain for the Flemish nationalist N-VA, although the incumbent coalition (composed of Flemish and French-speaking Social Democrats, Liberals, and Christian Democrats) maintains a solid majority in Parliament and in all electoral constituencies. On 22 July 2014, King Philippe nominated Charles Michel (MR) and Kris Peeters (CD&V) to lead the formation of a new federal cabinet composed of the Flemish parties N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld and the French-speaking MR, which resulted in the Michel Government. It was the first time N-VA was part of the federal cabinet, while the French-speaking side was represented only by the MR, which achieved a minority of the public votes in Wallonia. In May 2019 federal elections in the Flemish-speaking northern region of Flanders far-right Vlaams Belang party made major gains. In the French-speaking southern area of Wallonia the Socialists were strong. The moderate Flemish nationalist party the N-VA remained the largest party in parliament. In July 2019 prime minister Charles Michel was selected to hold the post of President of the European Council. His successor Sophie Wilmès was Belgium's first female prime minister. She led the caretaker government since October 2019. The Flemish Liberal party politician Alexander De Croo became new prime minister in October 2020. The parties had agreed on federal government 16 months after the elections. Communities and regions Main article: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium Communities:  Flemish Community / Dutch language area   Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area   French Community / French language area  German-speaking Community / German language area Regions:  Flemish Region / Dutch language area  Brussels-Capital Region / bilingual area  Walloon Region / French and German language areas Following a usage which can be traced back to the Burgundian and Habsburg courts, in the 19th century it was necessary to speak French to belong to the governing upper class, and those who could only speak Dutch were effectively second-class citizens. Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation. While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French, and most Brusselers adopted French as their first language, the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system. Following World War II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities. Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimize the potential for conflict. Based on the four language areas defined in 1962–63 (the Dutch, bilingual, French and German language areas), consecutive revisions of the country's constitution in 1970, 1980, 1988 and 1993 established a unique form of a federal state with segregated political power into three levels: The federal government, based in Brussels. The three language communities: the Flemish Community (Dutch-speaking); the French Community (French-speaking); the German-speaking Community. The three regions: the Flemish Region, subdivided into five provinces; the Walloon Region, subdivided into five provinces; the Brussels-Capital Region. The constitutional language areas determine the official languages in their municipalities, as well as the geographical limits of the empowered institutions for specific matters. Although this would allow for seven parliaments and governments when the Communities and Regions were created in 1980, Flemish politicians decided to merge both. Thus the Flemings just have one single institutional body of parliament and government is empowered for all except federal and specific municipal matters. The overlapping boundaries of the Regions and Communities have created two notable peculiarities: the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region (which came into existence nearly a decade after the other regions) is included in both the Flemish and French Communities, and the territory of the German-speaking Community lies wholly within the Walloon Region. Conflicts about jurisdiction between the bodies are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Belgium. The structure is intended as a compromise to allow different cultures to live together peacefully. Locus of policy jurisdiction The Federal State's authority includes justice, defense, federal police, social security, nuclear energy, monetary policy and public debt, and other aspects of public finances. State-owned companies include the Belgian Post Group and Belgian Railways. The Federal Government is responsible for the obligations of Belgium and its federalized institutions towards the European Union and NATO. It controls substantial parts of public health, home affairs and foreign affairs. The budget—without the debt—controlled by the federal government amounts to about 50% of the national fiscal income. The federal government employs around 12% of the civil servants. Communities exercise their authority only within linguistically determined geographical boundaries, originally oriented towards the individuals of a Community's language: culture (including audiovisual media), education and the use of the relevant language. Extensions to personal matters less directly connected with language comprise health policy (curative and preventive medicine) and assistance to individuals (protection of youth, social welfare, aid to families, immigrant assistance services, and so on.). Regions have authority in fields that can be broadly associated with their territory. These include economy, employment, agriculture, water policy, housing, public works, energy, transport, the environment, town and country planning, nature conservation, credit and foreign trade. They supervise the provinces, municipalities and intercommunal utility companies. In several fields, the different levels each have their own say on specifics. With education, for instance, the autonomy of the Communities neither includes decisions about the compulsory aspect nor allows for setting minimum requirements for awarding qualifications, which remain federal matters. Each level of government can be involved in scientific research and international relations associated with its powers. The treaty-making power of the Regions' and Communities' Governments is the broadest of all the Federating units of all the Federations all over the world. Foreign relations The Berlaymont building in Brussels, seat of the European Commission Main article: Foreign relations of Belgium Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbors. With virtually defenseless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Belgians have been strong advocates of European integration. The headquarters of NATO and of several of the institutions of the European Union are located in Belgium. Armed forces Main article: Belgian Armed Forces F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Belgian Air Component The Belgian Armed Forces had 23,200 active personnel in 2023, including 8,500 in the Land Component, 1,400 in the Naval Component, 4,900 in the Air Component, 1,450 in the Medical Component, and 6,950 in joint service, in addition to 5,900 reserve personnel. In 2019, Belgium's defense budget totaled €4.303 billion ($4.921 billion) representing .93% of its GDP. The operational commands of the four components are subordinate to the Staff Department for Operations and Training of the Ministry of Defense, which is headed by the Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training, and to the Chief of Defense. The Belgian military consists of volunteers (conscription was abolished in 1995), and citizens of other EU states, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, or Lichtenstein are also able to join. Belgium has troops deployed in several African countries as part of UN or EU missions, in Iraq for the war against the Islamic State, and in eastern Europe for the NATO presence there. The effects of the Second World War made collective security a priority for Belgian foreign policy. In March 1948 Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels and then joined NATO in 1948. However, the integration of the armed forces into NATO did not begin until after the Korean War. The Belgians, along with the Luxembourg government, sent a detachment of battalion strength to fight in Korea known as the Belgian United Nations Command. This mission was the first in a long line of UN missions which the Belgians supported. Currently, the Belgian Marine Component is working closely together with the Dutch Navy under the command of the Admiral Benelux. Economy Main article: Economy of Belgium Belgium's strongly globalized economy and its transport infrastructure are integrated with the rest of Europe. Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the world's 15th largest trading nation in 2007. The economy is characterized by a highly productive work force, high GNP and high exports per capita. Belgium's main imports are raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, and oil products. Its main exports are machinery and equipment, chemicals, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, and foodstuffs. The Belgian economy is heavily service-oriented and shows a dual nature: a dynamic Flemish economy and a Walloon economy that lags behind. One of the founding members of the European Union, Belgium strongly supports an open economy and the extension of the powers of EU institutions to integrate member economies. Since 1922, through the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, Belgium and Luxembourg have been a single trade market with customs and currency union. Steelmaking along the Meuse at Ougrée, near Liège Belgium was the first continental European country to undergo the Industrial Revolution, in the early 19th century. Areas in Liège Province and around Charleroi rapidly developed mining and steelmaking, which flourished until the mid-20th century in the Sambre and Meuse valley and made Belgium one of the three most industrialized nations in the world from 1830 to 1910. However, by the 1840s the textile industry of Flanders was in severe crisis, and the region experienced famine from 1846 to 1850. After World War II, Ghent and Antwerp experienced a rapid expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries. The 1973 and 1979 oil crises sent the economy into a recession; it was particularly prolonged in Wallonia, where the steel industry had become less competitive and experienced a serious decline. In the 1980s and 1990s, the economic center of the country continued to shift northwards and is now concentrated in the populous Flemish Diamond area. By the end of the 1980s, Belgian macroeconomic policies had resulted in a cumulative government debt of about 120% of GDP. As of 2006, the budget was balanced and public debt was equal to 90.30% of GDP. In 2005 and 2006, real GDP growth rates of 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively, were slightly above the average for the Euro area. Unemployment rates of 8.4% in 2005 and 8.2% in 2006 were close to the area average. By October 2010, this had grown to 8.5% compared to an average rate of 9.6% for the European Union as a whole (EU 27). From 1832 until 2002, Belgium's currency was the Belgian franc. Belgium switched to the euro in 2002, with the first sets of euro coins being minted in 1999. The standard Belgian euro coins designated for circulation show the portrait of the monarch (first King Albert II, since 2013 King Philippe). Despite an 18% decrease observed from 1970 to 1999, Belgium still had in 1999 the highest rail network density within the European Union with 113.8 km/1 000 km2. On the other hand, the same period, 1970–1999, has seen a huge growth (+56%) of the motorway network. In 1999, the density of km motorways per 1000 km2 and 1000 inhabitants amounted to 55.1 and 16.5 respectively and were significantly superior to the EU's means of 13.7 and 15.9. Port of Zeebrugge From a biological resource perspective, Belgium has a low endowment: Belgium's biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity available per person worldwide. In contrast, in 2016, Belgians used on average 6.3 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they required about eight times as much biocapacity as Belgium contains. As a result, Belgium was running a biocapacity deficit of 5.5 global hectares per person in 2016. Belgium experiences some of the most congested traffic in Europe. In 2010, commuters to the cities of Brussels and Antwerp spent respectively 65 and 64 hours a year in traffic jams. Like in most small European countries, more than 80% of the airways traffic is handled by a single airport, the Brussels Airport. The ports of Antwerp and Zeebrugge (Bruges) share more than 80% of Belgian maritime traffic, Antwerp being the second European harbor with a gross weight of goods handled of 115 988 000 t in 2000 after a growth of 10.9% over the preceding five years. In 2016, the port of Antwerp handled 214 million tons after a year-on-year growth of 2.7%. There is a large economic gap between Flanders and Wallonia. Wallonia was historically wealthy compared to Flanders, mostly due to its heavy industries, but the decline of the steel industry post-World War II led to the region's rapid decline, whereas Flanders rose swiftly. Since then, Flanders has been prosperous, among the wealthiest regions in Europe, whereas Wallonia has been languishing. As of 2007, the unemployment rate of Wallonia is over double that of Flanders. The divide has played a key part in the tensions between the Flemish and Walloons in addition to the already-existing language divide. Pro-independence movements have gained high popularity in Flanders as a consequence. The separatist New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) party, for instance, is the largest party in Belgium. Science and technology Further information: Science and technology in Brussels, Science and technology in Flanders, and Science and technology in Wallonia Gerardus Mercator Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared throughout the country's history. The 16th century Early Modern flourishing of Western Europe included cartographer Gerardus Mercator, anatomist Andreas Vesalius, herbalist Rembert Dodoens and mathematician Simon Stevin among the most influential scientists. Chemist Ernest Solvay and engineer Zenobe Gramme (École industrielle de Liège) gave their names to the Solvay process and the Gramme dynamo, respectively, in the 1860s. Bakelite was developed in 1907–1909 by Leo Baekeland. Ernest Solvay also acted as a major philanthropist and gave his name to the Solvay Institute of Sociology, the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management and the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry which are now part of the Université libre de Bruxelles. In 1911, he started a series of conferences, the Solvay Conferences on Physics and Chemistry, which have had a deep impact on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry. A major contribution to fundamental science was also due to a Belgian, Monsignor Georges Lemaître (Catholic University of Louvain), who is credited with proposing the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe in 1927. Three Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine were awarded to Belgians: Jules Bordet (Université libre de Bruxelles) in 1919, Corneille Heymans (University of Ghent) in 1938 and Albert Claude (Université libre de Bruxelles) together with Christian de Duve (Université catholique de Louvain) in 1974. François Englert (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. Ilya Prigogine (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977. Two Belgian mathematicians have been awarded the Fields Medal: Pierre Deligne in 1978 and Jean Bourgain in 1994. Belgium was ranked 23rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Belgium and Belgians Population density in Belgium by arrondissement Brussels, the capital city and largest metropolitan area of Belgium As of 1 January 2020, the total population of Belgium according to its population register was 11,492,641. The population density of Belgium is 376/km2 (970/sq mi) as of January 2019, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world, and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe. The most densely populated province is Antwerp, the least densely populated province is Luxembourg. As of January 2019, the Flemish Region had a population of 6,589,069 (57.6% of Belgium), its most populous cities being Antwerp (523,248), Ghent (260,341) and Bruges (118,284). Wallonia had a population of 3,633,795 (31.8% of Belgium) with Charleroi (201,816), Liège (197,355) and Namur (110,939), its most populous cities. The Brussels-Capital Region has 1,208,542 inhabitants (10.6% of Belgium) in the 19 municipalities, three of which have over 100,000 residents. In 2017 the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Belgium was 1.64 children per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1; it remains considerably below the high of 4.87 children born per woman in 1873. Belgium subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 41.6 years. Migration As of 2007, nearly 92% of the population had Belgian citizenship, and other European Union member citizens account for around 6%. The prevalent foreign nationals were Italian (171,918), French (125,061), Dutch (116,970), Moroccan (80,579), Portuguese (43,509), Spanish (42,765), Turkish (39,419) and German (37,621). In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685,000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695,000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State. At the beginning of 2012, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed around 25% of the total population i.e. 2.8 million new Belgians. Of these new Belgians, 1,200,000 are of European ancestry and 1,350,000 are from non-Western countries (most of them from Morocco, Turkey, and the DR Congo). Since the modification of the Belgian nationality law in 1984 more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship. The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italian Belgians and Moroccan Belgians. 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people. Statbel released figures of the Belgian population in relation to the origin of people in Belgium. According to the data, as of 1 January 2021, 67.3% of the Belgian population was of ethnic Belgian origin and 32.7% were of foreign origin or nationality, with 20.3% of those of a foreign nationality or ethnic group originating from neighbouring countries. The study also found that 74.5% of the Brussels Capital Region were of non-Belgian origin, of which 13.8% originated from neighbouring countries.    Largest cities or towns in BelgiumNumbers according to the Belgium's National Register, (1 January 2023) Rank Name Region Municipal pop. Rank Name Region Municipal pop. AntwerpGhent 1 Antwerp Flanders 536,079 11 Molenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek Brussels 97,610 CharleroiLiège 2 Ghent Flanders 267,709 12 Mons Wallonia 96,055 3 Charleroi Wallonia 203,245 13 Aalst Flanders 89,915 4 Liège Wallonia 194,877 14 Mechelen Flanders 88,463 5 City of Brussels Brussels 192,950 15 Ixelles/Elsene Brussels 88,081 6 Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek Brussels 130,422 16 Uccle/Ukkel Brussels 85,706 7 Anderlecht Brussels 124,353 17 La Louvière Wallonia 81,293 8 Bruges Flanders 119,445 18 Sint-Niklaas Flanders 81,066 9 Namur Wallonia 113,174 19 Hasselt Flanders 80,299 10 Leuven Flanders 102,851 20 Kortrijk Flanders 78,841 Languages Main article: Languages of Belgium Estimated distribution of primary languages in Belgium Dutch   59% French   40% German   1% Bilingual signs in Brussels Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French and German. A number of non-official minority languages are spoken as well. As no census exists, there are no official statistical data regarding the distribution or usage of Belgium's three official languages or their dialects. However, various criteria, including the language(s) of parents, of education, or the second-language status of foreign born, may provide suggested figures. An estimated 60% of the Belgian population are native speakers of Dutch (often referred to as Flemish), and 40% of the population speaks French natively. French-speaking Belgians are often referred to as Walloons, although the French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons. The total number of native Dutch speakers is estimated to be about 6.23 million, concentrated in the northern Flanders region, while native French speakers number 3.32 million in Wallonia and an estimated 870,000 (or 85%) in the officially bilingual Brussels-Capital Region. The German-speaking Community is made up of 73,000 people in the east of the Walloon Region; around 10,000 German and 60,000 Belgian nationals are speakers of German. Roughly 23,000 more German speakers live in municipalities near the official Community. Both Belgian Dutch and Belgian French have minor differences in vocabulary and semantic nuances from the varieties spoken respectively in the Netherlands and France. Many Flemish people still speak dialects of Dutch in their local environment. Walloon, considered either as a dialect of French or a distinct Romance language, is now only understood and spoken occasionally, mostly by elderly people. Walloon is divided into four dialects, which along with those of Picard, are rarely used in public life and have largely been replaced by French. Religion National Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg, Brussels Main article: Religion in Belgium The Constitution of Belgium provides for freedom of religion, and the government respects this right in practice. Belgium officially recognizes three religions: Christianity (Catholic, Protestantism, Orthodox churches and Anglicanism), Islam and Judaism. During the reigns of Albert I and Baudouin, the Belgian royal family had a reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism. Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion; being especially strong in Flanders. However, by 2009 Sunday church attendance was 5% for Belgium in total; 3% in Brussels, and 5.4% in Flanders. Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 (11% for the total of Belgium in 1998). Despite the drop in church attendance, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgium's culture. According to the Eurobarometer 2010, 37% of Belgian citizens believe in God, 31% in some sort of spirit or life-force. 27% do not believe in any sort of spirit, God, or life-force. 5% did not respond. According to the Eurobarometer 2015, 60.7% of the total population of Belgium adhered to Christianity, with Catholicism being the largest denomination with 52.9%. Protestants comprised 2.1% and Orthodox Christians were the 1.6% of the total. Non-religious people comprised 32.0% of the population and were divided between atheists (14.9%) and agnostics (17.1%). A further 5.2% of the population was Muslim and 2.1% were believers in other religions. The same survey held in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in Belgium, accounting for 65% of Belgians. Interior of the Great Synagogue of Brussels In the early 2000s, there were approximately 42,000 Jews in Belgium. The Jewish Community of Antwerp (numbering some 18,000) is one of the largest in Europe, and one of the last places in the world where Yiddish is the primary language of a large Jewish community (mirroring certain Orthodox and Hasidic communities in New York, New Jersey, and Israel). In addition, most Jewish children in Antwerp receive a Jewish education. There are several Jewish newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues (30 of which are in Antwerp) in the country. A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia, showed that 55% considered themselves religious and that 36% believed that God created the universe. On the other hand, Wallonia has become one of Europe's most secular/least religious regions. Most of the French-speaking region's population does not consider religion an important part of their lives, and as much as 45% of the population identifies as irreligious. This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia and areas along the French border. The Great Mosque of Brussels A 2008 estimate found that approximately 6% of the Belgian population (628,751 people) is Muslim. Muslims constitute 23.6% of the population of Brussels, 4.9% of Wallonia and 5.1% of Flanders. The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi. The largest group of immigrants in Belgium are Moroccans, with 400,000 people. The Turks are the third largest group, and the second largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000. Health Main article: Healthcare in Belgium University Hospital of Antwerp The Belgians enjoy good health. According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years. Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year. Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide). Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44. Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation. Health insurance is compulsory. Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public, university and semi-private hospitals. Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions, but for ineligible categories (of patients and services) so-called 3rd party payment systems exist. The Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the Flemish and Walloon Regional governments; and the German Community also has (indirect) oversight and responsibilities. For the first time in Belgian history, the first child was euthanized following the 2-year mark of the removal of the euthanization age restrictions. The child had been euthanized due to an incurable disease that was inflicted upon the child. Although there may have been some support for the euthanization there is a possibility of controversy due to the issue revolving around the subject of assisted suicide. Excluding assisted suicide, Belgium has the highest suicide rate in Western Europe and one of the highest suicide rates in the developed world (exceeded only by Lithuania, South Korea, and Latvia). Education Main article: Education in Belgium The Central Library of the KU Leuven University Education is compulsory from 6 to 18 years of age for Belgians. Among OECD countries in 2002, Belgium had the third highest proportion of 18- to 21-year-olds enrolled in postsecondary education, at 42%. Though an estimated 99% of the adult population is literate, concern is rising over functional illiteracy. The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Belgium's education as the 19th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average. Education is organized separately by each community. The Flemish Community scores noticeably above the French and German-speaking Communities. Mirroring the structure of the 19th-century Belgian political landscape, characterized by the Liberal and the Catholic parties, the educational system is segregated into secular and religious schools. The secular branch of schooling is controlled by the communities, the provinces, or the municipalities, while religious, mainly Catholic branch education, is organized by religious authorities, which are also subsidized and supervised by the communities. Culture Main article: Culture of Belgium Despite its political and linguistic divisions, the region corresponding to today's Belgium has seen the flourishing of major artistic movements that have had tremendous influence on European art and culture. Nowadays, to a certain extent, cultural life is concentrated within each language Community, and a variety of barriers have made a shared cultural sphere less pronounced. Since the 1970s, there are no bilingual universities or colleges in the country except the Royal Military Academy and the Antwerp Maritime Academy. Fine arts See also: List of Belgian painters, Architecture of Belgium, and Music of Belgium The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432 by van Eyck Contributions to painting and architecture have been especially rich. The Mosan art, the Early Netherlandish, the Flemish Renaissance and Baroque painting and major examples of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture are milestones in the history of art. While the 15th century's art in the Low Countries is dominated by the religious paintings of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, the 16th century is characterized by a broader panel of styles such as Peter Breughel's landscape paintings and Lambert Lombard's representation of the antique. Though the Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck flourished in the early 17th century in the Southern Netherlands, it gradually declined thereafter. During the 19th and 20th centuries many original romantic, expressionist and surrealist Belgian painters emerged, including James Ensor and other artists belonging to the Les XX group, Constant Permeke, Paul Delvaux and René Magritte. The avant-garde CoBrA movement appeared in the 1950s, while the sculptor Panamarenko remains a remarkable figure in contemporary art. Multidisciplinary artists Jan Fabre, Wim Delvoye and the painter Luc Tuymans are other internationally renowned figures on the contemporary art scene. Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, including the work of Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde, who were major initiators of the Art Nouveau style. Jacques Brel The vocal music of the Franco-Flemish School developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such as Henri Vieuxtemps, Eugène Ysaÿe and Arthur Grumiaux, while Adolphe Sax invented the saxophone in 1846. The composer César Franck was born in Liège in 1822. Contemporary popular music in Belgium is also of repute. Jazz musicians Django Reinhardt and Toots Thielemans and singer Jacques Brel have achieved global fame. Nowadays, singer Stromae has been a musical revelation in Europe and beyond, having great success. In rock/pop music, Telex, Front 242, K's Choice, Hooverphonic, Zap Mama, Soulwax and dEUS are well known. In the heavy metal scene, bands like Machiavel, Channel Zero and Enthroned have a worldwide fan-base. Belgium has produced several well-known authors, including the poets Emile Verhaeren, Guido Gezelle, Robert Goffin and novelists Hendrik Conscience, Stijn Streuvels, Georges Simenon, Suzanne Lilar, Hugo Claus and Amélie Nothomb. The poet and playwright Maurice Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911. The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé is the best known of Franco-Belgian comics, but many other major authors, including Peyo (The Smurfs), André Franquin (Gaston Lagaffe), Dupa (Cubitus), Morris (Lucky Luke), Greg (Achille Talon), Lambil (Les Tuniques Bleues), Edgar P. Jacobs and Willy Vandersteen brought the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame. Additionally, famous crime author Agatha Christie created the character Hercule Poirot, a Belgian detective, who has served as a protagonist in a number of her acclaimed mystery novels. Belgian cinema has brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to life on-screen. Other Belgian directors include André Delvaux, Stijn Coninx, Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne; well-known actors include Jean-Claude Van Damme, Jan Decleir and Marie Gillain; and successful films include Bullhead, Man Bites Dog and The Alzheimer Affair. Belgium is also home to a number of successful fashion designers Category:Belgian fashion designers. Folklore Further information: Folklore of Belgium The Gilles of Binche, in costume, wearing wax masks Folklore plays a major role in Belgium's cultural life; the country has a comparatively high number of processions, cavalcades, parades, ommegangs, ducasses, kermesses, and other local festivals, nearly always with an originally religious or mythological background. The three-day Carnival of Binche, near Mons, with its famous Gilles (men dressed in high, plumed hats and bright costumes) is held just before Lent (the 40 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter). Together with the 'Processional Giants and Dragons' of Ath, Brussels, Dendermonde, Mechelen and Mons, it is recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Other examples are the three-day Carnival of Aalst in February or March; the still very religious processions of the Holy Blood taking place in Bruges in May, the Virga Jesse procession held every seven years in Hasselt, the annual procession of Hanswijk in Mechelen, the 15 August festivities in Liège, and the Walloon festival in Namur. Originated in 1832 and revived in the 1960s, the Gentse Feesten (a music and theatre festival organized in Ghent around Belgian National Day, on 21 July) have become a modern tradition. Several of these festivals include sporting competitions, such as cycling, and many fall under the category of kermesses. A major non-official holiday (which is however not an official public holiday) is Saint Nicholas Day (Dutch: Sinterklaas, French: la Saint-Nicolas), a festivity for children, and in Liège, for students. It takes place each year on 6 December and is a sort of early Christmas. On the evening of 5 December, before going to bed, children put their shoes by the hearth with water or wine and a carrot for Saint Nicholas' horse or donkey. According to tradition, Saint Nicholas comes at night and travels down the chimney. He then takes the food and water or wine, leaves presents, goes back up, feeds his horse or donkey, and continues on his course. He also knows whether children have been good or bad. This holiday is especially loved by children in Belgium and the Netherlands. Dutch immigrants imported the tradition into the United States, where Saint Nicholas is now known as Santa Claus. Cuisine Main article: Belgian cuisine Moules-frites or mosselen met friet is a representative dish of Belgium. Belgium is famous for beer, chocolate, waffles and French fries. The national dishes are steak and fries, and mussels with fries. Many highly ranked Belgian restaurants can be found in the most influential restaurant guides, such as the Michelin Guide. One of the many beers with the high prestige is that of the Trappist monks. Technically, it is an ale and traditionally each abbey's beer is served in its own glass (the forms, heights and widths are different). There are only eleven breweries (six of them are Belgian) that are allowed to brew Trappist beer. Although Belgian gastronomy is connected to French cuisine, some recipes were reputedly invented there, such as French fries (despite the name, although their exact place of origin is uncertain), Flemish Carbonade (a beef stew with beer, mustard and bay laurel), speculaas (or speculoos in French, a sort of cinnamon and ginger-flavoured shortcrust biscuit), Brussels waffles (and their variant, Liège waffles), waterzooi (a broth made with chicken or fish, cream and vegetables), endive with bechamel sauce, Brussels sprouts, Belgian pralines (Belgium has some of the most renowned chocolate houses), charcuterie (deli meats) and Paling in 't groen (river eels in a sauce of green herbs). Brands of Belgian chocolate and pralines, like Côte d'Or, Neuhaus, Leonidas and Godiva are famous, as well as independent producers such as Burie and Del Rey in Antwerp and Mary's in Brussels. Belgium produces over 1100 varieties of beer. The Trappist beer of the Abbey of Westvleteren has repeatedly been rated the world's best beer. The biggest brewer in the world by volume is Anheuser-Busch InBev, based in Leuven. Sports Eddy Merckx, regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time Main article: Sport in Belgium Since the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are organized separately within each language community. The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (ADEPS) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region. Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called BLOSO). Association football is the most popular sport in both parts of Belgium; also very popular are cycling, tennis, swimming, judo and basketball. The Belgium national football team has been among the best on the FIFA World Rankings ever since November 2015, when it reached the top spot for the first time. Since the 1990s, the team has been the world's number one for the most years in history, only behind the records of Brazil and Spain. The team's golden generations with the world class players in the squad, namely Eden Hazard, Kevin De Bruyne, Jean-Marie Pfaff, Jan Ceulemans achieved the bronze medals at World Cup 2018, and silver medals at Euro 1980. Belgium hosted the Euro 1972, and co-hosted the Euro 2000 with the Netherlands. Belgians hold the most Tour de France victories of any country except France. They also have the most victories on the UCI Road World Championships. With five victories in the Tour de France and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time. Philippe Gilbert and Remco Evenepoel were the 2012 and 2022 world champions, respectively. Other well-known Belgian cyclists are Tom Boonen and Wout van Aert. Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the Year in the Women's Tennis Association as they were ranked the number one female tennis player. The Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit hosts the Formula One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix. The Belgian driver, Jacky Ickx, won eight Grands Prix and six 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished twice as runner-up in the Formula One World Championship. Belgium also has a strong reputation in, motocross with the riders Joël Robert, Roger De Coster, Georges Jobé, Eric Geboers and Stefan Everts, among others. Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme athletics competition, the Belgian Grand Prix Formula One, and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour of Flanders and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp. The 1977 European Basketball Championship was held in Liège and Ostend. See also Belgium portal Index of Belgium-related articles Outline of Belgium Footnotes ^ Dutch: België ⓘ; French: Belgique ⓘ; German: Belgien ⓘ ^ Dutch: Koninkrijk België; French: Royaume de Belgique; German: Königreich Belgien ^ The Brussels-Capital Region, whose metropolitan area comprises the City of Brussels itself plus 18 independent municipal entities, counts over 1,700,000 inhabitants, but these communities are counted separately by the Belgian Statistics Office. ^ Between 1885 and 1908, the Congo Free State, which was privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium, was characterized by widespread atrocities and disease; amid public outcry in Europe, Belgium annexed the territory as a colony. ^ Belgium is a member of, or affiliated to, many international organizations, including ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUSCO (observers), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNECE, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB (non-regional), WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC. ^ The Constitution set out seven institutions each of which can have a parliament, government and administration. In fact, there are only six such bodies because the Flemish Region merged into the Flemish Community. This single Flemish body thus exercises powers about Community matters in the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital and in the Dutch language area, while about Regional matters only in Flanders. ^ The richest (per capita income) of Belgium's three regions is the Flemish Region, followed by the Walloon Region and lastly the Brussels-Capital Region. The ten municipalities with the highest reported income are: Laethem-Saint-Martin, Keerbergen, Lasne, Oud-Heverlee, Hove, De Pinte, Meise, Knokke-Heist, Bierbeek."Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?". trends.be. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Native speakers of Dutch living in Wallonia and of French in Flanders are relatively small minorities that furthermore largely balance one another, hence attributing all inhabitants of each unilingual area to the area's language can cause only insignificant inaccuracies (99% can speak the language). Dutch: Flanders' 6.079 million inhabitants and about 15% of Brussels' 1.019 million are 6.23 million or 59.3% of the 10.511 million inhabitants of Belgium (2006); German: 70,400 in the German-speaking Community (which has language facilities for its less than 5% French-speakers) and an estimated 20,000–25,000 speakers of German in the Walloon Region outside the geographical boundaries of their official Community, or 0.9%; French: in the latter area as well as mainly in the rest of Wallonia (3.321 million) and 85% of the Brussels inhabitants (0.866 million) thus 4.187 million or 39.8%; together indeed 100%. ^ Flemish Academic Eric Corijn (initiator of Charta 91), at a colloquium regarding Brussels, on 2001-12-05, states that in Brussels 91% of the population speaks French at home, either alone or with another language, and about 20% speaks Dutch at home, either alone (9%) or with French (11%)—After ponderation, the repartition can be estimated at between 85 and 90% French-speaking, and the remaining are Dutch-speaking, corresponding to the estimations based on languages chosen in Brussels by citizens for their official documents (ID, driving licenses, weddings, birth, sex, and so on); all these statistics on language are also available at Belgian Department of Justice (for weddings, birth, sex), Department of Transport (for Driving licenses), Department of Interior (for IDs), because there are no means to know precisely the proportions since Belgium has abolished 'official' linguistic censuses, thus official documents on language choices can only be estimations. For a web source on this topic, see e.g. General online sources: Janssens, Rudi ^ Notable Belgian films based on works by Flemish authors include: De Witte (author Ernest Claes) movie by Jan Vanderheyden and Edith Kiel in 1934, remake as De Witte van Sichem directed by Robbe De Hert in 1980; De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen (Johan Daisne) André Delvaux 1965; Mira ('De teleurgang van de Waterhoek' by Stijn Streuvels) Fons Rademakers 1971; Malpertuis (aka The Legend of Doom House) (Jean Ray ) Harry Kümel 1971; De loteling (Hendrik Conscience) Roland Verhavert 1974; Dood van een non (Maria Rosseels) Paul Collet and Pierre Drouot 1975; Pallieter (Felix Timmermans) Roland Verhavert 1976; De komst van Joachim Stiller (Hubert Lampo) Harry Kümel 1976; De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (Hendrik Conscience) Hugo Claus (a famous author himself) 1985; Daens ('Pieter Daens' by Louis Paul Boon) Stijn Coninx 1992; see also Filmarchief les DVD!s de la cinémathèque (in Dutch). 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World History at KMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA). 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007. Janssens, Rudi (1 June 2001). Brusselse Thema's in Brussel—Taalverhoudingen, taalverschuivingen en taalindentiteit in een meertalige stad – summary The Use of Languages in Brussels (PDF) (in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Brussel Press, Brussels. pp. 227–250. ISBN 978-90-5487-293-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007. Leclerc, Jacques (2006). "Belgique • België • Belgien". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Host: Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ), Université Laval, Quebec. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007. Mnookin, Robert; Verbeke, Alain (20 December 2006). "Bye bye Belgium?". International Herald Tribune, republished by Harvard Law School. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.—Reflections on nations and nation-state developments regarding Belgium Bibliography Arblaster, Paul (23 December 2005). A History of the Low Countries. Palgrave Essential Histories (Hardcover 312pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 978-1-4039-4827-4. Blom, J. C. H.; Lamberts, Emiel, eds. (May 1999). History of the Low Countries. Translated by Kennedy, James C. (Hardcover 503pp ed.). Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York. ISBN 978-1-57181-084-7. Cammaerts, Émile L. (1921) . A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day (357pp ed.). D. Appleton and Co, New York. ASIN B00085PM0A. OCLC 1525559., London, OCLC 29072911; (1921) D. Unwin and Co., New York OCLC 9625246 also published (1921) as Belgium from the Roman invasion to the present day, The Story of the nations, 67, T. Fisher Unwin, London, OCLC 2986704] de Kavanagh Boulger; Demetrius C. (28 June 2001) . The History of Belgium: Part 1. Cæsar to Waterloo. Elibron Classics (Paperback 493pp ed.). Adamant Media (Delaware corporation), Boston, Massachusetts, United States. ISBN 978-1-4021-6714-0. Facsimile reprint of a 1902 edition by the author, LondonIb. (June 2001) . Ib. Part 2. 1815–1865. Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I (Paperback 462pp ed.). Ib. ISBN 978-1-4021-6713-3. Facsimile reprint of a 1909 edition by the author, London Fitzmaurice, John (1996). The Politics of Belgium: A Unique Federalism. Nations of the modern world (Paperback 284pp ed.). Boulder, Colorado, US: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2386-2. OCLC 30112536. Kossmann-Putto, Johanna A.; Kossmann Ernst H. (January 1993) . Deleu Jozef H. M. (ed.). The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands. Translated by Fenoulhet Jane. De Lage Landen: geschiedenis van de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Vlaams-Nederlandse Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem (3rd Rev. edition Paperback 64pp ed.). Flemish-Netherlands Foundation Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem, Belgium. ISBN 978-90-70831-20-2. (Several editions in English, incl. (1997) 7th ed.) External links Belgium at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage Government Official site of the Belgian monarchy Official site of the Belgian federal government General Belgium. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Belgium at UCB Libraries GovPubs Belgium information from the United States Department of State Belgium at Curlie Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress Belgium profile from the BBC News FAO Country Profiles: Belgium Statistical Profile of Belgium at the Association of Religion Data Archives Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Atlas of Belgium Key Development Forecasts for Belgium from International Futures Official Site of the Belgian Tourist Office in the Americas and GlobeScope vteBelgium articlesHistory Gallia Belgica Prince-Bishopric of Liège Burgundian Netherlands Southern Netherlands Spanish Netherlands Austrian Netherlands Brabant Revolution United Kingdom of the Netherlands Long nineteenth century Belgian Revolution Crisis of 1870 Empire World War I invasion occupation World War II invasion occupation Royal Question Congo Crisis State reform Geography Climate Extreme points Lakes Mountains Rivers Subdivisions Politics Constitution Elections Executive Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Judiciary Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Economy 2008–2009 financial crisis Banking Central bank Communications Energy Tourism Trade unions Transport Science and technology Society Abortion Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Honours Irreligion Languages Life expectancy Media People list Prostitution Religion Culture Architecture Art Cinema Comics Cuisine Beer wine waffle Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television World Heritage Sites OutlineIndex Category Portal Links to related articles vteBelgian Revolution and the independence of Belgium (1830–1839)Belgian Revolution Belgian Revolution Rattachism Orangism La muette de Portici (August 1830) La Brabançonne (August 1830) Provisional Government of Belgium (September 1830 – February 1831) National Congress of Belgium (November 1830) Constitution of Belgium (February 1831) First Belgian monarchs Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier (Regent; February 1831 – July 1831) Leopold I (King of the Belgians; July 1831 – December 1865) Important figures Charles Niellon Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval) Frédéric de Mérode Juan Van Halen(see also List of members of the National Congress) Provisional Government Alexandre Gendebien André Jolly Charles Rogier Louis de Potter Sylvain Van de Weyer Feuillien de Coppin Félix de Mérode Joseph Vanderlinden Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst de Gerlache Government Étienne Constantin de Gerlache Charles de Brouckère Alexandre Gendebien Albert Goblet d'Alviella Sylvain Van de Weyer Lebeau I Government Joseph Lebeau Étienne de Sauvage Charles de Brouckère Paul Devaux United Kingdom of the Netherlands King William I Prince William Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831) Siege of Antwerp (1832) Treaties London Conference of 1830 Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831) Treaty of London (1839) Treaty of Maastricht (1843) Iron Rhine Treaty (1873) Monuments and honours Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution Congress Column Civic Guard Merit Medal 1830 Star of Honour Iron Cross 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross vteCountries and dependencies of EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia1 Germany Greece Hungary Iceland3 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey1 Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City4 States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria DependentterritoriesDenmark Faroe Islands3 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 (Sovereign Base Areas) Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory) Crown Dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey Alderney Guernsey Sark Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man Special areasof internalsovereigntyFinland Åland (autonomous region subject to the Åland convention of 1921) Norway Svalbard (unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty) United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland (country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement) 1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.3 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.4 Governed by the Holy See which has sovereignty over Vatican City. Category Europe portal vteMember states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden See also: Potential enlargement and Former members vteMembers of the European Economic Area (EEA)EFTA member states Iceland (EU relations) Liechtenstein (EU relations) Norway (EU relations) EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia (provisional member) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden See also: UK membership, CH–EU relations, and UK–EU relations vteCouncil of EuropeInstitutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 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et Technique Agence universitaire de la Francophonie Culture French language UN French Language Day International Francophonie Day Jeux de la Francophonie Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie AFFOI TV5Monde LGBT rights Related Francophone economy Senghor University Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Portugal Geographic MusicBrainz area Academics CiNii People Trove UK Parliament Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi 50°50′N 4°00′E / 50.833°N 4.000°E / 50.833; 4.000
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capita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita"},{"link_name":"Flemish Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Community"},{"link_name":"French Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"East Cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brusselsstudies-20"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qLn0J-21"},{"link_name":"six different governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Belgian 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members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Six"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Council of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Eurozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_headquarters"},{"link_name":"[E]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Country in Northwestern EuropeThis article is about the country. For other uses, see Belgium (disambiguation). \"Belgique\" redirects here. For other uses, see Belgique (disambiguation). \"Belgia\" redirects here. For the predecessor as an Ancient Roman province, see Gallia Belgica. For the passenger ship, see SS Belgia. \"Bélgica\" redirects here. For other uses, see Belgica (disambiguation).Belgium,[A] officially the Kingdom of Belgium,[B] is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi)[4][12] and has a population of more than 11.5 million,[13] making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376/km2 (970/sq mi). Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels;[C] other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.Belgium is a sovereign state and a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds. It is divided into three highly autonomous regions:[15] the Flemish Region (Flanders) in the north, the Walloon Region (Wallonia) in the south, and the Brussels-Capital Region.[16] Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region, as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita. Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the Flemish Community, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the French Community, which constitutes about 40 percent of the population. A small German-speaking Community, making up around one percent of the population, exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch,[17] although French is the majority language and lingua franca.[18] Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of six different governments.Since the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location has meant that the area has been relatively prosperous, connected commercially and politically to its bigger neighbours. The country as it exists today was established following the 1830 Belgian Revolution, when it seceded from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had incorporated the Southern Netherlands (which comprised most of modern-day Belgium) after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The name chosen for the new state is derived from the Latin word Belgium, used in Julius Caesar's \"Gallic Wars\", to describe a nearby region in the period around 55 BCE.[19] Belgium has also been the battleground of European powers, earning the moniker \"the Battlefield of Europe\",[20] a reputation reinforced in the 20th century by both world wars.Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution,[21][22] and during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies, notably the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.[23][D] These colonies gained independence between 1960 and 1962.[25] The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speakers and French-speakers, fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching state reforms, resulting in the transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement between 1970 and 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions have persisted: there is particularly significant separatist sentiment among the Flemish, language laws such as the municipalities with language facilities have been the source of much controversy,[26] and the government formation period following the 2010 federal election set the world record at 589 days.[27] Unemployment in Wallonia is more than double that of Flanders, which boomed after the Second World War.[28][29]Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy. The country is one of the six founding members of the European Union, and its capital, Brussels, is the de facto capital of the European Union itself, hosting the official seats of the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, and the European Council, as well as one of two seats of the European Parliament (the other being Strasbourg). Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD, and WTO, and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union and the Schengen Area. Brussels also hosts the headquarters of many major international organizations, such as NATO.[E]","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Belgian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Belgian_history"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Belgian history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png"},{"link_name":"Gallia Belgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Belgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Belgium#Latin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Morini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morini"},{"link_name":"Menapii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menapii"},{"link_name":"Nervii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervii"},{"link_name":"Germani Cisrhenani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_Cisrhenani"},{"link_name":"Aduatuci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aduatuci"},{"link_name":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Arlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlon"},{"link_name":"Treveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treveri"},{"link_name":"Gallia Belgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Germania Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"Gallia Belgica at the time of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 54 BCEAccording to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were the inhabitants of the northernmost part of Gaul. They lived in a region stretching from Paris to the Rhine, which is much bigger than modern Belgium. However, he also specifically used the Latin word \"Belgium\" to refer to a politically dominant part of that region, which is now in northernmost France.[30] Modern Belgium corresponds to the lands of the most northerly Belgae; the Morini, Menapii, Nervii, Germani Cisrhenani, and Aduatuci; whom Caesar found particularly warlike and economically undeveloped. Caesar described this region as having strong kinship links to the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine. The area around Arlon in southern Belgium was a part of the country of the Treveri.After Caesar's conquests, Gallia Belgica came to be the Latin name of a large Roman province covering most of Northern Gaul, including the Treveri. However, areas closer to the lower Rhine frontier, including the eastern part of modern Belgium, subsequently became part of the frontier province of Germania Inferior, which continued to interact with their neighbours outside the empire. At the time when central government collapsed in the Western Roman Empire, the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania were inhabited by a mix of a Romanized population and Germanic-speaking Franks who came to dominate the military and political class.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"county of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"West Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Meerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Ribemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribemont"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"county of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"king of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Golden Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"During the 5th century, the area came under the rule of the Frankish Merovingian kings, who initially established a kingdom ruling over the Romanized population in what is now northern France, and then conquered the other Frankish kingdoms. During the 8th century, the empire of the Franks came to be ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, whose centre of power included the area which is now eastern Belgium.[31] Over the centuries, it was divided up in many ways, but the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms whose borders had a lasting impact on medieval political boundaries. Most of modern Belgium was in the Middle Kingdom, later known as Lotharingia, but the coastal county of Flanders, west of the Scheldt, became the northernmost part of West Francia, the predecessor of France. In 870 in the Treaty of Meerssen, modern Belgium lands all became part of the western kingdom for a period, but in 880 in the Treaty of Ribemont, Lotharingia came under the lasting control of the eastern kingdom, which became the Holy Roman Empire. The lordships and bishoprics along the \"March\" (frontier) between the two great kingdoms maintained important connections between each other. For example, the county of Flanders expanded over the Scheldt into the empire, and during several periods was ruled by the same lords as the county of Hainaut.In the 13th and 14th centuries, the cloth industry and commerce boomed especially in the County of Flanders and it became one of the richest areas in Europe. This prosperity played a role in conflicts between Flanders and the king of France. Famously, Flemish militias scored a surprise victory at the Battle of the Golden Spurs against a strong force of mounted knights in 1302, but France soon regained control of the rebellious province.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png"},{"link_name":"Burgundian State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"proceeded to unite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_inheritance_in_the_Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Burgundian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wl7Nu-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Pragmatic Sanction of 1549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3kmvZ-39"}],"sub_title":"Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands","text":"The Burgundian State of Charles the Bold in the 15th centuryIn the 15th century, the Duke of Burgundy in France took control of Flanders, and from there they proceeded to unite much of what is now the Benelux, the so-called Burgundian Netherlands.[32] \"Burgundy\" and \"Flanders\" were the first two common names used for the Burgundian Netherlands which was the predecessor of the Austrian Netherlands, the predecessor of modern Belgium.[33] The union, technically stretching between two kingdoms, gave the area economic and political stability which led to an even greater prosperity and artistic creation.Born in Belgium, the Habsburg Emperor Charles V was heir of the Burgundians, but also of the royal families of Austria, Castile and Aragon. With the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 he gave the Seventeen Provinces more legitimacy as a stable entity, rather than just a temporary personal union. He also increased the influence of these Netherlands over the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, which continued to exist as a large semi-independent enclave.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Franco-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"}],"sub_title":"Spanish and Austrian Netherlands","text":"The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) was triggered by the Spanish government's policy towards Protestantism, which was becoming popular in the Low Countries. The rebellious northern United Provinces (Belgica Foederata in Latin, the \"Federated Netherlands\") eventually separated from the Southern Netherlands (Belgica Regia, the \"Royal Netherlands\"). The southern part continued to be ruled successively by the Spanish (Spanish Netherlands) and the Austrian House of Habsburgs (Austrian Netherlands) and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), and part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars:_Campaigns_of_1794"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"}],"sub_title":"French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands","text":"Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countries – including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – were annexed by the French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region. A reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1814, after the abdication of Napoleon.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG"},{"link_name":"Belgian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Wappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egide_Charles_Gustave_Wappers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MapBelg1832-1724.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"provisional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"national congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobbelaere-VoyE-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gooch-41"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"National Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"parliamentary democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy"},{"link_name":"laicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UL18v-42"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"general strike of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1893"},{"link_name":"plural voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_voting"},{"link_name":"Catholic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Belgian Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etpIA-43"},{"link_name":"Berlin Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"King Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbath-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-45"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwqD0-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels,_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Schlieffen Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Rape of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"German colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonies"},{"link_name":"Ruanda-Urundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Prussian districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Eupen and Malmedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy"},{"link_name":"German forces again invaded the country in May 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"the Allies liberated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"a general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike_against_Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Leopold III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Prince Baudouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Baudouin"},{"link_name":"many Belgians thought he had collaborated with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arango-47"},{"link_name":"Congo Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7TmlQ-48"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"European Coal and Steel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"},{"link_name":"European Atomic Energy Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community"},{"link_name":"European Economic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Council of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Marc Dutroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Dutroux"},{"link_name":"Andre Cools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cools"},{"link_name":"Dioxin Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin_affair"},{"link_name":"Agusta Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_scandal"},{"link_name":"Karel van Noppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Karel_Van_Noppen"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Independent Belgium","text":"Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Gustaf Wappers, 1834Map of Belgium, 1832, before the final settlement of borders in 1839In 1830, the Belgian Revolution led to the re-separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress.[35][36] Since the installation of Leopold I as king on 21 July 1831, now celebrated as Belgium's National Day, Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a laicist constitution based on the Napoleonic code.[37] Although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 (with plural voting until 1919) and for women in 1949.The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party and the Liberal Party, with the Belgian Labour Party emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the official language used by the nobility and the bourgeoisie, especially after the rejection of the Dutch monarchy. French progressively lost its dominance as Dutch began to recover its status. This recognition became official in 1898, and in 1967, the parliament accepted a Dutch version of the Constitution.[38]The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession. From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold II, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production.[39] Many Congolese were killed by Leopold's agents for failing to meet production quotas for ivory and rubber.[40] In 1908, this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the Belgian Congo.[41] A Belgian commission in 1919 estimated that Congo's population was half what it was in 1879.[40]Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels, 4 September 1944Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan to attack France, and much of the Western Front fighting of World War I occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as the Rape of Belgium due to German excesses. Belgium assumed control of the German colonies of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) during the war, and in 1924 the League of Nations mandated them to Belgium. In the aftermath of the First World War, Belgium annexed the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority.German forces again invaded the country in May 1940, and 40,690 Belgians, over half of them Jews, were killed during the subsequent occupation and the Holocaust. From September 1944 to February 1945 the Allies liberated Belgium. After World War II, a general strike forced King Leopold III to abdicate in 1951 in favour of his son, Prince Baudouin, since many Belgians thought he had collaborated with Germany during the war.[42] The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 during the Congo Crisis;[43] Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joined NATO as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg.Belgium became one of the six founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and of the European Atomic Energy Community and European Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter has now become the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the European Parliament.In the early 1990s, Belgium saw several large corruption scandals notably surrounding Marc Dutroux, Andre Cools, the Dioxin Affair, Agusta Scandal and the murder of Karel van Noppen.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statbel-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hetlaatste-52"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nCHdl-54"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Hercynian orogenic belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscan_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Paris Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin"},{"link_name":"Belgian Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KKuI7-55"},{"link_name":"polders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"Campine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campine"},{"link_name":"gorges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Eifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifel"},{"link_name":"High Fens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fens"},{"link_name":"Signal de Botrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_de_Botrange"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vomkA-56"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCKrU-57"},{"link_name":"The climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"maritime temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0vPZn-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7ID7K-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statbel2-60"},{"link_name":"Phytogeographically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography"},{"link_name":"Circumboreal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumboreal_Region"},{"link_name":"Boreal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D9WTK-61"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"terrestrial ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregions"},{"link_name":"Atlantic mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests"},{"link_name":"Western European broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjXhG-63"},{"link_name":"Forest Landscape Integrity Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-64"}],"text":"Relief map of BelgiumBelgium shares borders with France (620 km), Germany (167 km), Luxembourg (148 km) and the Netherlands (450 km). Its total surface, including water area, is 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi).[4][45] Before 2018, its total area was believed to be 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi). However, when the country's statistics were measured in 2018, a new calculation method was used. Unlike previous calculations, this one included the area from the coast to the low-water line, revealing the country to be 160 km2 (62 sq mi) larger in surface area than previously thought.[46][47] Its land area alone is 30,446 square kilometers. [4][48] It lies between latitudes 49°30' and 51°30' N, and longitudes 2°33' and 6°24' E.[49]Belgium has three main geographical regions; the coastal plain in the northwest and the central plateau both belong to the Anglo-Belgian Basin, and the Ardennes uplands in the southeast to the Hercynian orogenic belt. The Paris Basin reaches a small fourth area at Belgium's southernmost tip, Belgian Lorraine.[50]The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and polders. Further inland lies a smooth, slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways, with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the Campine (Kempen). The thickly forested hills and plateaus of the Ardennes are more rugged and rocky with caves and small gorges. Extending westward into France, this area is eastwardly connected to the Eifel in Germany by the High Fens plateau, on which the Signal de Botrange forms the country's highest point at 694 m (2,277 ft).[51][52]The climate is maritime temperate with significant precipitation in all seasons (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), like most of northwest Europe.[53] The average temperature is lowest in January at 3 °C (37.4 °F) and highest in July at 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average precipitation per month varies between 54 mm (2.1 in) for February and April, to 78 mm (3.1 in) for July.[54] Averages for the years 2000 to 2006 show daily temperature minimums of 7 °C (44.6 °F) and maximums of 14 °C (57.2 °F) and monthly rainfall of 74 mm (2.9 in); these are about 1 °C and nearly 10 millimeters above last century's normal values, respectively.[55]Phytogeographically, Belgium is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.[56] According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Belgium belongs to the terrestrial ecoregions of Atlantic mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests.[57][58] Belgium had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.36/10, ranking it 163rd globally out of 172 countries.[59]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"Walloon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"}],"sub_title":"Provinces","text":"The territory of Belgium is divided into three Regions, two of which, the Flemish Region and Walloon Region, are in turn subdivided into provinces; the third Region, the Brussels Capital Region, is neither a province nor a part of a province.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_(6)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"King of the Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_European_Parliament_at_70-_%E2%80%9CThe_voice_of_citizens_and_democratic_values%E2%80%9D_-_52518477942_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander De Croo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg"},{"link_name":"constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"popular monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_monarchy"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"parliamentary democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"federal parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"communities and regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"co-opted senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)#Co-opted_senators"},{"link_name":"Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"proportional voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_voting"},{"link_name":"electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"compulsory voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_voting"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-66"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"prerogatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution1-67"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code"},{"link_name":"Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"courts of appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJcz8-68"}],"text":"PhilippeKing of the Belgianssince 21 July 2013Alexander De CrooPrime Minister of Belgiumsince 1 October 2020Chart illustrating the federal government construction of BelgiumBelgium is a constitutional, popular monarchy and a federal parliamentary democracy. The bicameral federal parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives. The former is made up of 50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the communities and regions and 10 co-opted senators. Prior to 2014, most of the Senate's members were directly elected. The Chamber's 150 representatives are elected under a proportional voting system from 11 electoral districts. Belgium has compulsory voting and thus maintains one of the highest rates of voter turnout in the world.[61]The King (currently Philippe) is the head of state, though with limited prerogatives. He appoints ministers, including a Prime Minister, that have the confidence of the Chamber of Representatives to form the federal government. The Council of Ministers is composed of no more than fifteen members. With the possible exception of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers is composed of an equal number of Dutch-speaking members and French-speaking members.[62]\nThe judicial system is based on civil law and originates from the Napoleonic code. The Court of Cassation is the court of last resort, with the courts of appeal one level below.[63]","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most political power rests on representation of the main cultural communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillarisation"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d9qyv-69"},{"link_name":"Belgian political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USStateDpt-70"},{"link_name":"Christian Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fYr7M-71"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belgium#Linguistic_parties"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USStateDpt-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_Nation_(DSC01812).jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgian Federal Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"six different governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"was broken in 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_1999"},{"link_name":"dioxin crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxine_affair"},{"link_name":"food contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_contaminant"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bKdfB-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjCXN-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uoINh-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mbcyv-75"},{"link_name":"purple coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_(government)"},{"link_name":"2003 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2003"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9lpYO-76"},{"link_name":"Guy Verhofstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt"},{"link_name":"tax reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_reform"},{"link_name":"nuclear phase-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy#Europe"},{"link_name":"war crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Crimes_Law_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"soft drug usage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_harmfulness"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEf4J-77"},{"link_name":"opposed the invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmental_positions_on_the_Iraq_War_prior_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LZ5BE-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-79"},{"link_name":"June 2007 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2007"},{"link_name":"political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Belgian_government_formation"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N2qAB-80"},{"link_name":"partition of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanFranChro-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCJuly2008-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph2010-83"},{"link_name":"Verhofstadt III Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhofstadt_III_Government"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams"},{"link_name":"Francophone Christian Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Democratic_Centre"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten"},{"link_name":"Francophone Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur"},{"link_name":"Francophone Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(francophone_Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-84"},{"link_name":"new government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterme_I_Government"},{"link_name":"Yves Leterme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Leterme"},{"link_name":"constitutional reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-84"},{"link_name":"crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Fortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_(finance)"},{"link_name":"BNP Paribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNP_Paribas"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r7UJ3-85"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic and Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams"},{"link_name":"Herman Van Rompuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4GrHs-86"},{"link_name":"President of the European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council"},{"link_name":"new government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterme_II_Government"},{"link_name":"Yves Leterme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Leterme"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a18xf-87"},{"link_name":"OpenVLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVLD"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pFUq8-88"},{"link_name":"N-VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XVrGP-89"},{"link_name":"caretaker government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"formation of a new government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Belgian_government_formation"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News_6_May_2015-90"},{"link_name":"Di Rupo Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Rupo_Government"},{"link_name":"Elio Di Rupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PXMRM-91"},{"link_name":"2014 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2014"},{"link_name":"regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_regional_elections,_2014"},{"link_name":"Charles Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel"},{"link_name":"Kris Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Peeters"},{"link_name":"lead the formation of a new federal cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_government_formation"},{"link_name":"Michel Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_I_Government"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wMR0S-92"},{"link_name":"2019 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Vlaams Belang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaams_Belang"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftZtr-93"},{"link_name":"Charles Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3g6O-94"},{"link_name":"Sophie Wilmès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2hC0Z-95"},{"link_name":"Alexander De Croo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yD8q7-96"}],"sub_title":"Political culture","text":"Belgium's political institutions are complex; most political power rests on representation of the main cultural communities.[64]\nSince about 1970, the significant national Belgian political parties have split into distinct components that mainly represent the political and linguistic interests of these communities.[65]\nThe major parties in each community, though close to the political center, belong to three main groups: Christian Democrats, Liberals, and Social Democrats.[66]\nFurther notable parties came into being well after the middle of last century, mainly to represent linguistic, nationalist, or environmental interests, and recently smaller ones of some specific liberal nature.[65]The Belgian Federal Parliament in Brussels, one of six different governments of the countryA string of Christian Democrat coalition governments from 1958 was broken in 1999 after the first dioxin crisis, a major food contamination scandal.[67][68][69] A \"rainbow coalition\" emerged from six parties: the Flemish and the French-speaking Liberals, Social Democrats and Greens.[70] Later, a \"purple coalition\" of Liberals and Social Democrats formed after the Greens lost most of their seats in the 2003 election.[71]The government led by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt from 1999 to 2007 achieved a balanced budget, some tax reforms, a labor-market reform, scheduled nuclear phase-out and instigated legislation allowing more stringent war crime and more lenient soft drug usage prosecution. Restrictions on euthanasia were reduced and same-sex marriage was introduced. The government promoted active diplomacy in Africa[72] and opposed the invasion of Iraq.[73] It is the only country that does not have age restrictions on euthanasia.[74]Verhofstadt's coalition fared badly in the June 2007 elections. For more than a year, the country experienced a political crisis.[75] This crisis was such that many observers speculated on a possible partition of Belgium.[76][77][78] From 21 December 2007 until 20 March 2008 the temporary Verhofstadt III Government was in office. This was a coalition of the Flemish and Francophone Christian Democrats, the Flemish and Francophone Liberals together with the Francophone Social Democrats.[79]On that day a new government, led by Flemish Christian Democrat Yves Leterme, the actual winner of the federal elections of June 2007, was sworn in by the king. On 15 July 2008 Leterme offered the resignation of the cabinet to the king, as no progress in constitutional reforms had been made.[79]\nIn December 2008, Leterme once more offered his resignation after a crisis surrounding the sale of Fortis to BNP Paribas.[80] At this juncture, his resignation was accepted and Christian Democratic and Flemish Herman Van Rompuy was sworn in as Prime Minister on 30 December 2008.[81]After Herman Van Rompuy was designated the first permanent President of the European Council on 19 November 2009, he offered the resignation of his government to King Albert II on 25 November 2009. A few hours later, the new government under Prime Minister Yves Leterme was sworn in. On 22 April 2010, Leterme again offered the resignation of his cabinet to the king[82] after one of the coalition partners, the OpenVLD, withdrew from the government, and on 26 April 2010 King Albert officially accepted the resignation.[83]The Parliamentary elections in Belgium on 13 June 2010 saw the Flemish nationalist N-VA become the largest party in Flanders, and the Socialist Party PS the largest party in Wallonia.[84] Until December 2011, Belgium was governed by Leterme's caretaker government awaiting the end of the deadlocked negotiations for formation of a new government. By 30 March 2011, this set a new world record for the elapsed time without an official government, previously held by war-torn Iraq.[85] Finally, in December 2011 the Di Rupo Government led by Walloon socialist Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo was sworn in.[86]The 2014 federal election (coinciding with the regional elections) resulted in a further electoral gain for the Flemish nationalist N-VA, although the incumbent coalition (composed of Flemish and French-speaking Social Democrats, Liberals, and Christian Democrats) maintains a solid majority in Parliament and in all electoral constituencies. On 22 July 2014, King Philippe nominated Charles Michel (MR) and Kris Peeters (CD&V) to lead the formation of a new federal cabinet composed of the Flemish parties N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld and the French-speaking MR, which resulted in the Michel Government. It was the first time N-VA was part of the federal cabinet, while the French-speaking side was represented only by the MR, which achieved a minority of the public votes in Wallonia.[87]In May 2019 federal elections in the Flemish-speaking northern region of Flanders far-right Vlaams Belang party made major gains. In the French-speaking southern area of Wallonia the Socialists were strong. The moderate Flemish nationalist party the N-VA remained the largest party in parliament.[88]\nIn July 2019 prime minister Charles Michel was selected to hold the post of President of the European Council.[89] His successor Sophie Wilmès was Belgium's first female prime minister. She led the caretaker government since October 2019.[90] The Flemish Liberal party politician Alexander De Croo became new prime minister in October 2020. The parties had agreed on federal government 16 months after the elections.[91]","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg"},{"link_name":"Flemish Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Community"},{"link_name":"French Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regions_of_Belgium.svg"},{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Walloon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zZuRK-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ii8cr-98"},{"link_name":"Flemish movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_movement"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p31-99"},{"link_name":"most Brusselers adopted French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchification_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p31-99"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EED-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EED-100"},{"link_name":"revisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"the country's constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolandwillemyns-101"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution2-102"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_federal_government"},{"link_name":"Flemish Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Community"},{"link_name":"French Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Walloon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"constitutional language areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p121-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p122-104"},{"link_name":"[F]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-24"}],"sub_title":"Communities and regions","text":"Communities:  Flemish Community / Dutch language area   Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area   French Community / French language area  German-speaking Community / German language areaRegions:  Flemish Region / Dutch language area  Brussels-Capital Region / bilingual area  Walloon Region / French and German language areasFollowing a usage which can be traced back to the Burgundian and Habsburg courts,[92] in the 19th century it was necessary to speak French to belong to the governing upper class, and those who could only speak Dutch were effectively second-class citizens.[93] Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation.[94]While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French, and most Brusselers adopted French as their first language, the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system.[94] Following World War II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities.[95] Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimize the potential for conflict.[95]Based on the four language areas defined in 1962–63 (the Dutch, bilingual, French and German language areas), consecutive revisions of the country's constitution in 1970, 1980, 1988 and 1993 established a unique form of a federal state with segregated political power into three levels:[96][97]The federal government, based in Brussels.\nThe three language communities:\nthe Flemish Community (Dutch-speaking);\nthe French Community (French-speaking);\nthe German-speaking Community.\nThe three regions:\nthe Flemish Region, subdivided into five provinces;\nthe Walloon Region, subdivided into five provinces;\nthe Brussels-Capital Region.The constitutional language areas determine the official languages in their municipalities, as well as the geographical limits of the empowered institutions for specific matters.[98] Although this would allow for seven parliaments and governments when the Communities and Regions were created in 1980, Flemish politicians decided to merge both.[99] Thus the Flemings just have one single institutional body of parliament and government is empowered for all except federal and specific municipal matters.[F]The overlapping boundaries of the Regions and Communities have created two notable peculiarities: the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region (which came into existence nearly a decade after the other regions) is included in both the Flemish and French Communities, and the territory of the German-speaking Community lies wholly within the Walloon Region. Conflicts about jurisdiction between the bodies are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Belgium. The structure is intended as a compromise to allow different cultures to live together peacefully.[21]","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian Post Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Post_Group"},{"link_name":"Belgian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedgov1-106"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3JE9u-107"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedgov2-108"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedgov3-109"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fedgov1-106"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagasse1-110"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagasse2-111"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suinen-112"}],"sub_title":"Locus of policy jurisdiction","text":"The Federal State's authority includes justice, defense, federal police, social security, nuclear energy, monetary policy and public debt, and other aspects of public finances. State-owned companies include the Belgian Post Group and Belgian Railways. The Federal Government is responsible for the obligations of Belgium and its federalized institutions towards the European Union and NATO. It controls substantial parts of public health, home affairs and foreign affairs.[100] The budget—without the debt—controlled by the federal government amounts to about 50% of the national fiscal income. The federal government employs around 12% of the civil servants.[101]Communities exercise their authority only within linguistically determined geographical boundaries, originally oriented towards the individuals of a Community's language: culture (including audiovisual media), education and the use of the relevant language. Extensions to personal matters less directly connected with language comprise health policy (curative and preventive medicine) and assistance to individuals (protection of youth, social welfare, aid to families, immigrant assistance services, and so on.).[102]Regions have authority in fields that can be broadly associated with their territory. These include economy, employment, agriculture, water policy, housing, public works, energy, transport, the environment, town and country planning, nature conservation, credit and foreign trade. They supervise the provinces, municipalities and intercommunal utility companies.[103]In several fields, the different levels each have their own say on specifics. With education, for instance, the autonomy of the Communities neither includes decisions about the compulsory aspect nor allows for setting minimum requirements for awarding qualifications, which remain federal matters.[100] Each level of government can be involved in scientific research and international relations associated with its powers. The treaty-making power of the Regions' and Communities' Governments is the broadest of all the Federating units of all the Federations all over the world.[104][105][106]","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlaymont building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlaymont_building"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Foreign relations","text":"The Berlaymont building in Brussels, seat of the European CommissionBecause of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbors. With virtually defenseless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Belgians have been strong advocates of European integration. The headquarters of NATO and of several of the institutions of the European Union are located in Belgium.","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA-109_(50064453591).jpg"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Land Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component"},{"link_name":"Naval Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Naval_Component"},{"link_name":"Air Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component"},{"link_name":"Medical Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Medical_Component"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iiss2023-113"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R8Zsp-114"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOS_Operations_and_Training"},{"link_name":"Chief of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAP2a-115"},{"link_name":"war against the Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iiss2023-113"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"collective security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security"},{"link_name":"Belgian foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBglz-117"},{"link_name":"Belgian United Nations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_United_Nations_Command"},{"link_name":"Dutch Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Navy"},{"link_name":"Admiral Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Benelux"}],"sub_title":"Armed forces","text":"F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Belgian Air ComponentThe Belgian Armed Forces had 23,200 active personnel in 2023, including 8,500 in the Land Component, 1,400 in the Naval Component, 4,900 in the Air Component, 1,450 in the Medical Component, and 6,950 in joint service, in addition to 5,900 reserve personnel.[107] In 2019, Belgium's defense budget totaled €4.303 billion ($4.921 billion) representing .93% of its GDP.[108] The operational commands of the four components are subordinate to the Staff Department for Operations and Training of the Ministry of Defense, which is headed by the Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training, and to the Chief of Defense.[109] The Belgian military consists of volunteers (conscription was abolished in 1995), and citizens of other EU states, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, or Lichtenstein are also able to join. Belgium has troops deployed in several African countries as part of UN or EU missions, in Iraq for the war against the Islamic State, and in eastern Europe for the NATO presence there.[107][110]The effects of the Second World War made collective security a priority for Belgian foreign policy. In March 1948 Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels and then joined NATO in 1948. However, the integration of the armed forces into NATO did not begin until after the Korean War.[111] The Belgians, along with the Luxembourg government, sent a detachment of battalion strength to fight in Korea known as the Belgian United Nations Command. This mission was the first in a long line of UN missions which the Belgians supported. Currently, the Belgian Marine Component is working closely together with the Dutch Navy under the command of the Admiral Benelux.","title":"Politics and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlY6Y-118"},{"link_name":"transport infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29KnH-119"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6qStY-120"},{"link_name":"GNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_product"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diplomatbe1-121"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-122"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-24"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SvlJ5-123"},{"link_name":"[G]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"open economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_economy"},{"link_name":"Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium-Luxembourg_Economic_Union"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PnEgr-125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"},{"link_name":"Ougrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ougr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erih-126"},{"link_name":"Liège Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"link_name":"Sambre and Meuse valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillon_industriel"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jwR7A-127"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Q0dyY-128"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Potato_Failure"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WYx8x-129"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gynyt-130"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"1979 oil crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdepartmentofstate1-131"},{"link_name":"Flemish Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THRZa-132"},{"link_name":"macroeconomic policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_policies"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UwQoK-133"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbb-134"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jWtuA-135"},{"link_name":"Belgian franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_franc"},{"link_name":"Belgian euro coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins"},{"link_name":"rail network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"motorway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge,_Belgium_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Port of Zeebrugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Zeebrugge"},{"link_name":"biocapacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocapacity"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footprintdata-137"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TcuGH-138"},{"link_name":"ecological footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_footprint"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footprintdata-137"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wxOHJ-139"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airport"},{"link_name":"ports of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Zeebrugge (Bruges)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Zeebrugge"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-136"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xrHdp-140"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IokZW-141"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"heavy industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"},{"link_name":"Pro-independence movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Movement"},{"link_name":"New Flemish Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crisis-142"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divided-143"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-144"}],"text":"Belgium's strongly globalized economy[112] and its transport infrastructure are integrated with the rest of Europe. Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the world's 15th largest trading nation in 2007.[113][114] The economy is characterized by a highly productive work force, high GNP and high exports per capita.[115] Belgium's main imports are raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, and oil products. Its main exports are machinery and equipment, chemicals, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, and foodstuffs.[116]The Belgian economy is heavily service-oriented and shows a dual nature: a dynamic Flemish economy and a Walloon economy that lags behind.[21][117][G] One of the founding members of the European Union, Belgium strongly supports an open economy and the extension of the powers of EU institutions to integrate member economies. Since 1922, through the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, Belgium and Luxembourg have been a single trade market with customs and currency union.[118]Steelmaking along the Meuse at Ougrée, near LiègeBelgium was the first continental European country to undergo the Industrial Revolution, in the early 19th century.[119] Areas in Liège Province and around Charleroi rapidly developed mining and steelmaking, which flourished until the mid-20th century in the Sambre and Meuse valley and made Belgium one of the three most industrialized nations in the world from 1830 to 1910.[120][121] However, by the 1840s the textile industry of Flanders was in severe crisis, and the region experienced famine from 1846 to 1850.[122][123]After World War II, Ghent and Antwerp experienced a rapid expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries. The 1973 and 1979 oil crises sent the economy into a recession; it was particularly prolonged in Wallonia, where the steel industry had become less competitive and experienced a serious decline.[124] In the 1980s and 1990s, the economic center of the country continued to shift northwards and is now concentrated in the populous Flemish Diamond area.[125]By the end of the 1980s, Belgian macroeconomic policies had resulted in a cumulative government debt of about 120% of GDP. As of 2006[update], the budget was balanced and public debt was equal to 90.30% of GDP.[126] In 2005 and 2006, real GDP growth rates of 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively, were slightly above the average for the Euro area. Unemployment rates of 8.4% in 2005 and 8.2% in 2006 were close to the area average. By October 2010, this had grown to 8.5% compared to an average rate of 9.6% for the European Union as a whole (EU 27).[127][128] From 1832 until 2002, Belgium's currency was the Belgian franc. Belgium switched to the euro in 2002, with the first sets of euro coins being minted in 1999. The standard Belgian euro coins designated for circulation show the portrait of the monarch (first King Albert II, since 2013 King Philippe).Despite an 18% decrease observed from 1970 to 1999, Belgium still had in 1999 the highest rail network density within the European Union with 113.8 km/1 000 km2. On the other hand, the same period, 1970–1999, has seen a huge growth (+56%) of the motorway network. In 1999, the density of km motorways per 1000 km2 and 1000 inhabitants amounted to 55.1 and 16.5 respectively and were significantly superior to the EU's means of 13.7 and 15.9.[129]Port of ZeebruggeFrom a biological resource perspective, Belgium has a low endowment: Belgium's biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016,[130] just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity available per person worldwide.[131] In contrast, in 2016, Belgians used on average 6.3 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they required about eight times as much biocapacity as Belgium contains. As a result, Belgium was running a biocapacity deficit of 5.5 global hectares per person in 2016.[130]Belgium experiences some of the most congested traffic in Europe. In 2010, commuters to the cities of Brussels and Antwerp spent respectively 65 and 64 hours a year in traffic jams.[132] Like in most small European countries, more than 80% of the airways traffic is handled by a single airport, the Brussels Airport. The ports of Antwerp and Zeebrugge (Bruges) share more than 80% of Belgian maritime traffic, Antwerp being the second European harbor with a gross weight of goods handled of 115 988 000 t in 2000 after a growth of 10.9% over the preceding five years.[129][133] In 2016, the port of Antwerp handled 214 million tons after a year-on-year growth of 2.7%.[134]There is a large economic gap between Flanders and Wallonia. Wallonia was historically wealthy compared to Flanders, mostly due to its heavy industries, but the decline of the steel industry post-World War II led to the region's rapid decline, whereas Flanders rose swiftly. Since then, Flanders has been prosperous, among the wealthiest regions in Europe, whereas Wallonia has been languishing. As of 2007, the unemployment rate of Wallonia is over double that of Flanders. The divide has played a key part in the tensions between the Flemish and Walloons in addition to the already-existing language divide. Pro-independence movements have gained high popularity in Flanders as a consequence. The separatist New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) party, for instance, is the largest party in Belgium.[135][136][137]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Science and technology in Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Science and technology in Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Science and technology in Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wallonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerardus Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator"},{"link_name":"Early Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern"},{"link_name":"cartographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"Gerardus Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator"},{"link_name":"anatomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Andreas Vesalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius"},{"link_name":"herbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalist"},{"link_name":"Rembert Dodoens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dQGxf-145"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kXPyM-146"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hV1er-147"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vjZwZ-148"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Simon Stevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevin"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jnhYL-149"},{"link_name":"Ernest Solvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Solvay"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zHHZT-150"},{"link_name":"Zenobe Gramme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobe_Gramme"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ec0kr-151"},{"link_name":"Solvay process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_process"},{"link_name":"Gramme dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramme_dynamo"},{"link_name":"Bakelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelite"},{"link_name":"Leo Baekeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Baekeland"},{"link_name":"Solvay Institute of Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Institute_of_Sociology"},{"link_name":"Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management"},{"link_name":"Université libre de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"Solvay Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VJ9RO-152"},{"link_name":"Monsignor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"Georges Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eq42c-153"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Jules Bordet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bordet"},{"link_name":"Corneille Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Heymans"},{"link_name":"University of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"},{"link_name":"Albert Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Claude"},{"link_name":"Christian de Duve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_de_Duve"},{"link_name":"Université catholique de Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain"},{"link_name":"François Englert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Ilya Prigogine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dXPik-154"},{"link_name":"Fields Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal"},{"link_name":"Pierre Deligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Deligne"},{"link_name":"Jean Bourgain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bourgain"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdIxU-155"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zjTQ6-156"},{"link_name":"Global Innovation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"sub_title":"Science and technology","text":"Further information: Science and technology in Brussels, Science and technology in Flanders, and Science and technology in WalloniaGerardus MercatorContributions to the development of science and technology have appeared throughout the country's history. The 16th century Early Modern flourishing of Western Europe included cartographer Gerardus Mercator, anatomist Andreas Vesalius, herbalist Rembert Dodoens[138][139][140][141] and mathematician Simon Stevin among the most influential scientists.[142]Chemist Ernest Solvay[143] and engineer Zenobe Gramme (École industrielle de Liège)[144] gave their names to the Solvay process and the Gramme dynamo, respectively, in the 1860s. Bakelite was developed in 1907–1909 by Leo Baekeland. Ernest Solvay also acted as a major philanthropist and gave his name to the Solvay Institute of Sociology, the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management and the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry which are now part of the Université libre de Bruxelles. In 1911, he started a series of conferences, the Solvay Conferences on Physics and Chemistry, which have had a deep impact on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry.[145] A major contribution to fundamental science was also due to a Belgian, Monsignor Georges Lemaître (Catholic University of Louvain), who is credited with proposing the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe in 1927.[146]Three Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine were awarded to Belgians: Jules Bordet (Université libre de Bruxelles) in 1919, Corneille Heymans (University of Ghent) in 1938 and Albert Claude (Université libre de Bruxelles) together with Christian de Duve (Université catholique de Louvain) in 1974. François Englert (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. Ilya Prigogine (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977.[147] Two Belgian mathematicians have been awarded the Fields Medal: Pierre Deligne in 1978 and Jean Bourgain in 1994.[148][149] Belgium was ranked 23rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[150]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_density_in_Belgium.png"},{"link_name":"arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population-7"},{"link_name":"22nd most densely populated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density"},{"link_name":"6th most densely populated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_province"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur"},{"link_name":"Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"19 municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Population-7"},{"link_name":"total fertility rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zNyvS-158"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r40EE-159"}],"text":"Population density in Belgium by arrondissementBrussels, the capital city and largest metropolitan area of BelgiumAs of 1 January 2020, the total population of Belgium according to its population register was 11,492,641.[7] The population density of Belgium is 376/km2 (970/sq mi) as of January 2019, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world, and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe. The most densely populated province is Antwerp, the least densely populated province is Luxembourg. As of January 2019, the Flemish Region had a population of 6,589,069 (57.6% of Belgium), its most populous cities being Antwerp (523,248), Ghent (260,341) and Bruges (118,284). Wallonia had a population of 3,633,795 (31.8% of Belgium) with Charleroi (201,816), Liège (197,355) and Namur (110,939), its most populous cities. The Brussels-Capital Region has 1,208,542 inhabitants (10.6% of Belgium) in the 19 municipalities, three of which have over 100,000 residents.[7]In 2017 the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Belgium was 1.64 children per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1; it remains considerably below the high of 4.87 children born per woman in 1873.[151] Belgium subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 41.6 years.[152]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HhLsk-160"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uWPjZ-161"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O7sup-162"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7g7jl-163"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f3GT2-164"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npdata.be-165"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npdata-166"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Belgian nationality law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Italian Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Belgians"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npdata-166"},{"link_name":"Statbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demographics2020-168"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Molenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liege_View_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"City of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Ixelles/Elsene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixelles/Elsene"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Uccle/Ukkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uccle/Ukkel"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"La Louvière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Sint-Niklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Niklaas"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuven"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"}],"sub_title":"Migration","text":"As of 2007[update], nearly 92% of the population had Belgian citizenship,[153] and other European Union member citizens account for around 6%. The prevalent foreign nationals were Italian (171,918), French (125,061), Dutch (116,970), Moroccan (80,579), Portuguese (43,509), Spanish (42,765), Turkish (39,419) and German (37,621).[154][155] In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685,000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695,000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.[156][157]At the beginning of 2012, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed around 25% of the total population i.e. 2.8 million new Belgians.[158] Of these new Belgians, 1,200,000 are of European ancestry and 1,350,000[159] are from non-Western countries (most of them from Morocco, Turkey, and the DR Congo). Since the modification of the Belgian nationality law in 1984 more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship. The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italian Belgians and Moroccan Belgians.[160] 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.[159]Statbel released figures of the Belgian population in relation to the origin of people in Belgium. According to the data, as of 1 January 2021, 67.3% of the Belgian population was of ethnic Belgian origin and 32.7% were of foreign origin or nationality, with 20.3% of those of a foreign nationality or ethnic group originating from neighbouring countries. The study also found that 74.5% of the Brussels Capital Region were of non-Belgian origin, of which 13.8% originated from neighbouring countries.[161]Largest cities or towns in BelgiumNumbers according to the Belgium's National Register,[162] (1 January 2023)\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nRegion\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nRegion\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\n\n\nAntwerpGhent\n\n1\nAntwerp\nFlanders\n536,079\n11\nMolenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek\nBrussels\n97,610\n\nCharleroiLiège\n\n\n2\nGhent\nFlanders\n267,709\n12\nMons\nWallonia\n96,055\n\n\n3\nCharleroi\nWallonia\n203,245\n13\nAalst\nFlanders\n89,915\n\n\n4\nLiège\nWallonia\n194,877\n14\nMechelen\nFlanders\n88,463\n\n\n5\nCity of Brussels\nBrussels\n192,950\n15\nIxelles/Elsene\nBrussels\n88,081\n\n\n6\nSchaerbeek/Schaarbeek\nBrussels\n130,422\n16\nUccle/Ukkel\nBrussels\n85,706\n\n\n7\nAnderlecht\nBrussels\n124,353\n17\nLa Louvière\nWallonia\n81,293\n\n\n8\nBruges\nFlanders\n119,445\n18\nSint-Niklaas\nFlanders\n81,066\n\n\n9\nNamur\nWallonia\n113,174\n19\nHasselt\nFlanders\n80,299\n\n\n10\nLeuven\nFlanders\n102,851\n20\nKortrijk\nFlanders\n78,841","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussels_signs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-16thEd-170"},{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gkqeP-171"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"[H]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[I]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishcouncil-174"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Walloon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-speaking_Community-175"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sTtZw-176"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMYYg-177"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofCHC-178"},{"link_name":"Belgian Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Belgian French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_French"},{"link_name":"minor differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"dialects of Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_dialects"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language"},{"link_name":"Romance language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_language"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yBPue-179"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2M27-180"},{"link_name":"Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-15thEd-181"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Estimated distribution of primary languages in Belgium\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDutch\n \n59%\n\n\nFrench\n \n40%\n\n\nGerman\n \n1%Bilingual signs in BrusselsBelgium has three official languages: Dutch, French and German. A number of non-official minority languages are spoken as well.[163]\nAs no census exists, there are no official statistical data regarding the distribution or usage of Belgium's three official languages or their dialects.[164] However, various criteria, including the language(s) of parents, of education, or the second-language status of foreign born, may provide suggested figures. An estimated 60% of the Belgian population are native speakers of Dutch (often referred to as Flemish), and 40% of the population speaks French natively. French-speaking Belgians are often referred to as Walloons, although the French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons.[H]The total number of native Dutch speakers is estimated to be about 6.23 million, concentrated in the northern Flanders region, while native French speakers number 3.32 million in Wallonia and an estimated 870,000 (or 85%) in the officially bilingual Brussels-Capital Region.[I][165] The German-speaking Community is made up of 73,000 people in the east of the Walloon Region; around 10,000 German and 60,000 Belgian nationals are speakers of German. Roughly 23,000 more German speakers live in municipalities near the official Community.[166][167][168][169]Both Belgian Dutch and Belgian French have minor differences in vocabulary and semantic nuances from the varieties spoken respectively in the Netherlands and France. Many Flemish people still speak dialects of Dutch in their local environment. Walloon, considered either as a dialect of French or a distinct Romance language,[170][171] is now only understood and spoken occasionally, mostly by elderly people. Walloon is divided into four dialects, which along with those of Picard,[172] are rarely used in public life and have largely been replaced by French.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Basilica of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Koekelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koekelberg"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-182"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-01gjU-183"},{"link_name":"Albert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Baudouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_royal_family"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-182"},{"link_name":"church attendance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_attendance"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oLN9X-184"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSDy4-185"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-182"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_393-186"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB2015-187"},{"link_name":"Belgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Great Synagogue of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2n62d-189"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50wwA-190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brussel_052_Jubelpark.JPG"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleroi"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbvl.be-191"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XcRNH-192"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"National Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg, BrusselsThe Constitution of Belgium provides for freedom of religion, and the government respects this right in practice.[173] Belgium officially recognizes three religions: Christianity (Catholic, Protestantism, Orthodox churches and Anglicanism), Islam and Judaism.[174] During the reigns of Albert I and Baudouin, the Belgian royal family had a reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism.[173]Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion; being especially strong in Flanders. However, by 2009 Sunday church attendance was 5% for Belgium in total; 3% in Brussels,[175] and 5.4% in Flanders. Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 (11% for the total of Belgium in 1998).[176] Despite the drop in church attendance, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgium's culture.[173]According to the Eurobarometer 2010,[177] 37% of Belgian citizens believe in God, 31% in some sort of spirit or life-force. 27% do not believe in any sort of spirit, God, or life-force. 5% did not respond. According to the Eurobarometer 2015, 60.7% of the total population of Belgium adhered to Christianity, with Catholicism being the largest denomination with 52.9%. Protestants comprised 2.1% and Orthodox Christians were the 1.6% of the total. Non-religious people comprised 32.0% of the population and were divided between atheists (14.9%) and agnostics (17.1%). A further 5.2% of the population was Muslim and 2.1% were believers in other religions.[178] The same survey held in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in Belgium, accounting for 65% of Belgians.[179]Interior of the Great Synagogue of BrusselsIn the early 2000s, there were approximately 42,000 Jews in Belgium. The Jewish Community of Antwerp (numbering some 18,000) is one of the largest in Europe, and one of the last places in the world where Yiddish is the primary language of a large Jewish community (mirroring certain Orthodox and Hasidic communities in New York, New Jersey, and Israel). In addition, most Jewish children in Antwerp receive a Jewish education.[180] There are several Jewish newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues (30 of which are in Antwerp) in the country.\nA 2006 inquiry in Flanders, considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia, showed that 55% considered themselves religious and that 36% believed that God created the universe.[181] On the other hand, Wallonia has become one of Europe's most secular/least religious regions. Most of the French-speaking region's population does not consider religion an important part of their lives, and as much as 45% of the population identifies as irreligious. This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia and areas along the French border.The Great Mosque of BrusselsA 2008 estimate found that approximately 6% of the Belgian population (628,751 people) is Muslim. Muslims constitute 23.6% of the population of Brussels, 4.9% of Wallonia and 5.1% of Flanders. The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi. The largest group of immigrants in Belgium are Moroccans, with 400,000 people. The Turks are the third largest group, and the second largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000.[182][183]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-122"},{"link_name":"neoplasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corens2007-193"},{"link_name":"Healthcare in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corens2007-193"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corens2007-193"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-194"},{"link_name":"highest suicide rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_rate_by_country"},{"link_name":"developed world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dVw5w-195"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"University Hospital of AntwerpThe Belgians enjoy good health. According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.[116] Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year. Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide). Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.[184]Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation. Health insurance is compulsory. Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public, university and semi-private hospitals. Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions, but for ineligible categories (of patients and services) so-called 3rd party payment systems exist.[184] The Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the Flemish and Walloon Regional governments; and the German Community also has (indirect) oversight and responsibilities.[184]For the first time in Belgian history, the first child was euthanized following the 2-year mark of the removal of the euthanization age restrictions. The child had been euthanized due to an incurable disease that was inflicted upon the child. Although there may have been some support for the euthanization there is a possibility of controversy due to the issue revolving around the subject of assisted suicide.[185]Excluding assisted suicide, Belgium has the highest suicide rate in Western Europe and one of the highest suicide rates in the developed world (exceeded only by Lithuania, South Korea, and Latvia).[186]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven,_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofman_Hofman_Gray_Daly-196"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"postsecondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsecondary_education"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES_Tbl-388-197"},{"link_name":"functional illiteracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_illiteracy"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethnologue-15thEd-181"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNDP-198"},{"link_name":"Programme for International Student Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OECD_PISA-2006-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De-Meyer_Pauly_Van-de-Poele-200"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Catholic parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Catholic branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De-Ley-201"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"The Central Library of the KU Leuven UniversityEducation is compulsory from 6 to 18 years of age for Belgians.[187] Among OECD countries in 2002, Belgium had the third highest proportion of 18- to 21-year-olds enrolled in postsecondary education, at 42%.[188] Though an estimated 99% of the adult population is literate, concern is rising over functional illiteracy.[172][189] The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Belgium's education as the 19th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.[190] Education is organized separately by each community. The Flemish Community scores noticeably above the French and German-speaking Communities.[191]Mirroring the structure of the 19th-century Belgian political landscape, characterized by the Liberal and the Catholic parties, the educational system is segregated into secular and religious schools. The secular branch of schooling is controlled by the communities, the provinces, or the municipalities, while religious, mainly Catholic branch education, is organized by religious authorities, which are also subsidized and supervised by the communities.[192]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political and linguistic divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-24"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kED6Y-202"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PjUPH-203"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Maritime Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Maritime_Academy"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2dnp-204"}],"text":"Despite its political and linguistic divisions, the region corresponding to today's Belgium has seen the flourishing of major artistic movements that have had tremendous influence on European art and culture. Nowadays, to a certain extent, cultural life is concentrated within each language Community, and a variety of barriers have made a shared cultural sphere less pronounced.[21][193][194] Since the 1970s, there are no bilingual universities or colleges in the country except the Royal Military Academy and the Antwerp Maritime Academy.[195]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Belgian painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_painters"},{"link_name":"Architecture of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Music of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eyck.hubert.lamb.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghent Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Mosan art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosan_art"},{"link_name":"Early Netherlandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nv4HY-205"},{"link_name":"Flemish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting"},{"link_name":"Baroque painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFu1w-206"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFwFJ-207"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Rogier van der Weyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden"},{"link_name":"Peter Breughel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Lambert Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Lombard"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LjaN3-208"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bGwvp-209"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I0Pep-210"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9nPUy-211"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Les XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_XX"},{"link_name":"Constant Permeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Permeke"},{"link_name":"Paul Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"René Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"CoBrA movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)"},{"link_name":"Panamarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamarenko"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2jzAd-212"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1BIrR-213"},{"link_name":"Jan Fabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Fabre"},{"link_name":"Wim Delvoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Delvoye"},{"link_name":"Luc Tuymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Tuymans"},{"link_name":"Victor Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horta"},{"link_name":"Henry van de Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibivW-214"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jIXeI-215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam,_Marcanti,_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel"},{"link_name":"vocal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_music"},{"link_name":"Franco-Flemish School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y5k58-216"},{"link_name":"Henri Vieuxtemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps"},{"link_name":"Eugène Ysaÿe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grumiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Sax"},{"link_name":"César Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Django Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Toots Thielemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_Thielemans"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel"},{"link_name":"Stromae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromae"},{"link_name":"Telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex_(band)"},{"link_name":"Front 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_242"},{"link_name":"K's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27s_Choice"},{"link_name":"Hooverphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooverphonic"},{"link_name":"Zap Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_Mama"},{"link_name":"Soulwax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulwax"},{"link_name":"dEUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Machiavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavel_(band)"},{"link_name":"Channel Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Zero_(band)"},{"link_name":"Enthroned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthroned"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XSYvA-217"},{"link_name":"authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_literature"},{"link_name":"Emile Verhaeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Verhaeren"},{"link_name":"Guido Gezelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Gezelle"},{"link_name":"Robert Goffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goffin"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience"},{"link_name":"Stijn Streuvels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Streuvels"},{"link_name":"Georges Simenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Simenon"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Lilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar"},{"link_name":"Hugo Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Claus"},{"link_name":"Amélie Nothomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Nothomb"},{"link_name":"Maurice Maeterlinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"Hergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Peyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyo"},{"link_name":"The Smurfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smurfs"},{"link_name":"André Franquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Franquin"},{"link_name":"Gaston Lagaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Lagaffe"},{"link_name":"Dupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupa"},{"link_name":"Cubitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitus"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luke"},{"link_name":"Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Achille Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Talon"},{"link_name":"Lambil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambil"},{"link_name":"Les Tuniques Bleues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Tuniques_Bleues"},{"link_name":"Edgar P. Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_P._Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Willy Vandersteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Vandersteen"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PtwmV-218"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Hercule Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Belgian cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[J]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"André Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"Stijn Coninx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Coninx"},{"link_name":"Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Dardenne"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dardenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dardenne"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme"},{"link_name":"Jan Decleir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Decleir"},{"link_name":"Marie Gillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Gillain"},{"link_name":"Bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Man Bites Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Bites_Dog_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Alzheimer Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alzheimer_Affair"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yH1O7-220"},{"link_name":"Category:Belgian fashion designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Belgian_fashion_designers"}],"sub_title":"Fine arts","text":"See also: List of Belgian painters, Architecture of Belgium, and Music of BelgiumThe Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432 by van EyckContributions to painting and architecture have been especially rich. The Mosan art, the Early Netherlandish,[196] the Flemish Renaissance and Baroque painting[197] and major examples of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture[198] are milestones in the history of art. While the 15th century's art in the Low Countries is dominated by the religious paintings of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, the 16th century is characterized by a broader panel of styles such as Peter Breughel's landscape paintings and Lambert Lombard's representation of the antique.[199] Though the Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck flourished in the early 17th century in the Southern Netherlands,[200] it gradually declined thereafter.[201][202]During the 19th and 20th centuries many original romantic, expressionist and surrealist Belgian painters emerged, including James Ensor and other artists belonging to the Les XX group, Constant Permeke, Paul Delvaux and René Magritte. The avant-garde CoBrA movement appeared in the 1950s, while the sculptor Panamarenko remains a remarkable figure in contemporary art.[203][204] Multidisciplinary artists Jan Fabre, Wim Delvoye and the painter Luc Tuymans are other internationally renowned figures on the contemporary art scene.Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, including the work of Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde, who were major initiators of the Art Nouveau style.[205][206]Jacques BrelThe vocal music of the Franco-Flemish School developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture.[207] In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such as Henri Vieuxtemps, Eugène Ysaÿe and Arthur Grumiaux, while Adolphe Sax invented the saxophone in 1846. The composer César Franck was born in Liège in 1822. Contemporary popular music in Belgium is also of repute. Jazz musicians Django Reinhardt and Toots Thielemans and singer Jacques Brel have achieved global fame. Nowadays, singer Stromae has been a musical revelation in Europe and beyond, having great success. In rock/pop music, Telex, Front 242, K's Choice, Hooverphonic, Zap Mama, Soulwax and dEUS are well known. In the heavy metal scene, bands like Machiavel, Channel Zero and Enthroned have a worldwide fan-base.[208]Belgium has produced several well-known authors, including the poets Emile Verhaeren, Guido Gezelle, Robert Goffin and novelists Hendrik Conscience, Stijn Streuvels, Georges Simenon, Suzanne Lilar, Hugo Claus and Amélie Nothomb. The poet and playwright Maurice Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911. The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé is the best known of Franco-Belgian comics, but many other major authors, including Peyo (The Smurfs), André Franquin (Gaston Lagaffe), Dupa (Cubitus), Morris (Lucky Luke), Greg (Achille Talon), Lambil (Les Tuniques Bleues), Edgar P. Jacobs and Willy Vandersteen brought the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame.[209] Additionally, famous crime author Agatha Christie created the character Hercule Poirot, a Belgian detective, who has served as a protagonist in a number of her acclaimed mystery novels.Belgian cinema has brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to life on-screen.[J] Other Belgian directors include André Delvaux, Stijn Coninx, Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne; well-known actors include Jean-Claude Van Damme, Jan Decleir and Marie Gillain; and successful films include Bullhead, Man Bites Dog and The Alzheimer Affair.[210]\nBelgium is also home to a number of successful fashion designers Category:Belgian fashion designers.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folklore of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles"},{"link_name":"Binche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binche"},{"link_name":"cavalcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalcade"},{"link_name":"ommegangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommegang"},{"link_name":"[K]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"kermesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermesse_(festival)"},{"link_name":"mythological background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Binche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Ath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath"},{"link_name":"Dendermonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AyTJs-222"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Aalst"},{"link_name":"the Holy Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Virga Jesse procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virga_Jesse_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselt"},{"link_name":"annual procession of Hanswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Hanswijk"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur"},{"link_name":"Gentse Feesten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentse_Feesten"},{"link_name":"Belgian National Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Day"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day"},{"link_name":"Sinterklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinterklaas"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-X3HNa-223"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"}],"sub_title":"Folklore","text":"Further information: Folklore of BelgiumThe Gilles of Binche, in costume, wearing wax masksFolklore plays a major role in Belgium's cultural life; the country has a comparatively high number of processions, cavalcades, parades, ommegangs, ducasses,[K] kermesses, and other local festivals, nearly always with an originally religious or mythological background. The three-day Carnival of Binche, near Mons, with its famous Gilles (men dressed in high, plumed hats and bright costumes) is held just before Lent (the 40 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter). Together with the 'Processional Giants and Dragons' of Ath, Brussels, Dendermonde, Mechelen and Mons, it is recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[211]Other examples are the three-day Carnival of Aalst in February or March; the still very religious processions of the Holy Blood taking place in Bruges in May, the Virga Jesse procession held every seven years in Hasselt, the annual procession of Hanswijk in Mechelen, the 15 August festivities in Liège, and the Walloon festival in Namur. Originated in 1832 and revived in the 1960s, the Gentse Feesten (a music and theatre festival organized in Ghent around Belgian National Day, on 21 July) have become a modern tradition. Several of these festivals include sporting competitions, such as cycling, and many fall under the category of kermesses.A major non-official holiday (which is however not an official public holiday) is Saint Nicholas Day (Dutch: Sinterklaas, French: la Saint-Nicolas), a festivity for children, and in Liège, for students.[212] It takes place each year on 6 December and is a sort of early Christmas. On the evening of 5 December, before going to bed, children put their shoes by the hearth with water or wine and a carrot for Saint Nicholas' horse or donkey. According to tradition, Saint Nicholas comes at night and travels down the chimney. He then takes the food and water or wine, leaves presents, goes back up, feeds his horse or donkey, and continues on his course. He also knows whether children have been good or bad. This holiday is especially loved by children in Belgium and the Netherlands. Dutch immigrants imported the tradition into the United States, where Saint Nicholas is now known as Santa Claus.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moules_Frites.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moules-frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moules-frites"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle"},{"link_name":"French fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"},{"link_name":"steak and fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_frites"},{"link_name":"mussels with fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moules-frites"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7hiRd-224"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwjud-225"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Michelin Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWmqW-227"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappists"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale"},{"link_name":"Trappist beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist_beer"},{"link_name":"recipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recipe"},{"link_name":"Flemish Carbonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_stew"},{"link_name":"bay laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_laurel"},{"link_name":"speculaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculaas"},{"link_name":"shortcrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcrust_pastry"},{"link_name":"biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit"},{"link_name":"Brussels waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_waffle"},{"link_name":"Liège waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_waffle"},{"link_name":"waterzooi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterzooi"},{"link_name":"endive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endive"},{"link_name":"bechamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechamel"},{"link_name":"Brussels sprouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_sprout"},{"link_name":"Belgian pralines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_pralines"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"Paling in 't groen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paling_in_%27t_groen"},{"link_name":"eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Neuhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolatier_Neuhaus"},{"link_name":"Leonidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_(chocolate_maker)"},{"link_name":"Godiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godiva_Chocolatier"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6teth-228"},{"link_name":"1100 varieties of beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_beer"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BierbijbelNieuwsblad-229"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BierbijbelKW-230"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Westvleteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0BjgZ-231"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yTWd9-232"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOJxz-233"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuven"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EpBpi-234"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Moules-frites or mosselen met friet is a representative dish of Belgium.Belgium is famous for beer, chocolate, waffles and French fries. The national dishes are steak and fries, and mussels with fries.[213][214][215] Many highly ranked Belgian restaurants can be found in the most influential restaurant guides, such as the Michelin Guide.[216] One of the many beers with the high prestige is that of the Trappist monks. Technically, it is an ale and traditionally each abbey's beer is served in its own glass (the forms, heights and widths are different). There are only eleven breweries (six of them are Belgian) that are allowed to brew Trappist beer.Although Belgian gastronomy is connected to French cuisine, some recipes were reputedly invented there, such as French fries (despite the name, although their exact place of origin is uncertain), Flemish Carbonade (a beef stew with beer, mustard and bay laurel), speculaas (or speculoos in French, a sort of cinnamon and ginger-flavoured shortcrust biscuit), Brussels waffles (and their variant, Liège waffles), waterzooi (a broth made with chicken or fish, cream and vegetables), endive with bechamel sauce, Brussels sprouts, Belgian pralines (Belgium has some of the most renowned chocolate houses), charcuterie (deli meats) and Paling in 't groen (river eels in a sauce of green herbs).Brands of Belgian chocolate and pralines, like Côte d'Or, Neuhaus, Leonidas and Godiva are famous, as well as independent producers such as Burie and Del Rey in Antwerp and Mary's in Brussels.[217] Belgium produces over 1100 varieties of beer.[218][219] The Trappist beer of the Abbey of Westvleteren has repeatedly been rated the world's best beer.[220][221][222]The biggest brewer in the world by volume is Anheuser-Busch InBev, based in Leuven.[223]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddy Merckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Merckx"},{"link_name":"language community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch0h8-235"},{"link_name":"ADEPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADEPS"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"BLOSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloso"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tR60q-238"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DM5hq-239"},{"link_name":"Belgium national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fmads-240"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_National_Football_Team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_National_Football_Team"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Eden Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Hazard"},{"link_name":"Kevin De Bruyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_De_Bruyne"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Pfaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Pfaff"},{"link_name":"Jan Ceulemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ceulemans"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Euro 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1980"},{"link_name":"Euro 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1972"},{"link_name":"Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"the most Tour de France victories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tour_de_France_winners"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Eddy Merckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Merckx"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rFgQf-242"},{"link_name":"Philippe Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Remco Evenepoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remco_Evenepoel"},{"link_name":"Tom Boonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Boonen"},{"link_name":"Wout van Aert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wout_van_Aert"},{"link_name":"Kim Clijsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Clijsters"},{"link_name":"Justine Henin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Henin"},{"link_name":"Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Spa-Francorchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps"},{"link_name":"Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Belgian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"Joël Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Robert"},{"link_name":"Roger De Coster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_De_Coster"},{"link_name":"Georges Jobé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Job%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Eric Geboers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Geboers"},{"link_name":"Stefan Everts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Everts"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rCTsM-243"},{"link_name":"Memorial Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Van_Damme"},{"link_name":"Belgian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"classic cycle races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_cycle_races"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"1920 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1977 European Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_European_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Eddy Merckx, regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all timeSince the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are organized separately within each language community.[224] The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (ADEPS) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region.[225] Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called BLOSO).[226]Association football is the most popular sport in both parts of Belgium; also very popular are cycling, tennis, swimming, judo[227] and basketball.[228] The Belgium national football team has been among the best on the FIFA World Rankings ever since November 2015, when it reached the top spot for the first time.[229] Since the 1990s, the team has been the world's number one for the most years in history, only behind the records of Brazil and Spain.[230] The team's golden generations with the world class players in the squad, namely Eden Hazard, Kevin De Bruyne, Jean-Marie Pfaff, Jan Ceulemans achieved the bronze medals at World Cup 2018, and silver medals at Euro 1980. Belgium hosted the Euro 1972, and co-hosted the Euro 2000 with the Netherlands.Belgians hold the most Tour de France victories of any country except France. They also have the most victories on the UCI Road World Championships. With five victories in the Tour de France and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.[231] Philippe Gilbert and Remco Evenepoel were the 2012 and 2022 world champions, respectively. Other well-known Belgian cyclists are Tom Boonen and Wout van Aert.Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the Year in the Women's Tennis Association as they were ranked the number one female tennis player.\nThe Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit hosts the Formula One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix. The Belgian driver, Jacky Ickx, won eight Grands Prix and six 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished twice as runner-up in the Formula One World Championship. Belgium also has a strong reputation in, motocross with the riders Joël Robert, Roger De Coster, Georges Jobé, Eric Geboers and Stefan Everts, among others.[232]Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme athletics competition, the Belgian Grand Prix Formula One, and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour of Flanders and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp. The 1977 European Basketball Championship was held in Liège and Ostend.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈbɛlɣijə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Nl-belgie.ogg/Nl-belgie.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-belgie.ogg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[bɛlʒik]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Fr-belgique.ogg/Fr-belgique.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-belgique.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈbɛlɡi̯ən]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/De-Belgien.ogg/De-Belgien.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Belgien.ogg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Brussels-Capital 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nk_name":"WEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"WIPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"WMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"WTrO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"ZC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangger_Committee"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"Flemish Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Region"},{"link_name":"Walloon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_Region"},{"link_name":"Brussels-Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region"},{"link_name":"Laethem-Saint-Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laethem-Saint-Martin"},{"link_name":"Keerbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keerbergen"},{"link_name":"Lasne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasne"},{"link_name":"Oud-Heverlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Heverlee"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"De Pinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Pinte"},{"link_name":"Meise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meise"},{"link_name":"Knokke-Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knokke-Heist"},{"link_name":"Bierbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierbeek"},{"link_name":"\"Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110827090211/http://trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"language facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-173"},{"link_name":"Charta 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.charta91.be/"},{"link_name":"General online sources: Janssens, Rudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#General"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-219"},{"link_name":"Ernest Claes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Claes"},{"link_name":"Robbe De Hert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbe_De_Hert"},{"link_name":"Johan Daisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Daisne"},{"link_name":"André Delvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux"},{"link_name":"Stijn Streuvels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Streuvels"},{"link_name":"Fons Rademakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fons_Rademakers"},{"link_name":"Malpertuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpertuis"},{"link_name":"Jean Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ray_(author)"},{"link_name":"Harry Kümel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience"},{"link_name":"Maria Rosseels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rosseels"},{"link_name":"Felix Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Timmermans"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lampo"},{"link_name":"Harry Kümel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel"},{"link_name":"De Leeuw van Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Leeuw_van_Vlaanderen_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience"},{"link_name":"Hugo Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Claus"},{"link_name":"Daens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daens_(film)"},{"link_name":"Louis Paul Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paul_Boon"},{"link_name":"Stijn Coninx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Coninx"},{"link_name":"Filmarchief les DVD!s de la cinémathèque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070514023803/http://www.ledoux.be/nl/dvdmain.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-221"},{"link_name":"its article on the Dutch-language Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommegang"}],"text":"^ Dutch: België [ˈbɛlɣijə] ⓘ; French: Belgique [bɛlʒik] ⓘ; German: Belgien [ˈbɛlɡi̯ən] ⓘ\n\n^ Dutch: Koninkrijk België; French: Royaume de Belgique; German: Königreich Belgien\n\n^ The Brussels-Capital Region, whose metropolitan area comprises the City of Brussels itself plus 18 independent municipal entities, counts over 1,700,000 inhabitants, but these communities are counted separately by the Belgian Statistics Office.[14]\n\n^ Between 1885 and 1908, the Congo Free State, which was privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium, was characterized by widespread atrocities and disease; amid public outcry in Europe, Belgium annexed the territory as a colony.[24]\n\n^ Belgium is a member of, or affiliated to, many international organizations, including ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUSCO (observers), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNECE, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB (non-regional), WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC.\n\n^ The Constitution set out seven institutions each of which can have a parliament, government and administration. In fact, there are only six such bodies because the Flemish Region merged into the Flemish Community. This single Flemish body thus exercises powers about Community matters in the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital and in the Dutch language area, while about Regional matters only in Flanders.\n\n^ The richest (per capita income) of Belgium's three regions is the Flemish Region, followed by the Walloon Region and lastly the Brussels-Capital Region. The ten municipalities with the highest reported income are: Laethem-Saint-Martin, Keerbergen, Lasne, Oud-Heverlee, Hove, De Pinte, Meise, Knokke-Heist, Bierbeek.\"Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?\". trends.be. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.\n\n^ Native speakers of Dutch living in Wallonia and of French in Flanders are relatively small minorities that furthermore largely balance one another, hence attributing all inhabitants of each unilingual area to the area's language can cause only insignificant inaccuracies (99% can speak the language). Dutch: Flanders' 6.079 million inhabitants and about 15% of Brussels' 1.019 million are 6.23 million or 59.3% of the 10.511 million inhabitants of Belgium (2006); German: 70,400 in the German-speaking Community (which has language facilities for its less than 5% French-speakers) and an estimated 20,000–25,000 speakers of German in the Walloon Region outside the geographical boundaries of their official Community, or 0.9%; French: in the latter area as well as mainly in the rest of Wallonia (3.321 million) and 85% of the Brussels inhabitants (0.866 million) thus 4.187 million or 39.8%; together indeed 100%.\n\n^ Flemish Academic Eric Corijn (initiator of Charta 91), at a colloquium regarding Brussels, on 2001-12-05, states that in Brussels 91% of the population speaks French at home, either alone or with another language, and about 20% speaks Dutch at home, either alone (9%) or with French (11%)—After ponderation, the repartition can be estimated at between 85 and 90% French-speaking, and the remaining are Dutch-speaking, corresponding to the estimations based on languages chosen in Brussels by citizens for their official documents (ID, driving licenses, weddings, birth, sex, and so on); all these statistics on language are also available at Belgian Department of Justice (for weddings, birth, sex), Department of Transport (for Driving licenses), Department of Interior (for IDs), because there are no means to know precisely the proportions since Belgium has abolished 'official' linguistic censuses, thus official documents on language choices can only be estimations. For a web source on this topic, see e.g. General online sources: Janssens, Rudi\n\n^ Notable Belgian films based on works by Flemish authors include: De Witte (author Ernest Claes) movie by Jan Vanderheyden and Edith Kiel in 1934, remake as De Witte van Sichem directed by Robbe De Hert in 1980; De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen (Johan Daisne) André Delvaux 1965; Mira ('De teleurgang van de Waterhoek' by Stijn Streuvels) Fons Rademakers 1971; Malpertuis (aka The Legend of Doom House) (Jean Ray [pen name of Flemish author who mainly wrote in French, or as John Flanders in Dutch]) Harry Kümel 1971; De loteling (Hendrik Conscience) Roland Verhavert 1974; Dood van een non (Maria Rosseels) Paul Collet and Pierre Drouot 1975; Pallieter (Felix Timmermans) Roland Verhavert 1976; De komst van Joachim Stiller (Hubert Lampo) Harry Kümel 1976; De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (Hendrik Conscience) Hugo Claus (a famous author himself) 1985; Daens ('Pieter Daens' by Louis Paul Boon) Stijn Coninx 1992; see also Filmarchief les DVD!s de la cinémathèque (in Dutch). Retrieved on 7 June 2007.\n\n^ The Dutch word ommegang is here used in the sense of an entirely or mainly non-religious procession, or the non-religious part thereof—see also its article on the Dutch-language Wikipedia; the Processional Giants of Brussels, Dendermonde and Mechelen mentioned in this paragraph are part of each city's ommegang. The French word ducasse refers also to a procession; the mentioned Processional Giants of Ath and Mons are part of each city's ducasse.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Gallia Belgica at the time of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul in 54 BCE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/220px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png"},{"image_text":"The Burgundian State of Charles the Bold in the 15th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png/220px-Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png"},{"image_text":"Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Gustaf Wappers, 1834","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG/220px-Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Belgium, 1832, before the final settlement of borders in 1839","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MapBelg1832-1724.jpg/220px-MapBelg1832-1724.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels, 4 September 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg/220px-Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief map of Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/320px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart illustrating the federal government construction of Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg/220px-Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Belgian Federal Parliament in Brussels, one of six different governments of the country","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg/220px-Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Communities:  Flemish Community / Dutch language area   Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area   French Community / French language area  German-speaking Community / German language area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Regions:  Flemish Region / Dutch language area  Brussels-Capital Region / bilingual area  Walloon Region / French and German language areas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Berlaymont building in Brussels, seat of the European Commission","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/220px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Belgian Air Component","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg/220px-FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steelmaking along the Meuse at Ougrée, near Liège","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/220px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of Zeebrugge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG/220px-Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gerardus Mercator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/170px-Mercator.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population density in Belgium by arrondissement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Population_density_in_Belgium.png/350px-Population_density_in_Belgium.png"},{"image_text":"Brussels, the capital city and largest metropolitan area of Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg/220px-00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bilingual signs in Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/220px-Brussels_signs.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg, Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg/240px-Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Great Synagogue of Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG/150px-Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Great Mosque of Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brussel_052_Jubelpark.JPG/200px-Brussel_052_Jubelpark.JPG"},{"image_text":"University Hospital of Antwerp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg/220px-UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Central Library of the KU Leuven University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg/220px-2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432 by van Eyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Eyck.hubert.lamb.750pix.jpg/220px-Eyck.hubert.lamb.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacques Brel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg/220px-TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gilles of Binche, in costume, wearing wax masks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/220px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moules-frites or mosselen met friet is a representative dish of Belgium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/220px-Moules_Frites.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddy Merckx, regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg/170px-Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"Index of Belgium-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium"}]
[{"reference":"\"Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?\". trends.be. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827090211/http://trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm","url_text":"\"Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?\""},{"url":"http://trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diverity according to origin in Belgium\". STATBEL.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin","url_text":"\"Diverity according to origin in Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Profiles | World Religion\". Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. 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Buske Verlag. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-87118-597-7. Zur prestige Sprache wurde in den Spanischen Niederlanden ganz eindeutig das Französische. Die Vertreter Spaniens beherrschten normalerweise das Französische, nicht aber das Niederländische; ein beachtlicher Teil der am Hofe tätigen Adligen stammte aus Wallonien, das sich ja eher auf die spanische Seite geschlagen hatte als Flandern und Brabant. In dieser Situation war es selbstverständlich, dass die flämischen Adligen, die im Laufe der Zeit immer mehr ebenfalls zu Hofbeamten wurden, sich des Französischen bedienen mussten, wenn sie als gleichwertig anerkannt werden wollten. [Transl.: The prestigious language in the Spanish Netherlands was clearly French. Spain's representatives usually mastered French but not Dutch; a notable part of the nobles at the court came from Wallonia, which had taken party for the Spanish side to a higher extent than Flanders and Brabant. It was therefore evident within this context that the Flemish nobility, of which a progressively larger number became servants of the court, had to use French, if it wanted to get acknowledged as well.]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-597-7","url_text":"978-3-87118-597-7"}]},{"reference":"Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan & Meynen, Alain (2009). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Brussels: Academic and Scientific Publishers. p. 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Belgium\". European Election Database. Norwegian Social Science Data Services. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/background.html","url_text":"\"Belgium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Election_Database&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"European Election Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Social_Science_Data_Services","url_text":"Norwegian Social Science Data Services"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005023/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/background.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Willemyns, Roland (2002). \"The Dutch-French Language Border in Belgium\" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 23 (1&2): 36–49. doi:10.1080/01434630208666453. S2CID 143809695. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626185804/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0036/jmmd0230036.pdf","url_text":"\"The Dutch-French Language Border in Belgium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434630208666453","url_text":"10.1080/01434630208666453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143809695","url_text":"143809695"},{"url":"http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0036/jmmd0230036.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Belgian Constitution – Article 4\" (PDF). Belgian House of Representatives. January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706134014/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf","url_text":"\"The Belgian Constitution – Article 4\""},{"url":"http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Federal Government's Powers\". .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federal_authorities/competence_federal_government/","url_text":"\"The Federal Government's Powers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216052602/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federal_authorities/competence_federal_government/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lagasse, Charles-Etienne (2003). Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe. Namur: Erasme. p. 289. ISBN 978-2-87127-783-5. In 2002, 58.92% of the fiscal income was going to the budget of the federal government, but more than one-third was used to pay the interests of the public debt. Without including this post, the share of the federal government budget would be only 48.40% of the fiscal income. There are 87.8% of the civil servants who are working for the Regions or the Communities and 12.2% for the Federal State.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87127-783-5","url_text":"978-2-87127-783-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Communities\". .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/","url_text":"\"The Communities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153816/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Regions\". .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/regions/","url_text":"\"The Regions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153938/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/regions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lagasse, Charles-Etienne (18 May 2004). \"Federalism in Russia, Canada and Belgium: experience of comparative research\" (in French). Kazan Institute of Federalism. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2008. La Belgique constitue ainsi le seul exemple clair du transfert d'une partie de la compétence \" affaires étrangères \" à des entités fédérées. (Transl.: Belgium is thus the only clear example of a transfer of a part of the \"Foreign Affairs\" competences to federated units.)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kazanfed.ru/en/actions/konfer8/6/","url_text":"\"Federalism in Russia, Canada and Belgium: experience of comparative research\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620120400/http://www.kazanfed.ru/en/actions/konfer8/6/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lagasse, Charles-Etienne. Les nouvelles institutions de la Belgique et de l'Europe (in French). p. 603. [Le fédéralisme belge] repose sur une combinaison unique d'équipollence, d'exclusivité et de prolongement international des compétences. ([Belgian federalism] is based on a unique combination of equipollence, of exclusivity, and of international extension of competences.)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suinen, Philippe (October 2000). \"Une Première mondiale\". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Archived from the original on 17 November 2000. Retrieved 5 October 2008. Dans l'organisation de ces autonomies, la Belgique a réalisé une \" première \" mondiale: afin d'éviter la remise en cause, par le biais de la dimension internationale, de compétences exclusives transférées aux entités fédérées, les communautés et régions se sont vu reconnaître une capacité et des pouvoirs internationaux. (In organizing its autonomies, Belgium realized a World's First: to avoid a relevant stalemate, international consequences caused transfers of exclusive competences to federal, community and regional entities that are recognized to have become internationally enabled and empowered.)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/10/SUINEN/14406.html","url_text":"\"Une Première mondiale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique","url_text":"Le Monde diplomatique"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001117170500/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/10/SUINEN/14406.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies","url_text":"IISS"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Data of Belgium in 2010\". European Defence Agency. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eda.europa.eu/DefenceData/Belgium?DDYear=2010","url_text":"\"Defence Data of Belgium in 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Defence_Agency","url_text":"European Defence Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924153002/http://www.eda.europa.eu/DefenceData/Belgium?DDYear=2010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defensie La Défense\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mil.be/def/index.asp","url_text":"\"Defensie La Défense\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614214307/http://www.mil.be/def/index.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ETH Zürich (ed.). \"KOF Index of Globalization\". Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"ETH Zürich"},{"url":"http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/","url_text":"\"KOF Index of Globalization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531222435/http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rank Order – Exports\". CIA – The 2008 world factbook. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008. 15[th]: Belgium $322,200,000,000 (2007 est.)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html","url_text":"\"Rank Order – Exports\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rank Order – Imports\". CIA – The 2008 world factbook. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008. 15[th]: Belgium $323,200,000,000 (2007 est.)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html","url_text":"\"Rank Order – Imports\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian economy\". Belgium. Belgian Federal Public Service (ministry) of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. Belgium is the world leader in terms of export per capita and can justifiably call itself the 'world's largest exporter'.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diplomatie.be/en/belgium/belgiumdetail.asp?TEXTID=49019","url_text":"\"Belgian economy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090615182722/http://www.diplomatie.be/en/belgium/belgiumdetail.asp?TEXTID=49019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgium\". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 23 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium","url_text":"\"Belgium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook","url_text":"The World Factbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Central Intelligence Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Wallonia in 'decline' thanks to politicians\". Expatica Communications BV. 9 March 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103007/http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=17824","url_text":"\"Wallonia in 'decline' thanks to politicians\""},{"url":"http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=17824","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L'Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise\" (in French). Luxembourgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930131538/http://www.mae.lu/fr/Site-MAE/Politique-etrangere-et-europeenne/Organisations-Economiques-Regionales/L-Union-economique-belgo-luxembourgeoise","url_text":"\"L'Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise\""},{"url":"http://www.mae.lu/fr/Site-MAE/Politique-etrangere-et-europeenne/Organisations-Economiques-Regionales/L-Union-economique-belgo-luxembourgeoise","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial History Belgium\". European Route of Industrial Heritage. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130731024244/http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114","url_text":"\"Industrial History Belgium\""},{"url":"http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rioux, Jean-Pierre (1989). La révolution industrielle (in French). Paris: Seuil. p. 105. ISBN 978-2-02-000651-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-000651-4","url_text":"978-2-02-000651-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial History, Belgium\". European route of industrial heritage. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/belgium.html","url_text":"\"Industrial History, Belgium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100731104102/http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/belgium.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vanhaute, Eric; Paping, Richard & Ó Gráda, Cormac (2006). The European subsistence crisis of 1845–1850: a comparative perspective (PDF). IEHC. Helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Vanhaute.pdf","url_text":"The European subsistence crisis of 1845–1850: a comparative perspective"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011200315/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Vanhaute.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vanhaute, Eric (2007). \"'So worthy an example to Ireland'. The subsistance and industrial crisis of 1845–1850 in Flanders\". When the potato failed. Causes and effects of the 'last' European subsistance crisis, 1845–1850. Brepols. pp. 123–148. ISBN 978-2-503-51985-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225255/http://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&fileOId=919187&recordOId=359578","url_text":"\"'So worthy an example to Ireland'. The subsistance and industrial crisis of 1845–1850 in Flanders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51985-2","url_text":"978-2-503-51985-2"},{"url":"http://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&fileOId=919187&recordOId=359578","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Background Note: Belgium\". US Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. April 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2874.htm","url_text":"\"Background Note: Belgium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_State","url_text":"US Department of State"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121042120/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2874.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vanhaverbeke, Wim. \"Het belang van de Vlaamse Ruit vanuit economisch perspectief The importance of the Flemish Diamond from an economical perspective\" (in Dutch). Netherlands Institute of Business Organization and Strategy Research, University of Maastricht. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070314033239/http://edata.ub.unimaas.nl/www-edocs/loader/file.asp?id=264","url_text":"\"Het belang van de Vlaamse Ruit vanuit economisch perspectief The importance of the Flemish Diamond from an economical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maastricht","url_text":"University of Maastricht"},{"url":"http://edata.ub.unimaas.nl/www-edocs/loader/file.asp?id=264","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The World Factbook—(Rank Order—Public debt)\". CIA. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005546/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html","url_text":"\"The World Factbook—(Rank Order—Public debt)\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Key figures\". National Bank of Belgium. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070430165049/http://www.nbb.be/pub/00_00_00_00_02/?l=en&t=ho","url_text":"\"Key figures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium","url_text":"National Bank of Belgium"},{"url":"http://www.nbb.be/pub/00_00_00_00_02/?l=en&t=ho","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EurActiv\". Belgium makes place for urban enterprises. EurActiv. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euractiv.com/en/regional-policy/belgium-makes-place-urban-enterprises-news-500878","url_text":"\"EurActiv\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045610/http://www.euractiv.com/en/regional-policy/belgium-makes-place-urban-enterprises-news-500878","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Panorama of Transport (PDF). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2003. ISBN 978-92-894-4845-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807053511/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/eurostat/02/KS-DA-02-001-EN-N-EN.pdf","url_text":"Panorama of Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-894-4845-1","url_text":"978-92-894-4845-1"},{"url":"http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/eurostat/02/KS-DA-02-001-EN-N-EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Trends\". Global Footprint Network. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=255&type=BCpc,EFCpc","url_text":"\"Country Trends\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=255&type=BCpc,EFCpc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, Maria Serena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, Fatime-Zahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018). \"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018\". Resources. 7 (3): 58. doi:10.3390/resources7030058.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058","url_text":"\"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058","url_text":"10.3390/resources7030058"}]},{"reference":"Fidler, Stephen (3 November 2010). \"Europe's Top Traffic Jam Capitals\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2010/11/03/europes-traffic-jam-capitals/","url_text":"\"Europe's Top Traffic Jam Capitals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119085745/http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2010/11/03/europes-traffic-jam-capitals/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"OECD environmental performance reviews: Belgium. OECD. 2007. ISBN 978-92-64-03111-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03111-1","url_text":"978-92-64-03111-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Double record for freight volume\". port of Antwerp. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portofantwerp.com/en/news/port-antwerp-finishes-2016-growth-27-definitive-figure","url_text":"\"Double record for freight volume\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213915/http://www.portofantwerp.com/en/news/port-antwerp-finishes-2016-growth-27-definitive-figure","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Belgian Crisis\". Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/thebelgiancrisis/the-crisis","url_text":"\"The Belgian Crisis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911185958/https://sites.google.com/site/thebelgiancrisis/the-crisis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John Lichfield (2007). \"Belgium: A nation divided\". Independent. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html","url_text":"\"Belgium: A nation divided\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160531090436/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cook, B.A. (2002). Belgium: A History. Peter Lang. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8204-5824-3. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p9gGAU3InGUC&pg=PA139","url_text":"Belgium: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5824-3","url_text":"978-0-8204-5824-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240518143714/https://books.google.com/books?id=p9gGAU3InGUC&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rembert Dodoens: iets over zijn leven en werk—Dodoens' werken\". Plantaardigheden—Project Rembert Dodoens (Rembertus Dodonaeus) (in Dutch). Balkbrug: Stichting Kruidenhoeve/Plantaardigheden. 20 December 2005. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007. het Cruijdeboeck, dat in 1554 verscheen. Dit meesterwerk was na de bijbel in die tijd het meest vertaalde boek. Het werd gedurende meer dan een eeuw steeds weer heruitgegeven en gedurende meer dan twee eeuwen was het het meest gebruikte handboek over kruiden in West-Europa. Het is een werk van wereldfaam en grote wetenschappelijke waarde. De nieuwe gedachten die Dodoens erin neerlegde, werden de bouwstenen voor de botanici en medici van latere generaties. (... the Cruijdeboeck, published in 1554. This masterpiece was, after the Bible, the most translated book in that time. It continued to be republished for more than a century and for more than two centuries it was the mostly used referential about herbs. It is a work with world fame and great scientific value. The new thoughts written down by Dodoens, became the building bricks for botanists and physicians of later generations.)","urls":[{"url":"http://plantaardigheden.nl/dodoens/over_dodoens/leven_en_werk.htm#dodoens","url_text":"\"Rembert Dodoens: iets over zijn leven en werk—Dodoens' werken\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070610070835/http://www.plantaardigheden.nl/dodoens/over_dodoens/leven_en_werk.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2004). \"Simon Stevin\". MacTutor History of Mathematics. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007. Although he did not invent decimals (they had been used by the Arabs and the Chinese long before Stevin's time) he did introduce their use in mathematics in Europe.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609192011/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Stevin.html","url_text":"\"Simon Stevin\""},{"url":"http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Stevin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"De Broe, Marc E.; De Weerdt, Dirk L.; Ysebaert, Dirk K.; Vercauteren, Sven R.; De Greef, Kathleen E.; De Broe, Luc C. (1999). \"Abstract (*)\". American Journal of Nephrology. 19 (2): 282–289. doi:10.1159/000013462. PMID 10213829. The importance of A. 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Palgrave Essential Histories (Hardcover 312pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 978-1-4039-4827-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4827-4","url_text":"978-1-4039-4827-4"}]},{"reference":"Blom, J. C. H.; Lamberts, Emiel, eds. (May 1999). History of the Low Countries. Translated by Kennedy, James C. (Hardcover 503pp ed.). Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York. ISBN 978-1-57181-084-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-084-7","url_text":"978-1-57181-084-7"}]},{"reference":"Cammaerts, Émile L. (1921) [1913]. A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day (357pp ed.). D. Appleton and Co, New York. ASIN B00085PM0A. OCLC 1525559.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924027038417","url_text":"A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00085PM0A","url_text":"B00085PM0A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1525559","url_text":"1525559"}]},{"reference":"de Kavanagh Boulger; Demetrius C. (28 June 2001) [1902]. The History of Belgium: Part 1. Cæsar to Waterloo. Elibron Classics (Paperback 493pp ed.). Adamant Media (Delaware corporation), Boston, Massachusetts, United States. ISBN 978-1-4021-6714-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_corporation","url_text":"Delaware corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6714-0","url_text":"978-1-4021-6714-0"}]},{"reference":"Ib. (June 2001) [1909]. Ib. Part 2. 1815–1865. Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I (Paperback 462pp ed.). Ib. ISBN 978-1-4021-6713-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6713-3","url_text":"978-1-4021-6713-3"}]},{"reference":"Fitzmaurice, John (1996). The Politics of Belgium: A Unique Federalism. Nations of the modern world (Paperback 284pp ed.). Boulder, Colorado, US: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2386-2. OCLC 30112536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzmaurice_(writer)","url_text":"Fitzmaurice, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2386-2","url_text":"978-0-8133-2386-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30112536","url_text":"30112536"}]},{"reference":"Kossmann-Putto, Johanna A.; Kossmann Ernst H. (January 1993) [1987]. Deleu Jozef H. M. (ed.). The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands. Translated by Fenoulhet Jane. De Lage Landen: geschiedenis van de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Vlaams-Nederlandse Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem (3rd Rev. edition Paperback 64pp ed.). Flemish-Netherlands Foundation Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem, Belgium. ISBN 978-90-70831-20-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kossmann","url_text":"Kossmann Ernst H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ons_Erfdeel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ons Erfdeel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekkem","url_text":"Rekkem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70831-20-2","url_text":"978-90-70831-20-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-dependent_protein_kinase
cGMP-dependent protein kinase
["1 Genes and proteins","2 Tissue distribution","3 Role in cancer","4 Behavioral genetics in Drosophila melanogaster","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Protein kinase protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type ICrystallographic structure of the leucine zipper domain of human cGMP dependent protein kinase I beta.IdentifiersSymbolPRKG1Alt. symbolsPRKGR1B, PRKG1BNCBI gene5592HGNC9414OMIM176894RefSeqNM_006258UniProtQ13976Other dataLocusChr. 10 q11.2Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type IIIdentifiersSymbolPRKG2NCBI gene5593HGNC9416OMIM601591RefSeqNM_006259UniProtQ13237Other dataLocusChr. 4 q13.1-21.1Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP. It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, sperm metabolism, cell division, and nucleic acid synthesis. Genes and proteins PKG are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of eukaryotes ranging from the unicellular organism Paramecium to humans. Two PKG genes, coding for PKG type I (PKG-I) and type II (PKG-II), have been identified in mammals. The N-terminus of PKG-I is encoded by two alternatively spliced exons that specify for the PKG-Iα and PKG-Iβ isoforms. PKG-Iβ is activated at ~10-fold higher cGMP concentrations than PKG-Iα. The PKG-I and PKG-II are homodimers of two identical subunits (~75 kDa and ~85 kDa, respectively) and share common structural features. Each subunit is composed of three functional domains: (1) an N-terminal domain that mediates homodimerization, suppression of the kinase activity in the absence of cGMP, and interactions with other proteins including protein substrates (2) a regulatory domain that contains two non-identical cGMP-binding sites (3) a kinase domain that catalyzes the phosphate transfer from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a serine/threonine side chain of the target protein Binding of cGMP to the regulatory domain induces a conformational change which stops the inhibition of the catalytic core by the N-terminus and allows the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. Whereas PKG-I is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, PKG-II is anchored to the plasma membrane by N-terminal myristoylation. Tissue distribution In general, PKG-I and PKG-II are expressed in different cell types. PKG-I has been detected at high concentrations (above 0.1 μmol/L) in all types of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) including vascular SMCs and in platelets. Lower levels are present in vascular endothelium and cardiomyocytes. The enzyme is also expressed in fibroblasts, certain types of renal cells and leukocytes, and in specific regions of the nervous system, for example in the hippocampus, in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and in dorsal root ganglia. Neurons express either the PKG-Iα or the PKG-Iβ isoform, platelets predominantly Iβ, and both isoforms are present in smooth muscle. PKG-II has been detected in renal cells, zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex, club cells in distal airways, intestinal mucosa, pancreatic ducts, parotid and submandibular glands, chondrocytes, and several brain nuclei, but not in cardiac and vascular myocytes. Specifically, in smooth muscle tissue, PKG promotes the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels, leading to cell hyperpolarization and relaxation, and blocks agonist activity of phospholipase C, reducing liberation of stored calcium ions by inositol triphosphate. Role in cancer Cancerous colon cells stop producing PKG, which apparently limits beta-catenin, thus allowing the VEGF enzyme to solicit angiogenesis. Behavioral genetics in Drosophila melanogaster In Drosophila melanogaster the foraging (for) gene is a polymorphic trait that underlies differences in food-seeking behaviors. The for locus is made up of Rover (forR) and Sitter (forS) alleles, with the Rover allele being dominant. Rover individuals typically travel greater distances when foraging for food, while Sitter individuals travel less distance to forage for food. Both Rover and Sitter phenotypes are considered wild-type, as fruit fly populations typically exhibit a 70:30 Rover-to-Sitter ratio. The Rover and Sitter alleles are located within the 24A3-5 region of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome, a region which contains the PKG d2g gene. PKG expression levels account for differences in forR and forS allele frequency and therefore behavior as Rover individuals show higher PKG expression than Sitter individuals, and the Sitter phenotype can be converted to Rover by over-expression of the dg2 gene. See also cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) References ^ PDB: 3NMD​; Casteel DE, Smith-Nguyen EV, Sankaran B, Roh SH, Pilz RB, Kim C (October 2010). "A crystal structure of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I{beta} dimerization/docking domain reveals molecular details of isoform-specific anchoring". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (43): 32684–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C110.161430. PMC 2963381. PMID 20826808. ^ Kwon IK, Schoenlein PV, Delk J, Liu K, Thangaraju M, Dulin NO, et al. (April 2008). "Expression of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in metastatic colon carcinoma cells blocks tumor angiogenesis". Cancer. 112 (7): 1462–70. doi:10.1002/cncr.23334. PMID 18260092. S2CID 4763327. ^ Sokolowski MB (November 2001). "Drosophila: genetics meets behaviour". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2 (11): 879–90. doi:10.1038/35098592. PMID 11715043. S2CID 13152094. ^ Osborne KA, Robichon A, Burgess E, Butland S, Shaw RA, Coulthard A, et al. (August 1997). "Natural behavior polymorphism due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase of Drosophila". Science. 277 (5327): 834–6. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.834. PMID 9242616. External links EC 2.7.11.12 Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System cGMP-Dependent+Protein+Kinases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteIntracellular signaling peptides and proteinsMAP see MAP kinase pathway Calcium Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins Calcineurin Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase G proteinHeterotrimericcAMP: Heterotrimeric G protein Gs/Gi Adenylate cyclase cAMP 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase A cGMP: Transducin Gustducin Guanylate cyclase cGMP 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase G G alpha subunit Gα GNAO1 GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 GNAT1 GNAT2 GNAT3 GNAZ GNAS GNAL GNAQ GNA11 GNA12 GNA13 GNA14 GNA15/GNA16 G beta-gamma complex Gβ GNB1 GNB2 GNB3 GNB4 GNB5 Gγ GNGT1 GNGT2 GNG2 GNG3 GNG4 GNG5 GNG7 GNG8 GNG10 GNG11 GNG12 GNG13 BSCL2 G protein-coupled receptor kinase AMP-activated protein kinase Monomeric ARFs Rabs Ras HRAS KRAS NRAS Rhos Arfs Ran Rhebs Raps RGKs Cyclin Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein Cyclin-dependent kinase Cyclin Lipid Phosphoinositide phospholipase C Phospholipase C Other protein kinaseSerine/threonine: Casein kinase 1 2 eIF-2 kinase EIF2AK3 Glycogen synthase kinase GSK1 GSK2 GSK-3 GSK3A GSK3B IκB kinase CHUK IKK2 IKBKG Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase IRAK1 IRAK2 IRAK3 IRAK4 Lim kinase LIMK1 LIMK2 p21-activated kinases PAK1 PAK2 PAK3 PAK4 Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1 ROCK2 Ribosomal s6 kinase RPS6KA1 Tyrosine: ZAP70 Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase PTK2 PTK2B BTK Serine/threonine/tyrosine Dual-specificity kinase DYRK1A DYRK1B DYRK2 DYRK3 DYRK4 Arginine Arginine kinase McsB Other protein phosphataseSerine/threonine: Protein phosphatase 2 Tyrosine: protein tyrosine phosphatase: Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase both: Dual-specificity phosphatase Apoptosis see apoptosis signaling pathway GTP-binding protein regulators see GTP-binding protein regulators Other Activating transcription factor 6 Signal transducing adaptor protein I-kappa B protein Mucin-4 Olfactory marker protein Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein EDARADD PRKCSH see also deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins vteKinases: Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11-12)Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.1-EC 2.7.11.20)Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) LATS1 LATS2 MAST1 MAST2 STK38 STK38L CIT ROCK1 SGK SGK2 SGK3 Protein kinase B AKT1 AKT2 AKT3 Ataxia telangiectasia mutated mTOR EIF-2 kinases PKR HRI EIF2AK3 EIF2AK4 Wee1 WEE1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (EC 2.7.11.2) PDK1 PDK2 PDK3 PDK4 Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.3) AMP-activated protein kinase α PRKAA1 PRKAA2 β PRKAB1 PRKAB2 γ PRKAG1 PRKAG2 PRKAG3 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase (EC 2.7.11.4) BCKDK BCKDHA BCKDHB (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) kinase (EC 2.7.11.5) IDH2 IDH3A IDH3B IDH3G (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.6) STK4 Myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.7) Aurora kinase Aurora A kinase Aurora B kinase Aurora C kinase Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.8) FASTK STK10 Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.9) - IκB kinase (EC 2.7.11.10) CHUK IKK2 TBK1 IKBKE IKBKG IKBKAP cAMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.11) Protein kinase A PRKACG PRKACB PRKACA PRKY cGMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.12) Protein kinase G PRKG1 Protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) Protein kinase C Protein kinase Cζ PKC alpha PRKCB1 PRKCD PRKCE PRKCH PRKCG PRKCI PRKCQ Protein kinase N1 PKN2 PKN3 Rhodopsin kinase (EC 2.7.11.14) Rhodopsin kinase Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.15) Beta adrenergic receptor kinase Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 G-protein coupled receptor kinases (EC 2.7.11.16) GRK4 GRK5 GRK6 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent (EC 2.7.11.17) BRSK2 CAMK1 CAMK1A CAMK1B CAMK1D CAMK1G CAMK2 CAMK2A CAMK2B CAMK2D CAMK2G CAMK4 MLCK CASK CHEK1 CHEK2 DAPK1 DAPK2 DAPK3 STK11 MAPKAPK2 MAPKAPK3 MAPKAPK5 MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 MARK4 MELK MKNK1 MKNK2 NUAK1 NUAK2 OBSCN PASK PHKG1 PHKG2 PIM1 PIM2 PKD1 PRKD2 PRKD3 PSKH1 SNF1LK2 KIAA0999 STK40 SNF1LK SNRK SPEG TSSK2 Kalirin TRIB1 TRIB2 TRIB3 TRIO Titin DCLK1 Myosin light-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18) MYLK MYLK2 MYLK3 MYLK4 Phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.11.19) PHKA1 PHKA2 PHKB PHKG1 PHKG2 Elongation factor 2 kinase (EC 2.7.11.20) EEF2K STK19 Polo kinase (EC 2.7.11.21) PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.21-EC 2.7.11.30)Polo kinase (EC 2.7.11.21) PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 Cyclin-dependent kinase (EC 2.7.11.22) CDK1 CDK2 CDKL2 CDK3 CDK4 CDK5 CDKL5 CDK6 CDK7 CDK8 CDK9 CDK10 CDK12 CDC2L5 PCTK1 PCTK2 PCTK3 PFTK1 CDC2L1 (RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase (EC 2.7.11.23) RPS6KA5 RPS6KA4 P70S6 kinase P70-S6 Kinase 1 RPS6KB2 RPS6KA2 RPS6KA3 RPS6KA1 RPS6KC1 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.24) Extracellular signal-regulated MAPK1 MAPK3 MAPK4 MAPK6 MAPK7 MAPK12 MAPK15 C-Jun N-terminal MAPK8 MAPK9 MAPK10 P38 mitogen-activated protein MAPK11 MAPK13 MAPK14 MAP3K (EC 2.7.11.25) MAP kinase kinase kinases MAP3K1 MAP3K2 MAP3K3 MAP3K4 MAP3K5 MAP3K6 MAP3K7 MAP3K8 RAFs ARAF BRAF KSR1 KSR2 MLKs MAP3K12 MAP3K13 MAP3K9 MAP3K10 MAP3K11 MAP3K7 ZAK CDC7 MAP3K14 Tau-protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.26) TPK1 TTK GSK-3 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.27) - Tropomyosin kinase (EC 2.7.11.28) - Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.29) - Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.30) Bone morphogenetic protein receptors BMPR1 BMPR1A BMPR1B BMPR2 ACVR1 ACVR1B ACVR1C ACVR2A ACVR2B ACVRL1 Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor Dual-specificity kinases (EC 2.7.12)MAP2K MAP2K1 MAP2K2 MAP2K3 MAP2K4 MAP2K5 MAP2K6 MAP2K7 vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) vteNitric oxide signaling modulatorsForms Nitroxyl anion (NO−; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion) Nitric oxide (NO⋅; nitrogen monoxide) Nitrosonium (NO+; nitrosyl cation) TargetssGC Activators/stimulators: Ataciguat BAY 41-2272 BAY 41-8543 BAY 60-4552 BI-703704 Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667) GSK-2181236A Praliciguat Riociguat Vericiguat Inhibitors: ODQ NO donors(prodrugs) Nitrates: Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol) Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) Itramin tosilate Mannitol hexanitrate Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012) NCX-466 NCX-2216 NCX-4016 NCX 4040 NCX-4215 Nicorandil Nipradilol (K-351) Nitrate (NO−3) Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560) Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026) Nitrofluvastatin Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)) Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550) Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN) Propatylnitrate Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN) Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt) Tenitramine Trolnitrate Nitroso compounds/nitrites: Nitrite (NO−2); O-Nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites): Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite) Cyclohexyl nitrite Ethyl nitrite Hexyl nitrite Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite) Isopropyl nitrite Methyl nitrite n-Butyl nitrite Pentyl nitrite tert-Butyl nitrite; S-Nitroso compounds (thionitrites): LA810 S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB) S-Nitrosated AR545C S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP) S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap) S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys) S-Nitrosodiclofenac S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG) SNO-t-PA SNO-vWF; N-Nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines): SIN-1A Nitrosyl compounds: Metal nitrosyl complexes: Roussin's black salt Roussin's red salt Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) NONOates (diazeniumdiolates): Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO) Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO) GLO/NO JS-K Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO) PROLI/NO Spermine/NO (SPER/NO) V-PYRRO/NO Heterocyclic compounds: Furoxans: Furoxan REC15/2739; Sydnonimines: Feprosidnine Linsidomine (SIN-1) Molsidomine (SIN-10) Sydnonimine Unsorted: Cimlanod FK-409 FR144220 FR146881 N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide Enzyme(inhibitors)NOSnNOS 3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole 3-Chloroindazole 3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole 5-Nitroindazole 6-Nitroindazole 7-Nitroindazole A-84643 Aminoguanidine (pimagedine) ARL-17477 Indazole N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO) Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA) Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA) Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG) Pentamidine isethionate TRIM iNOS 1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine 2-Ethylaminoguanidine 2-Iminopiperidine 1400W AEITU Aminoguanidine (pimagedine) AMT AR-C 102222 BYK-191023 Canavanine Cindunistat (SD-6010) EITU IPTU MITU N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO) N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL) Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA) Ronopterin (VAS-203) TRIM eNOS Aminoguanidine (pimagedine) N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO) Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA) Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG) Unsorted Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) CKD-712 Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED) GW-273629 Indospicine KD-7040 Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME) NCX-456 NXN-462 ONO-1714 VAS-2381 Arginase ABH Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) chlorogenic acid ginseng epicatechin ornithine norvaline lysine alpha aminoacids CAMK Calmidazolium W-7 Others Precursors: L-Arginine Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) Cofactors: NADPH FAD FMN Heme BH4 CaM O2 Ca2+ Indirect/downstream NO modulators: ACE inhibitors/AT-II receptor antagonists (e.g., captopril, losartan) ETB receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan) L-Type calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines: nifedipine) Nebivolol (beta blocker) PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil) non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g., caffeine) PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., paraxanthine) cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil) Statins (e.g., simvastatin) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Portal: Biology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serine/threonine-specific protein kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"cGMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"phosphorylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"platelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"}],"text":"cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP. It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, sperm metabolism, cell division, and nucleic acid synthesis.","title":"cGMP-dependent protein kinase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"Paramecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"N-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"exons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform"},{"link_name":"homodimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimer"},{"link_name":"subunits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_subunit"},{"link_name":"functional domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_domain"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"side chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"myristoylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristoylation"}],"text":"PKG are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of eukaryotes ranging from the unicellular organism Paramecium to humans. Two PKG genes, coding for PKG type I (PKG-I) and type II (PKG-II), have been identified in mammals. The N-terminus of PKG-I is encoded by two alternatively spliced exons that specify for the PKG-Iα and PKG-Iβ isoforms. PKG-Iβ is activated at ~10-fold higher cGMP concentrations than PKG-Iα. The PKG-I and PKG-II are homodimers of two identical subunits (~75 kDa and ~85 kDa, respectively) and share common structural features.Each subunit is composed of three functional domains:(1) an N-terminal domain that mediates homodimerization, suppression of the kinase activity in the absence of cGMP, and interactions with other proteins including protein substrates\n(2) a regulatory domain that contains two non-identical cGMP-binding sites\n(3) a kinase domain that catalyzes the phosphate transfer from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a serine/threonine side chain of the target proteinBinding of cGMP to the regulatory domain induces a conformational change which stops the inhibition of the catalytic core by the N-terminus and allows the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. Whereas PKG-I is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, PKG-II is anchored to the plasma membrane by N-terminal myristoylation.","title":"Genes and proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smooth muscle cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cell"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"platelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet"},{"link_name":"endothelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"cardiomyocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomyocyte"},{"link_name":"fibroblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast"},{"link_name":"renal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte"},{"link_name":"nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"cerebellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"Purkinje cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cells"},{"link_name":"ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia"},{"link_name":"Neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"zona glomerulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa"},{"link_name":"adrenal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex"},{"link_name":"club cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_cell"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway"},{"link_name":"intestinal mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine"},{"link_name":"pancreatic ducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"parotid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid"},{"link_name":"submandibular glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland"},{"link_name":"chondrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrocyte"},{"link_name":"myocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocyte"},{"link_name":"calcium-activated potassium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel"},{"link_name":"cell hyperpolarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"phospholipase C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C"},{"link_name":"inositol triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate"}],"text":"In general, PKG-I and PKG-II are expressed in different cell types.PKG-I has been detected at high concentrations (above 0.1 μmol/L) in all types of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) including vascular SMCs and in platelets. Lower levels are present in vascular endothelium and cardiomyocytes. The enzyme is also expressed in fibroblasts, certain types of renal cells and leukocytes, and in specific regions of the nervous system, for example in the hippocampus, in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and in dorsal root ganglia. Neurons express either the PKG-Iα or the PKG-Iβ isoform, platelets predominantly Iβ, and both isoforms are present in smooth muscle.\nPKG-II has been detected in renal cells, zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex, club cells in distal airways, intestinal mucosa, pancreatic ducts, parotid and submandibular glands, chondrocytes, and several brain nuclei, but not in cardiac and vascular myocytes.Specifically, in smooth muscle tissue, PKG promotes the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels, leading to cell hyperpolarization and relaxation, and blocks agonist activity of phospholipase C, reducing liberation of stored calcium ions by inositol triphosphate.","title":"Tissue distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta-catenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-catenin"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18260092-2"}],"text":"Cancerous colon cells stop producing PKG, which apparently limits beta-catenin, thus allowing the VEGF enzyme to solicit angiogenesis.[2]","title":"Role in cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drosophila melanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"polymorphic trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"alleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"wild-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In Drosophila melanogaster the foraging (for) gene is a polymorphic trait that underlies differences in food-seeking behaviors. The for locus is made up of Rover (forR) and Sitter (forS) alleles, with the Rover allele being dominant. Rover individuals typically travel greater distances when foraging for food, while Sitter individuals travel less distance to forage for food. Both Rover and Sitter phenotypes are considered wild-type, as fruit fly populations typically exhibit a 70:30 Rover-to-Sitter ratio.[3] The Rover and Sitter alleles are located within the 24A3-5 region of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome, a region which contains the PKG d2g gene. PKG expression levels account for differences in forR and forS allele frequency and therefore behavior as Rover individuals show higher PKG expression than Sitter individuals, and the Sitter phenotype can be converted to Rover by over-expression of the dg2 gene.[4]","title":"Behavioral genetics in Drosophila melanogaster"}]
[]
[{"title":"cAMP-dependent protein kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent_protein_kinase"}]
[{"reference":"Casteel DE, Smith-Nguyen EV, Sankaran B, Roh SH, Pilz RB, Kim C (October 2010). \"A crystal structure of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I{beta} dimerization/docking domain reveals molecular details of isoform-specific anchoring\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (43): 32684–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C110.161430. PMC 2963381. PMID 20826808.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963381","url_text":"\"A crystal structure of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I{beta} dimerization/docking domain reveals molecular details of isoform-specific anchoring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C110.161430","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.C110.161430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963381","url_text":"2963381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20826808","url_text":"20826808"}]},{"reference":"Kwon IK, Schoenlein PV, Delk J, Liu K, Thangaraju M, Dulin NO, et al. (April 2008). \"Expression of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in metastatic colon carcinoma cells blocks tumor angiogenesis\". Cancer. 112 (7): 1462–70. doi:10.1002/cncr.23334. PMID 18260092. S2CID 4763327.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.23334","url_text":"\"Expression of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in metastatic colon carcinoma cells blocks tumor angiogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.23334","url_text":"10.1002/cncr.23334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18260092","url_text":"18260092"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4763327","url_text":"4763327"}]},{"reference":"Sokolowski MB (November 2001). \"Drosophila: genetics meets behaviour\". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2 (11): 879–90. doi:10.1038/35098592. PMID 11715043. S2CID 13152094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35098592","url_text":"10.1038/35098592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11715043","url_text":"11715043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13152094","url_text":"13152094"}]},{"reference":"Osborne KA, Robichon A, Burgess E, Butland S, Shaw RA, Coulthard A, et al. (August 1997). \"Natural behavior polymorphism due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase of Drosophila\". Science. 277 (5327): 834–6. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.834. PMID 9242616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.277.5327.834","url_text":"10.1126/science.277.5327.834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9242616","url_text":"9242616"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day
Memorial Day
["1 Claimed origins","2 Precedents in the South","2.1 Virginia","2.2 Jackson, Mississippi","2.3 Charleston, South Carolina","2.4 Columbus, Georgia","2.5 Columbus, Mississippi","2.6 Other Southern precedents","3 Precedents in the North","3.1 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania","3.2 Boalsburg, Pennsylvania","3.3 National Decoration Day","3.4 State holiday","3.5 Waterloo proclamation","4 Early national history","4.1 Confederate Memorial Day","5 Renaming","6 Civil religious holiday","7 Parades","8 Poppies","9 Observance dates (1971–2037)","10 Related traditions","10.1 Decoration Day (tradition)","11 In film, literature, and music","11.1 Films","11.2 Music","11.3 Poetry","12 See also","12.1 United States","12.2 Other countries","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
Federal holiday in the United States For other uses, see Memorial Day (disambiguation). "Decoration Day" redirects here. For other uses, see Decoration Day (disambiguation). Memorial DayArlington National Cemetery graves decorated with flags during Memorial Day weekendObserved byUnited StatesTypeFederalSignificanceHonors U.S. military personnel who died in serviceObservancesDecoration of military graves with American flagsDateLast Monday in May2023 dateMay 29  (2023-05-29)2024 dateMay 272025 dateMay 262026 dateMay 25FrequencyAnnualFirst timeMay 30, 1868 Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day) is one of the federal holidays in the United States for honoring and mourning the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. It is observed on the last Monday of May. Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial beginning of summer in the United States. It is a day for visiting cemeteries and memorials to mourn the military personnel who died in the line of duty. Volunteers will place American flags on the graves of those military personnel in national cemeteries. Others such as family and friends will also come to lay flowers and grieve on the graves of those who died in the US military. The first national observance of Memorial Day occurred on May 30, 1868. Then known as Decoration Day and observed on May 30, the holiday was proclaimed by Commander in Chief John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic to honor the Union soldiers who had died in the American Civil War. This national observance followed many local observances which were inaugurated between the end of the Civil War and Logan's declaration. Many cities and people have claimed to be the first to observe it. However, the National Cemetery Administration, a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs, credits Mary Ann Williams with originating the "idea of strewing the graves of Civil War soldiers—Union and Confederate" with flowers. Official recognition as a holiday spread among the states, beginning with New York in 1873. By 1890, every Union state had adopted it. The world wars turned it into a day of remembrance for all members of the U.S. military who fought and died in service. In 1971, Congress standardized the holiday as "Memorial Day" and changed its observance to the last Monday in May. Two other days celebrate those who have served or are serving in the U.S. military: Armed Forces Day, which is earlier in May, an unofficial U.S. holiday for honoring those currently serving in the armed forces, and Veterans Day on November 11, which honors all those who have served in the United States Armed Forces. Claimed origins The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier A variety of cities and people have claimed origination of Memorial Day. In some such cases, the claims relate to documented events, occurring before or after the Civil War. Others may stem from general traditions of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers, rather than specific events leading to the national proclamation. Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before and during the American Civil War. Other claims may be less respectable, appearing to some researchers as taking credit without evidence, while erasing better-evidenced events or connections. Precedents in the South Virginia 1867 Decoration Day in Richmond, Virginia's Hollywood Cemetery On June 3, 1861, Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave to be decorated, according to an article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch in 1906. This decoration was for the funeral of the first soldier killed during the Civil War, John Quincy Marr, who died on June 1, 1861, during a skirmish at the Battle of Fairfax Courthouse in Virginia. Jackson, Mississippi On April 26, 1865, in Jackson, Mississippi, Sue Landon Vaughan decorated the graves of Confederate and Union soldiers according to her account. The first reference to this event however did not appear until many years later. Mention of the observance is inscribed on the southeast panel of the Confederate Monument in Jackson, erected in 1891. Vaughan's account is contradicted by contemporary sources. Charleston, South Carolina On May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina, the recently freed Black population held a parade of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union soldiers. The soldiers had been buried in a mass grave at the Washington Race Course, having died at the Confederate prison camp located there. After the city fell, the freed Black population unearthed and properly buried the soldiers, placing flowers at their graves. The event was reported contemporaneously in the Charleston Daily Courier and the New-York Tribune. Historian David Blight has called this commemoration the first Memorial Day. However, no direct link has been established between this event and General John Logan's 1868 proclamation for a national holiday. Columbus, Georgia . . . e can keep alive the memory of debt we owe them by dedicating at least one day in the year, by embellishing their humble graves with flowers, therefore we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies throughout the South to help us in the effort to set apart a certain day to be observed, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande and be handed down through time as a religious custom of the country, to wreathe the graves of our martyred dead with flowers. . . Let the soldiers’ graves, for that day at least, be the Southern Mecca, to whose shrine her sorrowing women, like pilgrims, may annually bring their grateful hearts and floral offerings. . . —Mary Ann Williams, March 11, 1866 The National Cemetery Administration, a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs, and scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to a group of women of Columbus, Georgia. The women were the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus. They were represented by Mary Ann Williams (Mrs. Charles J. Williams) who as association secretary wrote an open letter to the press on March 11, 1866 asking for assistance in establishing an annual holiday to decorate the graves of soldiers throughout the South. The letter was reprinted in several southern states and the plans were noted in newspapers in the North. The date of April 26 was chosen, which corresponded with the end date of the war with the surrender agreement between Generals Johnston and Sherman in 1865. The holiday was observed in Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and elsewhere in Georgia as well as Montgomery, Alabama; Memphis, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; New Orleans, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi, and across the South. In some cities, mostly in Virginia, other dates in May and June were observed. General John Logan commented on the observances in a speech to veterans on July 4, 1866, in Salem, Illinois. After General Logan's General Order No. 11 to the Grand Army of the Republic to observe May 30, 1868, the earlier version of the holiday began to be referred to as Confederate Memorial Day. Columbus, Mississippi Following Mary William's call for assistance, four women of Columbus, Mississippi a day early on April 25, 1866, gathered together at Friendship Cemetery to decorate the graves of the Confederate soldiers. They also felt moved to honor the Union soldiers buried there, and to note the grief of their families, by decorating their graves as well. The story of their gesture of humanity and reconciliation is held by some writers as the inspiration of the original Memorial Day. Other Southern precedents According to the United States Library of Congress, "Southern women decorated the graves of soldiers even before the Civil War’s end. Records show that by 1865, Mississippi, Virginia, and South Carolina all had precedents for Memorial Day." The earliest Southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries. In following years, the Ladies' Memorial Association and other groups increasingly focused rituals on preserving Confederate culture and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy narrative. Precedents in the North General John A. Logan, who in 1868 issued a proclamation calling for a national "Decoration Day" Gettysburg, Pennsylvania The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, included a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Some have therefore claimed that President Abraham Lincoln was the founder of Memorial Day. However, Chicago journalist Lloyd Lewis tried to make the case that it was Lincoln's funeral that spurred the soldiers' grave decorating that followed. Boalsburg, Pennsylvania On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania. Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day. However, no published reference to this event has been found earlier than the printing of the History of the 148th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1904. In a footnote to a story about her brother, Mrs. Sophie (Keller) Hall described how she and Emma Hunter decorated the grave of Emma's father, Reuben Hunter, and then the graves of all soldiers in the cemetery. The original story did not account for Reuben Hunter's death occurring two months later on September 19, 1864. It also did not mention Mrs. Elizabeth Myers as one of the original participants. A bronze statue of all three women gazing upon Reuben Hunter's grave now stands near the entrance to the Boalsburg Cemetery. Although July 4, 1864, was a Monday, the town now claims that the original decoration was on one of the Sundays in October 1864. National Decoration Day ... Let us then gather around their sacred remains and garland the passionless mounds above them with the choicest flowers of Springtime; let us raise above them the dear old flag they saved from dishonor; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledges to aid and assist those whom they have left among us as a sacred charge upon a Nation's gratitude—the soldiers' and sailors' widow and orphan. —John A. Logan, May 5, 1868 On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois. With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states two years earlier. The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.: 99–100  One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle. Logan's wife noted that the date was chosen because it was the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North. State holiday The 1870 Decoration Day parade in St. Paul, Minnesota In 1873, New York made Decoration Day an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit. There was no standard program for the ceremonies, but they were typically sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C. Waterloo proclamation On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York. The legitimacy of this claim has been called into question by several scholars. Early national history In April 1865, following Lincoln's assassination, commemorations were extensive. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who fought and died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government also began creating the United States National Cemetery System for the Union war dead. Orphans placing flags at their fathers' graves in Glenwood Cemetery in Philadelphia on Decoration Day By the 1880s, ceremonies were becoming more consistent across geography as the GAR provided handbooks that presented specific procedures, poems, and Bible verses for local post commanders to utilize in planning the local event. Historian Stuart McConnell reports: on the day itself, the post assembled and marched to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of the fallen, an enterprise meticulously organized months in advance to assure that none were missed. Finally came a simple and subdued graveyard service involving prayers, short patriotic speeches, and music ... and at the end perhaps a rifle salute. Confederate Memorial Day Main article: Confederate Memorial Day Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, Alabama In 1868, some Southern public figures began adding the label "Confederate" to their commemorations and claimed that Northerners had appropriated the holiday. The first official celebration of Confederate Memorial Day as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature. By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis. Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture. The Ladies' Memorial Association played a key role in using Memorial Day rituals to preserve Confederate culture. Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew throughout the South. Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.: 265  Renaming The March of Time, by Henry Sandham depicting Civil War veterans parading during Decoration Day, 1896 By the 20th century, various Union memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who fought and died while in the U.S. military service. Indiana from the 1860s to the 1920s saw numerous debates on how to expand the celebration. It was a favorite lobbying activity of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). An 1884 GAR handbook explained that Memorial Day was "the day of all days in the G.A.R. Calendar" in terms of mobilizing public support for pensions. It advised family members to "exercise great care" in keeping the veterans sober.: 352  Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism, allowing Americans to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined, made that German and Irish soldiers – ethnic minorities that Anti-Irish sentiment#19th century faced Anti-German sentiment#United States – had become true Americans in the "baptism of blood" on the battlefield. "On Decoration Day" Political cartoon c. 1900 by John T. McCutcheon. Caption: "You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up." In the national capital in 1913 the four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House since the War. James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers. The name "Memorial Day", which was first attested in 1882, gradually became more common than "Decoration Day" after World War II but was not declared the official name by federal law until 1967. On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. In 1913, an Indiana veteran complained that younger people born since the war had a "tendency ... to forget the purpose of Memorial Day and make it a day for games, races, and revelry, instead of a day of memory and tears".: 362  In 1911 the scheduling of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway car race, later named the Indianapolis 500, was vehemently opposed by the increasingly elderly GAR. The state legislature in 1923 rejected holding the race on the holiday. But the new American Legion and local officials wanted the big race to continue, so Governor Warren McCray vetoed the bill and the race went on.: 376  Civil religious holiday The United States Marine Band on Memorial Day Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. (Labor Day is the unofficial end of summer.) The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date. The VFW stated in 2002: Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day. In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 pm. On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon. It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day. The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol. Memorial Day observances in small New England towns are often marked by dedications and remarks by veterans and politicians. Scholars, following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular "civil religion"—one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint—that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice, and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals. Parades Since 1867, Brooklyn, New York, has held an annual Memorial Day parade which it claims to be the nation's oldest. Grafton, West Virginia, and Ironton, Ohio have also had an ongoing parade since 1868. However, the Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin, predates both the Doylestown and the Grafton parades by one year (1867). Poppies Main article: Remembrance poppy In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders. Inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference three years later wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. The National American Legion adopted in 1920 the poppy as its official symbol of remembrance. Observance dates (1971–2037) Year Memorial Day 1971 1976 1982 1993 1999 2004 2010 2021 2027 2032 May 31 (week 22) 1977 1983 1988 1994 2005 2011 2016 2022 2033 May 30 (week 22) 1972 1978 1989 1995 2000 2006 2017 2023 2028 2034 May 29 (week 22) 1973 1979 1984 1990 2001 2007 2012 2018 2029 2035 May 28 (week 22) 1974 1985 1991 1996 2002 2013 2019 2024 2030 May 27 (common year week 21, leap year week 22) 1975 1980 1986 1997 2003 2008 2014 2025 2031 2036 May 26 (week 21) 1981 1987 1992 1998 2009 2015 2020 2026 2037 May 25 (week 21) Related traditions Decoration Day (tradition) Main article: Decoration Day (tradition) Decoration Days in Southern Appalachia and Liberia are a tradition which arose by the 19th century. Decoration practices are localized and unique to individual families, cemeteries, and communities, but common elements that unify the various Decoration Day practices are thought to represent syncretism of predominantly Christian cultures in 19th century Southern Appalachia with pre-Christian influences from Scotland, Ireland, and African cultures. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions are thought to have more in common with one another than with United States Memorial Day traditions which are focused on honoring the military dead. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions pre-date the United States Memorial Day holiday. According to scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour, "the geographic spread ... from the Smokies to northeastern Texas and Liberia, offer strong evidence that the southern Decoration Day originated well back in the nineteenth century. The presence of the same cultural tradition throughout the Upland South argues for the age of the tradition, which was carried westward (and eastward to Africa) by nineteenth-century migration and has survived in essentially the same form till the present." While these customs may have inspired in part rituals to honor military dead like Memorial Day, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date is set differently by each family or church for each cemetery to coordinate the maintenance, social, and spiritual aspects of decoration. In film, literature, and music Films In Memorial Day, a 2012 war film starring James Cromwell, Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell, a character recalls and relives memories of World War II. Music American rock band Drive-By Truckers released a Jason Isbell–penned song titled "Decoration Day" on their 2003 album of the same title. American composer Charles Ives titled the second movement of his A Symphony: New England Holidays, "Decoration Day". Poetry Poems commemorating Memorial Day include: Francis M. Finch's "The Blue and the Gray" (1867) Michael Anania's "Memorial Day" (1994) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Decoration Day" (1882) See also Holidays portalUnited States portal United States Remembrance Day at the Gettysburg Battlefield, an annual honoring of Civil War dead held near the anniversary of the Gettysburg Address A Great Jubilee Day, first held the last Monday in May 1783 (American Revolutionary War) Armed Forces Day, third Saturday in May, a more narrowly observed remembrance honoring those currently serving in the U.S. military Armistice Day, November 11, the original name of Veterans Day in the United States Confederate Memorial Day, observed on various dates in many states in the South in memory of those killed fighting for the Confederacy during the American Civil War Memorial Day massacre of 1937, May 30, held to remember demonstrators shot by police in Chicago Nora Fontaine Davidson, credited with the first Memorial Day ceremony in Petersburg, Virginia Patriot Day, September 11, in memory of people killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks United States military casualties of war Veterans Day, November 11, honoring American military veterans, both alive and deceased. Other countries ANZAC Day, April 25, an analogous observance in Australia and New Zealand Armistice Day, November 11, the original name of Veterans Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in Canada, the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth nations Heroes' Day, various dates in various countries recognizing national heroes International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers, May 29, international observance recognizing United Nations peacekeepers Remembrance Day, November 11, a similar observance in Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other Commonwealth nations originally marking the end of World War I Remembrance of the Dead ("Dodenherdenking"), May 4, a similar observance in the Netherlands Volkstrauertag ("People's Mourning Day"), a similar observance in Germany usually in November Yom Hazikaron (Israeli memorial day), the day before Independence Day (Israel), around Iyar 4 Decoration Day (Canada), a Canadian holiday that recognizes veterans of Canada's military which has largely been eclipsed by the similar Remembrance Day Memorial Day (South Korea), June 6, the day to commemorate the men and women who died while in military service during the Korean War and other significant wars or battles Victoria Day, a Canadian holiday on the last Monday before May 25 each year, lacks the military memorial aspects of Memorial Day but serves a similar function as marking the start of cultural summer References ^ "Memorial Day". History.com. May 24, 2023. ^ a b "Memorial Day". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010. ^ 36 U.S.C. § 116 ^ "Memorial Day". History.com. May 27, 2023. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ^ Yan, Holly (May 26, 2016). "Memorial Day 2016: What You Need to Know". CNN. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016. ^ a b "Today in History – May 30". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Memorial Day Order". Cem.va.gov. National Cemetery Administration. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ a b c d e f "Memorial Day History". National Cemetery Administration of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. May 29, 2023. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023. ^ Kickler, Sarah (May 28, 2012). "Memorial Day vs. Veterans Day". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ "Memorial Day History". U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ Klein, Christopher. "Where Did Memorial Day Originate?". History.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "The Center for Civil War Research". www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ L'Hommedieu Gardiner, Mary (1842). "The Ladies Garland". J. Libby. p. 296. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2014 – via Google Books. ^ In 1817, for example, a writer in the Analectic Magazine of Philadelphia urged the decoration of patriot's graves. E.J., "The Soldier's Grave", in The Analectic Magazine (1817), Vol. 10, 264. ^ a b "The Origins of Memorial Day" Archived January 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Snopes.com, May 25, 2018 ^ "Times-Dispatch". Perseus.tufts.edu. July 15, 1906. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ Poland Jr., Charles P. The Glories Of War: Small Battles And Early Heroes Of 1861. Bloomington, IN (2006), 42. ^ a b c d e f Bellware, Daniel (2014). The Genesis of the Memorial Day holiday in America. ISBN 9780692292259. OCLC 898066352. ^ "Mississippi Confederate Monument – Jackson, MS". WayMarking.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ a b c d e f Gardiner, Richard; Jones, P. Michael; Bellware, Daniel (Spring–Summer 2018). "The Emergence and Evolution of Memorial Day". Journal of America's Military Past. 43–2 (137): 19–37. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Roos, Dave. "One of the Earliest Memorial Day Ceremonies Was Held by Freed African Americans". History.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ Blight, David W. 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Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8078-3275-2. ^ McConnell, Stuart (1997). Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0807846285. ^ National Park Service, "Flowers For Jennie" Archived May 31, 2024, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 24, 2015 ^ Knight, Lucian Lamar (1914). Memorial Day: Its True History. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2012 – via Google Books. ^ a b c "Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia". New Georgia Encyclopedia. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019. ^ a b c Sacco, Nicholas W. (2015). "The Grand Army of the Republic, the Indianapolis 500, and the Struggle for Memorial Day in Indiana, 1868–1923". Indiana Magazine of History. 111 (4). ^ Samito, Christian G. (2009). Becoming American under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8014-4846-1. Retrieved May 25, 2014. ^ G. Allan Yeomans, "A Southern Segregationist Goes to Gettysburg", Alabama Historical Quarterly (1972) 34#3 pp. 194–205. ^ Henry Perkins Goddard; Calvin Goddard Zon (2008). The Good Fight That Didn't End: Henry P. Goddard's Accounts of Civil War and Peace. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-57003-772-6. ^ Axelrod, Alan (2007). Miracle at Belleau Wood: The Birth of the Modern U.S. Marine Corps. Globe Pequot. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-59921-025-4. ^ a b "Public Law 90-363". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ Mechant, David (April 28, 2007). "Memorial Day History". Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2010. ^ Scott, Ryan (May 24, 2015). "Memorial Day, 3 p.m.: Don't Forget". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015. ^ Post, Peggy; Post, Anna; Post, Lizzie; Senning, Daniel Post (2011). Emily Post's Etiquette, 18. HarperCollins. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-06-210127-3. ^ United States Code, 2006, Supplement 1, January 4, 2007, to January 8, 2008. Government Printing Office. 2009. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-16-083512-4. ^ "The National Memorial Day Concert". pbs.org. May 25, 2018. Archived from the original on May 31, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018. ^ William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1. ^ Cristi, Marcela (2001). From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics. Wilfrid Laurier U.P. pp. 48–53. ISBN 978-0-88920-368-6. ^ William M. Epstein (2002). American Policy Making: Welfare As Ritual. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7425-1733-2. ^ Corwin E. Smidt; Lyman A. Kellstedt; James L. Guth (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-19-532652-9. ^ Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America", Daedalus 1967 96(1): 1–21. ^ Knapp, Aaron. "Rochester commemorates fallen soldiers in 150th Memorial Day parade". Journal Times. Retrieved June 1, 2017. ^ says, Lisa (May 29, 2011). "Doylestown Hosts Oldest Memorial Day Parade In The Country". Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (October 28, 2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1061–. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8. ^ "Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?". BBC News. November 10, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2009. ^ a b Jabbour, Alan (May 27, 2010). "What is Decoration Day?". University of North Carolina Blog. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2019. ^ "Decoration Day". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2019. ^ Hooker, Elizabeth R. (1933). Religion in the Highlands: Native Churches and Missionary Enterprises in the Southern Appalachian Area. New York: Home Mission Council. p. 125. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2019. ^ Meyer, Richard E. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia – Cemeteries. pp. 132–34. ^ Finch, Francis (1867). "Blue and the Gray". CivilWarHome.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018. ^ Anania, Michael (1994). "Memorial Day". PoetryFoundation. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015. ^ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Memorial Day". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memorial Day. Wikiquote has quotations related to Memorial Day. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Memorial Day". Albanese, Catherine. "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct. 1974), pp. 386–398 in JSTOR Archived January 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Bellah, Robert N. "Civil Religion in America". Daedalus 1967 96(1): 1–21. online edition Blight, David W. "Decoration Day: The Origins of Memorial Day in North and South" in Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (2004), online edition pp. 94–129; the standard scholarly history Buck, Paul H. The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900 (1937) Cherry, Conrad. "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications for the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1969), pp. 739–754 in JSTOR Archived January 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Dennis, Matthew. Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar (2002) Jabbour, Alan, and Karen Singer Jabbour. Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians (University of North Carolina Press; 2010) Myers, Robert J. "Memorial Day". Chapter 24 in Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays. (1972) Schauffler, Robert Haven (1911). Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War. BiblioBazaar reprint 2010. ISBN 9781176839045. External links Look up Memorial Day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 36 USC 116. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memorial Day (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Decoration Day (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_Day_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"federal holidays in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vamd-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the last Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act"},{"link_name":"summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flags"},{"link_name":"national cemeteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yan-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today_in_History_-_May_30-6"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Cemetery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System"},{"link_name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Williams"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"world wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day#United_States"},{"link_name":"Veterans Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For other uses, see Memorial Day (disambiguation).\"Decoration Day\" redirects here. For other uses, see Decoration Day (disambiguation).Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day)[1] is one of the federal holidays in the United States for honoring and mourning the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces.[2][3] It is observed on the last Monday of May. Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial beginning of summer in the United States.[4]It is a day for visiting cemeteries and memorials to mourn the military personnel who died in the line of duty. Volunteers will place American flags on the graves of those military personnel in national cemeteries.[5] Others such as family and friends will also come to lay flowers and grieve on the graves of those who died in the US military.The first national observance of Memorial Day occurred on May 30, 1868.[6] Then known as Decoration Day and observed on May 30, the holiday was proclaimed by Commander in Chief John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic to honor the Union soldiers who had died in the American Civil War.[7] This national observance followed many local observances which were inaugurated between the end of the Civil War and Logan's declaration. Many cities and people have claimed to be the first to observe it. However, the National Cemetery Administration, a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs, credits Mary Ann Williams with originating the \"idea of strewing the graves of Civil War soldiers—Union and Confederate\" with flowers.[8]Official recognition as a holiday spread among the states, beginning with New York in 1873.[8] By 1890, every Union state had adopted it. The world wars turned it into a day of remembrance for all members of the U.S. military who fought and died in service. In 1971, Congress standardized the holiday as \"Memorial Day\" and changed its observance to the last Monday in May.Two other days celebrate those who have served or are serving in the U.S. military: Armed Forces Day, which is earlier in May, an unofficial U.S. holiday for honoring those currently serving in the armed forces, and Veterans Day on November 11, which honors all those who have served in the United States Armed Forces.[9]","title":"Memorial Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_the_Unknowns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today_in_History_-_May_30-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Origins_of_Memorial_Day-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"The Tomb of the Unknown SoldierA variety of cities and people have claimed origination of Memorial Day.[6][10][11][12] In some such cases, the claims relate to documented events, occurring before or after the Civil War. Others may stem from general traditions of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers, rather than specific events leading to the national proclamation.[13] Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before[14] and during the American Civil War. Other claims may be less respectable, appearing to some researchers as taking credit without evidence, while erasing better-evidenced events or connections.[15][8]","title":"Claimed origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hollywood_Cemetery,_Richmond,_Virginia_-_Decorating_the_graves_of_the_Rebel_soldiers,_May_31,_1867_(16682540833).jpg"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Warrenton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"Richmond Times-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Marr"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fairfax Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1861)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Virginia","text":"1867 Decoration Day in Richmond, Virginia's Hollywood CemeteryOn June 3, 1861, Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave to be decorated, according to an article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch in 1906.[16] This decoration was for the funeral of the first soldier killed during the Civil War, John Quincy Marr, who died on June 1, 1861, during a skirmish at the Battle of Fairfax Courthouse in Virginia.[17]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Sue Landon Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Landon_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"},{"link_name":"Confederate Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Monument_(Jackson,_Mississippi)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"}],"sub_title":"Jackson, Mississippi","text":"On April 26, 1865, in Jackson, Mississippi, Sue Landon Vaughan decorated the graves of Confederate and Union soldiers according to her account. The first reference to this event however did not appear until many years later.[18] Mention of the observance is inscribed on the southeast panel of the Confederate Monument in Jackson, erected in 1891.[19] Vaughan's account is contradicted by contemporary sources.[20]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston Daily Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Daily_Courier"},{"link_name":"New-York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"David Blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blight"},{"link_name":"John Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Origins_of_Memorial_Day-15"}],"sub_title":"Charleston, South Carolina","text":"On May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina, the recently freed Black population held a parade of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union soldiers. The soldiers had been buried in a mass grave at the Washington Race Course, having died at the Confederate prison camp located there. After the city fell, the freed Black population unearthed and properly buried the soldiers, placing flowers at their graves. The event was reported contemporaneously in the Charleston Daily Courier and the New-York Tribune.[21] Historian David Blight has called this commemoration the first Memorial Day. However, no direct link has been established between this event and General John Logan's 1868 proclamation for a national holiday.[22][23][15]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Williams"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"National Cemetery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System"},{"link_name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ladies Memorial Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Williams"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2015-30"},{"link_name":"the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States"},{"link_name":"surrender agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Place"},{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"},{"link_name":"Salem, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Confederate Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"}],"sub_title":"Columbus, Georgia","text":". . . [W]e can keep alive the memory of debt we owe them by dedicating\nat least one day in the year, by embellishing their humble graves with\nflowers, therefore we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies\nthroughout the South to help us in the effort to set apart a certain day\nto be observed, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande and be handed\ndown through time as a religious custom of the country, to wreathe the\ngraves of our martyred dead with flowers. . . Let the soldiers’ graves,\nfor that day at least, be the Southern Mecca, to whose shrine her\nsorrowing women, like pilgrims, may annually bring their grateful\nhearts and floral offerings. . .\n\n\n—Mary Ann Williams, March 11, 1866[20]The National Cemetery Administration, a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs,[8] and scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to a group of women of Columbus, Georgia.[18][24][25][26][27][28][29] The women were the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus. They were represented by Mary Ann Williams (Mrs. Charles J. Williams) who as association secretary wrote an open letter to the press on March 11, 1866[20] asking for assistance in establishing an annual holiday to decorate the graves of soldiers throughout the South.[30] The letter was reprinted in several southern states and the plans were noted in newspapers in the North. The date of April 26 was chosen, which corresponded with the end date of the war with the surrender agreement between Generals Johnston and Sherman in 1865.[20]The holiday was observed in Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and elsewhere in Georgia as well as Montgomery, Alabama; Memphis, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; New Orleans, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi, and across the South.[18] In some cities, mostly in Virginia, other dates in May and June were observed. General John Logan commented on the observances in a speech to veterans on July 4, 1866, in Salem, Illinois.[31] After General Logan's General Order No. 11 to the Grand Army of the Republic to observe May 30, 1868, the earlier version of the holiday began to be referred to as Confederate Memorial Day.[18]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Friendship Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Columbus, Mississippi","text":"Following Mary William's call for assistance,[8] four women of Columbus, Mississippi a day early on April 25, 1866, gathered together at Friendship Cemetery to decorate the graves of the Confederate soldiers. They also felt moved to honor the Union soldiers buried there, and to note the grief of their families, by decorating their graves as well. The story of their gesture of humanity and reconciliation is held by some writers as the inspiration of the original Memorial Day.[32][33][34][35]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Center(Firm)2000-37"},{"link_name":"Lost Cause of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-38"}],"sub_title":"Other Southern precedents","text":"According to the United States Library of Congress, \"Southern women decorated the graves of soldiers even before the Civil War’s end. Records show that by 1865, Mississippi, Virginia, and South Carolina all had precedents for Memorial Day.\"[36] The earliest Southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries.[37] In following years, the Ladies' Memorial Association and other groups increasingly focused rituals on preserving Confederate culture and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy narrative.[38]","title":"Precedents in the South"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_A._Logan_(general).jpg"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"}],"text":"General John A. Logan, who in 1868 issued a proclamation calling for a national \"Decoration Day\"","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gettysburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Gettysburg, Pennsylvania","text":"The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, included a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Some have therefore claimed that President Abraham Lincoln was the founder of Memorial Day.[39] However, Chicago journalist Lloyd Lewis tried to make the case that it was Lincoln's funeral that spurred the soldiers' grave decorating that followed.[40]","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boalsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Boalsburg, Pennsylvania","text":"On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania.[41] Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.[42] However, no published reference to this event has been found earlier than the printing of the History of the 148th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1904.[43] In a footnote to a story about her brother, Mrs. Sophie (Keller) Hall described how she and Emma Hunter decorated the grave of Emma's father, Reuben Hunter, and then the graves of all soldiers in the cemetery. The original story did not account for Reuben Hunter's death occurring two months later on September 19, 1864. It also did not mention Mrs. Elizabeth Myers as one of the original participants. A bronze statue of all three women gazing upon Reuben Hunter's grave now stands near the entrance to the Boalsburg Cemetery. Although July 4, 1864, was a Monday, the town now claims that the original decoration was on one of the Sundays in October 1864.[44]","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"old flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_flag"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JabbourJabbour2010-46"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2015-30"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blight_2001-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"National Decoration Day","text":"... Let us then gather around their sacred remains and garland the passionless mounds above them with the choicest flowers of Springtime; let us raise above them the dear old flag they saved from dishonor; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledges to aid and assist those whom they have left among us as a sacred charge upon a Nation's gratitude—the soldiers' and sailors' widow and orphan.\n\n\n—John A. Logan, May 5, 1868[45]On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for \"Decoration Day\" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois.[46] With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states two years earlier.[18][30][20][47][48][49][50] The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.[51]: 99–100  One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle.[52] Logan's wife noted that the date was chosen because it was the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.[20][53]","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1870DecorationDayStPaulMNphotoCharlesZimmerman.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Women's Relief Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Relief_Corps"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"State holiday","text":"The 1870 Decoration Day parade in St. Paul, MinnesotaIn 1873, New York made Decoration Day an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit.[8] There was no standard program for the ceremonies, but they were typically sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C.[54]","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Waterloo proclamation","text":"On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an \"official\" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.[55] The legitimacy of this claim has been called into question by several scholars.[56]","title":"Precedents in the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln#Assassination"},{"link_name":"United States National Cemetery System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaughGallagher2009-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orphans_decorating_their_fathers%27_graves_in_Glenwood_Cemetery,_Philadelphia,_on_Decoration_Day_LCCN2006677411.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Memorial_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"In April 1865, following Lincoln's assassination, commemorations were extensive. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who fought and died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government also began creating the United States National Cemetery System for the Union war dead.[57]Orphans placing flags at their fathers' graves in Glenwood Cemetery in Philadelphia on Decoration DayBy the 1880s, ceremonies were becoming more consistent across geography as the GAR provided handbooks that presented specific procedures, poems, and Bible verses for local post commanders to utilize in planning the local event. Historian Stuart McConnell reports:[58]on the day itself, the post assembled and marched to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of the fallen, an enterprise meticulously organized months in advance to assure that none were missed. Finally came a simple and subdued graveyard service involving prayers, short patriotic speeches, and music ... and at the end perhaps a rifle salute.","title":"Early national history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederate Memorial Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Monument"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps.gov-59"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellware_2014-18"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeorgiaInfo-61"},{"link_name":"CSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeorgiaInfo-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeorgiaInfo-61"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Memorial Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-38"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Center(Firm)2000-37"},{"link_name":"David Blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blight"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blight_2001-51"}],"sub_title":"Confederate Memorial Day","text":"Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, AlabamaIn 1868, some Southern public figures began adding the label \"Confederate\" to their commemorations and claimed that Northerners had appropriated the holiday.[59][18][60] The first official celebration of Confederate Memorial Day as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature.[61] By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis.[61] Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture.[61]The Ladies' Memorial Association played a key role in using Memorial Day rituals to preserve Confederate culture.[38] Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew throughout the South.[37] Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.[51]: 265","title":"Early national history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_March_of_Time,_by_Henry_Sandham.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Sandham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sandham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vamd-2"},{"link_name":"Grand Army of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacco_2015-62"},{"link_name":"Anti-Irish sentiment#19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_the_time&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-German sentiment#United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samito2009-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecorationDayMcCutcheon.jpg"},{"link_name":"John T. McCutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._McCutcheon"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"James Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomas_Heflin"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoddardZon2008-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axelrod2007-66"},{"link_name":"Uniform Monday Holiday Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Public_Law_90-363-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Public_Law_90-363-67"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacco_2015-62"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"Warren McCray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_McCray"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sacco_2015-62"}],"text":"The March of Time, by Henry Sandham depicting Civil War veterans parading during Decoration Day, 1896By the 20th century, various Union memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who fought and died while in the U.S. military service.[2] Indiana from the 1860s to the 1920s saw numerous debates on how to expand the celebration. It was a favorite lobbying activity of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). An 1884 GAR handbook explained that Memorial Day was \"the day of all days in the G.A.R. Calendar\" in terms of mobilizing public support for pensions. It advised family members to \"exercise great care\" in keeping the veterans sober.[62]: 352Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the \"atrocities\" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism, allowing Americans to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined, made that German and Irish soldiers – ethnic minorities that Anti-Irish sentiment#19th century faced Anti-German sentiment#United States – had become true Americans in the \"baptism of blood\" on the battlefield.[63]\"On Decoration Day\" Political cartoon c. 1900 by John T. McCutcheon. Caption: \"You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up.\"In the national capital in 1913 the four-day \"Blue-Gray Reunion\" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House since the War. James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers.[64]The name \"Memorial Day\", which was first attested in 1882, gradually became more common than \"Decoration Day\" after World War II[65] but was not declared the official name by federal law until 1967.[66] On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[67] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[67]In 1913, an Indiana veteran complained that younger people born since the war had a \"tendency ... to forget the purpose of Memorial Day and make it a day for games, races, and revelry, instead of a day of memory and tears\".[62]: 362  In 1911 the scheduling of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway car race, later named the Indianapolis 500, was vehemently opposed by the increasingly elderly GAR. The state legislature in 1923 rejected holding the race on the holiday. But the new American Legion and local officials wanted the big race to continue, so Governor Warren McCray vetoed the bill and the race went on.[62]: 376","title":"Renaming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remembering_the_fallen_at_ANC_on_Memorial_Day_150525-A-FT656-762.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"Veterans of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"National Moment of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Moment_of_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"flag of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"half-staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-mast"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostPost2011-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress2009-71"},{"link_name":"National Memorial Day Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Memorial_Day_Concert"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Day_Observance_in_small_New_England_town.jpg"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Robert Bellah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Bellah"},{"link_name":"civil religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_civil_religion"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"The United States Marine Band on Memorial DayMemorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. (Labor Day is the unofficial end of summer.) The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date. The VFW stated in 2002:[68]Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 pm.[69] On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[70] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[71] The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol.[72]Memorial Day observances in small New England towns are often marked by dedications and remarks by veterans and politicians.Scholars,[73][74][75][76] following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular \"civil religion\"—one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint—that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice, and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.[77]","title":"Civil religious holiday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grafton, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ironton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Since 1867, Brooklyn, New York, has held an annual Memorial Day parade which it claims to be the nation's oldest. Grafton, West Virginia, and Ironton, Ohio have also had an ongoing parade since 1868. However, the Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin, predates both the Doylestown and the Grafton parades by one year (1867).[78][79]","title":"Parades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"John McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"In Flanders Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields"},{"link_name":"poppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2014-80"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA_USA"},{"link_name":"Moina Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moina_Michael"},{"link_name":"National American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc10nov06-81"}],"text":"In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem \"In Flanders Fields\". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders.[80] Inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference three years later wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. The National American Legion adopted in 1920 the poppy as its official symbol of remembrance.[81]","title":"Poppies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Observance dates (1971–2037)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"syncretism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabbourblog-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alabama-encyclopedia-83"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JabbourJabbour2010-46"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabbourblog-82"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hooker-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Decoration Day (tradition)","text":"Decoration Days in Southern Appalachia and Liberia are a tradition which arose by the 19th century. Decoration practices are localized and unique to individual families, cemeteries, and communities, but common elements that unify the various Decoration Day practices are thought to represent syncretism of predominantly Christian cultures in 19th century Southern Appalachia with pre-Christian influences from Scotland, Ireland, and African cultures. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions are thought to have more in common with one another than with United States Memorial Day traditions which are focused on honoring the military dead.[82] Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions pre-date the United States Memorial Day holiday.[83]According to scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour, \"the geographic spread ... from the Smokies to northeastern Texas and Liberia, offer strong evidence that the southern Decoration Day originated well back in the nineteenth century. The presence of the same cultural tradition throughout the Upland South argues for the age of the tradition, which was carried westward (and eastward to Africa) by nineteenth-century migration and has survived in essentially the same form till the present.\"[46]While these customs may have inspired in part rituals to honor military dead like Memorial Day, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date is set differently by each family or church for each cemetery to coordinate the maintenance, social, and spiritual aspects of decoration.[82][84][85]","title":"Related traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In film, literature, and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"war film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"James Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"In Memorial Day, a 2012 war film starring James Cromwell, Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell, a character recalls and relives memories of World War II.[citation needed]","title":"In film, literature, and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drive-By Truckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers"},{"link_name":"Jason Isbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Isbell"},{"link_name":"album of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_Day_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"A Symphony: New England Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Symphony:_New_England_Holidays"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"American rock band Drive-By Truckers released a Jason Isbell–penned song titled \"Decoration Day\" on their 2003 album of the same title.[citation needed]\nAmerican composer Charles Ives titled the second movement of his A Symphony: New England Holidays, \"Decoration Day\".","title":"In film, literature, and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Michael Anania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anania"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Poems commemorating Memorial Day include:Francis M. Finch's \"The Blue and the Gray\" (1867)[86]\nMichael Anania's \"Memorial Day\" (1994)[87]\nHenry Wadsworth Longfellow's \"Decoration Day\" (1882)[88]","title":"In film, literature, and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2711654"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170112232427/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711654"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"online edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110623223032/http://www.questia.com/read/5012186009?title=Civil%20Religion%20in%20America"},{"link_name":"online edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110623223107/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=L6pd2pVHvN4hNrwFhL4rdT3RWpyp8wJMS676zdVQdVhd8Wc0YGTn!-64009190?a=o&d=113423562"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2711606"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170112150935/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711606"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HbiFcgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781176839045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781176839045"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memorial Day.Wikiquote has quotations related to Memorial Day.Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article \"Memorial Day\".Albanese, Catherine. \"Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation\", American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct. 1974), pp. 386–398 in JSTOR Archived January 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine\nBellah, Robert N. \"Civil Religion in America\". Daedalus 1967 96(1): 1–21. online edition\nBlight, David W. \"Decoration Day: The Origins of Memorial Day in North and South\" in Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture (2004), online edition pp. 94–129; the standard scholarly history\nBuck, Paul H. The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900 (1937) [ISBN missing]\nCherry, Conrad. \"Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications for the Study of Religion in America\", American Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1969), pp. 739–754 in JSTOR Archived January 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine\nDennis, Matthew. Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar (2002) [ISBN missing]\nJabbour, Alan, and Karen Singer Jabbour. Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians (University of North Carolina Press; 2010) [ISBN missing]\nMyers, Robert J. \"Memorial Day\". Chapter 24 in Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays. (1972) [ISBN missing]\nSchauffler, Robert Haven (1911). Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War. BiblioBazaar reprint 2010. ISBN 9781176839045.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_the_Unknowns.jpg"},{"image_text":"1867 Decoration Day in Richmond, Virginia's Hollywood Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hollywood_Cemetery%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Decorating_the_graves_of_the_Rebel_soldiers%2C_May_31%2C_1867_%2816682540833%29.jpg/220px-Hollywood_Cemetery%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia_-_Decorating_the_graves_of_the_Rebel_soldiers%2C_May_31%2C_1867_%2816682540833%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"General John A. Logan, who in 1868 issued a proclamation calling for a national \"Decoration Day\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_A._Logan_%28general%29.jpg/170px-John_A._Logan_%28general%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1870 Decoration Day parade in St. Paul, Minnesota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1870DecorationDayStPaulMNphotoCharlesZimmerman.jpg/170px-1870DecorationDayStPaulMNphotoCharlesZimmerman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orphans placing flags at their fathers' graves in Glenwood Cemetery in Philadelphia on Decoration Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Orphans_decorating_their_fathers%27_graves_in_Glenwood_Cemetery%2C_Philadelphia%2C_on_Decoration_Day_LCCN2006677411.jpg/220px-Orphans_decorating_their_fathers%27_graves_in_Glenwood_Cemetery%2C_Philadelphia%2C_on_Decoration_Day_LCCN2006677411.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, Alabama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg/170px-Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"The March of Time, by Henry Sandham depicting Civil War veterans parading during Decoration Day, 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_March_of_Time%2C_by_Henry_Sandham.jpg/220px-The_March_of_Time%2C_by_Henry_Sandham.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"On Decoration Day\" Political cartoon c. 1900 by John T. McCutcheon. Caption: \"You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DecorationDayMcCutcheon.jpg/220px-DecorationDayMcCutcheon.jpg"},{"image_text":"The United States Marine Band on Memorial Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Remembering_the_fallen_at_ANC_on_Memorial_Day_150525-A-FT656-762.jpg/220px-Remembering_the_fallen_at_ANC_on_Memorial_Day_150525-A-FT656-762.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial Day observances in small New England towns are often marked by dedications and remarks by veterans and politicians.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Memorial_Day_Observance_in_small_New_England_town.jpg/220px-Memorial_Day_Observance_in_small_New_England_town.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg"},{"title":"Holidays portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Holidays"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Memorial Day\". History.com. May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history","url_text":"\"Memorial Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Day\". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171249/http://www1.va.gov/opa/speceven/memday/","url_text":"\"Memorial Day\""},{"url":"http://www1.va.gov/opa/speceven/memday/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Day\". History.com. May 27, 2023. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history","url_text":"\"Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221230211/http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yan, Holly (May 26, 2016). \"Memorial Day 2016: What You Need to Know\". CNN. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/26/us/memorial-day-roundup/index.html","url_text":"\"Memorial Day 2016: What You Need to Know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160530092748/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/26/us/memorial-day-roundup/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History – May 30\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/","url_text":"\"Today in History – May 30\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525183156/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Day Order\". Cem.va.gov. National Cemetery Administration. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cem.va.gov/history/memdayorder.asp","url_text":"\"Memorial Day Order\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529133217/https://www.cem.va.gov/history/memdayorder.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Day History\". National Cemetery Administration of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. May 29, 2023. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp","url_text":"\"Memorial Day History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cemetery_Administration","url_text":"National Cemetery Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs","url_text":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528184329/https://cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kickler, Sarah (May 28, 2012). \"Memorial Day vs. Veterans Day\". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. 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OCLC 898066352.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692292259","url_text":"9780692292259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898066352","url_text":"898066352"}]},{"reference":"\"Mississippi Confederate Monument – Jackson, MS\". WayMarking.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMWD72_Mississippi_Confederate_Monument_Jackson_MS","url_text":"\"Mississippi Confederate Monument – Jackson, MS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030221243/https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMWD72_Mississippi_Confederate_Monument_Jackson_MS","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Richard; Jones, P. Michael; Bellware, Daniel (Spring–Summer 2018). \"The Emergence and Evolution of Memorial Day\". Journal of America's Military Past. 43–2 (137): 19–37. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3685&context=bibliography_faculty","url_text":"\"The Emergence and Evolution of Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055058/https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3685&context=bibliography_faculty","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roos, Dave. \"One of the Earliest Memorial Day Ceremonies Was Held by Freed African Americans\". History.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/news/memorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston","url_text":"\"One of the Earliest Memorial Day Ceremonies Was Held by Freed African Americans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220530142431/https://www.history.com/news/memorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blight, David W. \"Lecture: To Appomattox and Beyond: The End of the War and a Search for Meanings, Overview\". Oyc.Yale.edu. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Professor Blight closes his lecture with a description of the first Memorial Day, celebrated by African Americans in Charleston, SC 1865.","urls":[{"url":"http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19","url_text":"\"Lecture: To Appomattox and Beyond: The End of the War and a Search for Meanings, Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140530094526/http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. (2000). The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253109026. Retrieved May 25, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CVXUcyJlgLkC&pg=PA190","url_text":"The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253109026","url_text":"9780253109026"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kristina Dunn (2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781614232827. Retrieved May 25, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P9t-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26","url_text":"No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614232827","url_text":"9781614232827"}]},{"reference":"Kammen, Michael (2011). Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307761408. Retrieved May 25, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CyQF6pKZ61YC&pg=PA103","url_text":"Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307761408","url_text":"9780307761408"}]},{"reference":"English, Tom (May 22, 2015). \"A 'complicated' journey: The story of Logan and Memorial Day\". The Southern. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. 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Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8552","url_text":"\"Confederate Decoration Day Historical Marker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612152812/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8552","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MSU library, Ole Miss anthropologist, local historian search for Union graves\". The Clarion Ledger. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/05/28/graves-union-soldiers-buried-unmarked-graves-columbus/646666002/","url_text":"\"MSU library, Ole Miss anthropologist, local historian search for Union graves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181237/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/05/28/graves-union-soldiers-buried-unmarked-graves-columbus/646666002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History – May 30 – Memorial Day\". United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525183156/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/","url_text":"\"Today in History – May 30 – Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"University of Michigan; EBSCO Publishing (Firm) (2000). America, history and life. Clio Press. p. 190.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karen L. Cox (2003). Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. Universbuttse Memorial Day. ISBN 978-0813031330.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U_jpxKJDleQC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813031330","url_text":"978-0813031330"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Lewis (1941). Myths after Lincoln. New York: Press of the Readers Club. pp. 309–310.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sophie Keller Hall, in The Story of Our Regiment: A History of the 148th Pennsylvania Vols., ed. J.W. Muffly (Des Moines: The Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co., 1904), quoted in editor's note, p. 45\". Civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml","url_text":"\"Sophie Keller Hall, in The Story of Our Regiment: A History of the 148th Pennsylvania Vols., ed. J.W. Muffly (Des Moines: The Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co., 1904), quoted in editor's note, p. 45\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181236/http://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Boalsburg, PA, birthplace of Memorial Day\". Boalsburg.com. March 26, 1997. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boalsburg.com/","url_text":"\"Boalsburg, PA, birthplace of Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304034210/http://www.boalsburg.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Muffly, J. W. (Joseph Wendel) (1904). The story of our Regiment : a history of the 148th Pennsylvania Vols. Butternut and Blue. p. 45. ISBN 0935523391. OCLC 33463683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0935523391","url_text":"0935523391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33463683","url_text":"33463683"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Michael (2010). \"Boalsburg and the Origin of Memorial Day\". Pennsylvania Center for the Book. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/boalsburg-and-origin-memorial-day","url_text":"\"Boalsburg and the Origin of Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190830163845/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/boalsburg-and-origin-memorial-day","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Woodman, Wlliam (1891). \"Decoration Day Exercise\". Common School Education and Teachers World. Bemis Publishing Company. p. 346.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgACAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA346","url_text":"\"Decoration Day Exercise\""}]},{"reference":"Jabbour, Alan; Jabbour, Karen Singer (2010). Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8078-3397-1. Retrieved May 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zoiJU8N_M8UC&pg=PA125","url_text":"Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3397-1","url_text":"978-0-8078-3397-1"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Mrs. John A. (1913). General John Logan, Quoted By His Wife. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2014 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEOAAAAIAAJ&q=%22for+the+Union+men+of+the+nation+to+follow+the+example+of+the+people+of+the+South%22&pg=PA246","url_text":"General John Logan, Quoted By His Wife"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181240/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEOAAAAIAAJ&q=%22for+the+Union+men+of+the+nation+to+follow+the+example+of+the+people+of+the+South%22&pg=PA246#v=snippet&q=%22for%20the%20Union%20men%20of%20the%20nation%20to%20follow%20the%20example%20of%20the%20people%20of%20the%20South%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halstead, Marilyn. \"Did Logan Start Memorial Day? Logan Museum Director Invites Visitors to Decide\". TheSouthern.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesouthern.com/news/local/did-logan-start-memorial-day-logan-museum-director-invites-visitors/article_4a737820-3cfe-57b8-bafd-02c2d127d0f8.html","url_text":"\"Did Logan Start Memorial Day? Logan Museum Director Invites Visitors to Decide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023147/http://thesouthern.com/news/local/did-logan-start-memorial-day-logan-museum-director-invites-visitors/article_4a737820-3cfe-57b8-bafd-02c2d127d0f8.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The forgotten history of Memorial Day\". WTOP.com. May 25, 2018. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://wtop.com/holidays/2018/05/the-forgotten-history-of-memorial-day/","url_text":"\"The forgotten history of Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012239/https://wtop.com/holidays/2018/05/the-forgotten-history-of-memorial-day/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blight, David W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Harvard U.P. ISBN 978-0674022096.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3R-yvmpYaqAC","url_text":"Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674022096","url_text":"978-0674022096"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Hennig; Coffin, Tristram Potter (1991). The Folklore of American Holidays. Gale Research. p. 215. ISBN 978-0810376021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rhzXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Folklore of American Holidays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810376021","url_text":"978-0810376021"}]},{"reference":"\"Barack Obama, Weekly Address\" (transcript). Whitehouse.gov. May 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2014 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-honoring-fallen#transcript","url_text":"\"Barack Obama, Weekly Address\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"Whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210531154222/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-honoring-fallen#transcript","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Interments in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Cemeteries\" (PDF). Washington, DC: National Cemetery Administration – Department of Veterans Affairs VA-NCA-IS-1. January 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2014. After the Civil War, search and recovery teams visited hundreds of battlefields, churchyards, plantations and other locations seeking wartime interments that were made in haste. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Civil War dead were reinterred in 73 national cemeteries.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cem.va.gov/cem/pdf/IS1_Jan_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Interments in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Cemeteries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513170040/https://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/pdf/IS1_Jan_2011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Lyndon. \"Presidential Proclamation 3727\". Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3727-prayer-for-peace-memorial-day-1966","url_text":"\"Presidential Proclamation 3727\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612193953/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3727-prayer-for-peace-memorial-day-1966","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The origin of Memorial Day: Is Waterloo's claim to fame the result of a simple newspaper typo?\". Syracuse.com. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/05/the-origin-of-memorial-day-is-waterloos-claim-to-fame-the-result-of-a-simple-newspaper-typo.html","url_text":"\"The origin of Memorial Day: Is Waterloo's claim to fame the result of a simple newspaper typo?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603231556/https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/05/the-origin-of-memorial-day-is-waterloos-claim-to-fame-the-result-of-a-simple-newspaper-typo.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joan Waugh; Gary W. Gallagher (2009). Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8078-3275-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Waugh","url_text":"Joan Waugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher","url_text":"Gary W. Gallagher"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uush7mwletkC&pg=PA187","url_text":"Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3275-2","url_text":"978-0-8078-3275-2"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Stuart (1997). Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0807846285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807846285","url_text":"978-0807846285"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Lucian Lamar (1914). Memorial Day: Its True History. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2012 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zczAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156","url_text":"Memorial Day: Its True History"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181242/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zczAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia\". New Georgia Encyclopedia. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/civil-war-reconstruction-1861-1877/confederate-memorial-day-in-georgia","url_text":"\"Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195602/https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/civil-war-reconstruction-1861-1877/confederate-memorial-day-in-georgia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sacco, Nicholas W. (2015). \"The Grand Army of the Republic, the Indianapolis 500, and the Struggle for Memorial Day in Indiana, 1868–1923\". Indiana Magazine of History. 111 (4).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Samito, Christian G. (2009). Becoming American under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8014-4846-1. Retrieved May 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/becomingamerican00sami","url_text":"Becoming American under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/becomingamerican00sami/page/126","url_text":"126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4846-1","url_text":"978-0-8014-4846-1"}]},{"reference":"Henry Perkins Goddard; Calvin Goddard Zon (2008). The Good Fight That Didn't End: Henry P. Goddard's Accounts of Civil War and Peace. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-57003-772-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goodfightthatdid0000godd","url_text":"The Good Fight That Didn't End: Henry P. Goddard's Accounts of Civil War and Peace"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goodfightthatdid0000godd/page/285","url_text":"285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-772-6","url_text":"978-1-57003-772-6"}]},{"reference":"Axelrod, Alan (2007). Miracle at Belleau Wood: The Birth of the Modern U.S. Marine Corps. Globe Pequot. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-59921-025-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SjMaIjJKRTcC&pg=PA233","url_text":"Miracle at Belleau Wood: The Birth of the Modern U.S. Marine Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-025-4","url_text":"978-1-59921-025-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Law 90-363\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/uniform-monday-holiday-law.jpg","url_text":"\"Public Law 90-363\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050249/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/uniform-monday-holiday-law.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mechant, David (April 28, 2007). \"Memorial Day History\". Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181101232228/http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html","url_text":"\"Memorial Day History\""},{"url":"http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ryan (May 24, 2015). \"Memorial Day, 3 p.m.: Don't Forget\". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/05/24/memorial-day-3pm-dont-forget/","url_text":"\"Memorial Day, 3 p.m.: Don't Forget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150529053532/http://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/05/24/memorial-day-3pm-dont-forget/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Post, Peggy; Post, Anna; Post, Lizzie; Senning, Daniel Post (2011). Emily Post's Etiquette, 18. HarperCollins. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-06-210127-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Post","url_text":"Post, Lizzie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Post_Senning","url_text":"Senning, Daniel Post"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PIxPN_4IO34C&pg=PT165","url_text":"Emily Post's Etiquette, 18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210127-3","url_text":"978-0-06-210127-3"}]},{"reference":"United States Code, 2006, Supplement 1, January 4, 2007, to January 8, 2008. Government Printing Office. 2009. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-16-083512-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W-D35f9c0aUC&pg=PA39","url_text":"United States Code, 2006, Supplement 1, January 4, 2007, to January 8, 2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-083512-4","url_text":"978-0-16-083512-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Memorial Day Concert\". pbs.org. May 25, 2018. Archived from the original on May 31, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pbs.org/national-memorial-day-concert/about/faq/","url_text":"\"The National Memorial Day Concert\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180531100940/http://www.pbs.org/national-memorial-day-concert/about/faq/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA49","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Religion and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1","url_text":"978-0-7619-8956-1"}]},{"reference":"Cristi, Marcela (2001). From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics. Wilfrid Laurier U.P. pp. 48–53. ISBN 978-0-88920-368-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4m04-j_psC&pg=PA48","url_text":"From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-368-6","url_text":"978-0-88920-368-6"}]},{"reference":"William M. Epstein (2002). American Policy Making: Welfare As Ritual. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7425-1733-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TPhuRckKmsoC&pg=PA99","url_text":"American Policy Making: Welfare As Ritual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1733-2","url_text":"978-0-7425-1733-2"}]},{"reference":"Corwin E. Smidt; Lyman A. Kellstedt; James L. Guth (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-19-532652-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dR385m8rcxwC&pg=PA142","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532652-9","url_text":"978-0-19-532652-9"}]},{"reference":"Knapp, Aaron. \"Rochester commemorates fallen soldiers in 150th Memorial Day parade\". Journal Times. 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World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1061–. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1061","url_text":"World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-965-8","url_text":"978-1-85109-965-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?\". BBC News. November 10, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6133312.stm","url_text":"\"Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?\""}]},{"reference":"Jabbour, Alan (May 27, 2010). \"What is Decoration Day?\". University of North Carolina Blog. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130522202026/https://uncpressblog.com/2010/05/27/what-is-decoration-day/","url_text":"\"What is Decoration Day?\""},{"url":"https://uncpressblog.com/2010/05/27/what-is-decoration-day/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Decoration Day\". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181006044219/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2316","url_text":"\"Decoration Day\""},{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2316","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hooker, Elizabeth R. (1933). Religion in the Highlands: Native Churches and Missionary Enterprises in the Southern Appalachian Area. New York: Home Mission Council. p. 125. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. 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Retrieved May 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178467","url_text":"\"Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135401/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178467","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. \"Memorial Day\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/05/a-memorial-day-poem-by-longfellow-from-the-atlantic-june-1882/239636/","url_text":"\"Memorial Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161231221433/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/05/a-memorial-day-poem-by-longfellow-from-the-atlantic-june-1882/239636/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schauffler, Robert Haven (1911). Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War. BiblioBazaar reprint 2010. ISBN 9781176839045.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbiFcgAACAAJ","url_text":"Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781176839045","url_text":"9781176839045"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Beauty_(1994_film)
Black Beauty (1994 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","3.1 Box office","3.2 Critical reception","3.3 Year-end lists","4 Soundtrack","5 References","6 External links"]
1994 family drama film Black BeautyTheatrical release posterDirected byCaroline ThompsonScreenplay byCaroline ThompsonBased onBlack Beautyby Anna SewellProduced by Peter MacGregor-Scott Robert Shapiro Starring Sean Bean David Thewlis CinematographyAlex ThomsonEdited byClaire SimpsonMusic byDanny ElfmanProductioncompanyWarner Bros.Distributed byWarner Bros.Release date July 29, 1994 (1994-07-29) Running time88 minutesCountries United Kingdom United States LanguageEnglishBox office$4.6 million Black Beauty is a 1994 family drama film, written and directed by Caroline Thompson in her directorial debut. The fifth cinematic adaptation of Anna Sewell's 1877 novel of the same name, the film stars Andrew Knott, who, the year prior, had played Dicken in The Secret Garden (another of Caroline Thompson’s film credits, as screenwriter), as well as Sean Bean, David Thewlis and Alan Cumming as 'Black Beauty'. Produced and distributed by Warner Bros., under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label, the film’s story is told as an autobiography of the horse Black Beauty (as in the novel), with Cumming’s voiceover narration as ‘Beauty’ leading viewers through the trials of the horse’s life, through his own eyes. Plot Black Beauty narrates his own story. He is born on a farm in the English countryside during the 19th century and remains by his mother's side until he is sent to Birtwick Park to serve Squire Gordon and his family. Lady Gordon, the squire's sick wife, is pleased by the beautiful horse and gives him his trademark name, Black Beauty. Beauty is smitten with the squire's cynical chestnut mare, Ginger, who rebuffs his attempts to be friendly. However, Beauty also befriends Merrylegs, a perky grey pony who gives rides to the squire's young daughters, Jessica and Molly. On a stormy night, Beauty is pulling a carriage holding the squire and his caretaker, John Manly, home from town. Sensing danger, he refuses to cross a partially flooded bridge. When John tries to pull him to move, Beauty steadfastly refuses. When the bridge finally gives way, crashing into the river, John slips and falls in, but manages to hang on to Beauty's bridle. Beauty and the squire save John, and they again head off back home. Joe Green, who works in the stable, volunteers to look after Beauty that night. Joe's lack of knowledge about horses causes him to give Beauty ice cold water to drink and to neglect to dry him off or cover him with a rug overnight, which causes Beauty to fall sick. The following few days John, Joe, and the squire treat and nurse Beauty, and he recovers. Lady Gordon's illness gets worse, and she is taken to a doctor in a carriage pulled by Beauty and Ginger. When they stop at an inn for the night, the barn where the horses are being kept catches on fire due to a carelessly dropped pipe. Luckily, Joe rescues the horses. Lady Gordon's doctor orders her to leave England for a warmer place because her illness is so severe. The squire and his family bid a sad goodbye to John, Joe, and the beloved horses. Merrylegs is given to the vicar who promises never to sell the pony. Beauty and Ginger are taken to Earlshall Park, home of the Lord and Lady of Wexmire, and Joe bids a tearful goodbye to Beauty. Beauty and Ginger are paired up to pull Lady Wexmire's carriage, but she demands that the horses wear uncomfortable bearing reins to raise their heads high, which angers Ginger. When the next day Lady Wexmire orders the horse's heads be strapped up even further, Ginger breaks away from the carriage in a rage, leading to Lady Wexmire forbidding her any further use on her carriage-dragging. She is later used for racing by the Wexmire's son, who whips her heavily and strains her back. Reuben Smith, the horses caretaker, rides to town with Beauty to take a carriage to be repainted. He becomes drunk at the local tavern. Despite warnings from a blacksmith's apprentice, he nevertheless roughly rides Beauty home, who is losing one of his horse shoes. When the shoe finally falls off, Beauty stumbles and throws Reuben off the saddle, causing both rider and horse to suffer injuries. Both are found the next morning by Wexmire's men. Reuben is sacked from his job, and Beauty is later sold by Lord Wexmire due to his disfigured knees. Beauty is bought by a man who keeps horses for renting, but treats them terribly. He is eventually taken to a fair, where he briefly spots Joe, now a grown-up, but Joe doesn't notice him. Beauty's whinnies instead catch the attention of Jerry Barker, a taxi carriage driver from London, who is immediately taken by Beauty and buys him once successfully haggling the cost down to 17 guineas. Jerry introduces Beauty to his warm family - wife and two young children, who name him Black Jack. Though Beauty dislikes the harshness of London, he nevertheless likes his job as a taxi cab horse and Jerry's kind treatment of him. One day, Beauty spots and reunites with Ginger; she is now a cab horse who has suffered from years of abuse by her owner. Beauty begs for her not to give up, but too soon she is led away by her owner on a fare. Sometime later, Beauty spots her dead body on a wagon, her troubles finally over. One snowy night, Jerry has a dreadful cough that worsens as he's kept waiting for hours outdoors in the freezing weather for his passengers to leave a party. His condition then worsens and a doctor advises him to quit his job and move to the countryside. Beauty is reluctantly sold to a grain dealer where he's forced to pull heavy loads of flour. After two years of pulling heavy carts, he collapses from utter exhaustion. Beauty is taken to a fair to be sold, but he is now so weak and in such poor condition that many reject him. Then Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson spot Beauty, and a young man sees him, too. Beauty realizes that the young man is Joe on recognizing his voice, and though he is hardly able to, he finds the strength and whinnies for his old friend and the two are finally reunited. Beauty lives the remainder of his life at Thoroughgood's farm with Joe, who promises that he will never sell Beauty. Cast Docs Keepin Time as Black Beauty (horse) Alan Cumming as Black Beauty (voice) Andrew Knott as Joe Green Ian Kelsey as older Joe Green Sean Bean as Farmer Grey David Thewlis as Jerry Barker Jim Carter as John Manly Peter Davison as Squire Gordon Alun Armstrong as Reuben Smith John McEnery as Mr. York Eleanor Bron as Lady Wexmire Peter Cook as Lord Wexmire Adrian Ross Magenty as Lord George Wexmire Keeley Flanders as Dolly Barker Niall O'Brien as Farmer Thoroughgood Release Box office The film did not recoup its budget and performed poorly at the box office, grossing only $4,630,377 domestically. Critical reception Black Beauty received generally positive reviews upon its release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 74% of 19 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.7 out of 10. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a mediocre review, objecting to the horse's voiceover: "t plays like a cross between New Age mysticism and anthropomorphism run amok." Similarly, Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly found the narration to have "the effect of making a basically charming story go drippy." However, she concluded her review by conceding that "girls will inevitably love all this." Year-end lists Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer Honorable mention – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune Soundtrack Black BeautyFilm score by Danny ElfmanReleasedJuly 19, 1994GenreSoundtrackLabelGiantDanny Elfman chronology The Nightmare Before Christmas(1993) Black Beauty(1994) The Frighteners(1996) The film's score was written by Danny Elfman and was released on CD and cassette tape through Warner Bros.' Giant Records label. Track listings Main titles Baby Beauty Gang on the Run Mommy Jump for Joy Kicking up a Storm The Dance/ Bye Merrylegs Sick He's Back (Revival) Frolic Ginger Snaps Goodbye Joe Wild Ride/ Dream Is it Joe? In the Country Poor Ginger Bye Jerry/ Hard times Memories End Credits References ^ Black Beauty Review Entertainment Weekly. ^ Black Beauty - Review Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Overview The New York Times. ^ "It's an Ace for 'Mask' at Box Office : Movies: New Line Cinema's entree into the majors is a hit on its opening weekend". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-12. ^ "Weekend Box Office : Reaching Higher Highs in Ticket Sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-12. ^ Black Beauty at Box Office Mojo ^ "Black Beauty – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 4, 2024. ^ Ebert, Roger (July 29, 1994). "Black Beauty :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". rogerebert.com. Retrieved September 24, 2012. ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (August 12, 1994). "Black Beauty Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 24, 2012. ^ Arnold, William (December 30, 1994). "'94 Movies: Best and Worst". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Final ed.). p. 20. ^ Pickle, Betsy (December 30, 1994). "Searching for the Top 10... Whenever They May Be". Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. 3. ^ Elliott, David (December 25, 1994). "On the big screen, color it a satisfying time". The San Diego Union-Tribune (1, 2 ed.). p. E=8. External links Black Beauty at IMDb Black Beauty at AllMovie Black Beauty at Box Office Mojo Black Beauty at Rotten Tomatoes vteBlack Beauty by Anna SewellFilms Black Beauty (1921) Black Beauty (1946) Black Beauty (1971) Black Beauty (1978) Black Beauty (1987) Black Beauty (1994) Black Beauty (2020) TV The Adventures of Black Beauty The New Adventures of Black Beauty vteFilms directed by Caroline Thompson Black Beauty (1994) Buddy (1997) Snow White: The Fairest of Them All (2001) Authority control databases: National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Caroline Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cinematic adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anna Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sewell"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Andrew Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Knott"},{"link_name":"The Secret Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"},{"link_name":"David Thewlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thewlis"},{"link_name":"Alan Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cumming"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Family Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Family_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Black Beauty is a 1994 family drama film, written and directed by Caroline Thompson in her directorial debut.[1] The fifth cinematic adaptation[2] of Anna Sewell's 1877 novel of the same name, the film stars Andrew Knott, who, the year prior, had played Dicken in The Secret Garden (another of Caroline Thompson’s film credits, as screenwriter), as well as Sean Bean, David Thewlis and Alan Cumming as 'Black Beauty'. Produced and distributed by Warner Bros., under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label, the film’s story is told as an autobiography of the horse Black Beauty (as in the novel), with Cumming’s voiceover narration as ‘Beauty’ leading viewers through the trials of the horse’s life, through his own eyes.[3]","title":"Black Beauty (1994 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"flooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_pipe"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"bearing reins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcheck"},{"link_name":"horse shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineas"}],"text":"Black Beauty narrates his own story. He is born on a farm in the English countryside during the 19th century and remains by his mother's side until he is sent to Birtwick Park to serve Squire Gordon and his family.Lady Gordon, the squire's sick wife, is pleased by the beautiful horse and gives him his trademark name, Black Beauty. Beauty is smitten with the squire's cynical chestnut mare, Ginger, who rebuffs his attempts to be friendly. However, Beauty also befriends Merrylegs, a perky grey pony who gives rides to the squire's young daughters, Jessica and Molly.On a stormy night, Beauty is pulling a carriage holding the squire and his caretaker, John Manly, home from town. Sensing danger, he refuses to cross a partially flooded bridge. When John tries to pull him to move, Beauty steadfastly refuses. When the bridge finally gives way, crashing into the river, John slips and falls in, but manages to hang on to Beauty's bridle. Beauty and the squire save John, and they again head off back home. Joe Green, who works in the stable, volunteers to look after Beauty that night. Joe's lack of knowledge about horses causes him to give Beauty ice cold water to drink and to neglect to dry him off or cover him with a rug overnight, which causes Beauty to fall sick. The following few days John, Joe, and the squire treat and nurse Beauty, and he recovers.Lady Gordon's illness gets worse, and she is taken to a doctor in a carriage pulled by Beauty and Ginger. When they stop at an inn for the night, the barn where the horses are being kept catches on fire due to a carelessly dropped pipe. Luckily, Joe rescues the horses. Lady Gordon's doctor orders her to leave England for a warmer place because her illness is so severe. The squire and his family bid a sad goodbye to John, Joe, and the beloved horses. Merrylegs is given to the vicar who promises never to sell the pony.Beauty and Ginger are taken to Earlshall Park, home of the Lord and Lady of Wexmire, and Joe bids a tearful goodbye to Beauty. Beauty and Ginger are paired up to pull Lady Wexmire's carriage, but she demands that the horses wear uncomfortable bearing reins to raise their heads high, which angers Ginger. When the next day Lady Wexmire orders the horse's heads be strapped up even further, Ginger breaks away from the carriage in a rage, leading to Lady Wexmire forbidding her any further use on her carriage-dragging. She is later used for racing by the Wexmire's son, who whips her heavily and strains her back.Reuben Smith, the horses caretaker, rides to town with Beauty to take a carriage to be repainted. He becomes drunk at the local tavern. Despite warnings from a blacksmith's apprentice, he nevertheless roughly rides Beauty home, who is losing one of his horse shoes. When the shoe finally falls off, Beauty stumbles and throws Reuben off the saddle, causing both rider and horse to suffer injuries. Both are found the next morning by Wexmire's men. Reuben is sacked from his job, and Beauty is later sold by Lord Wexmire due to his disfigured knees. Beauty is bought by a man who keeps horses for renting, but treats them terribly. He is eventually taken to a fair, where he briefly spots Joe, now a grown-up, but Joe doesn't notice him. Beauty's whinnies instead catch the attention of Jerry Barker, a taxi carriage driver from London, who is immediately taken by Beauty and buys him once successfully haggling the cost down to 17 guineas.Jerry introduces Beauty to his warm family - wife and two young children, who name him Black Jack. Though Beauty dislikes the harshness of London, he nevertheless likes his job as a taxi cab horse and Jerry's kind treatment of him. One day, Beauty spots and reunites with Ginger; she is now a cab horse who has suffered from years of abuse by her owner. Beauty begs for her not to give up, but too soon she is led away by her owner on a fare. Sometime later, Beauty spots her dead body on a wagon, her troubles finally over. One snowy night, Jerry has a dreadful cough that worsens as he's kept waiting for hours outdoors in the freezing weather for his passengers to leave a party. His condition then worsens and a doctor advises him to quit his job and move to the countryside. Beauty is reluctantly sold to a grain dealer where he's forced to pull heavy loads of flour. After two years of pulling heavy carts, he collapses from utter exhaustion.Beauty is taken to a fair to be sold, but he is now so weak and in such poor condition that many reject him. Then Farmer Thoroughgood and his grandson spot Beauty, and a young man sees him, too. Beauty realizes that the young man is Joe on recognizing his voice, and though he is hardly able to, he finds the strength and whinnies for his old friend and the two are finally reunited. Beauty lives the remainder of his life at Thoroughgood's farm with Joe, who promises that he will never sell Beauty.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Docs Keepin Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docs_Keepin_Time"},{"link_name":"Alan Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cumming"},{"link_name":"Andrew Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Knott"},{"link_name":"Ian Kelsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kelsey"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"},{"link_name":"David Thewlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thewlis"},{"link_name":"Jim Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"Alun Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"John McEnery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEnery"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Bron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Bron"},{"link_name":"Peter Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cook"},{"link_name":"Keeley Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeley_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Niall O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_O%27Brien_(actor)"}],"text":"Docs Keepin Time as Black Beauty (horse)\nAlan Cumming as Black Beauty (voice)\nAndrew Knott as Joe Green\nIan Kelsey as older Joe Green\nSean Bean as Farmer Grey\nDavid Thewlis as Jerry Barker\nJim Carter as John Manly\nPeter Davison as Squire Gordon\nAlun Armstrong as Reuben Smith\nJohn McEnery as Mr. York\nEleanor Bron as Lady Wexmire\nPeter Cook as Lord Wexmire\nAdrian Ross Magenty as Lord George Wexmire\nKeeley Flanders as Dolly Barker\nNiall O'Brien as Farmer Thoroughgood","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film did not recoup its budget and performed poorly at the box office,[4][5] grossing only $4,630,377 domestically.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lisa Schwarzbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Schwarzbaum"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Black Beauty received generally positive reviews upon its release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 74% of 19 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.7 out of 10.[7]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a mediocre review, objecting to the horse's voiceover: \"[I]t plays like a cross between New Age mysticism and anthropomorphism run amok.\"[8] Similarly, Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly found the narration to have \"the effect of making a basically charming story go drippy.\" However, she concluded her review by conceding that \"girls will inevitably love all this.\"[9]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Knoxville News-Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News-Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The San Diego Union-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","text":"Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer[10]\nHonorable mention – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel[11]\nHonorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune[12]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Elfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman"},{"link_name":"Giant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Records_(Warner)"}],"text":"The film's score was written by Danny Elfman and was released on CD and cassette tape through Warner Bros.' Giant Records label.Track listingsMain titles\nBaby Beauty\nGang on the Run\nMommy\nJump for Joy\nKicking up a Storm\nThe Dance/ Bye Merrylegs\nSick\nHe's Back (Revival)\nFrolic\nGinger Snaps\nGoodbye Joe\nWild Ride/ Dream\nIs it Joe?\nIn the Country\nPoor Ginger\nBye Jerry/ Hard times\nMemories\nEnd Credits","title":"Soundtrack"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengming
Rectification of names
["1 Mohism","2 Confucius","3 Xunzi","4 Modern applications","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Confucian political concept The rectification of names (Chinese: 正名; pinyin: Zhèngmíng; Wade–Giles: Cheng-ming) is originally a doctrine of feudal Confucian designations and relationships, behaving accordingly to ensure social harmony. Without such accordance society would essentially crumble and "undertakings would not be completed." Mencius extended the doctrine to include questions of political legitimacy. When Confucius was asked what he would do if he was a governor, he said he would "rectify the names" to make words correspond to reality. Mohism Because the rectification of names in the Analects of Confucius appears to have been written later, it arguably originates in Mozi (470–391 BC). Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel argued for its further development through "Legalist" Shen Buhai (400–337 BC) before it reached the Analects for the same reasons. However, as Creel discusses, Shen Buhai has Confucian elements and is largely administrative. As Creel noted, the term Chengming or rectification of names only appears once in the Analects. It does not occur at all in Mencius. However, its idea is consonant throughout the Analects, whether the term was a later addition or not, the concept passing through other mediums in its development. The earlier Sinologists were more focused on terms. More modernly, professor Zhenbin Sun considers Mozi's rectification itself consonant with Confucian usages. Mozi considered it an important factor in the resolution of sociopolitical issues, and not simply administration. The Mohist and "Legalistic" version of the rectification of names emphasizes the use of hermeneutics to find "objective models" ("fa", 法) for ethics and politics, as well as in practical fields of work, to order or govern society. Mozi advocated language standards appropriate for use by ordinary people. With minimal training, anyone could use these "objective, particularly operational or measurement-like standards" to fix the referents of names, in particular giving identical names to equivalent social relationships and functions so as to apply identical standards of "correct" behavior in analogous situations. For Guan Zhong (who seemingly originated the Fa concept) as for the Mohists, Fa provided a system of objective, reliable, publicly accessible standards or models that individuals could use for themselves to decide their own actions, in contrast to what Sinologist Chad Hansen terms the "cultivated intuition of self-admiration societies" whereby scholars steeped in old texts maintained a monopoly on moral decision-making. At the same time, Fa could also complement traditional schemes, and Guan Zhong himself uses it alongside the Confucian concept of ceremony (Li, 禮). For the most part, Confucianism does not emphasize Fa, though the concept of norms that people can apply themselves is an older idea, and Han Confucians embraced Fa as an essential element of administration. Evolving out of the Mohists and school of logicians, reformer Shen Buhai insisted that the ruler must be fully informed on the state of his realm, using Fa as administrative method to sort out informational categories or define functions ("names"). Shen Buhai and later Han Fei (280–233 BC) used this variation on the rectification of names for appointment, matching the words of the official, or his name/title/legal contract, with his performance. Han Fei bases his propositions for lingual uniformity upon the development of this system, proposing that functions could be strictly defined to prevent conflict and corruption, and objective rules (Fa) impervious to divergent interpretation could be established, judged solely by their effectiveness. By contrast, the Zhuangzi says that "great words are overflowing; small words haggling"(2.2), the true self lacks form(2.3), the mind can spontaneously select (2.4), asks whether language is different from the chirping of birds(2.5), and rejects assertion and denial(2.7), saying "to wear out one's spirit like powers contriving some view... without understanding that it is all the same is called 'three in the morning'". Confucius The Analects states that social disorder often stems from failure to call things by their proper names, that is, to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. Confucius' solution to this was the "rectification of names". He gave an explanation to one of his disciples: A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve. If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success. When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music do not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect.— Confucius, Analects, Book XIII, Chapter 3, verses 4–7, Analect 13.3, translated by James Legge The teaching of Confucius consist of five basic relationships in life: Ruler to subject Parent to child Husband to wife Elder brother to younger brother Friend to friend In the above relationships, Confucius teaches that righteous, considerate, kind, benevolent, and gentle treatment should be applied by the former to the latter. And that with the application of such practices in day-to-day life, societal problems would be solved and righteous government would be achieved. The carrying out of these relational duties would equate the proper channeling of li and the correct use of zhèngmíng congruent to Confucius' teachings leading to the envisioned path of his doctrine; a moral and efficient society and individuals who have achieved the ascension to superior human beings through the principles of li and jen. The proper operation of oneself ultimately depends on the role of zhèngmíng; essentially a circle of dependency in terms of the practice and application of principles and ways. In Confucianism, the Rectification of Names means that "things in actual fact should be made to accord with the implications attached to them by names, the prerequisites for correct living and even efficient government being that all classes of society should accord to what they ought to be". Without the rectification of names, different words would have different actions. This essentially means for every action, there is a word that describes that action. The belief is that by following the Rectification of Names, one would be following the correct/right path. The rectification of names also calls for a standard language in which ancient rulers could impose laws that everyone could understand to avoid confusion. Each person has a social standing and a social name. With their social names comes responsibilities and duties. Ruler, minister, father and son all have social names therefore need to fulfill their required social duties of respect (The rectification of names). For example, in the study of Chinese culture a child only speaks when a parent permits them to speak. Following orders from a person of authority means that you are showing respect, therefore that you are following the Rectification of Names without explicitly acknowledging it. Confucius' belief in the Rectification of Names is still practiced in today's society, for example when a teacher asks a student to address a visitor, that student will follow the instructions. Xunzi Nets are for catching fish; after one gets the fish, one forgets the net. Traps are for catching rabbits; after one gets the rabbit, one forgets the trap. Words are for getting meaning; after one gets the meaning, one forgets the words. Where can I find people who have forgotten words, and have a word with them?— Zhuangzi, Ch. 26 Xun Zi wrote a chapter on "The Rectification of Names" developing a theme that had been introduced by Confucius saying: "Let the ruler be ruler, the subject subject; let the father be father, and the son son." Chapter 22, "on the Rectification of Names", claims the ancient sage kings chose names (Chinese: 名; pinyin: míng) that directly corresponded with actualities (Chinese: 實; pinyin: shí), but later generations confused terminology, coined new nomenclature, and thus could no longer distinguish right from wrong. Xun Zi not only wrote that chapter on the topic of the rectification of names but went as far as to develop/expand the rectification into a system of logic. Xun Zi, who believed that man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, countered to Mencius's view that man is innately good. He believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind. Other philosophers and logicians such as Guanzi, Mozi, and Gongsun Long developed their own theories regarding the rectification. Li in itself can be seen as the root of all this propriety and social etiquette discussed in the rectification of names as the cure to society's problems and the solution to a moral and efficient government and society. Modern applications The concept of rectification of names is one of the most basic mottoes of Chinese philosophy. It has been applied to a broad range of issues and mainly resides in the field of politics. This basic yet powerful precept has served as a means for the toppling and reforming of dynasties. In today's society, the rectification of names is being used popularly with government decisions. Backed by strong public demands, Taiwan during Democratic Progressive Party administrations puts effort into reviewing the names of state-owned enterprises and government entities to preserve their unique identity from Chinese influence. For those who still practice the traditional Confucian approach to ethics and social morality, the rectification of names has an impact in the way society is structured. According to Xuezhi Guo, "Rectification of names also implies the promotion and development of an elaborately differentiated system of status based on social obligations". See also Yumin zhengce Linguistic relativity Hypocognition True name Notes ^ Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer (2002). Confucianism. New York: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. pp. 54–60. ^ Taylor, Rodney L.; Choy, Howard (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: The Rosen Group, Incorporated. pp. 48–50. ^ Eno, R. "Legalism and Huang-Lao Thought" (PDF). Indiana University. ^ a b c Chad Hansen. Philosophy of Language in Classical China. ^ a b A.C. Graham 1989. p. 284. Disputers of the Tao. ^ Makeham 1994. Name and Actuality. p164-165 ^ Zhenbin Sun 2015. p. 18. Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China. ^ a b c Chad Hansen, 1992 pp. 348–349 A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought ^ Chad Hansen. Shen Buhai. ^ Fraser, Chris, "Mohism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) ^ Bo Mou 2009 p143,145,147. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3. ^ Bo Mou 2009 p. 143. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3. Chad Hansen, 1992 pp. 348–349 A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought Chad Hansen. Philosophy of Language in Classical China. ^ Zhongying Cheng 1991 p. 315. New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy. ^ Makeham, J. (1990) pp. 87,89. The Legalistic Concept of Hsing-Ming: An Example of the Contribution of Archaeological Evidence to the Re-Interpretation of Transmitted Texts. Monumenta Serica, 39, 87–114. doi:10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214. JSTOR 40726902. Burton Watson. Han Feizi ^ Creel, 1974 pp. 33, 68–69. Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. ^ Jacques Gernet 1982 p. 91. A History of Chinese Civilization. ^ R. Eno 2010. Indiana University, Early Chinese Thought p. 374. Zhuangzi. ^ Legge, James (1971). Confucian analects: The great learning, and The doctrine of the mean. Dover Publications. pp. 263–264. ISBN 9780486227467. ^ Hopfe, Lewis M. (2006). Religions of the World. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 178–85. ^ Steinkraus, Warren (1980). "Socrates, Confucius, and the Rectification of Names". Philosophy East and West. 30 (2): 261–64. doi:10.2307/1398850. JSTOR 1398850. ^ Bailey, Benjamin (1997). "Communication of Respect in Interethnic Service Encounters". Language in Society. 26 (3): 327–356. doi:10.1017/s0047404500019497. JSTOR 4168775. S2CID 145738082. ^ Staal, Frits (1979). "Oriental Ideas on the Origin of Language". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/598944. JSTOR 598944. ^ Goldin, Paul R. (2018). "Xunzi". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Cripps, Karla; Deng, Shawn (2020-04-15). "Taiwan's largest airline considers a name change". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-05. ^ Guo, Xuezhi (2002). The Ideal Chinese Political Leader. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, an imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. Further reading "A Short History of Chinese Philosophy", Fung Yu-lan, 1948. ISBN 0-684-83634-3 Reprint 1976 Ch. 4 pp 41 ff in the paperback edition. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Call a spade a spade Nuño Alberto Valenzuela Alonso, "Rectificar los nombres (Xun Zi / Zheng Ming): Un capítulo fundamental en el pensamiento confuciano". Traduccíon estilizada y literal, notas exegéticas y estudio de Nuño Valenzuela Alonso; edición bilingüe chino - español; prólogo de Eric Hutton (University of Utah, USA) y Pedro San Gines (Universidad de Granada, Spain). Published; Madrid. Miraguano Ediciones, 2019, Spain. ISBN 978-84-7813-483-0. External links Daniels, Victor. "CONFUCIUS: A Brief Summary of Central Principles" 23 May 2005. 28 Oct. 2008. "The rectification of names" History and literature. Cultural China. 27 Oct. 2008. vteChinese philosophySchools Agriculturalism Buddhism Confucianism Han learning Neo-Confucianism New Confucianism Huang–Lao Legalism Mohism Marxism School of Diplomacy School of Names Naturalism Taoism Daoxue Xuanxue Yangism Mixed School Nine Schools of ThoughtHundred Schools of Thought PhilosophersEastern Zhou Bu Shang Chunyu Kun Confucius Deng Xi Duanmu Ci Gaozi Gongsun Long Guan Zhong Han Fei Hui Shi Laozi Li Kui Li Si Lie Yukou Mencius Mozi Shang Yang Shen Buhai Shen Dao Su Qin Sun Tzu Wu Qi Ximen Bao Xu Xing Xunzi Yang Zhu Yuan Xian Zhang Yi Zhuang Zhou Zichan Zisi Zou Yan QinHan Ban Zhao Dong Zhongshu Dongfang Shuo Dou Wu Huan Tan Jia Yi Jia Kui Jing Fang Kong Anguo Liu An Lu Jia Liu Xiang Ma Rong Wang Chong Wang Fu Xun Yue Yang Xiong Three KingdomsJinNorthern and Southern Bao Jingyan Fan Zhen Fan Ye Ge Hong Guo Xiang Fu Xuan He Yan Huiyuan Ji Kang Sengzhao Wang Su Wang Bi Xiahou Xuan Xie Daoyun Xun Can Yan Zhitui Zhi Dun SuiTang Fu Yi Jizang Wang Tong Zhang Zhihe Han Yu Li Ao Liu Yuxi Liu Zongyuan Linji Yixuan Five DynastiesTen KingdomsSong Cheng Hao Cheng Yi Fan Zhongyan Hu Hong Lu Jiuyuan Shao Yong Shen Kuo Su Song Wang Anshi Wang Chongyang Wang Chuyi Ye Shi Zhang Zai Zhou Dunyi Zhu Xi YuanMing Chen Jiru Huang Zongxi Hong Zicheng Jiao Hong Jiao Yu Lai Zhide Li Zhi Liu Bowen Liu Zongzhou Luo Rufang Qian Dehong Wang Ji Wang Gen Wang Yangming Wu Cheng Xu Ai Zhan Ruoshui Qing Chen Hongmou Chen Menglei Dai Zhen Fang Bao Fang Lanfen Fang Quan Feng Guifen Gong Zizhen Gu Yanwu Hong Liangji Ji Yun Ma Qixi Lin Zexu Liu Yiming Pan Pingge Tan Sitong Tang Zhen Wang Fuzhi Wei Yuan Yan Yuan Yu Yue Yu Zhengxie Zhang Xuecheng Zhuang Cunyu Zeng Guofan 20th century Cai Yuanpei Carsun Chang P. C. Chang Chen Daqi Chen Duxiu Chung-ying Cheng Ch'ien Mu Chu Anping Fang Keli Feng Youlan Gan Yang Gu Su Gu Zhun He Guanghu Hu Qiaomu Hu Shih Hua Gang Ray Huang Jiang Qing Jin Yuelin Kang Youwei Lee Shui-chuen Li Shicen Li Zehou Liang Qichao Liang Shuming Lin Yutang Liu Xiaofeng Lu Xun Mao Zedong Mou Zongsan Qiu Renzong Sun Yat-sen Tang Chun-i Tang Yijie Tsang Lap Chuen Xiong Shili Xu Fuguan Yang Changji Yin Haiguang Yu Dunkang Zhang Dongsun Zhang Shenfu Zhou Guoping Zhou Zuoren Concepts Tao De Fa Jian'ai Jing Jing zuo Li Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Ming yun Qi Qing Ren Three teachings Shen Si Ti Tian Mandate of Heaven Wu wei Filial piety Xin Human nature Self-cultivation Yi Yin and yang Yong Zhengming Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"正","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3"},{"link_name":"名","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"political legitimacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_legitimacy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rectify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rectify#English"}],"text":"The rectification of names (Chinese: 正名; pinyin: Zhèngmíng; Wade–Giles: Cheng-ming) is originally a doctrine of feudal Confucian designations and relationships, behaving accordingly to ensure social harmony.[1] Without such accordance society would essentially crumble and \"undertakings would not be completed.\"[2] Mencius extended the doctrine to include questions of political legitimacy.[3]When Confucius was asked what he would do if he was a governor, he said he would \"rectify the names\" to make words correspond to reality.","title":"Rectification of names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analects of Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius"},{"link_name":"Mozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language-4"},{"link_name":"Sinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologist"},{"link_name":"Herrlee G. Creel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrlee_G._Creel"},{"link_name":"\"Legalist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Shen Buhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Buhai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disputers_of_the_Tao-5"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"Sinologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winterstanford-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Guan Zhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(Confucian)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349-8"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Creel_p.33,_68-15"},{"link_name":"Han Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Fei"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disputers_of_the_Tao-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zhuangzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Because the rectification of names in the Analects of Confucius appears to have been written later, it arguably originates in Mozi (470–391 BC).[4] Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel argued for its further development through \"Legalist\" Shen Buhai (400–337 BC) before it reached the Analects for the same reasons. However, as Creel discusses, Shen Buhai has Confucian elements and is largely administrative.[5]As Creel noted, the term Chengming or rectification of names only appears once in the Analects. It does not occur at all in Mencius. However, its idea is consonant throughout the Analects, whether the term was a later addition or not, the concept passing through other mediums in its development. The earlier Sinologists were more focused on terms.[6] More modernly, professor Zhenbin Sun considers Mozi's rectification itself consonant with Confucian usages. Mozi considered it an important factor in the resolution of sociopolitical issues, and not simply administration.[7]The Mohist and \"Legalistic\" version of the rectification of names emphasizes the use of hermeneutics to find \"objective models\" (\"fa\", 法) for ethics and politics, as well as in practical fields of work, to order or govern society.[8] Mozi advocated language standards appropriate for use by ordinary people.[4] With minimal training, anyone could use these \"objective, particularly operational or measurement-like standards\"[9] to fix the referents of names, in particular giving identical names to equivalent social relationships and functions so as to apply identical standards of \"correct\" behavior in analogous situations.[10][11]For Guan Zhong (who seemingly originated the Fa concept) as for the Mohists, Fa provided a system of objective, reliable, publicly accessible standards or models that individuals could use for themselves to decide their own actions,[12] in contrast to what Sinologist Chad Hansen terms the \"cultivated intuition of self-admiration societies\" whereby scholars steeped in old texts maintained a monopoly on moral decision-making. At the same time, Fa could also complement traditional schemes, and Guan Zhong himself uses it alongside the Confucian concept of ceremony (Li, 禮).[8] For the most part, Confucianism does not emphasize Fa, though the concept of norms that people can apply themselves is an older idea, and Han Confucians embraced Fa as an essential element of administration.[13][8]Evolving out of the Mohists and school of logicians,[14] reformer Shen Buhai insisted that the ruler must be fully informed on the state of his realm, using Fa as administrative method to sort out informational categories or define functions (\"names\").[15] Shen Buhai and later Han Fei (280–233 BC) used this variation on the rectification of names for appointment, matching the words of the official, or his name/title/legal contract, with his performance.[5] Han Fei bases his propositions for lingual uniformity upon the development of this system,[4] proposing that functions could be strictly defined to prevent conflict and corruption, and objective rules (Fa) impervious to divergent interpretation could be established, judged solely by their effectiveness.[16]By contrast, the Zhuangzi says that \"great words are overflowing; small words haggling\"(2.2), the true self lacks form(2.3), the mind can spontaneously select (2.4), asks whether language is different from the chirping of birds(2.5), and rejects assertion and denial(2.7), saying \"to wear out one's spirit like powers contriving some view... without understanding that it is all the same is called 'three in the morning'\".[17]","title":"Mohism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"James Legge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Legge"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Husband to wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China"},{"link_name":"jen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Analects states that social disorder often stems from failure to call things by their proper names, that is, to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. Confucius' solution to this was the \"rectification of names\". He gave an explanation to one of his disciples:A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve. If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success. When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music do not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect.— Confucius, Analects, Book XIII, Chapter 3, verses 4–7, Analect 13.3, translated by James Legge[18]The teaching of Confucius consist of five basic relationships in life:Ruler to subject\nParent to child\nHusband to wife\nElder brother to younger brother\nFriend to friendIn the above relationships, Confucius teaches that righteous, considerate, kind, benevolent, and gentle treatment should be applied by the former to the latter. And that with the application of such practices in day-to-day life, societal problems would be solved and righteous government would be achieved. The carrying out of these relational duties would equate the proper channeling of li and the correct use of zhèngmíng congruent to Confucius' teachings leading to the envisioned path of his doctrine; a moral and efficient society and individuals who have achieved the ascension to superior human beings through the principles of li and jen. The proper operation of oneself ultimately depends on the role of zhèngmíng; essentially a circle of dependency in terms of the practice and application of principles and ways.[19]In Confucianism, the Rectification of Names means that \"things in actual fact should be made to accord with the implications attached to them by names, the prerequisites for correct living and even efficient government being that all classes of society should accord to what they ought to be\".[20] Without the rectification of names, different words would have different actions. This essentially means for every action, there is a word that describes that action. The belief is that by following the Rectification of Names, one would be following the correct/right path. The rectification of names also calls for a standard language in which ancient rulers could impose laws that everyone could understand to avoid confusion.Each person has a social standing and a social name. With their social names comes responsibilities and duties. Ruler, minister, father and son all have social names therefore need to fulfill their required social duties of respect (The rectification of names). For example, in the study of Chinese culture a child only speaks when a parent permits them to speak.[21]Following orders from a person of authority means that you are showing respect, therefore that you are following the Rectification of Names without explicitly acknowledging it. Confucius' belief in the Rectification of Names is still practiced in today's society, for example when a teacher asks a student to address a visitor, that student will follow the instructions.","title":"Confucius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xun Zi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Zi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"Guanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzi_(text)"},{"link_name":"Mozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi"},{"link_name":"Gongsun Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long"}],"text":"Nets are for catching fish; after one gets the fish, one forgets the net. Traps are for catching rabbits; after one gets the rabbit, one forgets the trap. Words are for getting meaning; after one gets the meaning, one forgets the words. Where can I find people who have forgotten words, and have a word with them?— Zhuangzi, Ch. 26Xun Zi wrote a chapter on \"The Rectification of Names\" developing a theme that had been introduced by Confucius saying: \"Let the ruler be ruler, the subject subject; let the father be father, and the son son.\"[22] Chapter 22, \"on the Rectification of Names\", claims the ancient sage kings chose names (Chinese: 名; pinyin: míng) that directly corresponded with actualities (Chinese: 實; pinyin: shí), but later generations confused terminology, coined new nomenclature, and thus could no longer distinguish right from wrong.Xun Zi not only wrote that chapter on the topic of the rectification of names but went as far as to develop/expand the rectification into a system of logic.[23] Xun Zi, who believed that man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, countered to Mencius's view that man is innately good. He believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind. Other philosophers and logicians such as Guanzi, Mozi, and Gongsun Long developed their own theories regarding the rectification. Li in itself can be seen as the root of all this propriety and social etiquette discussed in the rectification of names as the cure to society's problems and the solution to a moral and efficient government and society.","title":"Xunzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The concept of rectification of names is one of the most basic mottoes of Chinese philosophy. It has been applied to a broad range of issues and mainly resides in the field of politics. This basic yet powerful precept has served as a means for the toppling and reforming of dynasties. In today's society, the rectification of names is being used popularly with government decisions.Backed by strong public demands, Taiwan during Democratic Progressive Party administrations puts effort into reviewing the names of state-owned enterprises and government entities to preserve their unique identity from Chinese influence.[24] For those who still practice the traditional Confucian approach to ethics and social morality, the rectification of names has an impact in the way society is structured. According to Xuezhi Guo, \"Rectification of names also implies the promotion and development of an elaborately differentiated system of status based on social obligations\".[25]","title":"Modern applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Legalism and Huang-Lao Thought\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiana.edu/~p374/Legalism.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hansen_Philosophy_of_Language_4-2"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Language in Classical China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/lang.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Disputers_of_the_Tao_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Disputers_of_the_Tao_5-1"},{"link_name":"Disputers of the Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QBzyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MLx_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chad_Hansen_p.348-349_8-2"},{"link_name":"A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nzHmobC0ThsC&pg=PA348"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Shen Buhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm#fa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-winterstanford_10-0"},{"link_name":"Mohism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/mohism/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UL1-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UL1-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"},{"link_name":"A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nzHmobC0ThsC&pg=PA348"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Language in Classical China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/lang.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"},{"link_name":"New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zIFXyPMI51AC&pg=PA315"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1990.11731214"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40726902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40726902"},{"link_name":"Han Feizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.hawaii.edu/~freeman/courses/phil301/13.%20Han%20Feizi.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Creel_p.33,_68_15-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"A History of Chinese Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"R. Eno 2010. Indiana University, Early Chinese Thought p. 374. Zhuangzi.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiana.edu/~p374/Zhuangzi.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Legge, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Legge"},{"link_name":"Confucian analects: The great learning, and The doctrine of the mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/confuciananalect00conf"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"263–264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/confuciananalect00conf/page/263"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486227467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486227467"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1398850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1398850"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1398850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1398850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Communication of Respect in Interethnic Service Encounters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//works.bepress.com/benjamin_bailey/53"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/s0047404500019497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0047404500019497"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4168775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4168775"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145738082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145738082"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/598944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F598944"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"598944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/598944"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Xunzi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plato.stanford.edu/entries/xunzi/#RectNameZhen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Taiwan's largest airline considers a name change\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cnn.com/travel/article/china-airlines-taiwan-name-change/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"}],"text":"^ Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer (2002). Confucianism. New York: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. pp. 54–60.\n\n^ Taylor, Rodney L.; Choy, Howard (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: The Rosen Group, Incorporated. pp. 48–50.\n\n^ Eno, R. \"Legalism and Huang-Lao Thought\" (PDF). Indiana University.\n\n^ a b c Chad Hansen. Philosophy of Language in Classical China.\n\n^ a b A.C. Graham 1989. p. 284. Disputers of the Tao.\n\n^ Makeham 1994. Name and Actuality. p164-165\n\n^ Zhenbin Sun 2015. p. 18. Language, Discourse, and Praxis in Ancient China.\n\n^ a b c Chad Hansen, 1992 pp. 348–349 A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought\n\n^ Chad Hansen. Shen Buhai.\n\n^ Fraser, Chris, \"Mohism\", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)\n\n^ Bo Mou 2009 p143,145,147. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3.\n\n^ Bo Mou 2009 p. 143. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy Volume 3.\nChad Hansen, 1992 pp. 348–349 A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought\nChad Hansen. Philosophy of Language in Classical China.\n\n^ Zhongying Cheng 1991 p. 315. New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy.\n\n^ Makeham, J. (1990) pp. 87,89. The Legalistic Concept of Hsing-Ming: An Example of the Contribution of Archaeological Evidence to the Re-Interpretation of Transmitted Texts. Monumenta Serica, 39, 87–114. doi:10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214. JSTOR 40726902.\nBurton Watson. Han Feizi\n\n^ Creel, 1974 pp. 33, 68–69. Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.\n\n^ Jacques Gernet 1982 p. 91. A History of Chinese Civilization.\n\n^ R. Eno 2010. Indiana University, Early Chinese Thought p. 374. Zhuangzi.\n\n^ Legge, James (1971). Confucian analects: The great learning, and The doctrine of the mean. Dover Publications. pp. 263–264. ISBN 9780486227467.\n\n^ Hopfe, Lewis M. (2006). Religions of the World. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 178–85.\n\n^ Steinkraus, Warren (1980). \"Socrates, Confucius, and the Rectification of Names\". Philosophy East and West. 30 (2): 261–64. doi:10.2307/1398850. JSTOR 1398850.\n\n^ Bailey, Benjamin (1997). \"Communication of Respect in Interethnic Service Encounters\". Language in Society. 26 (3): 327–356. doi:10.1017/s0047404500019497. JSTOR 4168775. S2CID 145738082.\n\n^ Staal, Frits (1979). \"Oriental Ideas on the Origin of Language\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/598944. JSTOR 598944.\n\n^ Goldin, Paul R. (2018). \"Xunzi\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n\n^ Cripps, Karla; Deng, Shawn (2020-04-15). \"Taiwan's largest airline considers a name change\". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-05.\n\n^ Guo, Xuezhi (2002). The Ideal Chinese Political Leader. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, an imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Short History of Chinese Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Chinese_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Fung Yu-lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Youlan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-83634-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83634-3"},{"link_name":"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_rose_by_any_other_name_would_smell_as_sweet"},{"link_name":"Call a spade a spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_a_spade_a_spade"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-7813-483-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7813-483-0"}],"text":"\"A Short History of Chinese Philosophy\", Fung Yu-lan, 1948. ISBN 0-684-83634-3 Reprint 1976 Ch. 4 pp 41 ff in the paperback edition.\nA rose by any other name would smell as sweet\nCall a spade a spade\nNuño Alberto Valenzuela Alonso, \"Rectificar los nombres (Xun Zi / Zheng Ming): Un capítulo fundamental en el pensamiento confuciano\". Traduccíon estilizada y literal, notas exegéticas y estudio de Nuño Valenzuela Alonso; edición bilingüe chino - español; prólogo de Eric Hutton (University of Utah, USA) y Pedro San Gines (Universidad de Granada, Spain). Published; Madrid. Miraguano Ediciones, 2019, Spain. ISBN 978-84-7813-483-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Yumin zhengce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumin_zhengce"},{"title":"Linguistic relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity"},{"title":"Hypocognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocognition"},{"title":"True name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_name"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
["1 US Army campaigns","2 US Navy - Marine Corps campaigns","3 Other campaigns","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American campaign medal AwardAsiatic-Pacific Campaign MedalObverseTypeService medalPresented byDepartment of War and Department of the NavyEligibilityServed in the U.S. armed forces for at least 30 days in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater between December 7, 1941, and March 2, 1946.StatusInactiveFirst awardedDecember 7, 1941Last awardedMarch 2, 1946Service ribbon and campaign streamer. PrecedenceEquivalentAmerican Campaign MedalEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Photograph of an Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver campaign star and two bronze campaign stars, representing seven campaigns. The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal is a United States military award of the Second World War, which was awarded to any member of the United States Armed Forces who served in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater from 1941 to 1945. The medal was created on November 6, 1942, by Executive Order 9265 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The medal was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones; the reverse side was designed by Adolph Alexander Weinman which is the same design as used on the reverse of the American Campaign Medal and European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal. There were 21 Army and 48 Navy-Marine Corps official campaigns of the Pacific Theater, denoted on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal by service stars which also were called "battle stars"; some Navy construction battalion units issued the medal with Arabic numerals. The Arrowhead device is authorized for those campaigns which involved participation in amphibious assault landings. The Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia is also authorized for wear on the medal for Navy service members who participated in combat while assigned to a Marine Corps unit. The flag colors of the United States and Japan are visible in the ribbon. The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal was first issued as a service ribbon in 1942. A full medal was authorized in 1947, the first of which was presented to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. The European Theater equivalent of the medal was known as the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal. Boundaries of Asiatic-Pacific Theater. (1) The eastern boundary is coincident with the western boundary of the American Theater. (2) The western boundary is from the North Pole south along the 60th meridian east longitude to its intersection with the east boundary of Iran, then south along the Iran boundary to the Gulf of Oman and the intersection of the 60th meridian east longitude, then south along the 60th meridian east longitude to the South Pole. US Army campaigns The 16 officially recognized US Army campaigns in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of Operations are: Pacific Ocean Areas Command: Central Pacific: 7 December 1941 – 6 December 1943, allied landings on Tarawa and Makin during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Air Offensive Japan: 17 April 1942 – 2 September 1945 Aleutian Islands: 3 June 1942 – 24 August 1943, the Aleutian Islands campaign Northern Solomons: 22 February 1943 – 21 November 1944, part of the Solomon Islands campaign Eastern Mandates: 31 January - 14 June 1944, allied landings on Kwajalein and Eniwetok during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Western Pacific: 15 June 1944 – 2 September 1945, the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign Ryukyus: 26 March - 2 July 1945, the allied landings on Okinawa South West Pacific Areas Command: Philippine Islands: 7 December 1941 – 10 May 1942, the Japanese conquest Philippines East Indies: 1 January - 22 July 1942, Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies Papua: 23 July 1942 – 23 January 1943, part of the New Guinea campaign Guadalcanal: 7 August 1942 – 21 February 1943, the Guadalcanal campaign New Guinea: 24 January 1943 – 31 December 1944, the New Guinea campaign Bismarck Archipelago: 15 December 1943 – 27 November 1944 Leyte: 17 October 1944 – 1 July 1945, allied landings and liberation of Leyte Luzon: 15 December 1944 – 4 July 1945, allied landings and liberation of Luzon Southern Philippines: 27 February - 4 July 1945, allied liberation of the Southern Philippines during the Philippines campaign US Navy - Marine Corps campaigns The 43 officially recognized US Navy campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations are: Pearl Harbor: Pearl Harbor-Midway: 7 December 1941 Wake Island: 8–23 December 1941 Philippine Islands operation: 8 December 1941 – 6 May 1942 Netherlands East Indies engagements: 23 January – 27 February 1942 Pacific raids (1942): 1 February – 10 March 1942 Coral Sea: 4–8 May 1942 Midway: 3–6 June 1942 Guadalcanal-Tulagi landings: 7–9 August 1942 (First Savo) Capture and defense of Guadalcanal: 10 August 1942 – 8 February 1943 Makin Raid: 17–18 August 1942 Eastern Solomons: 23–25 August 1942 Buin-Faisi-Tonolai raid: 5 October 1942 Cape Esperance: 11–12 October 1942 (Second Savo) Santa Cruz Islands: 26 October 1942 Guadalcanal: 12–15 November 1942 (Third Savo) Tassafaronga: 30 November – 1 December 1942 (Fourth Savo) Eastern New Guinea operation: 17 December 1942 – 24 July 1944 Rennel Island: 29–30 January 1943 Consolidation of Solomon Islands: 8 February 1943 – 15 March 1945 Aleutians operation: 26 March – 2 June 1943 New Georgia Group operation: 20 June – 16 October 1943 Bismarck Archipelago operation: 25 June 1943 – 1 May 1944 Pacific raids (1943): 31 August – 6 October 1943 Treasury-Bougainville operation: 27 October – 15 December 1943 Gilbert Islands operation: 13 November – 8 December 1943 Marshall Islands operation: 26 November 1943 – 2 March 1944 Asiatic-Pacific raids (1944): 16 February – 9 October 1944 Western New Guinea operations: 21 April 1944 – 9 January 1945 Marianas operation: 10 June – 27 August 1944 Western Caroline Islands operation: 31 August – 14 October 1944 Leyte operation: 10 October – 29 November 1944 Luzon operation: 12 December 1944 – 1 April 1945 Iwo Jima operation 15 February – 16 March 1945 Okinawa Gunto operation: 17 March – 30 June 1945 Third Fleet operations against Japan: 10 July – 15 August 1945 Kurile Islands operation: 1 February 1944 – 11 August 1945 Borneo operations: 27 April – 20 July 1945 Tinian capture and occupation: 24 July – 1 August 1944 Consolidation of the Southern Philippines: 28 February – 20 July 1945 Hollandia operation: 21 April – 1 June 1944 Manila Bay-Bicol operations: 29 January – 16 April 1945 Escort, antisubmarine, armed guard and special operations: 7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945 Submarine War Patrols (Pacific): 7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945 Other campaigns For members of the U.S. military who did not receive campaign credit, but still served on active duty in the Pacific Theater, the following “blanket” campaigns are authorized for which the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal is awarded without service stars. Antisubmarine December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945 Ground Combat: December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945 Air Combat: December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945 See also Service Star Arrowhead device Awards and decorations of the United States military Coast and Geodetic Survey Pacific War Zone Medal Merchant Marine Pacific War Zone Medal References ^ "Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal". edocket.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ *Federal Register for Executive Order 9265 ^ Army Regulation 600–8–22 ^ "Listing of the Campaigns of the U.S. Army". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "World War II-Asiatic-Pacific Theater 1941-1946". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 10 June 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal. Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal - Criteria, Background, and Images Navy Authorized Pacific Theater Engagements US Army TACOM, Clothing and Insignia PSID, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal vteUnited States campaign, expeditionary, and service medals1862–1906  Civil War Campaign Medal  Indian Campaign Medal  Dewey Medal  Sampson Medal  Cardenas Medal of Honor  West Indies Campaign Medal  Spanish Campaign Medal  Spanish War Service Medal  Army of Cuban Occupation Medal  Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal  Philippine Campaign Medal  Philippine Congressional Medal 1905–1921  China Campaign Medal Navy  Cuban Pacification Medal Navy  Nicaraguan Campaign Medal  Haitian Campaign Medal  Dominican Campaign Medal 1911–1941  Mexican Service Medal  Mexican Border Service Medal  World War I Victory Medal  Texas Cavalry Medal  Army of Occupation of Germany Medal 1936–1945  Navy Expeditionary Medal  Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal  Haitian Campaign Medal  NC-4 Medal  Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal  Yangtze Service Medal  Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal  Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal  United States Antarctic Expedition Medal 1942–1949  China Service Medal  American Defense Service Medal  Women's Army Corps Service Medal  American Campaign Medal  European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal  Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal  World War II Victory Medal  Army of Occupation Medal (Navy)  Medal for Humane Action 1953–1999  National Defense Service Medal  Korean Service Medal  Antarctica Service Medal  Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal  Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal  Vietnam Service Medal  Southwest Asia Service Medal  Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon  Kosovo Campaign Medal  Armed Forces Service Medal  Humanitarian Service Medal  Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal 2003–present  Afghanistan Campaign Medal  Iraq Campaign Medal  Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal  Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal  Global War on Terrorism Service Medal  Korea Defense Service Medal  Air and Space Campaign Medal  Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal  Remote Combat Effects Campaign Medal vteAdolph Alexander WeinmanSculptures General Alexander Macomb (1908) Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument (1908) Union Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1909) Abraham Lincoln (1909) Fountain of the Centaurs (c. 1926) Drafting the Declaration of Independence (1939-1943) Four Continents (with Daniel Chester French) Coinsand medals Winged Liberty Head dime (1916) Walking Liberty half dollar (1916) American Campaign Medal (1942) Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal (1942) European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (1942) J. Sanford Saltus Medal Award American Silver Eagle coin (1986-present) American Palladium Eagle coin (2017-present) Related Robert Weinman (son) Audrey Munson (model) Portals: Heraldry Asia Oceania United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Pacific_Service_Medal_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2012-05-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"campaign star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"military award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"Executive Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"9265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9265"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hudson Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hudson_Jones"},{"link_name":"Adolph Alexander Weinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Alexander_Weinman"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"service ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_ribbon"},{"link_name":"service stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"},{"link_name":"Navy construction battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numeral"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_device"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force_Combat_Operation_Insignia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"General of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"European Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater"},{"link_name":"American Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"AwardPhotograph of an Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver campaign star and two bronze campaign stars, representing seven campaigns.The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal[1] is a United States military award of the Second World War, which was awarded to any member of the United States Armed Forces who served in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater from 1941 to 1945. The medal was created on November 6, 1942, by Executive Order 9265[2] issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The medal was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones; the reverse side was designed by Adolph Alexander Weinman which is the same design as used on the reverse of the American Campaign Medal and European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal.There were 21 Army and 48 Navy-Marine Corps official campaigns of the Pacific Theater, denoted on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal by service stars which also were called \"battle stars\"; some Navy construction battalion units issued the medal with Arabic numerals. The Arrowhead device is authorized for those campaigns which involved participation in amphibious assault landings. The Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia is also authorized for wear on the medal for Navy service members who participated in combat while assigned to a Marine Corps unit. The flag colors of the United States and Japan are visible in the ribbon.The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal was first issued as a service ribbon in 1942. A full medal was authorized in 1947, the first of which was presented to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. The European Theater equivalent of the medal was known as the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal.Boundaries of Asiatic-Pacific Theater.\n(1) The eastern boundary is coincident with the western boundary of the American Theater.\n(2) The western boundary is from the North Pole south along the 60th meridian east longitude to its intersection with the east boundary of Iran, then south along the Iran boundary to the Gulf of Oman and the intersection of the 60th meridian east longitude, then south along the 60th meridian east longitude to the South Pole.[3]","title":"Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean Areas Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas_(command)"},{"link_name":"allied landings on Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa"},{"link_name":"Makin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Makin"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Air Offensive Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mandates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mandates"},{"link_name":"allied landings on Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Ryukyus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"allied landings on Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"South West Pacific Areas Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Japanese conquest Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"Japanese conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"New Guinea campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"New Guinea campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Bismarck Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"allied landings and liberation of Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"allied landings and liberation of Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon"},{"link_name":"Southern Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippines campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"The 16 officially recognized US Army campaigns in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of Operations are:[4]Pacific Ocean Areas Command:\nCentral Pacific: 7 December 1941 – 6 December 1943, allied landings on Tarawa and Makin during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\nAir Offensive Japan: 17 April 1942 – 2 September 1945\nAleutian Islands: 3 June 1942 – 24 August 1943, the Aleutian Islands campaign\nNorthern Solomons: 22 February 1943 – 21 November 1944, part of the Solomon Islands campaign\nEastern Mandates: 31 January - 14 June 1944, allied landings on Kwajalein and Eniwetok during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\nWestern Pacific: 15 June 1944 – 2 September 1945, the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign\nRyukyus: 26 March - 2 July 1945, the allied landings on Okinawa\nSouth West Pacific Areas Command:\nPhilippine Islands: 7 December 1941 – 10 May 1942, the Japanese conquest Philippines\nEast Indies: 1 January - 22 July 1942, Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies\nPapua: 23 July 1942 – 23 January 1943, part of the New Guinea campaign\nGuadalcanal: 7 August 1942 – 21 February 1943, the Guadalcanal campaign\nNew Guinea: 24 January 1943 – 31 December 1944, the New Guinea campaign\nBismarck Archipelago: 15 December 1943 – 27 November 1944\nLeyte: 17 October 1944 – 1 July 1945, allied landings and liberation of Leyte\nLuzon: 15 December 1944 – 4 July 1945, allied landings and liberation of Luzon\nSouthern Philippines: 27 February - 4 July 1945, allied liberation of the Southern Philippines during the Philippines campaign","title":"US Army campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pacific raids (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids"},{"link_name":"Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tulagi landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tulagi_and_Gavutu%E2%80%93Tanambogo"},{"link_name":"Capture and defense of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Makin Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Makin_Island"},{"link_name":"Eastern Solomons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons"},{"link_name":"Cape Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Tassafaronga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tassafaronga"},{"link_name":"Eastern New Guinea operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Rennel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rennell_Island"},{"link_name":"Consolidation of Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Aleutians operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Georgia Group operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_campaign"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western New Guinea operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Marianas operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianas_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Caroline Islands operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palau"},{"link_name":"Leyte operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Luzon operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon"},{"link_name":"Iwo Jima operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Gunto operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Third Fleet operations against Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kurile Islands operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Borneo operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Tinian capture and occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinian"},{"link_name":"Consolidation of the Southern Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Hollandia operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia"},{"link_name":"Manila Bay-Bicol operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Submarine War Patrols (Pacific)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War"}],"text":"The 43 officially recognized US Navy campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations are:[5]Pearl Harbor: Pearl Harbor-Midway: 7 December 1941\nWake Island: 8–23 December 1941\nPhilippine Islands operation: 8 December 1941 – 6 May 1942\nNetherlands East Indies engagements: 23 January – 27 February 1942\nPacific raids (1942): 1 February – 10 March 1942\nCoral Sea: 4–8 May 1942\nMidway: 3–6 June 1942\nGuadalcanal-Tulagi landings: 7–9 August 1942 (First Savo)\nCapture and defense of Guadalcanal: 10 August 1942 – 8 February 1943\nMakin Raid: 17–18 August 1942\nEastern Solomons: 23–25 August 1942\nBuin-Faisi-Tonolai raid: 5 October 1942\nCape Esperance: 11–12 October 1942 (Second Savo)\nSanta Cruz Islands: 26 October 1942\nGuadalcanal: 12–15 November 1942 (Third Savo)\nTassafaronga: 30 November – 1 December 1942 (Fourth Savo)\nEastern New Guinea operation: 17 December 1942 – 24 July 1944\nRennel Island: 29–30 January 1943\nConsolidation of Solomon Islands: 8 February 1943 – 15 March 1945\nAleutians operation: 26 March – 2 June 1943\nNew Georgia Group operation: 20 June – 16 October 1943\nBismarck Archipelago operation: 25 June 1943 – 1 May 1944\nPacific raids (1943): 31 August – 6 October 1943\nTreasury-Bougainville operation: 27 October – 15 December 1943\nGilbert Islands operation: 13 November – 8 December 1943\nMarshall Islands operation: 26 November 1943 – 2 March 1944\nAsiatic-Pacific raids (1944): 16 February – 9 October 1944\nWestern New Guinea operations: 21 April 1944 – 9 January 1945\nMarianas operation: 10 June – 27 August 1944\nWestern Caroline Islands operation: 31 August – 14 October 1944\nLeyte operation: 10 October – 29 November 1944\nLuzon operation: 12 December 1944 – 1 April 1945\nIwo Jima operation 15 February – 16 March 1945\nOkinawa Gunto operation: 17 March – 30 June 1945\nThird Fleet operations against Japan: 10 July – 15 August 1945\nKurile Islands operation: 1 February 1944 – 11 August 1945\nBorneo operations: 27 April – 20 July 1945\nTinian capture and occupation: 24 July – 1 August 1944\nConsolidation of the Southern Philippines: 28 February – 20 July 1945\nHollandia operation: 21 April – 1 June 1944\nManila Bay-Bicol operations: 29 January – 16 April 1945\nEscort, antisubmarine, armed guard and special operations: 7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945\nSubmarine War Patrols (Pacific): 7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945","title":"US Navy - Marine Corps campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For members of the U.S. military who did not receive campaign credit, but still served on active duty in the Pacific Theater, the following “blanket” campaigns are authorized for which the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal is awarded without service stars.Antisubmarine December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945\nGround Combat: December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945\nAir Combat: December 7, 1941 – September 2, 1945","title":"Other campaigns"}]
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[{"title":"Service Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Star"},{"title":"Arrowhead device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_device"},{"title":"Awards and decorations of the United States military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military"},{"title":"Coast and Geodetic Survey Pacific War Zone Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_Pacific_War_Zone_Medal"},{"title":"Merchant Marine Pacific War Zone Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Pacific_War_Zone_Medal"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa
Kōbun Chino Otogawa
["1 Biography","2 Dharma heirs","3 Teaching stories","4 Writings","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American Buddhist monk (1938–2002) Kobun OtogawaTitleZen priestPersonalBorn(1938-02-01)February 1, 1938DiedJuly 26, 2002(2002-07-26) (aged 64)SwitzerlandCause of deathDrowningReligionZen BuddhismSchoolSōtōSenior postingBased inHaiku Zen Center Part of a series onZen Buddhism Main articles Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Zen in the United States TeachingsThe essence No-mind Original enlightenment Buddha-nature Consciousness-only Emptiness Turning the light around Kenshō Satori Sudden awakening The way Ten Ox-Herding Pictures Five ranks of Tozan One Vehicle The "goal" Bodhisattva ideal Buddhahood Background Zen and Sutras Doctrinal background of Zen Practices Zazen Six Perfections Bodhisattva vow Bodhisattva Precepts Shikantaza Sesshin Dhāraṇī Walking meditation Nianfo Chan Koan Hua Tou Samu (Zen) Ōryōki Prostration (Buddhism) Buddhist chant Dharma combat Kyōgai Zen poetry Zen calligraphy Zen scriptureIndian Mahayana texts Prajñaparamita sutras Lankavatara Sutra Śrīmālādevī Sūtra Lotus Sutra Vimalakirti Sutra Avatamsaka Sutra Mahaparinirvana Sutra Chinese texts Two Entrances and Four Practices Śūraṅgama Sūtra The Awakening of Faith Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment Platform Sutra Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall Transmission of the Lamp Traditions East Mountain Teaching Sanjiejiao Oxhead school Heze school Hongzhou school Five Houses of Chán Tibetan Chan Trúc Lâm Plum Village Tradition Order of Interbeing Jogye Order Kwan Um School of Zen Taego Order Rinzai school Sōtō school Ōbaku school Sanbo Kyodan White Plum Asanga Ordinary Mind Zen School Zen Peacemakers PersonsChán in China Classical Bodhidharma Hongren Shenxiu Huineng (Enō) Shenhui Mazu Daoyi (Baso) Shitou Xiqian (Kisen) Huangbo Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan) Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo) Linji Yixuan (Rinzai) Zongmi Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en) Yongming Yanshou Dahui Zonggao (Tahui) Post-classical Zhongfeng Mingben Hanshan Deqing Contemporary Taixu Xu Yun Sheng-yen Zen in Japan Eisai Bassui Ikkyū Bankei Hakuin Ekaku Dōgen Seon in Korea Taego Bou Jinul Daewon Seongcheol Thiền in Vietnam Trần Thái Tông Trần Nhân Tông Thích Thanh Từ Thích Nhất Hạnh Thích Thiên-Ân Western Zen D. T. Suzuki Hakuun Yasutani Taizan Maezumi Shunryū Suzuki Hsuan Hua Seungsahn Sokei-an Category: Zen Buddhists Institution Dharma transmission Zen lineage charts Zen ranks and hierarchy Zen organisation and institutions Zen Narratives Related schools Sānlùn Wéishí Huayan Tiantai Shingon Tendai Pure Land Buddhism vte Part of a series onWestern BuddhismStatue of the Buddha in the Japanese Tea Garden, San Francisco Main articles Western Buddhism Buddhist modernism Buddhism in the United States Buddhism in Europe Historical Greco-Buddhism Buddhism and the Roman world Greco-Buddhist monasticism Tibetan dissemination 14th Dalai Lama In the United States Chögyam Trungpa In England Geshe Kelsang Gyatso In Germany Lama Anagarika Govinda Theravada dissemination Thai Forest Tradition Vipassana movement In England Anagarika Dharmapala Sangharakshita Ajahn Chah In Germany Nyanatiloka Nyanaponika Thera In the United States Thanissaro Bhikkhu Joseph Goldstein Jack Kornfield Zen dissemination Zen in the United States Modern Chinese Chán Hsuan Hua Sheng-yen Hsing Yun Rinzai Zen D. T. Suzuki Sokei-an Soto Zen Shunryū Suzuki Sanbo Kyodan Haku'un Yasutani White Plum Asanga Taizan Maezumi Korean Seon Seung Sahn Vietnamese Thiền Thích Nhất Hạnh Listing of Zen Buddhists Pure Land dissemination In the UK Three Wheels Temple In the USA Buddhist Churches of America Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii In Canada Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada Exchange Buddhism and Christianity Buddhism and Gnosticism Buddhism and psychology Buddhism and Western Philosophy Buddhism and Pyrrhonism General Buddhism Buddhism Outline of Buddhism Traditions Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Navayana Asian countries Indian Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Buddhism Japanese Buddhism Korean Buddhism Listing of Buddhist topics vte Kōbun Otogawa (乙川 弘文, Otogawa Kōbun) (February 1, 1938 – July 26, 2002) was an American Sōtō Zen priest. Biography Otogawa, who preferred to be called by his first name, rather than by either of the Japanese Zen honorifics: sensei (teacher) or roshi (master), came to San Francisco, California, United States, from Japan in 1967 in response to an invitation from Shunryu Suzuki-roshi, serving as his assistant at Tassajara Zen Mountain Center until 1970. Otogawa was the son of a Sōtō Zen priest and was ordained a priest himself at the age of 12. He did undergraduate studies at Komazawa University and received a master's degree in Mahayana Buddhism from Kyoto University. He then trained for three years at Eiheiji. Among his primary teachers was the unconventional Zen master Kodo Sawaki, known as the last of the unsui, or wandering monks, who had refused an invitation to be the head teacher at Eiheiji but instead chose to wander from place to place teaching, never staying in the same place for more than three days. Originally there were plans for Otogawa to guide a satellite group of the San Francisco Zen Center located in Los Altos, California, but he was most needed at Tassajara Zen Mountain Center (where he stayed until 1970). He moved to Los Altos and began teaching there at the Haiku Zendo shortly after leaving Tassajara, in the late summer of 1970. After Suzuki's death in 1971, Otogawa became the official head of Haiku Zen Center (soon after incorporated under the name Bodhi) in Los Altos, remaining there as teacher until 1978. During this time, he also was integral to the formation of the Santa Cruz Zen Center. He went on to establish another center, Hokoji, in Arroyo Seco near Taos, New Mexico, taught regularly at Naropa University, and returned periodically to Bodhi to lead retreats. In 1983 Kobun Chino Roshi and a group of students established Jikoji, a rustic mountain retreat center located in the Santa Cruz Mountains. On March 18, 1991, Otogawa presided over the marriage of Steve Jobs and Laurene Powell. He died in Switzerland on July 26, 2002 by drowning while trying to save his five-year-old daughter Maya who had fallen from a dock, who also drowned. Dharma heirs Otogawa taught many students over the years in the United States and Europe. His dharma heirs include: Carolyn Atkinson (Santa Cruz, California) Angie Boissevain (San Jose, California) Ian Forsberg (Taos, New Mexico) Jean Leyshon (Taos, New Mexico) Tim McCarthy (Kent, Ohio) Martin Mosko (Boulder, Colorado) Michael Newhall (Los Gatos, California)) Vanja Palmers (Lucerne, Switzerland) Bob Watkins (Taos, New Mexico) Teaching stories Otogawa asked: "When all the teachers are gone, who will be your teacher?" The student replied: "Everything!" Kobun paused, then said: "No, you." Ian Forsberg reports: With Kobun, there was a very spacious and all-encompassing kind of feeling—you know, there wasn't any pretension there. He just allowed everything to happen. For instance, the first sesshin I went to I just couldn't complete the whole thing physically. So I left, though someone called him to talk to me before I left and he said, "We'll be here, just come back anytime." I think it was that kind of openness that allowed many people to connect to Buddhist practice, some of whom went on to become longtime practitioners. He allowed everyone to just be who they are. He never rejected anyone or their circumstances—he was always accommodating. Everybody was sitting in different kinds of clothes, you know? Mostly a jeans and t-shirt type of thing. During a shosan (a formal public question-and-answer session) Angie Boissevain came before Otogawa with a question that had been burning within her all morning. But after she made the customary three bows and knelt before him she found her mind utterly blank, the question gone. She sat before him in silence for a long time before finally saying: "Where have all the words gone?" "Back where they came from," replied Otogawa. Shortly after September 11, 2001, Otogawa was the honored guest at the weekly meeting of the sangha which would become Everyday Dharma Zen Center. After meditation, Otogawa asked for questions. A visibly distraught young woman asked, "How can I deal with the enormous fear and anger that I feel about what happened?" Otogawa replied, "Do one kind thing for someone every day." As a master of kyūdō (Japanese archery), Otogawa was asked to teach a course at the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California. The target was set up on a grassy area on the edge of a cliff over the Pacific Ocean. Otogawa took his bow, notched the arrow, took careful aim, and shot. The arrow sailed high over the target, went past the railing, beyond the cliff, only to plunge into the ocean far below. Otogawa looked happily at the shocked students and shouted, "Bull's eye!!" At a gathering of some of Otogawa's long-term students in Santa Cruz, California, shortly before Otogawa's death, a student asked, "Kobun, why do we sit?" He replied: We sit to make life meaningful. The significance of our life is not experienced in striving to create some perfect thing. We must simply start with accepting ourselves. Sitting brings us back to actually who and where we are. This can be very painful. Self-acceptance is the hardest thing to do. If we can't accept ourselves, we are living in ignorance, this darkest night. We may still be awake, but we don't know where we are. We cannot see. The mind has no light. Practice is this candle in our very darkest room. Writings 2002. "Changing the World", "No Thought Required", "New Tricks?" (with Angie Boissevain), and "Form Is Emptiness" (with Angie Boissevain). In One Bird, One Stone: 108 American Zen Stories, edited by Sean Murphy, 101–106. New York: Renaissance Books ISBN 1-58063-221-1. See also Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States References ^ a b c d "Kobun Biographie". kobun-sama.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011. ^ Kaye, Les (1996). Zen at Work. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks. pp. back matter. ISBN 0-517-88620-0. ^ "Hokoji Zendo". The Soto Zen Buddhist Association. Retrieved 2015-04-23. ^ "Jikoji". jikoji.org. 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020. ^ Elkind, Peter (March 4, 2008). "Steve Jobs (pg 2) – Mar. 4, 2008". CNN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?. Wisdom Publications. pp. 136, 137. ISBN 0-86171-509-8. ^ "Carolyn Atkinson - Eiko Joshin". everydaydharma.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ a b "Kobun Chino, Angie's Teacher". floatingzendo.org. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ a b c "Hokoji". Hokoji. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ kentz. "Kent Zendo". Kent Zendo. Retrieved 2020-06-22. ^ "About Hakubai Temple". hakubaitemple.org. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ a b c d "Kobun Anecdotes". kobun-sama.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ "Ian Hakuryu Forsberg Interview". SweepingZen.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ a b "Kobun Chino Otogawa Roshi". everydaydharma.org. Santa Cruz, California: Everyday Dharma Zen Center. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Atkinson, Carolyn. "A Light in the Mind – Kobun Chino Roshi as remembered". SweepingZen.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2011. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Sōtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"}],"text":"Kōbun Otogawa (乙川 弘文, Otogawa Kōbun) (February 1, 1938 – July 26, 2002)[1] was an American Sōtō Zen priest.","title":"Kōbun Chino Otogawa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honorifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaye-2"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Shunryu Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Tassajara Zen Mountain Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center"},{"link_name":"Komazawa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komazawa_University"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"Kyoto University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University"},{"link_name":"Eiheiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiheiji"},{"link_name":"Kodo Sawaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodo_Sawaki"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Zen Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center"},{"link_name":"Los Altos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Seco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Taos, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Naropa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naropa_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"Laurene Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurene_Powell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"drowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford-6"}],"text":"Otogawa, who preferred to be called by his first name, rather than by either of the Japanese Zen honorifics: sensei (teacher) or roshi (master),[2] came to San Francisco, California, United States, from Japan in 1967 in response to an invitation from Shunryu Suzuki-roshi, serving as his assistant at Tassajara Zen Mountain Center until 1970.Otogawa was the son of a Sōtō Zen priest and was ordained a priest himself at the age of 12. He did undergraduate studies at Komazawa University and received a master's degree in Mahayana Buddhism from Kyoto University. He then trained for three years at Eiheiji. Among his primary teachers was the unconventional Zen master Kodo Sawaki, known as the last of the unsui, or wandering monks, who had refused an invitation to be the head teacher at Eiheiji but instead chose to wander from place to place teaching, never staying in the same place for more than three days.Originally there were plans for Otogawa to guide a satellite group of the San Francisco Zen Center located in Los Altos, California, but he was most needed at Tassajara Zen Mountain Center (where he stayed until 1970). He moved to Los Altos and began teaching there at the Haiku Zendo shortly after leaving Tassajara, in the late summer of 1970. After Suzuki's death in 1971, Otogawa became the official head of Haiku Zen Center (soon after incorporated under the name Bodhi) in Los Altos, remaining there as teacher until 1978. During this time, he also was integral to the formation of the Santa Cruz Zen Center. He went on to establish another center, Hokoji, in Arroyo Seco near Taos, New Mexico,[3] taught regularly at Naropa University, and returned periodically to Bodhi to lead retreats.In 1983 Kobun Chino Roshi and a group of students established Jikoji, a rustic mountain retreat center located in the Santa Cruz Mountains.[4]On March 18, 1991, Otogawa presided over the marriage of Steve Jobs and Laurene Powell.[5]He died in Switzerland on July 26, 2002 by drowning while trying to save his five-year-old daughter Maya who had fallen from a dock, who also drowned.[1][6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Angie Boissevain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Boissevain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-float-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hokoji-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-float-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hokoji-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hokoji-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Otogawa taught many students over the years in the United States and Europe. His dharma heirs include:Carolyn Atkinson[7] (Santa Cruz, California)\nAngie Boissevain[8] (San Jose, California)\nIan Forsberg[1][9] (Taos, New Mexico)\nJean Leyshon[8] (Taos, New Mexico)\nTim McCarthy[10] (Kent, Ohio)\nMartin Mosko[11] (Boulder, Colorado)\nMichael Newhall[9] (Los Gatos, California))\nVanja Palmers[9] (Lucerne, Switzerland)\nBob Watkins[1] (Taos, New Mexico)","title":"Dharma heirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anec1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anec1-12"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11th_attacks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvBio-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anec1-12"},{"link_name":"kyūdō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvBio-14"},{"link_name":"Big Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anec1-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Otogawa asked: \"When all the teachers are gone, who will be your teacher?\"\nThe student replied: \"Everything!\"\n\nKobun paused, then said: \"No, you.\"[12]Ian Forsberg reports:With Kobun, there was a very spacious and all-encompassing kind of feeling—you know, there wasn't any pretension there. He just allowed everything to happen. For instance, the first sesshin I went to I just couldn't complete the whole thing physically. So I left, though someone called him to talk to me before I left and he said, \"We'll be here, just come back anytime.\" I think it was that kind of openness that allowed many people to connect to Buddhist practice, some of whom went on to become longtime practitioners. He allowed everyone to just be who they are. He never rejected anyone or their circumstances—he was always accommodating. Everybody was sitting in different kinds of clothes, you know? Mostly a jeans and t-shirt type of thing.[13]During a shosan (a formal public question-and-answer session) Angie Boissevain came before Otogawa with a question that had been burning within her all morning. But after she made the customary three bows and knelt before him she found her mind utterly blank, the question gone. She sat before him in silence for a long time before finally saying: \"Where have all the words gone?\" \"Back where they came from,\" replied Otogawa.[12]Shortly after September 11, 2001, Otogawa was the honored guest at the weekly meeting of the sangha which would become Everyday Dharma Zen Center.[14] After meditation, Otogawa asked for questions. A visibly distraught young woman asked, \"How can I deal with the enormous fear and anger that I feel about what happened?\" Otogawa replied, \"Do one kind thing for someone every day.\"[12]As a master of kyūdō (Japanese archery),[14] Otogawa was asked to teach a course at the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California. The target was set up on a grassy area on the edge of a cliff over the Pacific Ocean. Otogawa took his bow, notched the arrow, took careful aim, and shot. The arrow sailed high over the target, went past the railing, beyond the cliff, only to plunge into the ocean far below. Otogawa looked happily at the shocked students and shouted, \"Bull's eye!!\"[12]At a gathering of some of Otogawa's long-term students in Santa Cruz, California, shortly before Otogawa's death, a student asked, \"Kobun, why do we sit?\" He replied:We sit to make life meaningful. The significance of our life is not experienced in striving to create some perfect thing. We must simply start with accepting ourselves. Sitting brings us back to actually who and where we are. This can be very painful. Self-acceptance is the hardest thing to do. If we can't accept ourselves, we are living in ignorance, this darkest night. We may still be awake, but we don't know where we are. We cannot see. The mind has no light. Practice is this candle in our very darkest room.[15]","title":"Teaching stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angie Boissevain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Boissevain"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58063-221-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58063-221-1"}],"text":"2002. \"Changing the World\", \"No Thought Required\", \"New Tricks?\" (with Angie Boissevain), and \"Form Is Emptiness\" (with Angie Boissevain). In One Bird, One Stone: 108 American Zen Stories, edited by Sean Murphy, 101–106. New York: Renaissance Books ISBN 1-58063-221-1.","title":"Writings"}]
[]
[{"title":"Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zen_Buddhism_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Kobun Biographie\". kobun-sama.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011173507/http://www.kobun-sama.org/english/biografie.htm","url_text":"\"Kobun Biographie\""},{"url":"http://www.kobun-sama.org/en/biografie.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaye, Les (1996). Zen at Work. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks. pp. back matter. ISBN 0-517-88620-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/zenatwork00kaye","url_text":"Zen at Work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-88620-0","url_text":"0-517-88620-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Hokoji Zendo\". The Soto Zen Buddhist Association. Retrieved 2015-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://szba.org/centers/hokoji-zendo/","url_text":"\"Hokoji Zendo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jikoji\". jikoji.org. 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jikoji.org/about-jikoji","url_text":"\"Jikoji\""}]},{"reference":"Elkind, Peter (March 4, 2008). \"Steve Jobs (pg 2) – Mar. 4, 2008\". CNN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm","url_text":"\"Steve Jobs (pg 2) – Mar. 4, 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305185913/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?. Wisdom Publications. pp. 136, 137. ISBN 0-86171-509-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ishmael_Ford","url_text":"Ford, James Ishmael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/136","url_text":"Zen Master Who?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_Publications","url_text":"Wisdom Publications"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/136","url_text":"136, 137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-509-8","url_text":"0-86171-509-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Carolyn Atkinson - Eiko Joshin\". everydaydharma.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010132951/http://www.everydaydharma.org/ourTeacher.html","url_text":"\"Carolyn Atkinson - Eiko Joshin\""},{"url":"http://www.everydaydharma.org/ourTeacher.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kobun Chino, Angie's Teacher\". floatingzendo.org. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://floatingzendo.org/blog/kobun-chino-angies-teacher/","url_text":"\"Kobun Chino, Angie's Teacher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hokoji\". Hokoji. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://hokojitaos.org/community_1.html","url_text":"\"Hokoji\""}]},{"reference":"kentz. \"Kent Zendo\". Kent Zendo. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://kentzendo.org/","url_text":"\"Kent Zendo\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Hakubai Temple\". hakubaitemple.org. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hakubaitemple.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Hakubai Temple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kobun Anecdotes\". kobun-sama.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111012132850/http://www.kobun-sama.org/english/anekdoten.htm","url_text":"\"Kobun Anecdotes\""},{"url":"http://www.kobun-sama.org/english/anekdoten.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Hakuryu Forsberg Interview\". SweepingZen.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129093648/http://sweepingzen.com/2010/05/06/ian-hakuryu-forsberg-interview/","url_text":"\"Ian Hakuryu Forsberg Interview\""},{"url":"http://sweepingzen.com/2010/05/06/ian-hakuryu-forsberg-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kobun Chino Otogawa Roshi\". everydaydharma.org. Santa Cruz, California: Everyday Dharma Zen Center. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061008062811/http://www.everydaydharma.org/id16.html","url_text":"\"Kobun Chino Otogawa Roshi\""}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Carolyn. \"A Light in the Mind – Kobun Chino Roshi as remembered\". SweepingZen.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150224010715/http://sweepingzen.com/a-light-in-the-mind-kobun-chino-roshi-as-remembered-by-carolyn-atkinson/","url_text":"\"A Light in the Mind – Kobun Chino Roshi as remembered\""},{"url":"http://sweepingzen.com/a-light-in-the-mind-kobun-chino-roshi-as-remembered-by-carolyn-atkinson","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden
Appenzell Ausserrhoden
["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Independence and joining the Swiss Confederation","1.3 Division of Appenzell","1.4 Early Modern Appenzell","2 Municipalities","3 Demographics","3.1 Historical population","4 Politics","4.1 Federal election results","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°3′N 9°1′E / 47.050°N 9.017°E / 47.050; 9.017Canton of Switzerland Canton in SwitzerlandCanton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden (German)Canton of Appenzell Outer RhodesCanton FlagCoat of armsBrandmarkLocation in Switzerland Map of Appenzell Ausserrhoden Coordinates: 47°3′N 9°1′E / 47.050°N 9.017°E / 47.050; 9.017Country  SwitzerlandCapitalsHerisau (executive and legislative) Trogen (judicial)Subdivisions20 municipalitiesGovernment • ExecutiveRegierungsrat (5) • LegislativeKantonsrat (65)Area • Total242.84 km2 (93.76 sq mi)Population (December 2020) • Total55,309 • Density230/km2 (590/sq mi)GDP • TotalCHF 3.190 billion (2020) • Per capitaCHF 57,601 (2020)ISO 3166 codeCH-ARHighest point2,502 m (8,209 ft): SäntisLowest point430 m (1,411 ft): LutzenbergJoined1513LanguagesGermanWebsitewww.ar.ch Appenzell Ausserrhoden (German: Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Appenzell Dadora; French: Canton d'Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures; Italian: Canton Appenzello Esterno), in English sometimes Appenzell Outer Rhodes, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of twenty municipalities. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, and the seat of judicial authorities are in Trogen. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Appenzell Innerrhoden. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north east of Switzerland. Together with the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, it forms an enclave within the canton of St. Gallen. The canton is essentially located in the Alpine foothills of the Alpstein massif, culminating at the Säntis. Appenzell Ausserrhoden was part of the historical canton of Appenzell, which was divided into Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant) in 1597 as a result of the Swiss Reformation. History Settlement in Appenzell started in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt. The monastery of St. Gallen was of great influence on the local population. In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: abbatis cella) is named first in 1071. Foundation The name Appenzell (Latin: abbatis cella) means "cell (i.e. estate) of the abbot". This refers to the Abbey of St. Gall, which exerted a great influence on the area. By the middle of the 11th century the abbots of St Gall had established their power in the land later called Appenzell, which, too, became thoroughly teutonized, its early inhabitants having probably been romanized Raetians. By about 1360, conflicts over grazing rights, taxes, and tithes were causing concern for both the abbot and the farmers of Appenzell. Both parties wanted to protect their rights and interests by joining the new Swabian League. In 1377 Appenzell was allowed to join the League with the support of the cities of Konstanz and St. Gallen (the city of St. Gallen was often at odds with the neighboring Abbey of St. Gall). With the support of League, Appenzell refused to pay many of the gifts and tithes that the Abbot Kuno von Stoffeln demanded. In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached the Austrian House of Habsburg for help. In 1392 he made an agreement with the Habsburgs, which was renewed in 1402. In response, in 1401 Appenzell entered into an alliance with the city of St. Gallen to protect their rights and freedom. Independence and joining the Swiss Confederation Main article: Appenzell Wars Battle of Vögelinsegg Following increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes, the Appenzellers planned an uprising. On a certain day, throughout the abbot's lands, they attacked the bailiffs and drove them out of the land. Following unsuccessful negotiations Appenzell and St. Gallen entered into a treaty. The treaty between St. Gallen and Appenzell marked a break between the abbot and his estates. Perhaps fearing the Habsburgs, in 1402 the League expelled Appenzell. During the same year, St. Gallen reached an agreement with the abbot and Appenzell could no longer count on St. Gallen's support. Appenzell declared itself ready to stand against the abbot, and in 1403 formed an alliance with the canton of Schwyz, a member of the Old Swiss Confederation that had defeated the Austrians in the previous century. Glarus provided less support, but authorized any citizen who wished to support Appenzell to do so. In response, the League raised an army and marched to St. Gallen before heading toward Appenzell. On 15 May 1403, they entered the pass to Speicher and outside the village of Vögelinsegg met the Appenzell army. A small force of Appenzell and Confederation troops defeated the League army and signed a short lived peace treaty. Following another Appenzell victory on 17 June 1405, at Stoss Pass on the border of Appenzell town, the new canton continued to expand. During the expansion, Appenzell had even captured the abbot of St Gall and in response they were excommunicated by the Bishop of Constance. However, while the Bund expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On 11 September 1406 an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as the Sankt Jörgenschild (Order of St. George's Shield) to oppose the rebellious commoners of the Bund. Following a defeat at Bregenz, Appenzell was unable to hold the Bund together. The city of St. Gallen and the canton of Schwyz each paid off the Austrians to avoid an attack, and the Bund was dissolved by King Rupert on 4 April 1408. As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owed certain taxes. However, it wasn't until 1410 that the area was at peace. In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (except Bern), which strengthened their position against the abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an "Associate Member", and did not become a full member until 1513. Following another battle, in 1429, Appenzell was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation. Division of Appenzell Starting in 1522, followers of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli began to preach the Protestant Reformation in Appenzell. The early reformers had the most success in the outer Rhoden, a term that in the singular is said to mean a "clearing," and occurs in 1070, long before the final separation. Following the initial small success, in 1523 Joachim von Watt (also known as Joachim Vadian) began to preach the reformed version of the Acts of the Apostles to friends and fellow clergy. His preaching brought the Reformation into the forefront of public debate. In October 1523, the Council supported the Protestant principle of scriptural sermons and on 24 April 1524 Landsgemeinde confirmed the Cantonal Council's decision. However, the work of the Anabaptists in the Appenzell region (as well as in Zürich and St. Gallen) in 1525 led to government crackdowns. The first police action against the Anabaptists took place in June 1525, followed by the Anabaptist Disputation in Teufen in October 1529. To end the confrontation between the old and new faiths, the Landesgemeinde decided in April 1525, that each parish should choose a faith, but that the principle of free movement would be supported, so that the religious minority could attend the church of their choice regardless of where they lived. The entire Ausserrhoden (except Herisau, where Joseph Forrester convinced them to remain Catholic until the late 16th century) converted to the Reformation in 1529. The Innerrhoden (except for Gais which joined Ausserrhoden in 1597) remained with the old faith. While the majority of the residents of Appenzell town remained Catholic under their priest, Diepolt Huter, there was a strong Reformed minority. In 1531, the minority were nearly successful in getting the town to ally with the Protestant Ausserrhoden. But an armed mob of angry residents from the neighboring village of Gonten prevented the abolition of the Mass in Appenzell. The Catholic victory in the Second War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire canton of Appenzell. Two small monasteries (Wonnenstein in Teufen and Grimmenstein in Walzenhausen) in Ausserrhoden remained catholic though the towns around them adopted the new faith. In 1870 the monastery grounds were declared exclaves of the canton Appenzell Innerrhoden by the federal government. After the Second War of Kappel, the two religions reached a generally peaceful parity. They remained united by common business interests, the same political and legal understanding, a shared desire to form an alliance with France and a shared opposition to the city of St. Gallen. This shared opposition to St. Gallen was demonstrated in the so-called linen affairs (1535–42, 1579), where the weavers throughout Appenzell supported each other when they felt that they were unfairly treated by the linen industry of St. Gallen. After this time, the term Kanton Appenzell continued to refer to both half-cantons, although this usage has since become outdated. Usually die beiden Appenzell ("the two Appenzells") are spoken of in a political context, and Appenzellerland in a geographic context, if the aim is to refer to Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden collectively. From 1798 to 1803 Appenzell, with the other domains of the abbot of St Gall, was formed into the canton of Säntis of the Helvetic Republic, but in 1803, on the creation of the new canton of St Gall, shrank back within its former boundaries. Early Modern Appenzell From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939. In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001). In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997. The Landsgemeinde still convenes in Appenzell Inerrhoden. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality. Municipalities The 20 municipalities (Einwohnergemeinden) are: Bühler Gais Grub Heiden Herisau Hundwil Lutzenberg Rehetobel Reute Schönengrund Schwellbrunn Speicher Stein Teufen Trogen Urnäsch Wald Waldstatt Walzenhausen Wolfhalden Demographics The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 55,309. As of 2007, the population included 6,959 foreigners, or about 13.22% of the total population. Due to the split of Appenzell, the majority of the population (as of 2000) is Protestant (51%) with a Roman Catholic minority (31%). Historical population The historical population is given in the following table: Historic Population Data Year Total Population Swiss Non-Swiss Population share of total country 1850 43,621 43,169 452 1.8% 1900 55,281 52,643 2,638 1.7% 1950 47,938 45,813 2,125 1.0% 1990 52,229 44,619 7,610 0.8% 2020 55,309 Politics Federal election results Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971-2015 Party Ideology 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 FDP.The Liberalsa Classical liberalism 62.6 45.8 c 36.0 c 30.8 36.4 32.8 41.1 72.0 51.5 33.6 CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD Christian democracy * b 14.1 c 14.5 c 16.7 9.5 * * * 10.6 * SP/PS Social democracy 37.4 40.1 c 23.6 c * 21.9 29.6 19.9 * * 28.6 SVP/UDC Swiss nationalism/ Right-wing populism * * c * c * 22.0 37.5 38.3 * 30.5 36.1 GPS/PES Green politics * * c * c * * * * * 6.4 * FPS/PSL Right-wing populism * * c * c 15.8 8.9 * * * * * Other * * c 25.9 c 36.7 1.2 * 0.8 28.0 1.0 1.8 Voter participation % 48.5 44.2 c 41.4 c 44.5 48.8 51.2 49.3 33.3 47.5 47.1 ^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009 ^b "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton. ^c No election held See also List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland References ^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017 ^ a b "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). "Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ a b c d e Appenzell War in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b c d Williams, Henry Smith (1908). The Historians' History of the World. Vol. 16. Hooper & Jackson. pp. 581–583. ^ Order of St. George's Shield in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b c Canton of Appenzell - The Reformation in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Herisau in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Gais in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Wonnenstein in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b Grimmenstein (Kloster) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008. ^ Federal Department of Statistics (2004). "Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion". Archived from the original (Interactive Map) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009. ^ "Appenzell Ausserrhoden". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2022. ^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈapn̩tsɛl ˈaʊsərˌroːdn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/De-Appenzell-Ausserrhoden.ogg/De-Appenzell-Ausserrhoden.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Appenzell-Ausserrhoden.ogg"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"26 cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Herisau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herisau"},{"link_name":"Trogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogen,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"half-canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-canton"},{"link_name":"Appenzell Innerrhoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Alpstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpstein"},{"link_name":"Säntis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ntis"},{"link_name":"Appenzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformation"}],"text":"Canton of SwitzerlandCanton in SwitzerlandAppenzell Ausserrhoden (German: Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden [ˈapn̩tsɛl ˈaʊsərˌroːdn̩] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Appenzell Dadora; French: Canton d'Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures; Italian: Canton Appenzello Esterno), in English sometimes Appenzell Outer Rhodes, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of twenty municipalities. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, and the seat of judicial authorities are in Trogen. It is traditionally considered a \"half-canton\", the other half being Appenzell Innerrhoden.Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north east of Switzerland. Together with the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, it forms an enclave within the canton of St. Gallen. The canton is essentially located in the Alpine foothills of the Alpstein massif, culminating at the Säntis.Appenzell Ausserrhoden was part of the historical canton of Appenzell, which was divided into Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant) in 1597 as a result of the Swiss Reformation.","title":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appenzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell"},{"link_name":"Glatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glatt_(river,_Thur)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"monastery of St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall"}],"text":"Settlement in Appenzell started in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt. The monastery of St. Gallen was of great influence on the local population. In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: abbatis cella) is named first in 1071.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Abbey of St. Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall"},{"link_name":"teutonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisation"},{"link_name":"Raetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetia"},{"link_name":"grazing rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing_rights"},{"link_name":"Swabian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_League"},{"link_name":"Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_War-4"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"The name Appenzell (Latin: abbatis cella) means \"cell (i.e. estate) of the abbot\". This refers to the Abbey of St. Gall, which exerted a great influence on the area. By the middle of the 11th century the abbots of St Gall had established their power in the land later called Appenzell, which, too, became thoroughly teutonized, its early inhabitants having probably been romanized Raetians.By about 1360, conflicts over grazing rights, taxes, and tithes were causing concern for both the abbot and the farmers of Appenzell. Both parties wanted to protect their rights and interests by joining the new Swabian League. In 1377 Appenzell was allowed to join the League with the support of the cities of Konstanz and St. Gallen (the city of St. Gallen was often at odds with the neighboring Abbey of St. Gall). With the support of League, Appenzell refused to pay many of the gifts and tithes that the Abbot Kuno von Stoffeln demanded. In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached the Austrian House of Habsburg for help. In 1392 he made an agreement with the Habsburgs, which was renewed in 1402. In response, in 1401 Appenzell entered into an alliance with the city of St. Gallen to protect their rights and freedom.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schilling_Schlacht_bei_Voeglinsegg_1403.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-5"},{"link_name":"canton of Schwyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz"},{"link_name":"Old Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Glarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-5"},{"link_name":"Speicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicher,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Stoss Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoss_Pass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_War-4"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bregenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregenz"},{"link_name":"Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_War-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_War-4"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_War-4"}],"sub_title":"Independence and joining the Swiss Confederation","text":"Battle of VögelinseggFollowing increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes,[5] the Appenzellers planned an uprising. On a certain day, throughout the abbot's lands, they attacked the bailiffs and drove them out of the land. Following unsuccessful negotiations Appenzell and St. Gallen entered into a treaty. The treaty between St. Gallen and Appenzell marked a break between the abbot and his estates. Perhaps fearing the Habsburgs, in 1402 the League expelled Appenzell. During the same year, St. Gallen reached an agreement with the abbot and Appenzell could no longer count on St. Gallen's support. Appenzell declared itself ready to stand against the abbot, and in 1403 formed an alliance with the canton of Schwyz, a member of the Old Swiss Confederation that had defeated the Austrians in the previous century. Glarus provided less support, but authorized any citizen who wished to support Appenzell to do so.[5] In response, the League raised an army and marched to St. Gallen before heading toward Appenzell. On 15 May 1403, they entered the pass to Speicher and outside the village of Vögelinsegg met the Appenzell army. A small force of Appenzell and Confederation troops defeated the League army and signed a short lived peace treaty.Following another Appenzell victory on 17 June 1405, at Stoss Pass on the border of Appenzell town, the new canton continued to expand.[4] During the expansion, Appenzell had even captured the abbot of St Gall and in response they were excommunicated by the Bishop of Constance.[5]However, while the Bund expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On 11 September 1406 an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as the Sankt Jörgenschild (Order of St. George's Shield) to oppose the rebellious commoners of the Bund.[6] Following a defeat at Bregenz, Appenzell was unable to hold the Bund together. The city of St. Gallen and the canton of Schwyz each paid off the Austrians to avoid an attack, and the Bund was dissolved by King Rupert on 4 April 1408.[4]As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owed certain taxes.[5] However, it wasn't until 1410 that the area was at peace.[4]In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (except Bern), which strengthened their position against the abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an \"Associate Member\", and did not become a full member until 1513. Following another battle, in 1429, Appenzell was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Huldrych Zwingli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Joachim von Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Watt"},{"link_name":"Acts of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Landsgemeinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde"},{"link_name":"Anabaptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Reformation-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Innerrhoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Second War of Kappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Kappel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Reformation-7"},{"link_name":"Wonnenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonnenstein_Friary"},{"link_name":"Teufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teufen,_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grimmenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmenstein_monastery"},{"link_name":"Walzenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walzenhausen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimmenstein-11"},{"link_name":"exclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaves"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimmenstein-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Reformation-7"},{"link_name":"canton of Säntis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_S%C3%A4ntis"},{"link_name":"Helvetic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetic_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Division of Appenzell","text":"Starting in 1522, followers of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli began to preach the Protestant Reformation in Appenzell. The early reformers had the most success in the outer Rhoden, a term that in the singular is said to mean a \"clearing,\" and occurs in 1070, long before the final separation. Following the initial small success, in 1523 Joachim von Watt (also known as Joachim Vadian) began to preach the reformed version of the Acts of the Apostles to friends and fellow clergy. His preaching brought the Reformation into the forefront of public debate. In October 1523, the Council supported the Protestant principle of scriptural sermons and on 24 April 1524 Landsgemeinde confirmed the Cantonal Council's decision. However, the work of the Anabaptists in the Appenzell region (as well as in Zürich and St. Gallen) in 1525 led to government crackdowns. The first police action against the Anabaptists took place in June 1525, followed by the Anabaptist Disputation in Teufen in October 1529.[7]To end the confrontation between the old and new faiths, the Landesgemeinde decided in April 1525, that each parish should choose a faith, but that the principle of free movement would be supported, so that the religious minority could attend the church of their choice regardless of where they lived. The entire Ausserrhoden (except Herisau, where Joseph Forrester convinced them to remain Catholic until the late 16th century[8]) converted to the Reformation in 1529. The Innerrhoden (except for Gais which joined Ausserrhoden in 1597[9]) remained with the old faith. While the majority of the residents of Appenzell town remained Catholic under their priest, Diepolt Huter, there was a strong Reformed minority. In 1531, the minority were nearly successful in getting the town to ally with the Protestant Ausserrhoden. But an armed mob of angry residents from the neighboring village of Gonten prevented the abolition of the Mass in Appenzell. The Catholic victory in the Second War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire canton of Appenzell.[7]Two small monasteries (Wonnenstein in Teufen[10] and Grimmenstein in Walzenhausen[11]) in Ausserrhoden remained catholic though the towns around them adopted the new faith. In 1870 the monastery grounds were declared exclaves of the canton Appenzell Innerrhoden by the federal government.[11]After the Second War of Kappel, the two religions reached a generally peaceful parity. They remained united by common business interests, the same political and legal understanding, a shared desire to form an alliance with France and a shared opposition to the city of St. Gallen. This shared opposition to St. Gallen was demonstrated in the so-called linen affairs (1535–42, 1579), where the weavers throughout Appenzell supported each other when they felt that they were unfairly treated by the linen industry of St. Gallen.[7]After this time, the term Kanton Appenzell continued to refer to both half-cantons, although this usage has since become outdated. Usually die beiden Appenzell (\"the two Appenzells\") are spoken of in a political context, and Appenzellerland in a geographic context, if the aim is to refer to Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden collectively.From 1798 to 1803 Appenzell, with the other domains of the abbot of St Gall, was formed into the canton of Säntis of the Helvetic Republic, but in 1803, on the creation of the new canton of St Gall, shrank back within its former boundaries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Baumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Baumann"},{"link_name":"federal councilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"},{"link_name":"Women's right to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_right_to_vote"},{"link_name":"Landsgemeinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsgemeinde"},{"link_name":"right of foreigners to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote"}],"sub_title":"Early Modern Appenzell","text":"From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939. In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001). In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997. The Landsgemeinde still convenes in Appenzell Inerrhoden. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities"},{"link_name":"Bühler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BChler_AR"},{"link_name":"Gais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gais"},{"link_name":"Grub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub_AR"},{"link_name":"Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiden,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Herisau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herisau"},{"link_name":"Hundwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundwil"},{"link_name":"Lutzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzenberg_AR"},{"link_name":"Rehetobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehetobel"},{"link_name":"Reute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reute_AR"},{"link_name":"Schönengrund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nengrund"},{"link_name":"Schwellbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwellbrunn"},{"link_name":"Speicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speicher_AR"},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_AR"},{"link_name":"Teufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teufen_AR"},{"link_name":"Trogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogen_AR"},{"link_name":"Urnäsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urn%C3%A4sch"},{"link_name":"Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_AR"},{"link_name":"Waldstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldstatt"},{"link_name":"Walzenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walzenhausen"},{"link_name":"Wolfhalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhalden"}],"text":"The 20 municipalities (Einwohnergemeinden) are:Bühler\nGais\nGrub\nHeiden\nHerisau\nHundwil\nLutzenberg\nRehetobel\nReute\nSchönengrund\nSchwellbrunn\nSpeicher\nStein\nTeufen\nTrogen\nUrnäsch\nWald\nWaldstatt\nWalzenhausen\nWolfhalden","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_AR-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appenzell_Ausserrhoden&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appenzell_Ausserrhoden&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 55,309.[2] As of 2007[update], the population included 6,959 foreigners, or about 13.22% of the total population.[12] Due to the split of Appenzell, the majority of the population (as of 2000[update]) is Protestant (51%) with a Roman Catholic minority (31%).[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historical population","text":"The historical population is given in the following table:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"}],"sub_title":"Federal election results","text":"^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009\n^b \"*\" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.\n^c No election held","title":"Politics"}]
[{"image_text":"Battle of Vögelinsegg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Schilling_Schlacht_bei_Voeglinsegg_1403.jpg/170px-Schilling_Schlacht_bei_Voeglinsegg_1403.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_and_fortresses_in_Switzerland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). \"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856","url_text":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Henry Smith (1908). The Historians' History of the World. Vol. 16. Hooper & Jackson. pp. 581–583.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zLEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA583","url_text":"The Historians' History of the World"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2004). \"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion\". Archived from the original (Interactive Map) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081229131401/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","url_text":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Appenzell Ausserrhoden\". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/007476/2019-10-25/","url_text":"\"Appenzell Ausserrhoden\""}]},{"reference":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)"},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
["1 Biography","2 Background","3 Contributions","4 Works","4.1 Selected written works","5 References","6 External links"]
German physiologist and chemist (1825–1895) Felix Hoppe-SeylerFelix Hoppe-SeylerBornErnst Felix Immanuel Hoppe(1825-12-26)26 December 1825Freyburg (Unstrut), Kreis Weißenfels, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia, German ConfederationDied10 August 1895(1895-08-10) (aged 69)Wasserburg am Bodensee, Bezirksamt Lindau, Kingdom of Bavaria, German EmpireNationalityGermanAlma mater Friedrich University of Halle Leipzig University Friedrich Wilhelm University Charles Ferdinand University University of Vienna Scientific careerFieldsphysiology chemistryInstitutions Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg Leipzig University Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (né Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. He had discovered Yeast nucleic acid which is now called RNA in his attempts to follow up and confirm Miescher's results by repeating parts of Miescher's experiments. He took the name Hoppe-Seyler when he was adopted by his brother-in-law, a grandson of the famous theatre principal Abel Seyler. Biography Hoppe-Seyler was born in Freyburg an der Unstrut in the Province of Saxony. He originally trained to be a physician in Halle and Leipzig, and received his medical doctorate from Berlin in 1851. Afterwards, he was an assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological Institute in Berlin. Hoppe-Seyler preferred scientific research to medicine, and later held positions in anatomy, applied chemistry, and physiological chemistry in Greifswald, Tübingen and Strasbourg. At Strasbourg, he was head of the department of biochemistry, the only such institution in Germany at the time. His work also led to advances in organic chemistry by his students and by immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Among his students and collaborators were Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) and Nobel laureate Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927). Background He was the son of the Freiburg superintendent (bishop) Ernst August Dankegott Hoppe. His mother died when he was six years old, and his father three years later. After he became an orphan, he lived for some time in the home of his older sister Klara and her husband, the Annaburg pastor Georg Seyler, a grandson of the famous theatre director Abel Seyler. He eventually entered the orphan asylum at Halle, where he attended the gymnasium. In 1864, he was formally adopted by Georg Seyler and added the Seyler name to his birth name. In 1858, he married Agnes Franziska Maria Borstein, and they had one son, Georg Hoppe-Seyler, who became a professor of medicine in Kiel. Contributions Physiologische Chemie, 1877 Felix Hoppe-Seyler, a physiologist and chemist, became the principal founder of biochemistry. His text Physiological Chemistry became the standard text for this new branch of applied chemistry. His numerous investigations include studies of blood, hemoglobin, pus, bile, milk, and urine. Hoppe-Seyler was the first scientist to describe the optical absorption spectrum of the red blood pigment and its two distinctive absorption bands. He also recognized the binding of oxygen to erythrocytes as a function of hemoglobin, which in turn creates the compound oxyhemoglobin. Hoppe-Seyler was able to obtain hemoglobin in crystalline form, and confirmed that it contained iron. He became an elected member of the French Academy of Sciences, despite the unfavorable political terms between France and Germany at that time, and this helped him gain an international reputation as the keen promoter of science. Hoppe-Seyler performed important studies of chlorophyll. He is also credited with the isolation of several different proteins (which he referred to as "proteids"). In addition, he was the first scientist to purify lecithin and establish its composition. In 1877, he founded the Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal for Physiological Chemistry), and was its editor until his death in 1895. He died in Wasserburg am Bodensee in the Kingdom of Bavaria. Works Anleitung zur pathologisch-chemischen Analyse fur Aerzte und Studirende (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1858. Allgemeine Biologie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1877. Specielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1878. Specielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1879. Specielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1881. Selected written works Library resources about Felix Hoppe-Seyler Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Felix Hoppe-Seyler Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Handbuch der physiologisch und pathologisch-chemischen Analyse (1858). Digital 8th edition from 1909 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf Physiologische Chemie (4 volumes, 1877–81). Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (1877–1921). References ^ a b c Jones, Mary Ellen (September 1953). "Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 26 (1): 80–97. PMC 2599350. PMID 13103145. ^ Hoppe-Seyler, Georg (2022). "Ein verwandter Theaterintendant". Physiologische Chemie: Das Leben Felix Hoppe-Seylers. Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-62001-4. ^ Neue deutsche Biographie Vol. 9 S. 615 ^ Theologischer Jahresbericht, Vol. 2, p. 200–201 ^ Albert P. Mathews, "The Life and Work of Felix Hoppe-Seyler," in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 53, August 1898 ^ "Hoppe-Seyler, Felix". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ "Biological Chemistry". 1878-01-01. Retrieved 2018-04-19. External links Photo, biography, and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Chem-342 Introduction to Biochemistry Biography and photos at the website of Biological Chemistry (a journal founded by Felix Hoppe-Seyler) vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologist"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"Seyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyler_family"},{"link_name":"Abel Seyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Seyler"}],"text":"Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (né Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. He had discovered Yeast nucleic acid which is now called RNA in his attempts to follow up and confirm Miescher's results by repeating parts of Miescher's experiments. He took the name Hoppe-Seyler when he was adopted by his brother-in-law, a grandson of the famous theatre principal Abel Seyler.","title":"Felix Hoppe-Seyler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freyburg an der Unstrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Province of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Virchow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow"},{"link_name":"Pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Greifswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Greifswald"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-1"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"immunologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunologist"},{"link_name":"Paul Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Miescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Kossel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-1"}],"text":"Hoppe-Seyler was born in Freyburg an der Unstrut in the Province of Saxony. He originally trained to be a physician in Halle and Leipzig, and received his medical doctorate from Berlin in 1851. Afterwards, he was an assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological Institute in Berlin. Hoppe-Seyler preferred scientific research to medicine, and later held positions in anatomy, applied chemistry, and physiological chemistry in Greifswald, Tübingen and Strasbourg. At Strasbourg, he was head of the department of biochemistry, the only such institution in Germany at the time.[1]His work also led to advances in organic chemistry by his students and by immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Among his students and collaborators were Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) and Nobel laureate Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927).[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Georg Seyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Seyler"},{"link_name":"Abel Seyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Seyler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He was the son of the Freiburg superintendent (bishop) Ernst August Dankegott Hoppe. His mother died when he was six years old, and his father three years later. After he became an orphan, he lived for some time in the home of his older sister Klara and her husband, the Annaburg pastor Georg Seyler, a grandson of the famous theatre director Abel Seyler.[2] He eventually entered the orphan asylum at Halle, where he attended the gymnasium. In 1864, he was formally adopted by Georg Seyler[3] and added the Seyler name to his birth name.[4][5]In 1858, he married Agnes Franziska Maria Borstein, and they had one son, Georg Hoppe-Seyler, who became a professor of medicine in Kiel.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_Hoppe-Seyler_1877%2B_Physiologische_Chemie%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-6"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"pus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus"},{"link_name":"bile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"erythrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"oxyhemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"lecithin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin"},{"link_name":"Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physiologische_Chemie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-1"},{"link_name":"Wasserburg am Bodensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserburg_am_Bodensee"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"Physiologische Chemie, 1877Felix Hoppe-Seyler, a physiologist and chemist, became the principal founder of biochemistry. His text Physiological Chemistry became the standard text for this new branch of applied chemistry.[6]His numerous investigations include studies of blood, hemoglobin, pus, bile, milk, and urine. Hoppe-Seyler was the first scientist to describe the optical absorption spectrum of the red blood pigment and its two distinctive absorption bands. He also recognized the binding of oxygen to erythrocytes as a function of hemoglobin, which in turn creates the compound oxyhemoglobin. Hoppe-Seyler was able to obtain hemoglobin in crystalline form, and confirmed that it contained iron.He became an elected member of the French Academy of Sciences, despite the unfavorable political terms between France and Germany at that time, and this helped him gain an international reputation as the keen promoter of science.[7]Hoppe-Seyler performed important studies of chlorophyll. He is also credited with the isolation of several different proteins (which he referred to as \"proteids\"). In addition, he was the first scientist to purify lecithin and establish its composition. In 1877, he founded the Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal for Physiological Chemistry), and was its editor until his death in 1895.[1] He died in Wasserburg am Bodensee in the Kingdom of Bavaria.","title":"Contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anleitung zur pathologisch-chemischen Analyse fur Aerzte und Studirende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12403126"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Biologie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12448554"},{"link_name":"Specielle physiologische Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12449130"},{"link_name":"Specielle physiologische Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12449745"},{"link_name":"Specielle physiologische Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12441504"}],"text":"Anleitung zur pathologisch-chemischen Analyse fur Aerzte und Studirende (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1858.\nAllgemeine Biologie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1877.\nSpecielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1878.\nSpecielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1879.\nSpecielle physiologische Chemie (in German). Berlin: Hirschwald. 1881.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54297137"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54297137&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54297137&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54297137"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54297137&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Digital 8th edition from 1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-21050"},{"link_name":"University and State Library Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf"}],"sub_title":"Selected written works","text":"Library resources about Felix Hoppe-Seyler \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Felix Hoppe-Seyler\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesHandbuch der physiologisch und pathologisch-chemischen Analyse (1858). Digital 8th edition from 1909 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf\nPhysiologische Chemie (4 volumes, 1877–81).\nZeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (1877–1921).","title":"Works"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Petrovsky
Boris Petrovsky
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Later years, personal life and death","3.1 Awards","3.2 Work","4 References","5 External links"]
Soviet and Russian surgeon and politician (1908–2004) Boris PetrovskyPetrovsky in 1984Minister of HealthIn officeSeptember 1965 – 1980PresidentLeonid BrezhnevPremierAlexei KosyginPreceded bySergei Kurashov Personal detailsBornBoris Vasilyevich Petrovsky27 June 1908Yessentuki, Russian EmpireDied4 May 2004(2004-05-04) (aged 95)Moscow, RussiaResting placeNovodevichy Cemetery, MoscowNationalityRussianPolitical partyCommunist PartySpouseYekaterina TimofeyevaParentsVasily Petrovsky (father)Lydia Petrovskaya (mother)Alma materMoscow University Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky (Russian: Борис Васильевич Петровский; 27 June 1908 – 4 May 2004) was a Soviet and Russian general surgeon who was the health minister of the Soviet Union in the period 1965–1980. Early life and education Petrovsky was born in Yessentuki on 27 June 1908. His parents were Vasily and Lydia Petrovsky. His father was a physician. Petrovsky applied for the Medicine Faculty of Moscow University, but he was not accepted due to the restricted quota and was transferred to the Engineering Faculty of the same university. However, through the help of Nadezhda Krupskaya, Vladimir Lenin's widow, who was serving as the deputy education minister, Petrovsky managed to enroll to the Medicine Faculty and received a degree in medicine. In 1933 he became a research investigator at the Moscow Institute for Oncology where he received a PhD completing his thesis on the transfusion of blood and blood substitutes in oncology. His second thesis which was required to pursue an academic career was about his experience as a military surgeon during the wars with Finland and Germany. Career Petrovsky served in the Red Army as a military surgeon during the wars with Finland in 1939-40 and during World War II with Germany. In 1945 he was appointed deputy director of the Research Institute for Experimental and Clinical Surgery where he extensively studied oesophageal surgery. In 1948 Petrovsky was promoted to the title of professor of general surgery at the Moscow State Medical Institute. In the period between 1949 and 1951 he worked at Budapest University as the chairman of hospital surgery and director of a surgery clinic. Then he was named chief surgeon at the Kremlin Hospital in Moscow. Next he was appointed chairman of surgery at the Moscow Medical Institute and in 1956 he was named the chairman of surgery at the Moscow State Medical Institute. In 1965 Petrovsky carried out the first kidney transplant in the Soviet Union. In September of the same year he was appointed minister of health. When he was in office, he continued such operations and implemented more than thirty kidney transplants until 1968. During his term the Oath of a Soviet Physician began to be used in 1971 when it was accepted by the Supreme Soviet of which he was a member. On 23 May 1972 Petrovsky and US Secretary of State William P. Rogers signed a five-year agreement for a cooperative health program. Petrovsky was also a member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Later years, personal life and death Stamp of Russia dated 2011 issued for the memory of Boris Petrovsky Petrovsky married Yekaterina Timofeyeva, a biologist-researcher at a university. They had a daughter, Marina, who was a physician. Petrovsky died in Moscow on 4 May 2004 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Awards Petrovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Lenin Prize in 1960 and the Hero of Socialist Labour in 1968. He was elected as the Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of Surgeons of England and was the sixth Russian scientist who was given this title after Viktor Pashutin, Nikolai Velyaminov, Vladimir Oppel, Nikolay Burdenko and Sergei Yudin. He was also a recipient of honorary fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, of the surgical societies of Poland, Hungary, Italy and Cuba, of the Czechoslovakian Medical Society and of the French Surgical Academy. His other awards include: Order of the Red Star (1942) Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1970) Order of the October Revolution (1971) USSR State Prize (1971) Order of Friendship of Peoples (1993) Work One of the books written by Petrovsky was published in 1949 entitled Surgical Treatment of Vascular Injuries. In 1995 he published his memoirs, Man. Medicine. Life. References ^ a b c d e f g "Petrovsky, Boris Vasilievich (1908-2004)". Royal College of Surgeons of England. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ a b c d e f Boris Savchuk (April 2005). "Highlights in Surgery through Outstanding ISS/SIC Surgeons: Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky". World Journal of Surgery. 29 (5): 667–670. doi:10.1007/s00268-003-7196-0. PMID 15830120. S2CID 24262411. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Boleslav Lichterman (5 June 2004). "Boris Petrovsky". British Medical Journal. 328 (7452): 1381. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1381. PMC 420306. ^ "Heart Surgeon Named Soviet Health Minister". The New York Times. Moscow. 9 September 1965. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ "African Heart Patient Shows Improvement". The Dispatch. Cape Town. UPI. 11 January 1968. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ Collaboration in cardiovascular research. Washington, DC: Department of Health. 1979. p. 5. ^ "Academician Petrovsky Boris Vasilievich: biography, contribution to medicine". en.unansea.com. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ "Boris Petrovsky, photo, biography". persona.rin.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2023. External links Media related to Boris Pietrowski at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National Norway Germany United States Latvia Czech Republic Poland Other NARA IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"health minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky (Russian: Борис Васильевич Петровский; 27 June 1908 – 4 May 2004) was a Soviet and Russian general surgeon who was the health minister of the Soviet Union in the period 1965–1980.","title":"Boris Petrovsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yessentuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessentuki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"Nadezhda Krupskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"transfusion of blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion"},{"link_name":"blood substitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_substitute"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"}],"text":"Petrovsky was born in Yessentuki on 27 June 1908.[1] His parents were Vasily and Lydia Petrovsky.[1] His father was a physician.[2]Petrovsky applied for the Medicine Faculty of Moscow University, but he was not accepted due to the restricted quota and was transferred to the Engineering Faculty of the same university.[2] However, through the help of Nadezhda Krupskaya, Vladimir Lenin's widow, who was serving as the deputy education minister, Petrovsky managed to enroll to the Medicine Faculty[2] and received a degree in medicine.[3] In 1933 he became a research investigator at the Moscow Institute for Oncology where he received a PhD completing his thesis on the transfusion of blood and blood substitutes in oncology.[3] His second thesis which was required to pursue an academic career was about his experience as a military surgeon during the wars with Finland and Germany.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"oesophageal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"Budapest University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Central_Clinical_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow Medical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Research_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"kidney transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"US Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"William P. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Rogers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"USSR Academy of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"}],"text":"Petrovsky served in the Red Army as a military surgeon during the wars with Finland in 1939-40 and during World War II with Germany.[3] In 1945 he was appointed deputy director of the Research Institute for Experimental and Clinical Surgery where he extensively studied oesophageal surgery.[3] In 1948 Petrovsky was promoted to the title of professor of general surgery at the Moscow State Medical Institute.[3] In the period between 1949 and 1951 he worked at Budapest University as the chairman of hospital surgery and director of a surgery clinic.[1] Then he was named chief surgeon at the Kremlin Hospital in Moscow.[2] Next he was appointed chairman of surgery at the Moscow Medical Institute and in 1956 he was named the chairman of surgery at the Moscow State Medical Institute.[3]In 1965 Petrovsky carried out the first kidney transplant in the Soviet Union.[3] In September of the same year he was appointed minister of health.[4] When he was in office, he continued such operations and implemented more than thirty kidney transplants until 1968.[5] During his term the Oath of a Soviet Physician began to be used in 1971 when it was accepted by the Supreme Soviet of which he was a member.[3] On 23 May 1972 Petrovsky and US Secretary of State William P. Rogers signed a five-year agreement for a cooperative health program.[6]Petrovsky was also a member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1510_Boris_Petrovsky.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsav-2"},{"link_name":"Novodevichy Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Stamp of Russia dated 2011 issued for the memory of Boris PetrovskyPetrovsky married Yekaterina Timofeyeva, a biologist-researcher at a university.[2] They had a daughter, Marina, who was a physician.[2]Petrovsky died in Moscow on 4 May 2004 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.[7]","title":"Later years, personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Lenin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Prize"},{"link_name":"Hero of Socialist Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Viktor Pashutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Pashutin"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Velyaminov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Velyaminov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Burdenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Burdenko"},{"link_name":"Sergei Yudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Yudin_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"Order of the October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Order of Friendship of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Petrovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Lenin Prize in 1960 and the Hero of Socialist Labour in 1968.[1] He was elected as the Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of Surgeons of England and was the sixth Russian scientist who was given this title after Viktor Pashutin, Nikolai Velyaminov, Vladimir Oppel, Nikolay Burdenko and Sergei Yudin.[1] He was also a recipient of honorary fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, of the surgical societies of Poland, Hungary, Italy and Cuba, of the Czechoslovakian Medical Society and of the French Surgical Academy.[1]His other awards include:[8]Order of the Red Star (1942)\nOrder of the Red Banner of Labour (1970)\nOrder of the October Revolution (1971)\nUSSR State Prize (1971)\nOrder of Friendship of Peoples (1993)","title":"Later years, personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"},{"link_name":"memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj4-3"}],"sub_title":"Work","text":"One of the books written by Petrovsky was published in 1949 entitled Surgical Treatment of Vascular Injuries.[3] In 1995 he published his memoirs, Man. Medicine. Life.[3]","title":"Later years, personal life and death"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Stone
Marshall H. Stone
["1 Biography","2 Accomplishments","3 Selected publications","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American mathematician Marshall Harvey StoneBornApril 8, 1903New York City, U.S.DiedJanuary 9, 1989 (1989-01-10) (aged 85)Madras, IndiaEducationHarvard University (BA, PhD)Known forStone dualityStone functorStone spaceStone's theorem on one-parameter unitary groupsStone's representation theorem for Boolean algebrasStone–von Neumann theoremStone–Čech compactificationStone–Weierstrass theoremBanach–Stone theoremGlivenko–Stone theoremAwardsNational Medal of Science (1982)Gibbs Lecture (1956)ICM Speaker (1936)Scientific careerFieldsReal analysis, Functional analysis, Boolean algebra, TopologyInstitutionsHarvard UniversityUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstThesis Ordinary Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations of Order n and the Related Expansion Problems  (1926)Doctoral advisorG. D. BirkhoffDoctoral students Holbrook MacNeille John W. Calkin William Frederick Eberlein Edwin Hewitt George Mackey Richard V. Kadison Bernard A. Galler Ádám Korányi Marshall Stone's 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians letter of resignation Marshall Harvey Stone (April 8, 1903 – January 9, 1989) was an American mathematician who contributed to real analysis, functional analysis, topology and the study of Boolean algebras. Biography Stone was the son of Harlan Fiske Stone, who was the Chief Justice of the United States in 1941–1946. Marshall Stone's family expected him to become a lawyer like his father, but he became enamored of mathematics while he was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he was a classmate of future judge Henry Friendly. He completed a PhD there in 1926, with a thesis on differential equations that was supervised by George David Birkhoff. Between 1925 and 1937, he taught at Harvard, Yale University, and Columbia University. Stone was promoted to a full professor at Harvard in 1937. During World War II, Stone did classified research as part of the "Office of Naval Operations" and the "Office of the Chief of Staff" of the United States Department of War. In 1946, he became the chairman of the Mathematics Department at the University of Chicago, a position that he held until 1952. While chairman, Stone hired several notable mathematicians including Paul Halmos, André Weil, Saunders Mac Lane, Antoni Zygmund, and Shiing-Shen Chern. He remained on the faculty at this university until 1968, after which he taught at the University of Massachusetts Amherst until 1980. In 1989, Stone died in Madras, India (now referred to as Chennai), due to a stroke. Following his death, many mathematicians praised Stone for his contributions to various mathematical fields. For instance, University of Massachusetts Amherst mathematician Larry Mann claimed that "Professor Stone was one of the greatest American mathematicians of this century," while Mac Lane described how Stone made the University of Chicago mathematics department the "best department in mathematics in the country in that period." Accomplishments Stone made several advances in the 1930s: In 1930, he proved the Stone–von Neumann uniqueness theorem. In 1932, he published a 662 page long monograph titled Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis, which was a presentation about self-adjoint operators. Much of its content is now deemed to be part of functional analysis. In 1932, he proved conjectures by Hermann Weyl on spectral theory, arising from the application of group theory to quantum mechanics. In 1934, he published two papers setting out what is now called Stone–Čech compactification theory. This theory grew out of his attempts to understand more deeply his results on spectral theory. In 1936, he published a long paper that included Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras, an important result in mathematical logic, topology, universal algebra and category theory. The theorem has been the starting point for what is now called Stone duality. In 1937, he published the Stone–Weierstrass theorem which generalized Weierstrass's theorem on the uniform approximation of continuous functions by polynomials. Stone was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1933 and the National Academy of Sciences (United States) in 1938. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1943. He presided over the American Mathematical Society, 1943–44, and the International Mathematical Union, 1952–54. In 1982, he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Selected publications Stone, M. H. (1926). "A comparison of the series of Fourier and Birkhoff". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 (4): 695–761. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1926-1501372-6. MR 1501372. Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis. New York: American Mathematical Society. 1932. Stone, M. H. (1934). "Boolean algebras and their applications to topology". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 20 (3): 197–202. Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..197S. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.3.197. PMC 1076376. PMID 16587875. The theory of real functions. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers. 1940. Stone, Marshall H. (1957). "Mathematics and the future of science". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10098-6. MR 0086013. Lectures on preliminaries to functional analysis. Madras: Institute of Mathematical Sciences. 1963. Notes by B. Ramachandran{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) (50 pages) See also Convex space Ideals Unbounded operator Stone algebra References ^ "Marshall Stone - The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ Kolata, Gina. "M.H. Stone, Acclaimed Mathematician, Dies at 85". New York Times. ^ "Marshall Harvey Stone". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ "Marshall H. Stone". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science ^ Hille, Einar (1934). "Review: Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis, by M. H. Stone". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 40 (11): 777–780. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1934-05973-1. External links O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Marshall H. Stone", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Johnstone, Peter (1982). Stone Spaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23893-5. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef vteUnited States National Medal of Science laureatesBehavioral and social science1960s 1964 Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman 1990s 1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin 2010s 2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura Biological sciences1960s 1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner 2010s 2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin Chemistry1960s 1964 Roger Adams 1980s 1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon 2000s 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox 2010s 2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos Engineering sciences1960s 1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo 1980s 1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv 2010s 2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences1960s 1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller 1970s 1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford 2010s 2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin Physical sciences1960s 1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel 1990s 1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington 2010s 2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson vtePresidents of the American Mathematical Society1888–1900 John Howard Van Amringe (1888–1890) Emory McClintock (1891–1894) George William Hill (1895–1896) Simon Newcomb (1897–1898) Robert Simpson Woodward (1899–1900) 1901–1924 E. H. Moore (1901–1902) Thomas Fiske (1903–1904) William Fogg Osgood (1905–1906) Henry Seely White (1907–1908) Maxime Bôcher (1909–1910) Henry Burchard Fine (1911–1912) Edward Burr Van Vleck (1913–1914) Ernest William Brown (1915–1916) Leonard Eugene Dickson (1917–1918) Frank Morley (1919–1920) Gilbert Ames Bliss (1921–1922) Oswald Veblen (1923–1924) 1925–1950 George David Birkhoff (1925–1926) Virgil Snyder (1927–1928) Earle Raymond Hedrick (1929–1930) Luther P. Eisenhart (1931–1932) Arthur Byron Coble (1933–1934) Solomon Lefschetz (1935–1936) Robert Lee Moore (1937–1938) Griffith C. Evans (1939–1940) Marston Morse (1941–1942) Marshall H. Stone (1943–1944) Theophil Henry Hildebrandt (1945–1946) Einar Hille (1947–1948) Joseph L. Walsh (1949–1950) 1951–1974 John von Neumann (1951–1952) Gordon Thomas Whyburn (1953–1954) Raymond Louis Wilder (1955–1956) Richard Brauer (1957–1958) Edward J. McShane (1959–1960) Deane Montgomery (1961–1962) Joseph L. Doob (1963–1964) Abraham Adrian Albert (1965–1966) Charles B. Morrey Jr. (1967–1968) Oscar Zariski (1969–1970) Nathan Jacobson (1971–1972) Saunders Mac Lane (1973–1974) 1975–2000 Lipman Bers (1975–1976) R. H. Bing (1977–1978) Peter Lax (1979–1980) Andrew M. Gleason (1981–1982) Julia Robinson (1983–1984) Irving Kaplansky (1985–1986) George Mostow (1987–1988) William Browder (1989–1990) Michael Artin (1991–1992) Ronald Graham (1993–1994) Cathleen Synge Morawetz (1995–1996) Arthur Jaffe (1997–1998) Felix Browder (1999–2000) 2001–2024 Hyman Bass (2001–2002) David Eisenbud (2003–2004) James Arthur (2005–2006) James Glimm (2007–2008) George Andrews (2009–2010) Eric Friedlander (2011–2012) David Vogan (2013–2014) Robert Bryant (2015–2016) Ken Ribet (2017–2018) Jill Pipher (2019–2020) Ruth Charney (2021–2022) Bryna Kra (2023–2024)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marshall_Stone_ICM_1950_letter.jpg"},{"link_name":"International Congress of Mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians"},{"link_name":"real analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_analysis"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"Boolean algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(structure)"}],"text":"Marshall Stone's 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians letter of resignationMarshall Harvey Stone (April 8, 1903 – January 9, 1989) was an American mathematician who contributed to real analysis, functional analysis, topology and the study of Boolean algebras.","title":"Marshall H. Stone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlan Fiske Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Henry Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Friendly"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equations"},{"link_name":"George David Birkhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Department of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Paul Halmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos"},{"link_name":"André Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil"},{"link_name":"Saunders Mac Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane"},{"link_name":"Antoni Zygmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund"},{"link_name":"Shiing-Shen Chern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"Madras, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras,_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stone was the son of Harlan Fiske Stone, who was the Chief Justice of the United States in 1941–1946. Marshall Stone's family expected him to become a lawyer like his father, but he became enamored of mathematics while he was an undergraduate at Harvard University, where he was a classmate of future judge Henry Friendly. He completed a PhD there in 1926, with a thesis on differential equations that was supervised by George David Birkhoff.[1] Between 1925 and 1937, he taught at Harvard, Yale University, and Columbia University. Stone was promoted to a full professor at Harvard in 1937.During World War II, Stone did classified research as part of the \"Office of Naval Operations\" and the \"Office of the Chief of Staff\" of the United States Department of War. In 1946, he became the chairman of the Mathematics Department at the University of Chicago, a position that he held until 1952. While chairman, Stone hired several notable mathematicians including Paul Halmos, André Weil, Saunders Mac Lane, Antoni Zygmund, and Shiing-Shen Chern. He remained on the faculty at this university until 1968, after which he taught at the University of Massachusetts Amherst until 1980.In 1989, Stone died in Madras, India (now referred to as Chennai), due to a stroke. Following his death, many mathematicians praised Stone for his contributions to various mathematical fields. For instance, University of Massachusetts Amherst mathematician Larry Mann claimed that \"Professor Stone was one of the greatest American mathematicians of this century,\" while Mac Lane described how Stone made the University of Chicago mathematics department the \"best department in mathematics in the country in that period.\"[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stone–von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93von_Neumann_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"self-adjoint operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Hermann Weyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl"},{"link_name":"spectral theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_theory"},{"link_name":"group theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Stone–Čech compactification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93%C4%8Cech_compactification"},{"link_name":"Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%27s_representation_theorem_for_Boolean_algebras"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"universal algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra"},{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"Stone duality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_duality"},{"link_name":"Stone–Weierstrass theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem"},{"link_name":"Weierstrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stone made several advances in the 1930s:In 1930, he proved the Stone–von Neumann uniqueness theorem.\nIn 1932, he published a 662 page long monograph titled Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis, which was a presentation about self-adjoint operators. Much of its content is now deemed to be part of functional analysis.\nIn 1932, he proved conjectures by Hermann Weyl on spectral theory, arising from the application of group theory to quantum mechanics.\nIn 1934, he published two papers setting out what is now called Stone–Čech compactification theory. This theory grew out of his attempts to understand more deeply his results on spectral theory.\nIn 1936, he published a long paper that included Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras, an important result in mathematical logic, topology, universal algebra and category theory. The theorem has been the starting point for what is now called Stone duality.\nIn 1937, he published the Stone–Weierstrass theorem which generalized Weierstrass's theorem on the uniform approximation of continuous functions by polynomials.Stone was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1933 and the National Academy of Sciences (United States) in 1938.[3][4] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1943.[5] He presided over the American Mathematical Society, 1943–44, and the International Mathematical Union, 1952–54. In 1982, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.[6]","title":"Accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A comparison of the series of Fourier and Birkhoff\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1926-1501372-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1926-1501372-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1926-1501372-6"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1501372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1501372"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"\"Boolean algebras and their applications to topology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076376"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1934PNAS...20..197S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934PNAS...20..197S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.20.3.197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.20.3.197"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1076376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076376"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16587875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16587875"},{"link_name":"\"Mathematics and the future of science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1957-10098-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10098-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1957-10098-6"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0086013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0086013"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"}],"text":"Stone, M. H. (1926). \"A comparison of the series of Fourier and Birkhoff\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 (4): 695–761. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1926-1501372-6. MR 1501372.\nLinear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis. New York: American Mathematical Society. 1932.[7]\nStone, M. H. (1934). \"Boolean algebras and their applications to topology\". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 20 (3): 197–202. Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..197S. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.3.197. PMC 1076376. PMID 16587875.\nThe theory of real functions. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers. 1940.\nStone, Marshall H. (1957). \"Mathematics and the future of science\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10098-6. MR 0086013.\nLectures on preliminaries to functional analysis. Madras: Institute of Mathematical Sciences. 1963. Notes by B. Ramachandran{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) (50 pages)","title":"Selected publications"}]
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[{"title":"Convex space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_space"},{"title":"Ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(order_theory)"},{"title":"Unbounded operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbounded_operator"},{"title":"Stone algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_algebra"}]
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Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..197S. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.3.197. PMC 1076376. PMID 16587875.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076376","url_text":"\"Boolean algebras and their applications to topology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934PNAS...20..197S","url_text":"1934PNAS...20..197S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.20.3.197","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.20.3.197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076376","url_text":"1076376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16587875","url_text":"16587875"}]},{"reference":"The theory of real functions. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers. 1940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stone, Marshall H. (1957). \"Mathematics and the future of science\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (2): 61–76. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10098-6. MR 0086013.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1957-10098-6","url_text":"\"Mathematics and the future of science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1957-10098-6","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10098-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0086013","url_text":"0086013"}]},{"reference":"Lectures on preliminaries to functional analysis. Madras: Institute of Mathematical Sciences. 1963. Notes by B. Ramachandran","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marshall Stone - The Mathematics Genealogy Project\". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=4946","url_text":"\"Marshall Stone - The Mathematics Genealogy Project\""}]},{"reference":"Kolata, Gina. \"M.H. Stone, Acclaimed Mathematician, Dies at 85\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/11/obituaries/mh-stone-acclaimed-mathematician-dies-at-85.html","url_text":"\"M.H. Stone, Acclaimed Mathematician, Dies at 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Marshall Harvey Stone\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/marshall-harvey-stone","url_text":"\"Marshall Harvey Stone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marshall H. Stone\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/50028.html","url_text":"\"Marshall H. Stone\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Marshall+Stone&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Hille, Einar (1934). \"Review: Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis, by M. H. Stone\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 40 (11): 777–780. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1934-05973-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Hille","url_text":"Hille, Einar"},{"url":"https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1934-40-11/S0002-9904-1934-05973-1/","url_text":"\"Review: Linear transformations in Hilbert space and their applications to analysis, by M. H. Stone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1934-05973-1","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9904-1934-05973-1"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Marshall H. Stone\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stone.html","url_text":"\"Marshall H. Stone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Johnstone, Peter (1982). Stone Spaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23893-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23893-5","url_text":"0-521-23893-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing
West Berlin discotheque bombing
["1 Background","2 Attack","3 Victims","4 Blame and retribution","5 Trial and conviction","6 Compensation","7 See also","8 References","9 Notes","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°28′23″N 13°20′12″E / 52.47306°N 13.33667°E / 52.47306; 13.336671986 attack in West Germany West Berlin discotheque bombingPart of terrorism in GermanyRoxy-Palast, the building in which the discotheque La Belle was locatedLocationHauptstraße 78, Bezirk Schöneberg, West Berlin, West GermanyCoordinates52°28′23″N 13°20′12″E / 52.47306°N 13.33667°E / 52.47306; 13.33667Date5 April 1986; 38 years ago (1986-04-05) 1:45 a.m. (CET/CEST)Attack typeBombingWeaponsPlastic explosiveDeaths3 (2 US soldiers, 1 Turkish civilian)Injured229PerpetratorsVerena Chanaa, Yasir Shraydi, Musbah Eter, Ali Chanaa On 5 April 1986, three people were killed and 229 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in the Friedenau locality (then part of Schöneberg, and since 2001 part of the merged district of Tempelhof-Schöneberg) of West Berlin. The entertainment venue was commonly frequented by United States soldiers; two of the dead and 79 of the injured were Americans. Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing, before US president Ronald Reagan ordered retaliatory strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later. The operation was widely seen as an attempt to kill colonel Muammar Gaddafi. However, in the bombing's aftermath, this claim was met with widespread skepticism. In 1987, Manfred Ganschow, the head of the West German team investigating the bombing, said that there was no evidence pointing towards Libya, a belief which was corroborated by numerous intelligence agencies in Europe at the time, according to a BBC report.: 81  In 2001, following a four-year German trial called murky, marred by what the court called a "limited willingness" by the American and German governments to share evidence, it was found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan Intelligence Service and the Libyan embassy", but absolved Gaddafi of responsibility. Background Memorial plaque reading, "On the 5th of April, 1986, young people were murdered inside this building by a criminal bombing." The bombing came at a time of heightened tension between the United States and Libya, which first escalated in the early 1980s.: 77–78  These tensions drastically escalated in early 1986, when US forces repeatedly flew planes over the Gulf of Sidra.: 78  Libyan forces subsequently fired upon American planes,: 78  which led to an American bombing campaign. Two weeks before the bombing, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi called for Arab assaults on American interests worldwide after said bombing, in which 35 seamen on a Libyan patrol boat in the western Gulf of Sidra were killed in international waters claimed by the Libyan government. The site of the bombing, a discothèque known as La Belle, was known to be a popular spot for American troops in West Germany. Attack A bomb placed under a table near the disc jockey's booth exploded at 01:45 CET. An eyewitness testified that he had walked outside of the club prior to the bomb going off and the blast knocking him back. He righted himself and went inside to find his wife and joined many individuals who were attempting to help those near the blast. The blast destroyed a large portion of the floor, causing many to fall into the cellar underneath the dance floor. Victims The explosion instantly killed a Turkish woman, Nermin Hannay, and US Army Sergeant Kenneth T. Ford. A second American sergeant, James E. Goins, died from his injuries two months later. The blast injured at least 230 individuals which included more than 50 American services members, as it was a popular hangout spot for service members. Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries caused by the explosion. Blame and retribution Almost immediately after the bombing, the American government, led by then-president Ronald Reagan, placed the blame on Libya.: 77–80  However, the West German team investigating the bombing had not found any evidence of Libyan involvement, and other intelligence agencies throughout Europe also did not find evidence of Libyan involvement.: 81  Nine days after the bombing, Reagan ordered airstrikes against the Libyan capital of Tripoli,: 79–80  and city of Benghazi. At least 30 soldiers and 15 civilians were killed. Gaddafi's adopted infant daughter Hana was reported killed, although the claim, and even her existence, have been disputed. Following the reunification of Germany, archives from the Stasi in East Germany were made available, which led to Libyan embassy worker Musbah Eter, who would later be indicted for aiding and abetting attempted murder. In 2001, a court in Germany found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy", and convicted four people suspected to be involved with the attack, including two workers at the Libyan embassy in East Germany. However, in their ruling, the court presiding over the trial complained that their decision was hindered by "the limited willingness" of the German and American governments to share intelligence, and the trial was called "murky" by BBC News. Notably, the trial failed to prove the involvement of then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Trial and conviction In spite of reports blaming Libya for the attack on the nightclub, no individual was officially accused of the bombing until the 1990 reunification of Germany and the subsequent opening up of the Stasi archives. Stasi files led German prosecutor Detlev Mehlis to Musbah Abdulghasem Eter, a Libyan who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Stasi files listed him as an agent, and Mehlis said he was the Libyan spy agency's main contact at the embassy. Beginning in 1996, a number of suspects were extradited to Germany. Yasser Mohammed Chreidi, a Palestinian man accused of being the plot's "mastermind", was extradited from Lebanon to Germany on May 24 in connection with the bombing. Chreidi was said to be a "suspected activist of the Fatah-Revolutionary Council" headed by Abu Nidal, who used to live in Tripoli and was financed by Libya in the 1980s. Eter was reported to be the Libyan spy agency's point man at the embassy in East Berlin. Eter and four other suspects were arrested in 1996 in Lebanon, Italy, Greece, and Berlin, and put on trial a year later. Eventually, a four year trial in Germany, which ended in 2001, found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy", and convicted four people suspected to be involved with the attack: German citizen Verena Chanaa was found guilty of murder, after carrying a bag with the bomb used for the attack into La Belle; Yasir Shraydi, a Palestinian worker at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin, was convicted of attempted murder; Musbah Eter was found guilty of being an accomplice; Ali Chanaa, Verena Chanaa's ex-husband, was also found guilty. A fifth defendant, Andrea Häusler, who accompanied Verena Chanaa to the club, was acquitted after prosecutors failed to prove she had known that the bomb used in the attack was in Chanaa's bag. Verena Chanaa and Yasir Shraydi were sentenced to 14 years in prison, while Musbah Eter and Ali Chanaa were sentenced to 12 years. The court found that the three men had assembled the bomb in the Chanaa's flat. The explosive was said to have been brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The court also notably ruled that prosecutors failed to demonstrate involvement in the bombing by Muammar Gaddafi. Compensation On 17 August 2003, newspapers reported that Libya had signaled to the German government that it was ready to negotiate compensation for the bombing with lawyers for non-U.S. victims. A year later, on 10 August 2004, Libya concluded an agreement to pay a total of $35 million compensation to non-US citizens. In October 2008, Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund to compensate relatives of: Lockerbie bombing victims with the remaining 20% of the sum agreed in 2003; American victims of the West Berlin discotheque bombing; American victims of the 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing; and, Libyan victims of the 1986 US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi. See also Germany portalLibya portalUnited States portal1980s portal 1988 Naples bombing Gulf of Sidra incident (1981) Gulf of Sidra incident (1989) Libya and state-sponsored terrorism List of terrorist incidents in 1986 Operation El Dorado Canyon Pan Am Flight 103 Pan Am Flight 73 UTA Flight 772 References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Erlanger, Steven (14 November 2001). "4 Guilty in Fatal 1986 Berlin Disco Bombing Linked to Libya". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Malinarich, Nathalie (13 November 2001). "Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2010. ^ a b c d "World News Briefs;Lebanon Hands Suspect Over to German Court". New York Times. 24 May 1996. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ "Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing". BBC News. 13 November 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Chomsky, Noam (2002). Understanding power : the indispensable Chomsky. Peter R. Mitchell, John Schoeffel. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-703-2. OCLC 46936001. ^ a b c "Four jailed by Berlin court for disco bombing". The Irish Times. 13 November 2001. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ "Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the US; Claim No. LIB-I-003 Decision No. LIB-I-044" (PDF). Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the US; US Department of Justice Washington, DC. 16 December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2021 – via US Department of Justice. ^ a b Scheschkewitz, Daniel. "Berlin's La Belle nightclub bombing remembered 25 years on | DW | 04.04.2011". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2021. ^ "Second U.S. Soldier Dies from Disco Bombing". Associated Press. 8 June 1986. Retrieved 12 February 2020. ^ "Body of disco victim flown home for burial". Newark Star-Ledger. 10 June 1986. ^ "U.S. planes bomb Libya, April 15, 1986". POLITICO. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ "For Reagan, Gadhafi Was A Frustrating 'Mad Dog'". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ 1986: US launches air strikes on Libya Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine| bbc.co.uk ^ Apr 14, 1986: U.S. bombs Libya Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine This Day in History ^ Flade, Florian (6 August 2011). "Libyscher Clan: Gaddafis Kinder – Totgesagte leben länger". DIE WELT (in German). Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ "Is Gaddafi's Daughter, Believed Killed by a U.S. Air Strike, Alive and Well?". Time. 12 August 2011. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2022. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ "Gaddafi's daughter Hana: dead or a practising doctor?". The Guardian. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ Flock, Elizabeth (26 August 2011). "Gaddafi's daughter Hana's death in 1986 all a hoax?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ "Muammar Qaddafi and Libya's Legacy of Terrorism". FRONTLINE. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ Beirut liefert aus : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung Archiv ^ Anker, Jens (11 August 2004). "Entschädigung nach 18 Jahren". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ Finn, Peter (14 November 2001). "4 Convicted in '86 Berlin Nightclub Bombing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2022. ^ "BGH 5 StR 306/03 – 24. Juni 2004 (LG Berlin) · hrr-strafrecht.de". Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ GmbH, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. "Aktuelle Nachrichten online". Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ "German Missions in the United States – Home". Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ "Libya compensates terror victims". BBC News. 31 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008. Notes ^ The political status of West Berlin was subject to controversy throughout its existence but de facto it operated as a federal state of West Germany. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Belle (Diskothek). BBC Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing La Belle victims' website Operation El Dorado Canyon 'La Belle' verdict favours Libya vteTerrorism in GermanyMain attacks(more than 10 deaths) Munich massacre Oktoberfest bombing 2016 Berlin truck attack Hanau shootings Notable attacks 1970 Munich bus attack German autumn Kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer Lufthansa Flight 181 1982 Berlin restaurant bombing Bombing of French consulate in Berlin 1984 Duisburg arson attack 1985 Frankfurt airport bombing Rhein-Main Air Base bombing Berlin discotheque bombing 1991 American embassy sniper attack in Bonn Mykonos restaurant assassinations 1992 Mölln arson attack Weiterstadt prison bombing 1993 Solingen arson attack National Socialist Underground murders Murder of Enver Şimşek Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter 2004 Cologne bombing 2011 Frankfurt airport shooting 2016 Hanover stabbing 2016 Würzburg train attack 2016 Ansbach bombing 2017 Hamburg knife attack Borussia Dortmund team bus bombing Bottrop and Essen car attack Halle synagogue shooting 2018 Cologne attack Notable terroristsIn terrorist groups Black September Organization Abu Daoud Adnan al-Gashey Jamal al-Gashey Red Army Faction Andreas Baader Gudrun Ensslin Jan-Carl Raspe Ulrike Meinhof Brigitte Mohnhaupt Christian Klar Birgit Hogefeld Wolfgang Grams Revolutionary Cells Johannes Weinrich Wilfried Böse Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Souhaila Andrawes National Socialist Underground Beate Zschäpe Uwe Böhnhardt Uwe Mundlos Lone perpetrators Gundolf Köhler Mohammad Daleel Anis Amri Terrorist groupsDomestic groups Red Army Faction (defunct) National Socialist Underground (defunct) Foreign groups Abu Nidal Organization (defunct) Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (defunct) Black September Organization (defunct) Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (defunct) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Counter-terrorism unitsFederal Police units GSG 9 State Police units SEK Military units Kommando Spezialkräfte vteNightclub fires, disasters, and attacksFires (accidental) 1929 Study Club fire 1940 Rhythm Club fire 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire 1947 Karlslust dance hall fire 1961 Top Storey Club fire 1970 Club Cinq-Sept fire 1972 Play Town Club fire 1973 Summerland disaster 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire 1981 Stardust fire 1983 Alcalá 20 nightclub fire 1993 Kheyvis fire 1996 Ozone Disco fire 2000 Luoyang Christmas fire 2001 Volendam New Year's fire 2001 Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire 2002 Utopía nightclub fire 2003 The Station nightclub fire 2004 República Cromañón nightclub fire 2008 Wuwang Club fire 2009 Santika Club fire 2009 Lame Horse fire 2012 Sighetu Marmației explosions 2013 Kiss nightclub fire 2015 New Taipei water park fire 2015 Colectiv nightclub fire 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire 2022 Yaoundé nightclub fire 2022 Mountain B nightclub fire 2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire 2022 Kostroma café fire 2022 Poipet casino hotel fire 2023 Fonda Milagros nightclub fire 2024 Gayrettepe nightclub fire Crowd crushes 2000 Throb nightclub disaster 2003 E2 nightclub crush 2018 El Paraíso stampede 2018 Corinaldo stampede 2020 Los Olivos stampede Attacks 1972 Blue Bird Café fire 1973 Whiskey Au Go Go fire 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack 1974 Gulliver's nightclub fire 1975 Gargantua bar attack 1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire 1980 Denmark Place fire 1982 Droppin Well bombing 1984 Dallas nightclub shooting 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing 1990 Happy Land fire 1997 Otherside Lounge bombing 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire 1998 Panda Bar massacre 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 2001 Myojo 56 building fire 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Columbus nightclub shooting 2005 Stage Club bombing 2006 Arua nightclub shooting 2007 London car bombs 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack 2015 Cairo restaurant fire 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting 2017 Cincinnati nightclub shooting 2017 Little Rock nightclub shooting 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting 2019 Salamanca nightclub shooting 2019 Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire 2022 Oslo shootings 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting Other 1925 Pickwick Club collapse 2022 Enyobeni Tavern disaster (cause of death unknown) vteMuammar GaddafiHistory and politics History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi Domestic politics Foreign relations Cultural Revolution Third International Theory Escape to Hell The Green Book Killing international reactions Reception and legacy Personal life Fathia Nuri Khalid (first wife) Safia Farkash (second wife) Muhammad Gaddafi (first son) Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (second son) Al-Saadi Gaddafi (third son) Mutassim Gaddafi (fourth son) Hannibal Gaddafi (fifth son) Ayesha Gaddafi (daughter) Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (sixth son) Khamis Gaddafi (seventh son) Related topics Al-Shams newspaper Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights Amazonian Guard Bab al-Azizia Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution GICDF 40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution Isratin Namesakes Gaddafi Mosque (Tanzania) Uganda National Mosque (Gaddafi National Mosque, 2007–2013) Gaddafi Stadium (Pakistan) Tragedy Khadafi Yaki Kadafi Libya portal vte Germany–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C. 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Freedom Bell STS-61-A TAT-10 Amerika Haus Amerika Haus Berlin Atlantic Initiative Atlantik-Brücke Bacatec Cultural Vistas Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange Federation of German-American Clubs German-American Friendship Garden German American Partnership Program German Historical Institute Washington DC German Scholars Boston IG Farben Building Robert Bosch Foundation Fellowship Program Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor Category:Germany–United States relations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discothèque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Friedenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedenau"},{"link_name":"Schöneberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg"},{"link_name":"Tempelhof-Schöneberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelhof-Sch%C3%B6neberg"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"US government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"US president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"retaliatory strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"Libyan Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"Libyan embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_embassy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"1986 attack in West GermanyOn 5 April 1986, three people were killed and 229 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in the Friedenau locality (then part of Schöneberg, and since 2001 part of the merged district of Tempelhof-Schöneberg) of West Berlin. The entertainment venue was commonly frequented by United States soldiers;[2][3] two of the dead and 79 of the injured were Americans.[1]Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing, before US president Ronald Reagan ordered retaliatory strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later. The operation was widely seen as an attempt to kill colonel Muammar Gaddafi.[4] However, in the bombing's aftermath, this claim was met with widespread skepticism. In 1987, Manfred Ganschow, the head of the West German team investigating the bombing, said that there was no evidence pointing towards Libya, a belief which was corroborated by numerous intelligence agencies in Europe at the time, according to a BBC report.[5]: 81  In 2001, following a four-year German trial called murky,[2] marred by what the court called a \"limited willingness\" by the American and German governments to share evidence,[2][1] it was found that the bombing had been \"planned by the Libyan Intelligence Service and the Libyan embassy\",[1] but absolved Gaddafi of responsibility.[2][1][6]","title":"West Berlin discotheque bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Belle-Gedenktafel.JPG"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Sidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"bombing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"discothèque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8que"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Memorial plaque reading, \"On the 5th of April, 1986, young people were murdered inside this building by a criminal bombing.\"The bombing came at a time of heightened tension between the United States and Libya, which first escalated in the early 1980s.[5]: 77–78  These tensions drastically escalated in early 1986, when US forces repeatedly flew planes over the Gulf of Sidra.[5]: 78  Libyan forces subsequently fired upon American planes,[5]: 78  which led to an American bombing campaign.[1] Two weeks before the bombing, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi called for Arab assaults on American interests worldwide after said bombing, in which 35 seamen on a Libyan patrol boat in the western Gulf of Sidra were killed in international waters claimed by the Libyan government.[citation needed]The site of the bombing, a discothèque known as La Belle, was known to be a popular spot for American troops in West Germany.[2][3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"A bomb placed under a table near the disc jockey's booth exploded at 01:45 CET. An eyewitness testified that he had walked outside of the club prior to the bomb going off and the blast knocking him back. He righted himself and went inside to find his wife and joined many individuals who were attempting to help those near the blast.[7]The blast destroyed a large portion of the floor, causing many to fall into the cellar underneath the dance floor.[8]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"}],"text":"The explosion instantly killed a Turkish woman, Nermin Hannay, and US Army Sergeant Kenneth T. Ford. A second American sergeant, James E. Goins, died from his injuries two months later.[9][10]The blast injured at least 230 individuals which included more than 50 American services members, as it was a popular hangout spot for service members.[8] Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries caused by the explosion.[1]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"ordered airstrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"reunification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"Almost immediately after the bombing, the American government, led by then-president Ronald Reagan, placed the blame on Libya.[5]: 77–80  However, the West German team investigating the bombing had not found any evidence of Libyan involvement, and other intelligence agencies throughout Europe also did not find evidence of Libyan involvement.[5]: 81  Nine days after the bombing, Reagan ordered airstrikes against the Libyan capital of Tripoli,[5]: 79–80  and city of Benghazi.[11][12] At least 30 soldiers and 15 civilians were killed.[2][13][14] Gaddafi's adopted infant daughter Hana was reported killed,[15][16] although the claim, and even her existence, have been disputed.[17][18]Following the reunification of Germany, archives from the Stasi in East Germany were made available, which led to Libyan embassy worker Musbah Eter, who would later be indicted for aiding and abetting attempted murder.[2]In 2001, a court in Germany found that the bombing had been \"planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy\", and convicted four people suspected to be involved with the attack, including two workers at the Libyan embassy in East Germany.[1] However, in their ruling, the court presiding over the trial complained that their decision was hindered by \"the limited willingness\" of the German and American governments to share intelligence,[1] and the trial was called \"murky\" by BBC News.[2] Notably, the trial failed to prove the involvement of then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[2][1][6]","title":"Blame and retribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"Detlev Mehlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlev_Mehlis"},{"link_name":"Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"extradited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradite"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Fatah-Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah_Revolutionary_Council"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malinarich2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linked-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"In spite of reports blaming Libya for the attack on the nightclub, no individual was officially accused of the bombing until the 1990 reunification of Germany and the subsequent opening up of the Stasi archives.[2] Stasi files led German prosecutor Detlev Mehlis to Musbah Abdulghasem Eter, a Libyan who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin.[2] Stasi files listed him as an agent, and Mehlis said he was the Libyan spy agency's main contact at the embassy.[2]Beginning in 1996, a number of suspects were extradited to Germany. Yasser Mohammed Chreidi, a Palestinian man accused of being the plot's \"mastermind\", was extradited from Lebanon to Germany on May 24 in connection with the bombing.[3] Chreidi was said to be a \"suspected activist of the Fatah-Revolutionary Council\" headed by Abu Nidal,[3] who used to live in Tripoli and was financed by Libya in the 1980s.[19] Eter was reported to be the Libyan spy agency's point man at the embassy in East Berlin.[20][21]Eter and four other suspects were arrested in 1996 in Lebanon, Italy, Greece, and Berlin, and put on trial a year later. Eventually, a four year trial in Germany, which ended in 2001, found that the bombing had been \"planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy\", and convicted four people suspected to be involved with the attack: German citizen Verena Chanaa was found guilty of murder, after carrying a bag with the bomb used for the attack into La Belle; Yasir Shraydi, a Palestinian worker at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin, was convicted of attempted murder; Musbah Eter was found guilty of being an accomplice; Ali Chanaa, Verena Chanaa's ex-husband, was also found guilty.[1] A fifth defendant, Andrea Häusler, who accompanied Verena Chanaa to the club, was acquitted after prosecutors failed to prove she had known that the bomb used in the attack was in Chanaa's bag.[1] Verena Chanaa and Yasir Shraydi were sentenced to 14 years in prison, while Musbah Eter and Ali Chanaa were sentenced to 12 years.[22]The court found that the three men had assembled the bomb in the Chanaa's flat.[2] The explosive was said to have been brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag.[23] The court also notably ruled that prosecutors failed to demonstrate involvement in the bombing by Muammar Gaddafi.[2][1][6]","title":"Trial and conviction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lockerbie bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockerbie_bombing"},{"link_name":"UTA Flight 772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Flight_772"},{"link_name":"1986 US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On 17 August 2003, newspapers reported that Libya had signaled to the German government that it was ready to negotiate compensation for the bombing with lawyers for non-U.S. victims.[24] A year later, on 10 August 2004, Libya concluded an agreement to pay a total of $35 million compensation to non-US citizens.[25]In October 2008, Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund to compensate relatives of:Lockerbie bombing victims with the remaining 20% of the sum agreed in 2003;\nAmerican victims of the West Berlin discotheque bombing;\nAmerican victims of the 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing; and,\nLibyan victims of the 1986 US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.[26]","title":"Compensation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"}],"text":"^ The political status of West Berlin was subject to controversy throughout its existence but de facto it operated as a federal state of West Germany.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Memorial plaque reading, \"On the 5th of April, 1986, young people were murdered inside this building by a criminal bombing.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_Belle-Gedenktafel.JPG/220px-La_Belle-Gedenktafel.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Libya portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Libya"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"title":"1980s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"title":"1988 Naples bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Naples_bombing"},{"title":"Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)"},{"title":"Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1989)"},{"title":"Libya and state-sponsored terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism"},{"title":"List of terrorist incidents in 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_1986"},{"title":"Operation El Dorado Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon"},{"title":"Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103"},{"title":"Pan Am Flight 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73"},{"title":"UTA Flight 772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Flight_772"}]
[{"reference":"Erlanger, Steven (14 November 2001). \"4 Guilty in Fatal 1986 Berlin Disco Bombing Linked to Libya\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/14/world/4-guilty-in-fatal-1986-berlin-disco-bombing-linked-to-libya.html","url_text":"\"4 Guilty in Fatal 1986 Berlin Disco Bombing Linked to Libya\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170915074443/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/14/world/4-guilty-in-fatal-1986-berlin-disco-bombing-linked-to-libya.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malinarich, Nathalie (13 November 2001). \"Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm","url_text":"\"Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927070405/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World News Briefs;Lebanon Hands Suspect Over to German Court\". New York Times. 24 May 1996. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/24/world/world-news-briefs-lebanon-hands-suspect-over-to-german-court.html","url_text":"\"World News Briefs;Lebanon Hands Suspect Over to German Court\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405001947/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/24/world/world-news-briefs-lebanon-hands-suspect-over-to-german-court.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing\". BBC News. 13 November 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm","url_text":"\"Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927070405/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chomsky, Noam (2002). Understanding power : the indispensable Chomsky. Peter R. Mitchell, John Schoeffel. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-703-2. OCLC 46936001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46936001","url_text":"Understanding power : the indispensable Chomsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-703-2","url_text":"1-56584-703-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46936001","url_text":"46936001"}]},{"reference":"\"Four jailed by Berlin court for disco bombing\". The Irish Times. 13 November 2001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_data
Noisy data
["1 Sources of noise","2 References"]
Data with additional meaningless information in it This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Noisy data" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Noisy data are data that is corrupted, distorted, or has a low signal-to-noise ratio. Improper procedures (or improperly-documented procedures) to subtract out the noise in data can lead to a false sense of accuracy or false conclusions. Noisy data are data with a large amount of additional meaningless information in it called noise. This includes data corruption and the term is often used as a synonym for corrupt data. It also includes any data that a user system cannot understand and interpret correctly. Many systems, for example, cannot use unstructured text. Noisy data can adversely affect the results of any data analysis and skew conclusions if not handled properly. Statistical analysis is sometimes used to weed the noise out of noisy data. Sources of noise In this example of an outlier and filtering, point t2 is an outlier. The smooth transition to and from the outlier is from filtering, and is also not valid data, but more noise. Presenting filtered results (the smoothed transitions) as actual measurements can lead to false conclusions. This type of filter (a moving average) shifts the data to the right. The moving average price at a given time is usually much different than the actual price at that time. Differences in real-world measured data from the true values come about from by multiple factors affecting the measurement. Random noise is often a large component of the noise in data. Random noise in a signal is measured as the signal-to-noise ratio. Random noise contains almost equal amounts of a wide range of frequencies, and is also called white noise (as colors of light combine to make white). Random noise is an unavoidable problem. It affects the data collection and data preparation processes, where errors commonly occur. Noise has two main sources: errors introduced by measurement tools and random errors introduced by processing or by experts when the data is gathered. Improper filtering can add noise if the filtered signal is treated as if it were a directly measured signal. As an example, Convolution-type digital filters such a moving average can have side effects such as lags or truncation of peaks. Differentiating digital filters amplifies random noise in the original data. Outlier data are data that appear to not belong in the data set. It can be caused by human error such as transposing numerals, mislabeling, programming bugs, etc. If actual outliers are not removed from the data set, they corrupt the results to a small or large degree depending on circumstances. If valid data is identified as an outlier and is mistakenly removed, that also corrupts results. Fraud: Individuals may deliberately skew data to influence the results toward a desired conclusion. Data that looks good with few outliers reflects well on the individual collecting it, and so there may be incentive to remove more data as outliers or make the data look smoother than it is. References ^ a b c "What is noisy data? - Definition from WhatIs.com". ^ "Noisy Data in Data Mining - Soft Computing and Intelligent Information Systems". sci2s.ugr.es. ^ R.Y. Wang, V.C. Storey, C.P. Firth, A Framework for Analysis of Data Quality Research, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 7 (1995) 623-640 doi: 10.1109/69.404034) ^ X. Zhu, X. Wu, Class Noise vs. Attribute Noise: A Quantitative Study, Artificial Intelligence Review 22 (2004) 177-210 doi: 10.1007/s10462-004-0751-8
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Pornographers
The New Pornographers
["1 History","2 Members","2.1 Timeline","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Live albums","3.3 Singles","3.4 Contributions with non-LP songs","3.5 Other contributions","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Canadian indie rock band The New PornographersThe New Pornographers at Prospect Park Bandshell, July 11, 2015Background informationOriginVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaGenresIndie rock, power pop, post-punk revivalYears active1997–presentLabelsMatadorConcordMintLast GangMergeMembersKathryn CalderNeko CaseJohn CollinsTodd FanceyCarl NewmanJoe SeidersPast membersSimi StoneBlaine ThurierKurt DahleFisher RoseDan BejarWebsitethenewpornographers.com The New Pornographers are a Canadian indie rock band, formed in 1997 in Vancouver. Presented as a musical collective and supergroup of singer-songwriters and musicians from multiple projects, the band has released nine studio albums to date. The band have received critical acclaim for their use of multiple vocalists and songwriters, as well as for the elements of power pop incorporated into their music. Pitchfork has described the band's sound as "peppy, gleeful, headstrong guitar pop", while Stereogum has retrospectively praised the band's debut album Mass Romantic as "one of the greatest and most immediate power pop albums ever rendered". History The New Pornographers' name was chosen by Carl Newman, who has said that he came up with it after watching a Japanese film called The Pornographers. The band has released nine albums to date: Mass Romantic (2000), Electric Version (2003), Twin Cinema (2005), Challengers (2007), Together (2010), Brill Bruisers (2014), Whiteout Conditions (2017), In the Morse Code of Brake Lights (2019), and Continue as a Guest (2023). A live album recorded on their 2006 tour is available only at concerts and on the band's website. In 2005, the band was the subject of Reginald Harkema's documentary film Better Off in Bed. The New Pornographers' first four albums each placed in the top 40 on The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop year-end poll of hundreds of music reviewers. From 2000 to 2006, either a New Pornographers' album or a solo album from one of the band's members ranked in the top 40 on the list each year. In 2007, Blender magazine ranked the New Pornographers' first album, Mass Romantic, the 24th best indie album of all time. In 2009, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the band's second studio album, Electric Version, No. 79 in the "100 Best Albums of the Decade". All of the New Pornographers' original members were prominent within the Vancouver music scene prior to forming the band. Kathryn Calder, who is also Newman's niece, joined the band in 2005 largely as a live replacement for Neko Case, whose solo career often left her unavailable to perform with the band. Calder's first lead vocals for the band were on 2007's Challengers, singing the lead on "Failsafe" and sharing the lead with Newman on "Adventures in Solitude". In 2009, the New Pornographers contributed a cover of the Destroyer song "Hey, Snow White" to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night, produced by the Red Hot Organization. The band released their fifth album, Together, on May 4, 2010, on Matador Records. The album includes collaborations from St. Vincent, Beirut's Zach Condon, and Okkervil River's Will Sheff. In 2012, the New Pornographers contributed a cover of the song "Think About Me" for the Fleetwood Mac tribute CD called Just Tell Me That You Want Me released by Hear Music. The band's sixth album, Brill Bruisers, was released on August 26, 2014. The album was their highest charting to date in the United States, peaking at #13 on the Billboard 200. On January 26, 2017, the New Pornographers announced their seventh album, Whiteout Conditions, would be released on April 7. The album was preceded by the single "High Ticket Attractions". The album is the first to feature drummer Joe Seiders as a full-time member after replacing drummer Kurt Dahle in mid-2014. It is also the first New Pornographers album to not feature Dan Bejar. Newman, however, went on the record to note that Bejar's absence did not mean he had left the band entirely; telling Stereogum: he was right in the middle of doing a Destroyer record... hich was something we'd narrowly skirted for our whole career. I'm always amazed that we managed to. Sometimes we avoided Destroyer, sometimes Destroyer avoided us, but eventually we hit at the same time. It wasn't anything weird. On November 29, 2018, A.C. Newman announced via Twitter that he had begun work on a future New Pornographers album. On August 2, 2019, the band announced via Twitter that it would release its new album, In the Morse Code of Brake Lights, on September 27, and released its first single from the album, "Falling Down the Stairs of Your Smile". In a press release for the album, Dan Bejar is described as a "former (and possibly future) member" of the band. The new press photos for the band include vocalist/violinist Simi Stone, officially inducting her into the band after being an auxiliary touring member since 2015. In July 2021, the band announced a North American tour where they would play Mass Romantic and Twin Cinema in full across simultaneous nights, as well as a reissue of Mass Romantic on vinyl. This announcement also confirmed the return of Bejar to the band, as well as the departure of both Thurier and Stone. On January 9, 2023, A.C. Newman announced via Twitter that the band had moved to a new label, Merge Records, alongside announcing the band's ninth album Continue as a Guest, a single from the album, "Really Really Light", and a tour starting in April. The band's press photos confirmed Bejar's second departure from the group – although he has a co-writing credit on "Really Really Light". Members Current members Members' other projects in brackets Neko Case – vocals (solo artist, Maow, The Corn Sisters, Cub) (1997–present) John Collins – bass (the Evaporators, Destroyer, Thorsen) (1997–present) Carl Newman – vocals, guitar (solo artist (as A.C. Newman), Superconductor, Zumpano, Thee Crusaders) (1997–present) Todd Fancey – lead guitar, backing vocals (solo artist (as Fancey), Limblifter) (2003–present) Kathryn Calder – keyboards, backing vocals, guitar (solo artist, Immaculate Machine, Frontperson) (2005–present) Joe Seiders – drums, backing vocals (Beat Club) (2014–present) Current touring musicians Nora O'Connor – backing vocals, percussion (The Flat Five) (2021–present) Adam Schatz – saxophone, synthesizer (Japanese Breakfast) (2023–present) Former members Fisher Rose – drums (Destroyer, A.C. Newman) (1997–1999) Kurt Dahle – drums, backing vocals (Limblifter, the Age of Electric) (1999–2014) Simi Stone – violin, backing vocals, percussion (solo artist, Suffrajett) (2019–2021; touring musician 2015–2019) Blaine Thurier – keyboards, synthesizer (independent filmmaker, Thee Crusaders) (1997–2021) Dan Bejar – vocals, guitar (Destroyer, Swan Lake, Hello, Blue Roses) (1997–2017, 2021–2022) Former touring musicians Lindsay "Coco" Hames – backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar (The Ettes) (2014) Timeline Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions Title Details Peak chart positions CAN AUSHit. SCO UK UKIndie US USIndie USRock Mass Romantic Released: November 21, 2000 Label: Mint Formats: CD, LP — — — — — — — — Electric Version Released: May 6, 2003 Label: Mint/Matador Formats: CD, LP — — — — — 196 12 — Twin Cinema Released: August 23, 2005 Label: Mint/Matador Formats: CD, LP — — — — — 44 5 — Challengers Released: August 21, 2007 Label: Matador Formats: CD, LP — — — 156 13 34 4 10 Together Released: May 4, 2010 Label: Matador Formats: CD, LP 14 16 — 168 18 18 2 5 Brill Bruisers Released: August 26, 2014 Label: Matador Formats: CD, LP, cassette, streaming 14 3 94 132 32 13 2 3 Whiteout Conditions Released: April 7, 2017 Label: Concord Records Formats: CD, LP, streaming 82 17 — — — 35 — 6 In the Morse Code of Brake Lights Released: September 27, 2019 Label: Concord Records Formats: CD, LP, streaming — — — — — 144 — 26 Continue as a Guest Released: March 31, 2023 Label: Merge Records Formats: CD, LP, streaming — — — — 45 — — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Live albums Live Session (iTunes Exclusive) (2005) Live! (2006) LIVE from SoHo (iTunes Exclusive) (2008) Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album CANRock AUT USAAA USRockAir MEXAir UK "Letter from an Occupant" 2002 — — — — — 139 Mass Romantic "High Art, Local News" 2005 — — — — — — Twin Cinema "Twin Cinema" — — — — — — "Use It" — — — — — — "Sing Me Spanish Techno" — — — — — — "Challengers" 2007 — — — — — — Challengers "My Rights Versus Yours" — — — — — — "The Spirit of Giving" — — — — — — Non-album single "Myriad Harbour" 2008 — — — — — — Challengers "Mutiny, I Promise You" — — — — — — "Hey, Snow White" 2009 — 46 — — — — Dark Was the Night "Your Hands (Together)" 2010 43 — — — 16 — Together "Crash Years" — — — — — — "Togetherness" — — — — — — Non-album single "Moves" 2011 — — — — — — Together "Up in the Dark" — — — — — — "Brill Bruisers" 2014 24 — — — — — Brill Bruisers "War on the East Coast" — — — — — — "Dancehall Domine" — — — — — — "Champions of Red Wine" 2015 — — — — — — "High Ticket Attractions" 2017 27 — 5 49 — — Whiteout Conditions "This Is the World of the Theatre" — — — — — — "Whiteout Conditions" — — 24 — — — "Falling Down the Stairs of Your Smile" 2019 — — 12 — — — In the Morse Code of Brake Lights "The Surprise Knock" — — — — — — "One Kind of Solomon" — — — — — — "Really Really Light" 2023 — — 24 — — — Continue as a Guest "Angelcover" — — – — — — "Pontius Pilate's Home Movies" — — – — — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Contributions with non-LP songs FUBAR: The Album (2002) – "Your Daddy Don't Know" Matador at Fifteen (2004) – "Graceland" Dark Was the Night (2009) – "Hey, Snow White" Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe (2011) - "Hey, Snow White" Just Tell Me That You Want Me: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac (2012) – "Think About Me" Other contributions Queer as Folk (2000) – "Mass Romantic" Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001) – "Letter from an Occupant" Men with Brooms (2002) – "Mass Romantic" CBC Radio 3 Sessions, Vol. 1 (2004) – "The Fake Headlines" Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story (2004) – "Mass Romantic" The Office (Season 2, Episode 7: "The Client") (2005) – "Use It" Weeds (2005) – "The Laws Have Changed" Waiting... (2005) – "Electric Version" Gilmore Girls (2004) – "The Laws Have Changed" Gilmore Girls (2005) – "Twin Cinema" The Hour (Main Title Theme Season 3) (2006) – "Use It" Chuck (Season 1, Episode 2: "Chuck Versus the Helicopter") (2007) – "Challengers" Heroes (Season 2, Episode 6: "The Line") (2007) – "All for Swinging You Around" Rock Band (2007) – "Electric Version", "Use It", "All of the Things That Go to Make Heaven and Earth" (DLC) University of Phoenix commercial (2007) – "Bleeding Heart Show" Stone of Destiny (2008) – "Mutiny, I Promise You" NBA playoffs (2008) – "Use It" Numb3rs (2008) – "Challengers" Secret Diary of a Call Girl (Series 2, Episode 2) (2008) – "Adventures in Solitude" Management (2009) – "Adventures in Solitude", "All the Old Showstoppers" Ugly Betty (2010) – "Adventures in Solitude" The Good Wife (Season 2, Episode 13) (2011) – "Testament to Youth in Verse" Amazon Kindle commercial – "Sweet Talk, Sweet Talk" T-Mobile commercial (2011) – "Moves" Hyundai commercial (Canada) – "Moves" Go On (opening credits) (2012) – "Moves" Between (Season 1, Episode 1) (2015) – "Moves" Speechless (Season 1, Episode 22: "M-A-- MAY-JAY") (2017) – "Dancehall Domine" Blindspot (Season 3, Episode 1) – "The Bleeding Heart Show" Daybreak (Season 1, Episode 9) – "Adventures in Solitude" See also Music portalCanada portal Canadian rock List of bands from British Columbia Music of Vancouver Notes ^ Continue as a Guest did not enter the UK Albums Chart, but peaked at number 87 on the UK Album Downloads Chart. ^ Continue as a Guest did not enter the US Billboard 200, but peaked at number 25 on the US Top Album Sales Chart. References ^ a b Bracy, Timothy and Elizabeth (October 11, 2013). "The 10 Best New Pornographers Songs". Stereogum. Stereogum Media. Retrieved January 9, 2023. ^ Wolk, Douglas. "The New Pornographers, 'Twin Cinema' (Matador)". SPIN Magazine. SPIN. Retrieved January 9, 2023. ^ Juzwiak, Rich. "The New Pornographers: Mass Romantic". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved January 9, 2023. ^ Handler, Shane (November 1, 2005). "The New Pornographers: Canadian Blockbuster". Glide Magazine. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007. ^ "Harkema's road rockumentary inspired by the Rolling Stones". Edmonton Journal, July 22, 2005. ^ "Pazz & Jop awards from". robertchristgau.com. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ "100 Greatest Indie-Rock Albums of all time, No. 30 – No. 21, from". Blender.com. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2009. ^ "Rolling Stone lists Top 100 of decade". CBC News. December 10, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2010. ^ Lindsay, Andrew (February 22, 2010). "The New Pornographers reveal album details". Stereokill.net. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010. ^ Gordon, Jeremy (June 10, 2014). "The New Pornographers Announce New Album Brill Bruisers, Share Title Track, Tour". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved May 14, 2016. ^ a b "US Billboard Charts". Billboard. Retrieved July 14, 2009. ^ Helman, Peter (January 26, 2017). "The New Pornographers – "High Ticket Attractions"". Stereogum. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ Giles, Jeff (January 27, 2017). "New Pornographers Announce 'Whiteout Conditions' LP, Release 'High Ticket Attractions' Single". Spin.com. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ Leas, Ryan (March 17, 2017). "Q&A: A.C. Newman On Canadian Healthcare, Dan Bejar, And The New Pornographers' Whiteout Conditions". Stereogum. Retrieved April 13, 2017. ^ @ACNewman (November 30, 2018). "Hey, working on a new @TheNewPornos album everybody" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Shaffer, Claire (August 2, 2019). "The New Pornographers Announce New Album, Share Lead Single". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 30, 2021. ^ Minsker, Evan (July 13, 2021). "The New Pornographers Announce Mass Romantic Reissue, Full Album Tour". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 14, 2021. ^ @ACNewman (January 9, 2023). "A few things: 1) ⁦@TheNewPornos⁩ signed to ⁦@mergerecords! 2) New LP 'Continue as a Guest' out 3/31! 3) New song 'Really Really Light' available today! 4) New tour starts in April! 5) Can you buy tickets? Probably! I'll post a link soon, or if not me, someone!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Monroe, Jazz (January 9, 2023). "The New Pornographers Announce Album, Share Song: Listen". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved January 9, 2023. ^ Walters, Grant (May 8, 2023). "Concert Preview: The New Pornographers at Newport Music Hall". Columbus Underground. Retrieved May 22, 2023. ^ "Japanese Breakfast expand their palate; play songs from". www.thecurrent.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023. ^ Cohen, Katherine (July 14, 2015). "AC Newman on the last bit of the New Pornographers' 'Brill Bruisers' tour from". nuvo.net. Retrieved July 18, 2015. ^ Peaks on the ARIA Hitseekers chart: Together: "ARIA Report: Issue 1280" (PDF). ARIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2023. Brill Bruisers: "ARIA Report: Issue 1054" (PDF). ARIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2023. Whiteout Conditions: "ARIA Report: Issue 1418" (PDF). ARIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2023. ^ Peaks on the Scottish Albums chart: "Brill Bruisers": "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 30, 2023. ^ a b "UK Chartlog: Nadanuf – Michael Nyman". zobbel.de. Retrieved July 14, 2009. ^ Peaks in UK Independent Albums Chart: Challengers: "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 30, 2023. Together: "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 30, 2023. Brill Bruisers: "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 30, 2023. Continue as a Guest: "Continue as a Guest – The New Pornographers". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Independent Albums". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2022. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Rock Albums". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2022. ^ "Continue as a Guest – The New Pornographers". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Top Album Sales". Billboard. Retrieved May 11, 2023. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Canada Rock". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – Austrian Charts". austriancharts.at/. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Triple A Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Rock Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Letter from an Occupant > Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved April 16, 2009. ^ a b c d "Matador - The New Pornographers". Matador. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "New New Pornographers: 'Twin Cinema'". Stereogum. May 2, 2005. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Challengers by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The New Pornographers – "My Rights Versus Yours"". Stereogum. May 29, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "The Spirit of Giving - EP by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Singh, Amrit (February 14, 2008). "New New Pornographers – "Myriad Harbour"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Stosuy, Brandon (September 29, 2008). "New New Pornographers – "Mutiny, I Promise You"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Stosuy, Brandon (February 6, 2009). "New New Pornographers – "Hey, Snow White"". Stereogu. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Your Hands (Together) by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Crash Years - Single by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Singh, Amrit (February 7, 2011). "The New Pornographers – "Moves"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Up in the Dark by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Future Releases on Triple A (AAA) Radio Stations". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. ^ "War on the East Coast by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Deville, Chris (October 1, 2014). "The New Pornographers – "Dancehall Domine"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Breihan, Tom (May 28, 2015). "The New Pornographers – "Champions Of Red Wine"". Stereogu. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Gaca, Anna (January 27, 2017). "The New Pornographers Announce New Album Whiteout Conditions, Share "High Ticket Attractions"". Spin.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ Helman, Peter (February 24, 2017). "The New Pornographers – "This Is the World of the Theater"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Whiteout Conditions by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Falling Down the Stairs of Your Smile by The New Pornographers on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Breihan, Tom (August 23, 2019). "The New Pornographers Share New Song "The Surprise Knock": Listen". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Breihan, Tom (September 13, 2019). "The New Pornographers – "One Kind of Solomon"". Stereogum. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ Geraghty, Hollie (January 10, 2023). "The New Pornographers announce new album 'Continue as a Guest' and share single 'Really Really Light'". NME. Retrieved January 31, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The New Pornographers. Wikiquote has quotations related to The New Pornographers. Official site Matador Records label website vteThe New Pornographers Kathryn Calder Neko Case John Collins Todd Fancey Carl Newman Joe Seiders Simi Stone Blaine Thurier Dan Bejar Kurt Dahle Fisher Rose Studio albums Mass Romantic (2000) Electric Version (2003) Twin Cinema (2005) Challengers (2007) Together (2010) Brill Bruisers (2014) Whiteout Conditions (2017) In the Morse Code of Brake Lights (2019) Continue as a Guest (2023) Live albums Live! (2006) vteNeko CaseStudio albums The Virginian Furnace Room Lullaby Blacklisted Fox Confessor Brings the Flood Middle Cyclone The Worse Things Get, the Harder I Fight, the Harder I Fight, the More I Love You Hell-On EPs Canadian Amp Live albums The Tigers Have Spoken Live from Austin, TX Compilations Wild Creatures Related articles case/lang/veirs The Corn Sisters Cub Maow The New Pornographers Ghost Brothers of Darkland County The Other Women Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"musical collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_collective"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpinBest-1"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"Mass Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Romantic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpinBest-1"}],"text":"Canadian indie rock bandThe New Pornographers are a Canadian indie rock band, formed in 1997 in Vancouver. Presented as a musical collective and supergroup[1] of singer-songwriters and musicians from multiple projects, the band has released nine studio albums to date. The band have received critical acclaim for their use of multiple vocalists and songwriters, as well as for the elements of power pop incorporated into their music.[2] Pitchfork has described the band's sound as \"peppy, gleeful, headstrong guitar pop\",[3] while Stereogum has retrospectively praised the band's debut album Mass Romantic as \"one of the greatest and most immediate power pop albums ever rendered\".[1]","title":"The New Pornographers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Newman"},{"link_name":"The Pornographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pornographers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mass Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Romantic"},{"link_name":"Electric Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Version"},{"link_name":"Twin Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Challengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challengers_(album)"},{"link_name":"Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_(New_Pornographers_album)"},{"link_name":"Brill Bruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Bruisers"},{"link_name":"Whiteout Conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteout_Conditions"},{"link_name":"In the Morse Code of Brake Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Morse_Code_of_Brake_Lights"},{"link_name":"Continue as a Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continue_as_a_Guest"},{"link_name":"Reginald Harkema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Harkema"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Pazz & Jop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Calder"},{"link_name":"Neko Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_Case"},{"link_name":"Challengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challengers_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(band)"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Dark Was the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night_(album)"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization"},{"link_name":"Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_(New_Pornographers_album)"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_(band)"},{"link_name":"Okkervil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkervil_River"},{"link_name":"Will Sheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Sheff"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Brill Bruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Bruisers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-10"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Charts-11"},{"link_name":"Whiteout Conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteout_Conditions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whiteout-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"a Destroyer record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_(album)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"In the Morse Code of Brake Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Morse_Code_of_Brake_Lights"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Merge Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_Records"},{"link_name":"Continue as a Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continue_as_a_Guest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The New Pornographers' name was chosen by Carl Newman, who has said that he came up with it after watching a Japanese film called The Pornographers.[4] The band has released nine albums to date: Mass Romantic (2000), Electric Version (2003), Twin Cinema (2005), Challengers (2007), Together (2010), Brill Bruisers (2014), Whiteout Conditions (2017), In the Morse Code of Brake Lights (2019), and Continue as a Guest (2023). A live album recorded on their 2006 tour is available only at concerts and on the band's website. In 2005, the band was the subject of Reginald Harkema's documentary film Better Off in Bed.[5]The New Pornographers' first four albums each placed in the top 40 on The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop year-end poll of hundreds of music reviewers. From 2000 to 2006, either a New Pornographers' album or a solo album from one of the band's members ranked in the top 40 on the list each year.[6] In 2007, Blender magazine ranked the New Pornographers' first album, Mass Romantic, the 24th best indie album of all time.[7] In 2009, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the band's second studio album, Electric Version, No. 79 in the \"100 Best Albums of the Decade\".[8]All of the New Pornographers' original members were prominent within the Vancouver music scene prior to forming the band. Kathryn Calder, who is also Newman's niece, joined the band in 2005 largely as a live replacement for Neko Case, whose solo career often left her unavailable to perform with the band. Calder's first lead vocals for the band were on 2007's Challengers, singing the lead on \"Failsafe\" and sharing the lead with Newman on \"Adventures in Solitude\".[citation needed]In 2009, the New Pornographers contributed a cover of the Destroyer song \"Hey, Snow White\" to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night, produced by the Red Hot Organization. The band released their fifth album, Together, on May 4, 2010, on Matador Records. The album includes collaborations from St. Vincent, Beirut's Zach Condon, and Okkervil River's Will Sheff.[9]In 2012, the New Pornographers contributed a cover of the song \"Think About Me\" for the Fleetwood Mac tribute CD called Just Tell Me That You Want Me released by Hear Music. The band's sixth album, Brill Bruisers, was released on August 26, 2014.[10] The album was their highest charting to date in the United States, peaking at #13 on the Billboard 200.[11]On January 26, 2017, the New Pornographers announced their seventh album, Whiteout Conditions, would be released on April 7. The album was preceded by the single \"High Ticket Attractions\".[12] The album is the first to feature drummer Joe Seiders as a full-time member after replacing drummer Kurt Dahle in mid-2014. It is also the first New Pornographers album to not feature Dan Bejar.[13] Newman, however, went on the record to note that Bejar's absence did not mean he had left the band entirely; telling Stereogum:he [Bejar] was right in the middle of doing a Destroyer record... [w]hich was something we'd narrowly skirted for our whole career. I'm always amazed that we managed to. Sometimes we avoided Destroyer, sometimes Destroyer avoided us, but eventually we hit at the same time. It wasn't anything weird.[14]On November 29, 2018, A.C. Newman announced via Twitter that he had begun work on a future New Pornographers album.[15] On August 2, 2019, the band announced via Twitter that it would release its new album, In the Morse Code of Brake Lights, on September 27, and released its first single from the album, \"Falling Down the Stairs of Your Smile\".[16] In a press release for the album, Dan Bejar is described as a \"former (and possibly future) member\" of the band. The new press photos for the band include vocalist/violinist Simi Stone, officially inducting her into the band after being an auxiliary touring member since 2015.In July 2021, the band announced a North American tour where they would play Mass Romantic and Twin Cinema in full across simultaneous nights, as well as a reissue of Mass Romantic on vinyl. This announcement also confirmed the return of Bejar to the band, as well as the departure of both Thurier and Stone.[17]On January 9, 2023, A.C. Newman announced via Twitter that the band had moved to a new label, Merge Records, alongside announcing the band's ninth album Continue as a Guest, a single from the album, \"Really Really Light\", and a tour starting in April. The band's press photos confirmed Bejar's second departure from the group – although he has a co-writing credit on \"Really Really Light\".[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neko Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_Case"},{"link_name":"Maow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maow"},{"link_name":"The Corn Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corn_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Evaporators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evaporators"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Carl Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Newman"},{"link_name":"Superconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor_(band)"},{"link_name":"Zumpano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumpano"},{"link_name":"Todd Fancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Fancey"},{"link_name":"Limblifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limblifter"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Calder"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Machine"},{"link_name":"Frontperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontperson"},{"link_name":"Joe Seiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Seiders"},{"link_name":"Japanese Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kurt Dahle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Dahle"},{"link_name":"Limblifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limblifter"},{"link_name":"the Age of Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Electric"},{"link_name":"Simi Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Sernaker"},{"link_name":"Suffrajett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrajett"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Blaine Thurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Thurier"},{"link_name":"Dan Bejar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bejar"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hello, Blue Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Blue_Roses"},{"link_name":"The Ettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ettes"}],"text":"Current membersMembers' other projects in bracketsNeko Case – vocals (solo artist, Maow, The Corn Sisters, Cub) (1997–present)\nJohn Collins – bass (the Evaporators, Destroyer, Thorsen) (1997–present)\nCarl Newman – vocals, guitar (solo artist (as A.C. Newman), Superconductor, Zumpano, Thee Crusaders) (1997–present)\nTodd Fancey – lead guitar, backing vocals (solo artist (as Fancey), Limblifter) (2003–present)\nKathryn Calder – keyboards, backing vocals, guitar (solo artist, Immaculate Machine, Frontperson) (2005–present)\nJoe Seiders – drums, backing vocals (Beat Club) (2014–present)Current touring musiciansNora O'Connor – backing vocals, percussion (The Flat Five) (2021–present)\nAdam Schatz – saxophone, synthesizer (Japanese Breakfast) (2023–present)[20][21]Former membersFisher Rose – drums (Destroyer, A.C. Newman) (1997–1999)\nKurt Dahle – drums, backing vocals (Limblifter, the Age of Electric) (1999–2014)\nSimi Stone – violin, backing vocals, percussion (solo artist, Suffrajett) (2019–2021; touring musician 2015–2019)[22]\nBlaine Thurier – keyboards, synthesizer (independent filmmaker, Thee Crusaders) (1997–2021)\nDan Bejar – vocals, guitar (Destroyer, Swan Lake, Hello, Blue Roses) (1997–2017, 2021–2022)Former touring musiciansLindsay \"Coco\" Hames – backing vocals, percussion, acoustic guitar (The Ettes) (2014)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_(New_Pornographers_album)"}],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"Live Session (iTunes Exclusive) (2005)\nLive! (2006)\nLIVE from SoHo (iTunes Exclusive) (2008)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FUBAR: The Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUBAR:_The_Album"},{"link_name":"Your Daddy Don't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Daddy_Don%27t_Know"},{"link_name":"Matador at Fifteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_at_Fifteen"},{"link_name":"Dark Was the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night_(album)"},{"link_name":"Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Notice:_The_Fall_of_Sam_Axe"},{"link_name":"Just Tell Me That You Want Me: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Tell_Me_That_You_Want_Me:_A_Tribute_to_Fleetwood_Mac"}],"sub_title":"Contributions with non-LP songs","text":"FUBAR: The Album (2002) – \"Your Daddy Don't Know\"\nMatador at Fifteen (2004) – \"Graceland\"\nDark Was the Night (2009) – \"Hey, Snow White\"\nBurn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe (2011) - \"Hey, Snow White\"\nJust Tell Me That You Want Me: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac (2012) – \"Think About Me\"","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queer as Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back"},{"link_name":"Men with Brooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_with_Brooms"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio 3 Sessions, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio_3_Sessions,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom_Queen:_The_Marc_Hall_Story"},{"link_name":"The Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(US_TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"The Client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Client_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Weeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Waiting...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting..._(film)"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hour_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Versus the Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Versus_the_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_(Heroes)"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"DLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"University of Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Stone of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_Destiny_(film)"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Numb3rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numb3rs"},{"link_name":"Secret Diary of a Call Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Diary_of_a_Call_Girl"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"The Good Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Amazon Kindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Go On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_On_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Blindspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindspot_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Daybreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daybreak_(2019_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Other contributions","text":"Queer as Folk (2000) – \"Mass Romantic\"\nJay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001) – \"Letter from an Occupant\"\nMen with Brooms (2002) – \"Mass Romantic\"\nCBC Radio 3 Sessions, Vol. 1 (2004) – \"The Fake Headlines\"\nProm Queen: The Marc Hall Story (2004) – \"Mass Romantic\"\nThe Office (Season 2, Episode 7: \"The Client\") (2005) – \"Use It\"\nWeeds (2005) – \"The Laws Have Changed\"\nWaiting... (2005) – \"Electric Version\"\nGilmore Girls (2004) – \"The Laws Have Changed\"\nGilmore Girls (2005) – \"Twin Cinema\"\nThe Hour (Main Title Theme Season 3) (2006) – \"Use It\"\nChuck (Season 1, Episode 2: \"Chuck Versus the Helicopter\") (2007) – \"Challengers\"\nHeroes (Season 2, Episode 6: \"The Line\") (2007) – \"All for Swinging You Around\"\nRock Band (2007) – \"Electric Version\", \"Use It\", \"All of the Things That Go to Make Heaven and Earth\" (DLC)\nUniversity of Phoenix commercial (2007) – \"Bleeding Heart Show\"\nStone of Destiny (2008) – \"Mutiny, I Promise You\"\nNBA playoffs (2008) – \"Use It\"\nNumb3rs (2008) – \"Challengers\"\nSecret Diary of a Call Girl (Series 2, Episode 2) (2008) – \"Adventures in Solitude\"\nManagement (2009) – \"Adventures in Solitude\", \"All the Old Showstoppers\"\nUgly Betty (2010) – \"Adventures in Solitude\"\nThe Good Wife (Season 2, Episode 13) (2011) – \"Testament to Youth in Verse\"\nAmazon Kindle commercial – \"Sweet Talk, Sweet Talk\"\nT-Mobile commercial (2011) – \"Moves\"\nHyundai commercial (Canada) – \"Moves\"\nGo On (opening credits) (2012) – \"Moves\"\nBetween (Season 1, Episode 1) (2015) – \"Moves\"\nSpeechless (Season 1, Episode 22: \"M-A-- MAY-JAY\") (2017) – \"Dancehall Domine\"\nBlindspot (Season 3, Episode 1) – \"The Bleeding Heart Show\"\nDaybreak (Season 1, Episode 9) – \"Adventures in Solitude\"","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Current-Albums-32"}],"text":"^ Continue as a Guest did not enter the UK Albums Chart, but peaked at number 87 on the UK Album Downloads Chart.[30]\n\n^ Continue as a Guest did not enter the US Billboard 200, but peaked at number 25 on the US Top Album Sales Chart.[31]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Canadian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_rock"},{"title":"List of bands from British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bands_from_British_Columbia"},{"title":"Music of Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Vancouver"}]
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I'll post a link soon, or if not me, someone!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Jazz (January 9, 2023). \"The New Pornographers Announce Album, Share Song: Listen\". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved January 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/the-new-pornographers-announce-album-share-song-listen/","url_text":"\"The New Pornographers Announce Album, Share Song: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Walters, Grant (May 8, 2023). \"Concert Preview: The New Pornographers at Newport Music Hall\". Columbus Underground. Retrieved May 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://columbusunderground.com/concert-preview-the-new-pornographers-at-newport-music-hall-gw1/","url_text":"\"Concert Preview: The New Pornographers at Newport Music Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Breakfast expand their palate; play songs from\". www.thecurrent.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlattice
Superlattice
["1 Discovery","2 Mechanical properties","3 Semiconductor properties","4 Semiconductor superlattice types","5 Semiconductor materials","5.1 Production","6 Miniband structure","7 Bloch states","8 Wannier functions","9 Wannier–Stark ladder","10 Transport","11 Other dimensionalities","12 Applications","13 See also","14 References","15 Further reading"]
Periodic structure of layers of two or more materials A superlattice is a periodic structure of layers of two (or more) materials. Typically, the thickness of one layer is several nanometers. It can also refer to a lower-dimensional structure such as an array of quantum dots or quantum wells. Discovery Superlattices were discovered early in 1925 by Johansson and Linde after the studies on gold-copper and palladium-copper systems through their special X-ray diffraction patterns. Further experimental observations and theoretical modifications on the field were done by Bradley and Jay, Gorsky, Borelius, Dehlinger and Graf, Bragg and Williams and Bethe. Theories were based on the transition of arrangement of atoms in crystal lattices from disordered state to an ordered state. Mechanical properties J.S. Koehler theoretically predicted that by using alternate (nano-)layers of materials with high and low elastic constants, shearing resistance is improved by up to 100 times as the Frank–Read source of dislocations cannot operate in the nanolayers. The increased mechanical hardness of such superlattice materials was confirmed firstly by Lehoczky in 1978 on Al-Cu and Al-Ag, and later on by several others, such as Barnett and Sproul on hard PVD coatings. Semiconductor properties If the superlattice is made of two semiconductor materials with different band gaps, each quantum well sets up new selection rules that affect the conditions for charges to flow through the structure. The two different semiconductor materials are deposited alternately on each other to form a periodic structure in the growth direction. Since the 1970 proposal of synthetic superlattices by Esaki and Tsu, advances in the physics of such ultra-fine semiconductors, presently called quantum structures, have been made. The concept of quantum confinement has led to the observation of quantum size effects in isolated quantum well heterostructures and is closely related to superlattices through the tunneling phenomena. Therefore, these two ideas are often discussed on the same physical basis, but each has different physics useful for applications in electric and optical devices. Semiconductor superlattice types Superlattice miniband structures depend on the heterostructure type, either type I, type II or type III. For type I the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence subband are formed in the same semiconductor layer. In type II the conduction and valence subbands are staggered in both real and reciprocal space, so that electrons and holes are confined in different layers. Type III superlattices involve semimetal material, such as HgTe/CdTe. Although the bottom of the conduction subband and the top of the valence subband are formed in the same semiconductor layer in Type III superlattice, which is similar with Type I superlattice, the band gap of Type III superlattices can be continuously adjusted from semiconductor to zero band gap material and to semimetal with negative band gap. Another class of quasiperiodic superlattices is named after Fibonacci. A Fibonacci superlattice can be viewed as a one-dimensional quasicrystal, where either electron hopping transfer or on-site energy takes two values arranged in a Fibonacci sequence. Semiconductor materials GaAs/AlAs superlattice and potential profile of conduction and valence bands along the growth direction (z).Semiconductor materials, which are used to fabricate the superlattice structures, may be divided by the element groups, IV, III-V and II-VI. While group III-V semiconductors (especially GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs) have been extensively studied, group IV heterostructures such as the SixGe1−x system are much more difficult to realize because of the large lattice mismatch. Nevertheless, the strain modification of the subband structures is interesting in these quantum structures and has attracted much attention. In the GaAs/AlAs system both the difference in lattice constant between GaAs and AlAs and the difference of their thermal expansion coefficient are small. Thus, the remaining strain at room temperature can be minimized after cooling from epitaxial growth temperatures. The first compositional superlattice was realized using the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs material system. A graphene/boron nitride system forms a semiconductor superlattice once the two crystals are aligned. Its charge carriers move perpendicular to the electric field, with little energy dissipation. h-BN has a hexagonal structure similar to graphene's. The superlattice has broken inversion symmetry. Locally, topological currents are comparable in strength to the applied current, indicating large valley-Hall angles. Production Superlattices can be produced using various techniques, but the most common are molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and sputtering. With these methods, layers can be produced with thicknesses of only a few atomic spacings. An example of specifying a superlattice is 20. It describes a bi-layer of 20Å of Iron (Fe) and 30Å of Vanadium (V) repeated 20 times, thus yielding a total thickness of 1000Å or 100 nm. The MBE technology as a means of fabricating semiconductor superlattices is of primary importance. In addition to the MBE technology, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) has contributed to the development of superconductor superlattices, which are composed of quaternary III-V compound semiconductors like InGaAsP alloys. Newer techniques include a combination of gas source handling with ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) technologies such as metal-organic molecules as source materials and gas-source MBE using hybrid gases such as arsine (AsH3) and phosphine (PH3) have been developed. Generally speaking MBE is a method of using three temperatures in binary systems, e.g., the substrate temperature, the source material temperature of the group III and the group V elements in the case of III-V compounds. The structural quality of the produced superlattices can be verified by means of X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction spectra which contain characteristic satellite peaks. Other effects associated with the alternating layering are: giant magnetoresistance, tunable reflectivity for X-ray and neutron mirrors, neutron spin polarization, and changes in elastic and acoustic properties. Depending on the nature of its components, a superlattice may be called magnetic, optical or semiconducting. X-ray and neutron scattering from the 20 superlattice. Miniband structure The schematic structure of a periodic superlattice is shown below, where A and B are two semiconductor materials of respective layer thickness a and b (period: d = a + b {\displaystyle d=a+b} ). When a and b are not too small compared with the interatomic spacing, an adequate approximation is obtained by replacing these fast varying potentials by an effective potential derived from the band structure of the original bulk semiconductors. It is straightforward to solve 1D Schrödinger equations in each of the individual layers, whose solutions ψ {\displaystyle \psi } are linear combinations of real or imaginary exponentials. For a large barrier thickness, tunneling is a weak perturbation with regard to the uncoupled dispersionless states, which are fully confined as well. In this case the dispersion relation E z ( k z ) {\displaystyle E_{z}(k_{z})} , periodic over 2 π / d {\displaystyle 2\pi /d} with over d = a + b {\displaystyle d=a+b} by virtue of the Bloch theorem, is fully sinusoidal:   E z ( k z ) = Δ 2 ( 1 − cos ⁡ ( k z d ) ) {\displaystyle \ E_{z}(k_{z})={\frac {\Delta }{2}}(1-\cos(k_{z}d))} and the effective mass changes sign for 2 π / d {\displaystyle 2\pi /d} :   m ∗ = ℏ 2 ∂ 2 E / ∂ k 2 | k = 0 {\displaystyle \ {m^{*}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{\partial ^{2}E/\partial k^{2}}}}|_{k=0}} In the case of minibands, this sinusoidal character is no longer preserved. Only high up in the miniband (for wavevectors well beyond 2 π / d {\displaystyle 2\pi /d} ) is the top actually 'sensed' and does the effective mass change sign. The shape of the miniband dispersion influences miniband transport profoundly and accurate dispersion relation calculations are required given wide minibands. The condition for observing single miniband transport is the absence of interminiband transfer by any process. The thermal quantum kBT should be much smaller than the energy difference E 2 − E 1 {\displaystyle E_{2}-E_{1}} between the first and second miniband, even in the presence of the applied electric field. Bloch states For an ideal superlattice a complete set of eigenstates states can be constructed by products of plane waves e i k ⋅ r / 2 π {\displaystyle e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }/2\pi } and a z-dependent function f k ( z ) {\displaystyle f_{k}(z)} which satisfies the eigenvalue equation ( E c ( z ) − ∂ ∂ z ℏ 2 2 m c ( z ) ∂ ∂ z + ℏ 2 k 2 2 m c ( z ) ) f k ( z ) = E f k ( z ) {\displaystyle \left(E_{c}(z)-{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}+{\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}\right)f_{k}(z)=Ef_{k}(z)} . As E c ( z ) {\displaystyle E_{c}(z)} and m c ( z ) {\displaystyle m_{c}(z)} are periodic functions with the superlattice period d, the eigenstates are Bloch state f k ( z ) = ϕ q , k ( z ) {\displaystyle f_{k}(z)=\phi _{q,\mathbf {k} }(z)} with energy E ν ( q , k ) {\displaystyle E^{\nu }(q,\mathbf {k} )} . Within first-order perturbation theory in k2, one obtains the energy E ν ( q , k ) ≈ E ν ( q , 0 ) + ⟨ ϕ q , k ∣ ℏ 2 k 2 2 m c ( z ) ∣ ϕ q , k ⟩ {\displaystyle E^{\nu }(q,\mathbf {k} )\approx E^{\nu }(q,\mathbf {0} )+\langle \phi _{q,\mathbf {k} }\mid {\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}\mid \phi _{q,\mathbf {k} }\rangle } . Now, ϕ q , 0 ( z ) {\displaystyle \phi _{q,\mathbf {0} }(z)} will exhibit a larger probability in the well, so that it seems reasonable to replace the second term by E k = ℏ 2 k 2 2 m w {\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{w}}}} where m w {\displaystyle m_{w}} is the effective mass of the quantum well. Wannier functions By definition the Bloch functions are delocalized over the whole superlattice. This may provide difficulties if electric fields are applied or effects due to the superlattice's finite length are considered. Therefore, it is often helpful to use different sets of basis states that are better localized. A tempting choice would be the use of eigenstates of single quantum wells. Nevertheless, such a choice has a severe shortcoming: the corresponding states are solutions of two different Hamiltonians, each neglecting the presence of the other well. Thus these states are not orthogonal, creating complications. Typically, the coupling is estimated by the transfer Hamiltonian within this approach. For these reasons, it is more convenient to use the set of Wannier functions. Wannier–Stark ladder Applying an electric field F to the superlattice structure causes the Hamiltonian to exhibit an additional scalar potential eφ(z) = −eFz that destroys the translational invariance. In this case, given an eigenstate with wavefunction Φ 0 ( z ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{0}(z)} and energy E 0 {\displaystyle E_{0}} , then the set of states corresponding to wavefunctions Φ j ( z ) = Φ 0 ( z − j d ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{j}(z)=\Phi _{0}(z-jd)} are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with energies Ej = E0 − jeFd. These states are equally spaced both in energy and real space and form the so-called Wannier–Stark ladder. The potential Φ 0 ( z ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{0}(z)} is not bounded for the infinite crystal, which implies a continuous energy spectrum. Nevertheless, the characteristic energy spectrum of these Wannier–Stark ladders could be resolved experimentally. Transport Overview of the different standard approaches for superlattice transport. The motion of charge carriers in a superlattice is different from that in the individual layers: mobility of charge carriers can be enhanced, which is beneficial for high-frequency devices, and specific optical properties are used in semiconductor lasers. If an external bias is applied to a conductor, such as a metal or a semiconductor, typically an electric current is generated. The magnitude of this current is determined by the band structure of the material, scattering processes, the applied field strength and the equilibrium carrier distribution of the conductor. A particular case of superlattices called superstripes are made of superconducting units separated by spacers. In each miniband the superconducting order parameter, called the superconducting gap, takes different values, producing a multi-gap, or two-gap or multiband superconductivity. Recently, Felix and Pereira investigated the thermal transport by phonons in periodic and quasiperiodic superlattices of graphene-hBN according to the Fibonacci sequence. They reported that the contribution of coherent thermal transport (phonons like-wave) was suppressed as quasiperiodicity increased. Other dimensionalities Soon after two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) had become commonly available for experiments, research groups attempted to create structures that could be called 2D artificial crystals. The idea is to subject the electrons confined to an interface between two semiconductors (i.e. along z-direction) to an additional modulation potential V(x,y). Contrary to the classical superlattices (1D/3D, that is 1D modulation of electrons in 3D bulk) described above, this is typically achieved by treating the heterostructure surface: depositing a suitably patterned metallic gate or etching. If the amplitude of V(x,y) is large (take V ( x , y ) = − V 0 ( cos ⁡ 2 π x / a + cos ⁡ 2 π y / a ) , V 0 > 0 {\displaystyle V(x,y)=-V_{0}(\cos 2\pi x/a+\cos 2\pi y/a),V_{0}>0} as an example) compared to the Fermi level, | V 0 | ≫ E f {\displaystyle |V_{0}|\gg E_{f}} , the electrons in the superlattice should behave similarly to electrons in an atomic crystal with square lattice (in the example, these "atoms" would be located at positions (na,ma) where n,m are integers). The difference is in the length and energy scales. Lattice constants of atomic crystals are of the order of 1Å while those of superlattices (a) are several hundreds or thousands larger as dictated by technological limits (e.g. electron-beam lithography used for the patterning of the heterostructure surface). Energies are correspondingly smaller in superlattices. Using the simple quantum-mechanically confined-particle model suggests E ∝ 1 / a 2 {\displaystyle E\propto 1/a^{2}} . This relation is only a rough guide and actual calculations with currently topical graphene (a natural atomic crystal) and artificial graphene (superlattice) show that characteristic band widths are of the order of 1 eV and 10 meV, respectively. In the regime of weak modulation ( | V 0 | ≪ E f {\displaystyle |V_{0}|\ll E_{f}} ), phenomena like commensurability oscillations or fractal energy spectra (Hofstadter butterfly) occur. Artificial two-dimensional crystals can be viewed as a 2D/2D case (2D modulation of a 2D system) and other combinations are experimentally available: an array of quantum wires (1D/2D) or 3D/3D photonic crystals. Applications The superlattice of palladium-copper system is used in high performance alloys to enable a higher electrical conductivity, which is favored by the ordered structure. Further alloying elements like silver, rhenium, rhodium and ruthenium are added for better mechanical strength and high temperature stability. This alloy is used for probe needles in probe cards. See also Cu-Pt type ordering in III-V semiconductor Tube-based nanostructures Wannier function References ^ Johansson; Linde (1925). "The X-ray determination of the atomic arrangement in the mixed-crystal series gold-copper and palladium-copper". Annalen der Physik. 78 (21): 439. Bibcode:1925AnP...383..439J. doi:10.1002/andp.19253832104. ^ Bradley; Jay (1932). "The formation of Superlattices in Alloys if Iron and Aluminium". Proc. R. Soc. A. 136 (829): 210–232. Bibcode:1932RSPSA.136..210B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0075. ^ Gorsky (1928). "X-ray investigations of transformations in the CuAu alloy". Z. Phys. 50 (1–2): 64–81. Bibcode:1928ZPhy...50...64G. doi:10.1007/BF01328593. S2CID 121876817. ^ Borelius (1934). "The theory of transformations of metallic mixed phases". Annalen der Physik. 20 (1): 57. Bibcode:1934AnP...412...57B. doi:10.1002/andp.19344120105. ^ Dehlinger; Graf (1934). "Transformation of solid metal phases I. The tetragonal gold-copper alloy CuAu". Z. Phys. Chem. 26: 343. doi:10.1515/zpch-1934-2631. S2CID 99550940. ^ Bragg, W.L.; Williams, E.J. (1934). "The effect of thermal agitation on atomic arrangement in alloys I". Proc. R. Soc. A. 145 (855): 699–730. Bibcode:1934RSPSA.145..699B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1934.0132. ^ Bethe (1935). "Statistical theory of superlattices". Proc. R. Soc. A. 150 (871): 552–575. Bibcode:1935RSPSA.150..552B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1935.0122. ^ Koehler, J. (1970). "Attempt to Design a Strong Solid". Physical Review B. 2 (2): 547–551. Bibcode:1970PhRvB...2..547K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.2.547. ^ Lehoczky, S. L. (1973). "Retardation of dislocation generation and motion in thin-layered metal laminates". Acta Metallurgica. 41 (26): 1814. ^ Yashar, P.; Barnett, S. A.; Rechner, J.; Sproul, W. D. (1998). "Structure and mechanical properties of polycrystalline CrN/TiN superlattices". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. 16 (5). American Vacuum Society: 2913–2918. Bibcode:1998JVSTA..16.2913Y. doi:10.1116/1.581439. ISSN 0734-2101. ^ Esaki, L.; Tsu, R. (1970). "Superlattice and Negative Differential Conductivity in Semiconductors". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 14: 61–65. doi:10.1147/rd.141.0061. ^ Gorbachev, R. V.; Song, J. C. W.; Yu, G. L.; Kretinin, A. V.; Withers, F.; Cao, Y.; Mishchenko, A.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Levitov, L. S.; Geim, A. K. (2014). "Detecting topological currents in graphene superlattices". Science. 346 (6208): 448–451. arXiv:1409.0113. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..448G. doi:10.1126/science.1254966. PMID 25342798. S2CID 2795431. ^ Felix, Isaac M.; Pereira, Luiz Felipe C. (9 February 2018). "Thermal Conductivity of Graphene-hBN Superlattice Ribbons". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2737. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2737F. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20997-8. PMC 5807325. PMID 29426893. ^ Felix, Isaac M.; Pereira, Luiz Felipe C. (30 April 2020). "Suppression of coherent thermal transport in quasiperiodic graphene-hBN superlattice ribbons". Carbon. 160: 335–341. arXiv:2001.03072. Bibcode:2020Carbo.160..335F. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.090. S2CID 210116531. ^ Felix, Isaac M.; Pereira, Luiz Felipe C. (1 May 2022). "Thermal conductivity of Thue–Morse and double-period quasiperiodic graphene-hBN superlattices". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 186. Elsevier: 122464. Bibcode:2022IJHMT.18622464F. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122464. S2CID 245712349. ^ Félix, Isaac de Macêdo (4 August 2020). "Condução de calor em nanofitas quase-periódicas de grafeno-hBN" (in Brazilian Portuguese). ^ Heitmann, D.; Kotthaus, J. R. P. (1993). "The Spectroscopy of Quantum Dot Arrays". Physics Today. 46 (6): 56. Bibcode:1993PhT....46f..56H. doi:10.1063/1.881355. ^ Kato, Y.; Endo, A.; Katsumoto, S.; Iye, Y. (2012). "Geometric resonances in the magnetoresistance of hexagonal lateral superlattices". Physical Review B. 86 (23): 235315. arXiv:1208.4480. Bibcode:2012PhRvB..86w5315K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.235315. S2CID 119289481. ^ "United States Patent US10385424B2 Palladium-based alloys" (PDF). google patents. Retrieved 19 June 2020. H.T. Grahn, "Semiconductor Superlattices", World Scientific (1995). ISBN 978-981-02-2061-7 Schuller, I. (1980). "New Class of Layered Materials". Physical Review Letters. 44 (24): 1597–1600. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..44.1597S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1597. Morten Jagd Christensen, "Epitaxy, Thin Films and Superlattices", Risø National Laboratory, (1997). ISBN 8755022987 Superlattice at Google Books C. Hamaguchi, "Basic Semiconductor Physics", Springer (2001). Superlattice at Google Books ISBN 3540416390 Wacker, A. (2002). "Semiconductor superlattices: A model system for nonlinear transport". Physics Reports. 357 (1): 1–7. arXiv:cond-mat/0107207. Bibcode:2002PhR...357....1W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.305.3634. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00029-1. S2CID 118885849. Haugan, H. J.; Szmulowicz, F.; Mahalingam, K.; Brown, G. J.; Munshi, S. R.; Ullrich, B. (2005). "Short-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for mid-infrared detectors". Applied Physics Letters. 87 (26): 261106. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..87z1106H. doi:10.1063/1.2150269. Further reading Mendez, E. E.; Bastard, G. R. (1993). "Wannier-Stark Ladders and Bloch Oscillations in Superlattices". Physics Today. 46 (6): 34–42. Bibcode:1993PhT....46f..34M. doi:10.1063/1.881353. Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"periodic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_structure&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nanometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer"},{"link_name":"quantum dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot"},{"link_name":"quantum wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well"}],"text":"Periodic structure of layers of two or more materialsA superlattice is a periodic structure of layers of two (or more) materials. Typically, the thickness of one layer is several nanometers. It can also refer to a lower-dimensional structure such as an array of quantum dots or quantum wells.","title":"Superlattice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Superlattices were discovered early in 1925 by Johansson and Linde[1] after the studies on gold-copper and palladium-copper systems through their special X-ray diffraction patterns. Further experimental observations and theoretical modifications on the field were done by Bradley and Jay,[2] Gorsky,[3] Borelius,[4] Dehlinger and Graf,[5] Bragg and Williams[6] and Bethe.[7] Theories were based on the transition of arrangement of atoms in crystal lattices from disordered state to an ordered state.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frank–Read source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Read_Source"},{"link_name":"dislocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation"},{"link_name":"hardness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"PVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition"}],"text":"J.S. Koehler theoretically predicted[8] that by using alternate (nano-)layers of materials with high and low elastic constants, shearing resistance is improved by up to 100 times as the Frank–Read source of dislocations cannot operate in the nanolayers.The increased mechanical hardness of such superlattice materials was confirmed firstly by Lehoczky in 1978 on Al-Cu and Al-Ag,[9] and later on by several others, such as Barnett and Sproul[10] on hard PVD coatings.","title":"Mechanical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"band gaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap"},{"link_name":"quantum well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well"},{"link_name":"selection rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_rules"},{"link_name":"Esaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Esaki"},{"link_name":"Tsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Tsu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"quantum confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_confinement"}],"text":"If the superlattice is made of two semiconductor materials with different band gaps, each quantum well sets up new selection rules that affect the conditions for charges to flow through the structure. The two different semiconductor materials are deposited alternately on each other to form a periodic structure in the growth direction. Since the 1970 proposal of synthetic superlattices by Esaki and Tsu,[11] advances in the physics of such ultra-fine semiconductors, presently called quantum structures, have been made. The concept of quantum confinement has led to the observation of quantum size effects in isolated quantum well heterostructures and is closely related to superlattices through the tunneling phenomena. Therefore, these two ideas are often discussed on the same physical basis, but each has different physics useful for applications in electric and optical devices.","title":"Semiconductor properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heterostructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterojunction"},{"link_name":"conduction band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_band"},{"link_name":"reciprocal space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_space"},{"link_name":"semimetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal"},{"link_name":"CdTe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdTe"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci"},{"link_name":"quasicrystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasicrystal"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence"}],"text":"Superlattice miniband structures depend on the heterostructure type, either type I, type II or type III. For type I the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence subband are formed in the same semiconductor layer. In type II the conduction and valence subbands are staggered in both real and reciprocal space, so that electrons and holes are confined in different layers. Type III superlattices involve semimetal material, such as HgTe/CdTe. Although the bottom of the conduction subband and the top of the valence subband are formed in the same semiconductor layer in Type III superlattice, which is similar with Type I superlattice, the band gap of Type III superlattices can be continuously adjusted from semiconductor to zero band gap material and to semimetal with negative band gap.Another class of quasiperiodic superlattices is named after Fibonacci. A Fibonacci superlattice can be viewed as a one-dimensional quasicrystal, where either electron hopping transfer or on-site energy takes two values arranged in a Fibonacci sequence.","title":"Semiconductor superlattice types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GaAs-AlAs_SL.JPG"},{"link_name":"epitaxial growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxial_growth"},{"link_name":"graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene"},{"link_name":"boron nitride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_nitride"},{"link_name":"hexagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal"},{"link_name":"inversion symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_symmetry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"GaAs/AlAs superlattice and potential profile of conduction and valence bands along the growth direction (z).Semiconductor materials, which are used to fabricate the superlattice structures, may be divided by the element groups, IV, III-V and II-VI. While group III-V semiconductors (especially GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs) have been extensively studied, group IV heterostructures such as the SixGe1−x system are much more difficult to realize because of the large lattice mismatch. Nevertheless, the strain modification of the subband structures is interesting in these quantum structures and has attracted much attention.In the GaAs/AlAs system both the difference in lattice constant between GaAs and AlAs and the difference of their thermal expansion coefficient are small. Thus, the remaining strain at room temperature can be minimized after cooling from epitaxial growth temperatures. The first compositional superlattice was realized using the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs material system.A graphene/boron nitride system forms a semiconductor superlattice once the two crystals are aligned. Its charge carriers move perpendicular to the electric field, with little energy dissipation. h-BN has a hexagonal structure similar to graphene's. The superlattice has broken inversion symmetry. Locally, topological currents are comparable in strength to the applied current, indicating large valley-Hall angles.[12]","title":"Semiconductor materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molecular-beam epitaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy"},{"link_name":"sputtering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputtering"},{"link_name":"metal-organic chemical vapor deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_organic_chemical_vapor_deposition"},{"link_name":"X-ray diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction"},{"link_name":"neutron diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"giant magnetoresistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_magnetoresistance"},{"link_name":"spin polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_polarization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fe20v30.png"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Superlattices can be produced using various techniques, but the most common are molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and sputtering. With these methods, layers can be produced with thicknesses of only a few atomic spacings. An example of specifying a superlattice is [Fe20V30]20. It describes a bi-layer of 20Å of Iron (Fe) and 30Å of Vanadium (V) repeated 20 times, thus yielding a total thickness of 1000Å or 100 nm. The MBE technology as a means of fabricating semiconductor superlattices is of primary importance. In addition to the MBE technology, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) has contributed to the development of superconductor superlattices, which are composed of quaternary III-V compound semiconductors like InGaAsP alloys. Newer techniques include a combination of gas source handling with ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) technologies such as metal-organic molecules as source materials and gas-source MBE using hybrid gases such as arsine (AsH3) and phosphine (PH3) have been developed.Generally speaking MBE is a method of using three temperatures in binary systems, e.g., the substrate temperature, the source material temperature of the group III and the group V elements in the case of III-V compounds.The structural quality of the produced superlattices can be verified by means of X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction spectra which contain characteristic satellite peaks. Other effects associated with the alternating layering are: giant magnetoresistance, tunable reflectivity for X-ray and neutron mirrors, neutron spin polarization, and changes in elastic and acoustic properties. Depending on the nature of its components, a superlattice may be called magnetic, optical or semiconducting.X-ray and neutron scattering from the [Fe20V30]20 superlattice.","title":"Semiconductor materials"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The schematic structure of a periodic superlattice is shown below, where A and B are two semiconductor materials of respective layer thickness a and b (period: \n \n \n \n d\n =\n a\n +\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=a+b}\n \n). When a and b are not too small compared with the interatomic spacing, an adequate approximation is obtained by replacing these fast varying potentials by an effective potential derived from the band structure of the original bulk semiconductors. It is straightforward to solve 1D Schrödinger equations in each of the individual layers, whose solutions \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n are linear combinations of real or imaginary exponentials.For a large barrier thickness, tunneling is a weak perturbation with regard to the uncoupled dispersionless states, which are fully confined as well. In this case the dispersion relation \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n z\n \n \n (\n \n k\n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{z}(k_{z})}\n \n, periodic over \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /d}\n \n with over \n \n \n \n d\n =\n a\n +\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=a+b}\n \n by virtue of the Bloch theorem, is fully sinusoidal:E\n \n z\n \n \n (\n \n k\n \n z\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n Δ\n 2\n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n k\n \n z\n \n \n d\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ E_{z}(k_{z})={\\frac {\\Delta }{2}}(1-\\cos(k_{z}d))}and the effective mass changes sign for \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /d}\n \n:m\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n E\n \n /\n \n ∂\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ {m^{*}={\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}}{\\partial ^{2}E/\\partial k^{2}}}}|_{k=0}}In the case of minibands, this sinusoidal character is no longer preserved. Only high up in the miniband (for wavevectors well beyond \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /d}\n \n) is the top actually 'sensed' and does the effective mass change sign. The shape of the miniband dispersion influences miniband transport profoundly and accurate dispersion relation calculations are required given wide minibands. The condition for observing single miniband transport is the absence of interminiband transfer by any process. The thermal quantum kBT should be much smaller than the energy difference \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n E\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{2}-E_{1}}\n \n between the first and second miniband, even in the presence of the applied electric field.","title":"Miniband structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eigenstates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstates"},{"link_name":"Bloch state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_state"},{"link_name":"perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory"}],"text":"For an ideal superlattice a complete set of eigenstates states can be constructed by products of plane waves \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n k\n \n ⋅\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{i\\mathbf {k} \\cdot \\mathbf {r} }/2\\pi }\n \n and a z-dependent function \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{k}(z)}\n \n which satisfies the eigenvalue equation(\n \n \n E\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n −\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n m\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n m\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n E\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(E_{c}(z)-{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial z}}{\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial z}}+{\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}\\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}\\right)f_{k}(z)=Ef_{k}(z)}\n \n.As \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{c}(z)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{c}(z)}\n \n are periodic functions with the superlattice period d, the eigenstates are Bloch state \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n ϕ\n \n q\n ,\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{k}(z)=\\phi _{q,\\mathbf {k} }(z)}\n \n with energy \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n ν\n \n \n (\n q\n ,\n \n k\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E^{\\nu }(q,\\mathbf {k} )}\n \n. Within first-order perturbation theory in k2, one obtains the energyE\n \n ν\n \n \n (\n q\n ,\n \n k\n \n )\n ≈\n \n E\n \n ν\n \n \n (\n q\n ,\n \n 0\n \n )\n +\n ⟨\n \n ϕ\n \n q\n ,\n \n k\n \n \n \n ∣\n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n m\n \n c\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n \n ∣\n \n ϕ\n \n q\n ,\n \n k\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E^{\\nu }(q,\\mathbf {k} )\\approx E^{\\nu }(q,\\mathbf {0} )+\\langle \\phi _{q,\\mathbf {k} }\\mid {\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}\\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}\\mid \\phi _{q,\\mathbf {k} }\\rangle }\n \n.Now, \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n q\n ,\n \n 0\n \n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi _{q,\\mathbf {0} }(z)}\n \n will exhibit a larger probability in the well, so that it seems reasonable to replace the second term byE\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n m\n \n w\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{k}={\\frac {\\hbar ^{2}\\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{w}}}}where \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n w\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{w}}\n \n is the effective mass of the quantum well.","title":"Bloch states"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloch functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Wannier functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannier_functions"}],"text":"By definition the Bloch functions are delocalized over the whole superlattice. This may provide difficulties if electric fields are applied or effects due to the superlattice's finite length are considered. Therefore, it is often helpful to use different sets of basis states that are better localized. A tempting choice would be the use of eigenstates of single quantum wells. Nevertheless, such a choice has a severe shortcoming: the corresponding states are solutions of two different Hamiltonians, each neglecting the presence of the other well. Thus these states are not orthogonal, creating complications. Typically, the coupling is estimated by the transfer Hamiltonian within this approach. For these reasons, it is more convenient to use the set of Wannier functions.","title":"Wannier functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Applying an electric field F to the superlattice structure causes the Hamiltonian to exhibit an additional scalar potential eφ(z) = −eFz that destroys the translational invariance. In this case, given an eigenstate with wavefunction \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi _{0}(z)}\n \n and energy \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{0}}\n \n, then the set of states corresponding to wavefunctions \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n j\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n Φ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n z\n −\n j\n d\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi _{j}(z)=\\Phi _{0}(z-jd)}\n \n are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with energies Ej = E0 − jeFd. These states are equally spaced both in energy and real space and form the so-called Wannier–Stark ladder. The potential \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi _{0}(z)}\n \n is not bounded for the infinite crystal, which implies a continuous energy spectrum. Nevertheless, the characteristic energy spectrum of these Wannier–Stark ladders could be resolved experimentally.","title":"Wannier–Stark ladder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sltransport.jpg"},{"link_name":"mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility"},{"link_name":"semiconductor lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"superstripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstripes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Overview of the different standard approaches for superlattice transport.The motion of charge carriers in a superlattice is different from that in the individual layers: mobility of charge carriers can be enhanced, which is beneficial for high-frequency devices, and specific optical properties are used in semiconductor lasers.If an external bias is applied to a conductor, such as a metal or a semiconductor, typically an electric current is generated. The magnitude of this current is determined by the band structure of the material, scattering processes, the applied field strength and the equilibrium carrier distribution of the conductor.A particular case of superlattices called superstripes are made of superconducting units separated by spacers. In each miniband the superconducting order parameter, called the superconducting gap, takes different values, producing a multi-gap, or two-gap or multiband superconductivity.Recently, Felix and Pereira investigated the thermal transport by phonons in periodic[13] and quasiperiodic[14][15][16] superlattices of graphene-hBN according to the Fibonacci sequence. They reported that the contribution of coherent thermal transport (phonons like-wave) was suppressed as quasiperiodicity increased.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2DEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2DEG"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"interface between two semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterojunction"},{"link_name":"confined-particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box"},{"link_name":"graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hofstadter butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%27s_butterfly"},{"link_name":"photonic crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal"}],"text":"Soon after two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) had become commonly available for experiments, research groups attempted to create structures[17] that could be called 2D artificial crystals. The idea is to subject the electrons confined to an interface between two semiconductors (i.e. along z-direction) to an additional modulation potential V(x,y). Contrary to the classical superlattices (1D/3D, that is 1D modulation of electrons in 3D bulk) described above, this is typically achieved by treating the heterostructure surface: depositing a suitably patterned metallic gate or etching. If the amplitude of V(x,y) is large (take \n \n \n \n V\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n −\n \n V\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n cos\n ⁡\n 2\n π\n x\n \n /\n \n a\n +\n cos\n ⁡\n 2\n π\n y\n \n /\n \n a\n )\n ,\n \n V\n \n 0\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V(x,y)=-V_{0}(\\cos 2\\pi x/a+\\cos 2\\pi y/a),V_{0}>0}\n \n as an example) compared to the Fermi level, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n 0\n \n \n \n |\n \n ≫\n \n E\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |V_{0}|\\gg E_{f}}\n \n, the electrons in the superlattice should behave similarly to electrons in an atomic crystal with square lattice (in the example, these \"atoms\" would be located at positions (na,ma) where n,m are integers).The difference is in the length and energy scales. Lattice constants of atomic crystals are of the order of 1Å while those of superlattices (a) are several hundreds or thousands larger as dictated by technological limits (e.g. electron-beam lithography used for the patterning of the heterostructure surface). Energies are correspondingly smaller in superlattices. Using the simple quantum-mechanically confined-particle model suggests \n \n \n \n E\n ∝\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\propto 1/a^{2}}\n \n. This relation is only a rough guide and actual calculations with currently topical graphene (a natural atomic crystal) and artificial graphene[18] (superlattice) show that characteristic band widths are of the order of 1 eV and 10 meV, respectively. In the regime of weak modulation (\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n 0\n \n \n \n |\n \n ≪\n \n E\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |V_{0}|\\ll E_{f}}\n \n), phenomena like commensurability oscillations or fractal energy spectra (Hofstadter butterfly) occur.Artificial two-dimensional crystals can be viewed as a 2D/2D case (2D modulation of a 2D system) and other combinations are experimentally available: an array of quantum wires (1D/2D) or 3D/3D photonic crystals.","title":"Other dimensionalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"rhenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium"},{"link_name":"rhodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium"},{"link_name":"ruthenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium"},{"link_name":"probe cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe_card"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The superlattice of palladium-copper system is used in high performance alloys to enable a higher electrical conductivity, which is favored by the ordered structure. Further alloying elements like silver, rhenium, rhodium and ruthenium are added for better mechanical strength and high temperature stability. This alloy is used for probe needles in probe cards.[19]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bastard, G. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Bastard"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1993PhT....46f..34M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhT....46f..34M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1063/1.881353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881353"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332431#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577492"}],"text":"Mendez, E. E.; Bastard, G. R. (1993). \"Wannier-Stark Ladders and Bloch Oscillations in Superlattices\". Physics Today. 46 (6): 34–42. Bibcode:1993PhT....46f..34M. doi:10.1063/1.881353.Authority control databases: National \nJapan","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"GaAs/AlAs superlattice and potential profile of conduction and valence bands along the growth direction (z).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GaAs-AlAs_SL.JPG/300px-GaAs-AlAs_SL.JPG"},{"image_text":"X-ray and neutron scattering from the [Fe20V30]20 superlattice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fe20v30.png/300px-Fe20v30.png"},{"image_text":"Overview of the different standard approaches for superlattice transport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sltransport.jpg/300px-Sltransport.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cu-Pt type ordering in III-V semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu-Pt_type_ordering_in_III-V_semiconductor"},{"title":"Tube-based nanostructures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube-based_nanostructures"},{"title":"Wannier function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannier_function"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive
Heir presumptive
["1 Overview","2 Simultaneous heirs presumptive","3 Current heirs presumptive as of 2024","4 Past heirs presumptive who did not inherit thrones","5 References"]
Monarchical title of inheritance For the novel by Henry Wade, see Heir Presumptive (novel). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Heir presumptive" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An heir presumptive (FEM: heiress presumptive) is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner. Overview Depending on the rules of the monarchy, the heir presumptive might be the daughter of a monarch if males take preference over females and the monarch has no sons, or the senior member of a collateral line if the monarch is childless or the monarch's direct descendants cannot inherit either because they are daughters and females are completely barred from inheriting the monarch's children are illegitimate, or some other legal disqualification, such as being descended from the monarch through a morganatic line or the descendant's refusal or inability to adopt a religion the monarch is required to profess. The subsequent birth of a legitimate child to the monarch may displace the former heir presumptive by creating an heir apparent or a more eligible heir presumptive. It is not assumed that the monarch and his or her consort are incapable of producing further children; on the day before Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne, her father George VI was gravely ill and her mother was 51 years old, but Elizabeth was still the heir presumptive rather than the heir apparent. An heir presumptive's position may not even be secure after they ascend their throne, as a posthumous child of the previous monarch could have a superseding claim. Following the death of William IV in 1837, he was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria, whose accession proclamation noted her accession was only permanent so long as a child of William was not born in the following months to his widow, Adelaide, even though Adelaide was 44 years old and had last been pregnant 17 years earlier. Such a situation occurred in Spain in 1885, when King Alfonso XII died and left behind a widow who was three months pregnant. His five-year-old daughter and heir presumptive, María de las Mercedes, was not declared queen because she would be displaced if a son was born, and instead there was a six-month interregnum until the birth of her brother Alfonso XIII, who assumed the throne as king immediately upon birth. Had the pregnancy been lost or resulted in another daughter, Mercedes would have become queen regnant and been retroactively recognized as such during the interregnum. Heir presumptive, like heir apparent, is not a title or position per se. Rather, it is a general term for a person who holds a certain place in the order of succession. In some monarchies, the heir apparent bears, ipso facto, a specific title and rank (e.g., Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom), this also sometimes being the case for noble titleholders (e.g., Spain, United Kingdom), but the heir presumptive does not bear that title. In other monarchies (e.g., Monaco, Spain) the first in line to the throne bears a specific title (i.e., "Hereditary Prince/Princess of Monaco", "Prince/Princess of Asturias") by right, regardless of whether she or he is heir apparent or heir presumptive. Simultaneous heirs presumptive Main article: Abeyance In the English and Welsh common law of inheritance, there is no seniority between sisters; where there is no son to inherit, any number of daughters share equally. Therefore, certain hereditary titles can have multiple simultaneous heirs presumptive. Since the title cannot be held by two people simultaneously, two daughters (without a brother) who inherit in this way would do so as co-parceners and before they inherit, both would be heirs presumptive. In these circumstances, the title would in fact be held in abeyance until one person represents the claim of both, or the claim is renounced by one or the other for herself and her heirs, or the abeyance is ended by the Crown. There are special procedures for handling doubtful or disputed cases. Current heirs presumptive as of 2024 Country Picture Name of heir presumptive Title Date of birth (age) Relation to monarch  Japan Fumihito Crown Prince of Japan (1965-11-30) November 30, 1965 (age 58) Younger brother. If Emperor Naruhito were to have a legitimate son, he would become the heir apparent.  Thailand Dipangkorn Rasmijoti Prince of Thailand (2005-04-29) April 29, 2005 (age 19) Youngest son. In accordance with the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, the reigning king has absolute power to name any royal male as heir apparent, and upon being announced publicly, the "position of such heir is secure and indisputable".  Spain Leonor Princess of Asturias (2005-10-31) October 31, 2005 (age 18) Oldest child. If King Felipe has a legitimate son, he would become the heir apparent. Past heirs presumptive who did not inherit thrones The list is limited to heirs presumptive who did not succeed due to death, abolition of monarchies, or change in succession law. Marcus Claudius Marcellus was heir presumptive to his uncle and father-in-law Augustus until his death in 23 BC. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was heir presumptive to his father-in-law Augustus until his death in 12 BC. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was heir presumptive to his brother-in-law Caligula until his death in 38. Britannicus was heir presumptive to his stepbrother Nero until his death in 55. Marwan ibn Abd al-Malik was heir presumptive to his brother Al-Walid I until his death circa 715. Prince Sawara was heir presumptive to his brother Emperor Kanmu until his death in 785. Robert Curthose was heir presumptive to his brother William II of England until he was disinherited for rebellion in 1088. Edmund of Scotland was heir presumptive to his uncle Donald III of Scotland until his uncle's overthrow in 1097. Empress Matilda was heir presumptive to her father Henry I of England but upon Henry's death in 1135, Matilda's cousin Stephen, King of England took the throne instead. Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, was heir presumptive to his uncle Richard I of England but upon Richard's death in 1199, Arthur's uncle John, King of England took the throne instead. Peter I, Count of Urgell, was heir presumptive to his nephew Afonso III of Portugal until his death in 1258. Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway, was heir presumptive to her father Alexander III of Scotland until her death in 1283. Uzana of Bassein was heir presumptive to his father Narathihapate until he was assassinated in 1287. Edward Bruce was heir presumptive to his brother Robert I of Scotland until he claimed the throne of Ireland. Marjorie Bruce was heir presumptive to her father Robert I of Scotland until her death in 1316. Charles, Count of Valois, was heir presumptive to his nephew Charles IV of France twice until his death in 1325. Binnya E Laung was heir presumptive to his father Binnya E Law until his death. Maria of Calabria was heir presumptive to her sister Joanna I of Naples until her death in 1366. Beatrice of Portugal was heir presumptive to her father Ferdinand I of Portugal but upon Ferdinand's death in 1383, Beatrice's half-uncle John I of Portugal took the throne instead. Bawlawkyantaw was heir presumptive to his father Razadarit until his execution in 1390. Theiddat was heir presumptive to his brother Minkhaung I until his nephew Minye Kyawswa was made heir instead. Joan of Navarre was heir presumptive to her father Charles III of Navarre until her death in 1413. Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his nephew James I of Scotland until his death in 1420. Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, was heir presumptive to his brother Henry V of England from his brother's succession in 1413 to his death in 1421. Catherine, Princess of Asturias, was heir presumptive to her father John II of Castile until her death in 1424. Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his cousin James I of Scotland until he was attained and executed in 1425. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry VI of England until his death in 1435. Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, was heir presumptive to his grandnephew James II of Scotland until he was executed in 1437 for his part in killing the previous king James I. Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France, was heir presumptive to her brother James II of Scotland until her death in 1445. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry VI of England until his death in 1447. Joanna la Beltraneja was heir presumptive to her father Henry IV of Castile until he named his brother Alfonso as heir instead. Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Henry IV of Castile until his death in 1468. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, was heir presumptive to his brother Edward IV of England until he fled after rebelling against him in 1470. Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, was heir presumptive to her parents Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon until her death in 1498. Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Manuel I of Portugal, was heir presumptive to his maternal grandparents Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon until his death in 1500. James Stewart, Duke of Ross, was heir presumptive to his brother James IV of Scotland until his death in 1504. Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, was heir presumptive to his brother James V of Scotland until his death in 1515. John Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his cousin James V of Scotland until his death in 1536. Carlos, Prince of Asturias, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Philip II of Spain, was also heir presumptive to his cousin Sebastian of Portugal until his death in 1568. James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, was heir presumptive to James VI of Scotland until his death in 1575. Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma, was heir presumptive to his granduncle Henry, King of Portugal until the succession crisis that emerged after Henry's death in 1580. Francis, Duke of Anjou, was heir presumptive to his brother Henry III of France until his death in 1584. Charles de Bourbon was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry IV of France until his death in 1590. Dmitry of Uglich was heir presumptive to his half-brother Feodor I of Russia until his death in 1591. Dmitry Shuisky was heir presumptive to his brother Vasili IV of Russia until his brother was overthrown in 1610. Sigismund III Vasa was heir presumptive of Russia to his son Vladislav until his son's overthrow in 1613. Monsieur d'Orléans, was heir presumptive to his brother Louis XIII of France until his death in 1611. Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, was heir presumptive to his brother Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden until his death in 1622. Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg, was heir presumptive to her niece Christina, Queen of Sweden, until her death in 1638. Margaret Theresa of Spain was heir presumptive to her brother Charles II of Spain until her death in 1673. Maria Antonia of Austria was heir presumptive to her uncle Charles II until her death in 1692. Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, was heir presumptive to his granduncle Charles II until his death in 1699. Sophia, Electress of Hanover, was declared heir presumptive to the British thrones by the Act of Settlement 1701, but died before acceding to the throne of her distant cousin, Queen Anne. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, was heir presumptive to Louis XV of France until his death in 1723. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg was heir presumptive to his half-brother Adolphus Frederick III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, until his death a few months before his brother in 1752. Prince Augustus William of Prussia was heir presumptive to his brother Frederick II of Prussia until his death in 1758. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken was heir presumptive to his brother Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken until his death in 1767. Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was heir presumptive to his brother Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, until his death in 1778. Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen was heir presumptive to his great-grandnephew Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen until his death in 1787. Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este was heir presumptive to his father-in-law Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena until Ercole was deposed by Napoleonic forces in 1796. Inthraphithak was heir presumptive to his father Taksin until Taksin was overthrown and both were executed in 1802. Prince Louis of Anhalt-Köthen was heir presumptive to his brother Augustus Christian Frederick, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen until his death in 1802. Maha Sura Singhanat was heir presumptive to his brother Phutthayotfa Chulalok until his death in 1803. Anurak Devesh was heir presumptive to his uncle Phutthayotfa Chulalok until his death in 1806. Franz Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst was heir presumptive to his brother Charles Albert III, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst until their territory was mediatised in 1806. Maha Senanurak was heir presumptive to his brother Phutthaloetla Naphalai until his death in 1817. Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia was heir presumptive to his brother Alexander I of Russia until he renounced his rights in 1823. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, brother of King George IV of the United Kingdom and Hanover, was heir presumptive from his brother's ascension in 1820 to his death in 1827. Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, was heir presumptive to his brother Anthony of Saxony until he renounced his rights in favour of his son Frederick Augustus in 1830. Infante Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina, brother of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. Ferdinand VII changed the succession law in favour to his daughter, who became Queen Isabella II after the King's death in September 1833. This led to the Carlist Wars in Spain. Sakdiphonlasep was heir presumptive to his nephew Nangklao until his death in 1832. Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Pless was heir presumptive to his brother Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen until his death in 1841. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria, brother of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, was heir presumptive throughout his brother's reign until the revolution that saw his brother forced to abdicate also saw Franz renounce his rights in favour of his son Franz Joseph in 1848. Ahmad Rifaat Pasha was heir presumptive to his half-uncle Sa'id of Egypt until his death in 1858. Prince Henry, Count of Bardi, was heir presumptive to his brother Robert I, Duke of Parma, until the monarchy was abolished in 1859. Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria was heir presumptive to his brother Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, until the monarchy was abolished in 1860. Prince Louis, Count of Trani, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Francis II of the Two Sicilies until the monarchy was abolished in 1861. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was heir presumptive to his brother Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until his death in 1861. Infante João, Duke of Beja, was heir presumptive to his brother Luís I of Portugal until his death in 1861. Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, was heir presumptive to his nephew King Frederick VII of Denmark until his death five months before his nephew in 1863. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, in addition to being heir apparent to his mother Queen Victoria, was also heir presumptive to his uncle Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until renouncing his rights in favour of his younger brothers in 1863. Pinklao was heir presumptive to his brother Mongkut until his death in 1866. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel was heir presumptive to his cousin Frederick William, Elector of Hesse, until the monarchy was abolished in 1866. Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld was heir presumptive to his brother Alexis, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, until the monarchy was abolished in 1866. Prince Frederick of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin and brother-in-law Charles I of Württemberg until his death in 1870. Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine was heir presumptive to his brother Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse, until his death a few months before his brother in 1877. Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, was heir presumptive to his brother Carol I of Romania until he renounced his rights in favour of his sons. William, Prince of Hohenzollern, was heir presumptive to his uncle Carol I of Romania until he renounced his rights in favour of his younger brother Ferdinand. Wichaichan was heir presumptive to his cousin Chulalongkorn until his death in 1885. Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain, was the heir presumptive at her birth. After her father died, her posthumously born brother Alfonso became king as Alfonso XIII of Spain and she remained the heir presumptive until her death in 1905. Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was the heir presumptive to her father Pedro II of Brazil on the throne of the Empire of Brazil. However, a coup d'etat in 1889 proclaimed a Republic in the country, deposing the monarchy. Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria was the heir presumptive of his brother Franz Joseph I of Austria from the suicide of his nephew Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, until his death in 1896. Duke William of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1896. Princess Sophie of the Netherlands was heir presumptive to her niece Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands until her death in 1897. Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia was heir presumptive to his brother Nicholas II of Russia until his death in 1899. Duke Nicholas of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1903. Ernest, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld was heir presumptive to his cousin Alexander, Prince of Lippe until his death in 1904. Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, was the heir presumptive of his older brother King Leopold II of Belgium after the death of his nephew Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant, until his own death in 1905. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, was heir presumptive to his brother Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until he renounced his rights and that of his son Prince Arthur of Connaught in favour of his nephew Charles Edward. Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg was heir presumptive to his brother Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, until his death in 1907. Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal, was the heir presumptive of his nephew Manuel II of Portugal until the monarchy was abolished in 1910. Pujie was heir presumptive to his brother Puyi until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, and Republic of China founded in 1912. He became heir presumptive again after the puppet regime Manchukuo after the Mukden Incident, while Puyi became the emperor of Manchukuo as well until the surrender of Japan in 1945. Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, was heir presumptive to his nephew Otto, King of Bavaria until his death in 1912. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the heir presumptive of his uncle Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria until his assassination June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo. Duke Philipp of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1917. Prince Maximilian of Baden was heir presumptive to his cousin Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, was heir presumptive to his cousin Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, until the throne became vacant and was later abolished in 1918. Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, was heir presumptive to his brother Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg, was heir presumptive to his cousin Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, in addition to ruling his own principality, was heir presumptive to his cousin Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz, until both monarchies were abolished in 1918. Chakrabongse Bhuvanath was heir presumptive to his brother Vajiravudh until his death in 1920. Asdang Dejavudh was heir presumptive to his brother Vajiravudh until his death in 1924. Varananda Dhavaj was heir presumptive to his uncle Vajiravudh until being replaced as heir by his other uncle Prajadhipok in 1924. Mahidol Adulyadej was heir presumptive to his half-brother Prajadhipok until his death in 1929. Kiril, Prince of Preslav was heir presumptive to his nephew Simeon II of Bulgaria, until his execution by Communists in 1945. Prince Nicholas of Romania was heir presumptive to his nephew Michael I of Romania until the monarchy was abolished in 1947. Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois, was heir presumptive to her father Louis II, Prince of Monaco, until renouncing her rights in favour of her son Rainier. Prince Knud of Denmark was the heir presumptive of his brother King Frederik IX of Denmark, but an amendment to the Danish Constitution in 1953 replaced the previously semi-Salic succession with male-preference primogeniture and proclaimed King Frederick's eldest daughter Princess Margrethe, later Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, heir presumptive. Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh was heir presumptive to her father George VI in India until it became a republic in 1950, as well as Newfoundland until it joined Canada in 1949 (she reigned as Queen of Canada from 6 February 1952 until her death on 8 September 2022). Mohammed Ali Tewfik was heir presumptive to Fuad II of Egypt until the monarchy was abolished in 1953. 'Abd al-Ilah was heir presumptive to his nephew Faisal II of Iraq until they were both executed in 1958. Tunku Abdul Malik was heir presumptive to his brother Abdul Halim of Kedah until his death in 2015. References ^ "Heir Presumptive Law & Legal Definition". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07. ^ "Heir presumptive". Reverso.net. Retrieved 2012-11-07. ^ "The primogeniture paradox: the posthumous heir". Royal Central. 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2022-05-28. ^ "Page 1581 | Issue 19509, 20 June 1837 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-14. ^ "Can an unborn baby really inherit the British Crown (and what's that got to do with Game of Thrones?)". New Statesman. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2022-05-29. ^ Packard, Jerrold M. (1999-12-23). Victoria's Daughters. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-6490-6.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heir Presumptive (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_Presumptive_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"For the novel by Henry Wade, see Heir Presumptive (novel).An heir presumptive (FEM: heiress presumptive) is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question.[1][2] This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.","title":"Heir presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"males take preference over females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture#Male-preference_primogeniture"},{"link_name":"females are completely barred from inheriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture#Agnatic_primogeniture"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)"},{"link_name":"morganatic line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic_marriage"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"posthumous child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_birth"},{"link_name":"William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII"},{"link_name":"María de las Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes,_Princess_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"order of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"ipso facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto"}],"text":"Depending on the rules of the monarchy, the heir presumptive might be the daughter of a monarch if males take preference over females and the monarch has no sons, or the senior member of a collateral line if the monarch is childless or the monarch's direct descendants cannot inherit either becausethey are daughters and females are completely barred from inheriting\nthe monarch's children are illegitimate, or\nsome other legal disqualification, such as\nbeing descended from the monarch through a morganatic line or\nthe descendant's refusal or inability to adopt a religion the monarch is required to profess.The subsequent birth of a legitimate child to the monarch may displace the former heir presumptive by creating an heir apparent or a more eligible heir presumptive. It is not assumed that the monarch and his or her consort are incapable of producing further children; on the day before Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne, her father George VI was gravely ill and her mother was 51 years old, but Elizabeth was still the heir presumptive rather than the heir apparent. An heir presumptive's position may not even be secure after they ascend their throne, as a posthumous child of the previous monarch could have a superseding claim. Following the death of William IV in 1837, he was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria, whose accession proclamation noted her accession was only permanent so long as a child of William was not born in the following months to his widow, Adelaide, even though Adelaide was 44 years old and had last been pregnant 17 years earlier.[3][4] Such a situation occurred in Spain in 1885, when King Alfonso XII died and left behind a widow who was three months pregnant. His five-year-old daughter and heir presumptive, María de las Mercedes, was not declared queen because she would be displaced if a son was born, and instead there was a six-month interregnum until the birth of her brother Alfonso XIII, who assumed the throne as king immediately upon birth. Had the pregnancy been lost or resulted in another daughter, Mercedes would have become queen regnant and been retroactively recognized as such during the interregnum.[5][6]Heir presumptive, like heir apparent, is not a title or position per se. Rather, it is a general term for a person who holds a certain place in the order of succession. In some monarchies, the heir apparent bears, ipso facto, a specific title and rank (e.g., Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom), this also sometimes being the case for noble titleholders (e.g., Spain, United Kingdom), but the heir presumptive does not bear that title. In other monarchies (e.g., Monaco, Spain) the first in line to the throne bears a specific title (i.e., \"Hereditary Prince/Princess of Monaco\", \"Prince/Princess of Asturias\") by right, regardless of whether she or he is heir apparent or heir presumptive.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English and Welsh common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"co-parceners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-parceners"},{"link_name":"abeyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeyance"},{"link_name":"special procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_law#Peerage_disputes"}],"text":"In the English and Welsh common law of inheritance, there is no seniority between sisters; where there is no son to inherit, any number of daughters share equally. Therefore, certain hereditary titles can have multiple simultaneous heirs presumptive. Since the title cannot be held by two people simultaneously, two daughters (without a brother) who inherit in this way would do so as co-parceners and before they inherit, both would be heirs presumptive. In these circumstances, the title would in fact be held in abeyance until one person represents the claim of both, or the claim is renounced by one or the other for herself and her heirs, or the abeyance is ended by the Crown. There are special procedures for handling doubtful or disputed cases.","title":"Simultaneous heirs presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current heirs presumptive as of 2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Claudius Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(executed_by_Caligula)"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Britannicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannicus"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Marwan ibn Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"},{"link_name":"Al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"Prince Sawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sawara"},{"link_name":"Emperor Kanmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu"},{"link_name":"Robert Curthose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curthose"},{"link_name":"William II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edmund of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Donald III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Stephen, King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Arthur I, Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"John, King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Peter I, Count of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Afonso III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Queen_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Uzana of Bassein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzana_of_Bassein"},{"link_name":"Narathihapate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathihapate"},{"link_name":"Edward Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Robert I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Robert I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Charles, Count of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Binnya E Laung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_E_Laung"},{"link_name":"Binnya E Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_E_Law"},{"link_name":"Maria of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Joanna I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"John I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Bawlawkyantaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawlawkyantaw"},{"link_name":"Razadarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razadarit"},{"link_name":"Theiddat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiddat"},{"link_name":"Minkhaung I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkhaung_I"},{"link_name":"Minye Kyawswa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minye_Kyawswa"},{"link_name":"Joan of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre_(regent)"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"James I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Thomas of Lancaster, 1st 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Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Duke Philipp of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Philipp_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"William II of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Prince Maximilian of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"monarchy was abolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319"},{"link_name":"Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michael,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_VI,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst,_Prince_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"William II of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolrad,_Prince_of_Schaumburg-Lippe"},{"link_name":"Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_II,_Prince_of_Schaumburg-Lippe"},{"link_name":"Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizzo,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg"},{"link_name":"Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Victor,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_XXVII,_Prince_Reuss_Younger_Line"},{"link_name":"Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_XXIV,_Prince_Reuss_of_Greiz"},{"link_name":"Chakrabongse Bhuvanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath"},{"link_name":"Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"},{"link_name":"Asdang Dejavudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asdang_Dejavudh"},{"link_name":"Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"},{"link_name":"Varananda Dhavaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varananda_Dhavaj"},{"link_name":"Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"},{"link_name":"Prajadhipok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok"},{"link_name":"Mahidol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"Prajadhipok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok"},{"link_name":"Kiril, Prince of Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Simeon II of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"},{"link_name":"Prince Nicholas of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Michael I of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"monarchy was abolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Valentinois"},{"link_name":"Louis II, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"renouncing her rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_succession_crisis_of_1918"},{"link_name":"Rainier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Prince Knud of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Knud_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederik IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Margrethe II of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"it joined Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Act"},{"link_name":"her death on 8 September 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ali Tewfik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Tewfik"},{"link_name":"Fuad II of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"monarchy was abolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952"},{"link_name":"'Abd al-Ilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ilah"},{"link_name":"Faisal II of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Tunku Abdul Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Malik"},{"link_name":"Abdul Halim of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_of_Kedah"}],"text":"The list is limited to heirs presumptive who did not succeed due to death, abolition of monarchies, or change in succession law.Marcus Claudius Marcellus was heir presumptive to his uncle and father-in-law Augustus until his death in 23 BC.\nMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa was heir presumptive to his father-in-law Augustus until his death in 12 BC.\nMarcus Aemilius Lepidus was heir presumptive to his brother-in-law Caligula until his death in 38.\nBritannicus was heir presumptive to his stepbrother Nero until his death in 55.\nMarwan ibn Abd al-Malik was heir presumptive to his brother Al-Walid I until his death circa 715.\nPrince Sawara was heir presumptive to his brother Emperor Kanmu until his death in 785.\nRobert Curthose was heir presumptive to his brother William II of England until he was disinherited for rebellion in 1088.\nEdmund of Scotland was heir presumptive to his uncle Donald III of Scotland until his uncle's overthrow in 1097.\nEmpress Matilda was heir presumptive to her father Henry I of England but upon Henry's death in 1135, Matilda's cousin Stephen, King of England took the throne instead.\nArthur I, Duke of Brittany, was heir presumptive to his uncle Richard I of England but upon Richard's death in 1199, Arthur's uncle John, King of England took the throne instead.\nPeter I, Count of Urgell, was heir presumptive to his nephew Afonso III of Portugal until his death in 1258.\nMargaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway, was heir presumptive to her father Alexander III of Scotland until her death in 1283.\nUzana of Bassein was heir presumptive to his father Narathihapate until he was assassinated in 1287.\nEdward Bruce was heir presumptive to his brother Robert I of Scotland until he claimed the throne of Ireland.\nMarjorie Bruce was heir presumptive to her father Robert I of Scotland until her death in 1316.\nCharles, Count of Valois, was heir presumptive to his nephew Charles IV of France twice until his death in 1325.\nBinnya E Laung was heir presumptive to his father Binnya E Law until his death.\nMaria of Calabria was heir presumptive to her sister Joanna I of Naples until her death in 1366.\nBeatrice of Portugal was heir presumptive to her father Ferdinand I of Portugal but upon Ferdinand's death in 1383, Beatrice's half-uncle John I of Portugal took the throne instead.\nBawlawkyantaw was heir presumptive to his father Razadarit until his execution in 1390.\nTheiddat was heir presumptive to his brother Minkhaung I until his nephew Minye Kyawswa was made heir instead.\nJoan of Navarre was heir presumptive to her father Charles III of Navarre until her death in 1413.\nRobert Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his nephew James I of Scotland until his death in 1420.\nThomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, was heir presumptive to his brother Henry V of England from his brother's succession in 1413 to his death in 1421.\nCatherine, Princess of Asturias, was heir presumptive to her father John II of Castile until her death in 1424.\nMurdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his cousin James I of Scotland until he was attained and executed in 1425.\nJohn of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry VI of England until his death in 1435.\nWalter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, was heir presumptive to his grandnephew James II of Scotland until he was executed in 1437 for his part in killing the previous king James I.\nMargaret Stewart, Dauphine of France, was heir presumptive to her brother James II of Scotland until her death in 1445.\nHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry VI of England until his death in 1447.\nJoanna la Beltraneja was heir presumptive to her father Henry IV of Castile until he named his brother Alfonso as heir instead.\nAlfonso, Prince of Asturias, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Henry IV of Castile until his death in 1468.\nGeorge Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, was heir presumptive to his brother Edward IV of England until he fled after rebelling against him in 1470.\nIsabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, was heir presumptive to her parents Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon until her death in 1498.\nMiguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Manuel I of Portugal, was heir presumptive to his maternal grandparents Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon until his death in 1500.\nJames Stewart, Duke of Ross, was heir presumptive to his brother James IV of Scotland until his death in 1504.\nAlexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, was heir presumptive to his brother James V of Scotland until his death in 1515.\nJohn Stewart, Duke of Albany, was heir presumptive to his cousin James V of Scotland until his death in 1536.\nCarlos, Prince of Asturias, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Philip II of Spain, was also heir presumptive to his cousin Sebastian of Portugal until his death in 1568.\nJames Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, was heir presumptive to James VI of Scotland until his death in 1575.\nRanuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma, was heir presumptive to his granduncle Henry, King of Portugal until the succession crisis that emerged after Henry's death in 1580.\nFrancis, Duke of Anjou, was heir presumptive to his brother Henry III of France until his death in 1584.\nCharles de Bourbon was heir presumptive to his nephew Henry IV of France until his death in 1590.\nDmitry of Uglich was heir presumptive to his half-brother Feodor I of Russia until his death in 1591.\nDmitry Shuisky was heir presumptive to his brother Vasili IV of Russia until his brother was overthrown in 1610.\nSigismund III Vasa was heir presumptive of Russia to his son Vladislav until his son's overthrow in 1613.\nMonsieur d'Orléans, was heir presumptive to his brother Louis XIII of France until his death in 1611.\nCharles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, was heir presumptive to his brother Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden until his death in 1622.\nCatherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg, was heir presumptive to her niece Christina, Queen of Sweden, until her death in 1638.\nMargaret Theresa of Spain was heir presumptive to her brother Charles II of Spain until her death in 1673.\nMaria Antonia of Austria was heir presumptive to her uncle Charles II until her death in 1692.\nJoseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria, in addition to being heir apparent to his father Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, was heir presumptive to his granduncle Charles II until his death in 1699.\nSophia, Electress of Hanover, was declared heir presumptive to the British thrones by the Act of Settlement 1701, but died before acceding to the throne of her distant cousin, Queen Anne.\nPhilippe II, Duke of Orléans, was heir presumptive to Louis XV of France until his death in 1723.\nDuke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg was heir presumptive to his half-brother Adolphus Frederick III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, until his death a few months before his brother in 1752.\nPrince Augustus William of Prussia was heir presumptive to his brother Frederick II of Prussia until his death in 1758.\nFrederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken was heir presumptive to his brother Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken until his death in 1767.\nDuke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was heir presumptive to his brother Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, until his death in 1778.\nPrince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen was heir presumptive to his great-grandnephew Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen until his death in 1787.\nFerdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este was heir presumptive to his father-in-law Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena until Ercole was deposed by Napoleonic forces in 1796.\nInthraphithak was heir presumptive to his father Taksin until Taksin was overthrown and both were executed in 1802.\nPrince Louis of Anhalt-Köthen was heir presumptive to his brother Augustus Christian Frederick, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen until his death in 1802.\nMaha Sura Singhanat was heir presumptive to his brother Phutthayotfa Chulalok until his death in 1803.\nAnurak Devesh was heir presumptive to his uncle Phutthayotfa Chulalok until his death in 1806.\nFranz Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst was heir presumptive to his brother Charles Albert III, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst until their territory was mediatised in 1806.\nMaha Senanurak was heir presumptive to his brother Phutthaloetla Naphalai until his death in 1817.\nGrand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia was heir presumptive to his brother Alexander I of Russia until he renounced his rights in 1823.\nPrince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, brother of King George IV of the United Kingdom and Hanover, was heir presumptive from his brother's ascension in 1820 to his death in 1827.\nMaximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, was heir presumptive to his brother Anthony of Saxony until he renounced his rights in favour of his son Frederick Augustus in 1830.\nInfante Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina, brother of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. Ferdinand VII changed the succession law in favour to his daughter, who became Queen Isabella II after the King's death in September 1833. This led to the Carlist Wars in Spain.\nSakdiphonlasep was heir presumptive to his nephew Nangklao until his death in 1832.\nLouis, Prince of Anhalt-Pless was heir presumptive to his brother Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen until his death in 1841.\nArchduke Franz Karl of Austria, brother of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, was heir presumptive throughout his brother's reign until the revolution that saw his brother forced to abdicate also saw Franz renounce his rights in favour of his son Franz Joseph in 1848.\nAhmad Rifaat Pasha was heir presumptive to his half-uncle Sa'id of Egypt until his death in 1858.\nPrince Henry, Count of Bardi, was heir presumptive to his brother Robert I, Duke of Parma, until the monarchy was abolished in 1859.\nArchduke Karl Salvator of Austria was heir presumptive to his brother Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, until the monarchy was abolished in 1860.\nPrince Louis, Count of Trani, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Francis II of the Two Sicilies until the monarchy was abolished in 1861.\nPrince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was heir presumptive to his brother Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until his death in 1861.\nInfante João, Duke of Beja, was heir presumptive to his brother Luís I of Portugal until his death in 1861.\nFerdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, was heir presumptive to his nephew King Frederick VII of Denmark until his death five months before his nephew in 1863.\nAlbert Edward, Prince of Wales, in addition to being heir apparent to his mother Queen Victoria, was also heir presumptive to his uncle Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until renouncing his rights in favour of his younger brothers in 1863.\nPinklao was heir presumptive to his brother Mongkut until his death in 1866.\nPrince William of Hesse-Kassel was heir presumptive to his cousin Frederick William, Elector of Hesse, until the monarchy was abolished in 1866.\nPrince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld was heir presumptive to his brother Alexis, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, until the monarchy was abolished in 1866.\nPrince Frederick of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin and brother-in-law Charles I of Württemberg until his death in 1870.\nPrince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine was heir presumptive to his brother Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse, until his death a few months before his brother in 1877.\nLeopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, was heir presumptive to his brother Carol I of Romania until he renounced his rights in favour of his sons.\nWilliam, Prince of Hohenzollern, was heir presumptive to his uncle Carol I of Romania until he renounced his rights in favour of his younger brother Ferdinand.\nWichaichan was heir presumptive to his cousin Chulalongkorn until his death in 1885.\nMercedes, Princess of Asturias, daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain, was the heir presumptive at her birth. After her father died, her posthumously born brother Alfonso became king as Alfonso XIII of Spain and she remained the heir presumptive until her death in 1905.\nIsabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was the heir presumptive to her father Pedro II of Brazil on the throne of the Empire of Brazil. However, a coup d'etat in 1889 proclaimed a Republic in the country, deposing the monarchy.\nArchduke Karl Ludwig of Austria was the heir presumptive of his brother Franz Joseph I of Austria from the suicide of his nephew Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, until his death in 1896.\nDuke William of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1896.\nPrincess Sophie of the Netherlands was heir presumptive to her niece Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands until her death in 1897.\nGrand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia was heir presumptive to his brother Nicholas II of Russia until his death in 1899.\nDuke Nicholas of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1903.\nErnest, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld was heir presumptive to his cousin Alexander, Prince of Lippe until his death in 1904.\nPrince Philippe, Count of Flanders, was the heir presumptive of his older brother King Leopold II of Belgium after the death of his nephew Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant, until his own death in 1905.\nPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, was heir presumptive to his brother Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until he renounced his rights and that of his son Prince Arthur of Connaught in favour of his nephew Charles Edward.\nPrince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg was heir presumptive to his brother Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, until his death in 1907.\nAfonso, Prince Royal of Portugal, was the heir presumptive of his nephew Manuel II of Portugal until the monarchy was abolished in 1910.\nPujie was heir presumptive to his brother Puyi until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, and Republic of China founded in 1912. He became heir presumptive again after the puppet regime Manchukuo after the Mukden Incident, while Puyi became the emperor of Manchukuo as well until the surrender of Japan in 1945.\nLuitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, was heir presumptive to his nephew Otto, King of Bavaria until his death in 1912.\nArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the heir presumptive of his uncle Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria until his assassination June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo.\nDuke Philipp of Württemberg was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until his death in 1917.\nPrince Maximilian of Baden was heir presumptive to his cousin Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918.\nCharles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, was heir presumptive to his cousin Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, until the throne became vacant and was later abolished in 1918.\nErnst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, was heir presumptive to his half-brother Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918.\nAlbrecht, Duke of Württemberg, was heir presumptive to his cousin William II of Württemberg until the monarchy was abolished in 1918.\nWolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, was heir presumptive to his brother Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918.\nSizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg, was heir presumptive to his cousin Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, until the monarchy was abolished in 1918.\nHeinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, in addition to ruling his own principality, was heir presumptive to his cousin Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz, until both monarchies were abolished in 1918.\nChakrabongse Bhuvanath was heir presumptive to his brother Vajiravudh until his death in 1920.\nAsdang Dejavudh was heir presumptive to his brother Vajiravudh until his death in 1924.\nVarananda Dhavaj was heir presumptive to his uncle Vajiravudh until being replaced as heir by his other uncle Prajadhipok in 1924.\nMahidol Adulyadej was heir presumptive to his half-brother Prajadhipok until his death in 1929.\nKiril, Prince of Preslav was heir presumptive to his nephew Simeon II of Bulgaria, until his execution by Communists in 1945.\nPrince Nicholas of Romania was heir presumptive to his nephew Michael I of Romania until the monarchy was abolished in 1947.\nPrincess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois, was heir presumptive to her father Louis II, Prince of Monaco, until renouncing her rights in favour of her son Rainier.\nPrince Knud of Denmark was the heir presumptive of his brother King Frederik IX of Denmark, but an amendment to the Danish Constitution in 1953 replaced the previously semi-Salic succession with male-preference primogeniture and proclaimed King Frederick's eldest daughter Princess Margrethe, later Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, heir presumptive.\nPrincess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh was heir presumptive to her father George VI in India until it became a republic in 1950, as well as Newfoundland until it joined Canada in 1949 (she reigned as Queen of Canada from 6 February 1952 until her death on 8 September 2022).\nMohammed Ali Tewfik was heir presumptive to Fuad II of Egypt until the monarchy was abolished in 1953.\n'Abd al-Ilah was heir presumptive to his nephew Faisal II of Iraq until they were both executed in 1958.\nTunku Abdul Malik was heir presumptive to his brother Abdul Halim of Kedah until his death in 2015.","title":"Past heirs presumptive who did not inherit thrones"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Heir Presumptive Law & Legal Definition\". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/heir-presumptive/","url_text":"\"Heir Presumptive Law & Legal Definition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heir presumptive\". Reverso.net. Retrieved 2012-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/presumptive%20nominee","url_text":"\"Heir presumptive\""}]},{"reference":"\"The primogeniture paradox: the posthumous heir\". Royal Central. 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2022-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/the-primogeniture-paradox-the-posthumous-heir-54339/","url_text":"\"The primogeniture paradox: the posthumous heir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page 1581 | Issue 19509, 20 June 1837 | London Gazette | The Gazette\". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19509/page/1581","url_text":"\"Page 1581 | Issue 19509, 20 June 1837 | London Gazette | The Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can an unborn baby really inherit the British Crown (and what's that got to do with Game of Thrones?)\". New Statesman. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2022-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2017/09/can-unborn-baby-really-inherit-british-crown-and-whats-got-do-game-thrones","url_text":"\"Can an unborn baby really inherit the British Crown (and what's that got to do with Game of Thrones?)\""}]},{"reference":"Packard, Jerrold M. (1999-12-23). Victoria's Daughters. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-6490-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i7QDd-YoQ7gC&pg=PT432","url_text":"Victoria's Daughters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-6490-6","url_text":"978-1-4299-6490-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_wave_height
Significant wave height
["1 Origin and definition","1.1 Time domain definition","1.2 Frequency domain definition","2 Statistical distribution of the heights of individual waves","2.1 Other statistics","3 Measurement","4 Weather forecasts","5 Generalization to wave systems","6 See also","7 Notes","8 External links"]
Mean wave height of the highest third of the waves In physical oceanography, the significant wave height (SWH, HTSGW or Hs) is defined traditionally as the mean wave height (trough to crest) of the highest third of the waves (H1/3). It is usually defined as four times the standard deviation of the surface elevation – or equivalently as four times the square root of the zeroth-order moment (area) of the wave spectrum. The symbol Hm0 is usually used for that latter definition. The significant wave height (Hs) may thus refer to Hm0 or H1/3; the difference in magnitude between the two definitions is only a few percent. SWH is used to characterize sea state, including winds and swell. Origin and definition The original definition resulted from work by the oceanographer Walter Munk during World War II. The significant wave height was intended to mathematically express the height estimated by a "trained observer". It is commonly used as a measure of the height of ocean waves. Time domain definition Significant wave height H1/3, or Hs or Hsig, as determined in the time domain, directly from the time series of the surface elevation, is defined as the average height of that one-third of the N measured waves having the greatest heights: H 1 / 3 = 1 1 3 N ∑ m = 1 1 3 N H m {\displaystyle H_{1/3}={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{3}}\,N}}\,\sum _{m=1}^{{\frac {1}{3}}\,N}\,H_{m}} where Hm represents the individual wave heights, sorted into descending order of height as m increases from 1 to N. Only the highest one-third is used, since this corresponds best with visual observations of experienced mariners, whose vision apparently focuses on the higher waves. Frequency domain definition Significant wave height Hm0, defined in the frequency domain, is used both for measured and forecasted wave variance spectra. Most easily, it is defined in terms of the variance m0 or standard deviation ση of the surface elevation: H m 0 = 4 m 0 = 4 σ η , {\displaystyle H_{m_{0}}=4{\sqrt {m_{0}}}=4\sigma _{\eta },} where m0, the zeroth-moment of the variance spectrum, is obtained by integration of the variance spectrum. In case of a measurement, the standard deviation ση is the easiest and most accurate statistic to be used. Another wave-height statistic in common usage is the root-mean-square (or RMS) wave height Hrms, defined as: H rms = 1 N ∑ m = 1 N H m 2 , {\displaystyle H_{\text{rms}}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{m=1}^{N}H_{m}^{2}}},} with Hm again denoting the individual wave heights in a certain time series. Statistical distribution of the heights of individual waves Statistical distribution of ocean wave heights Significant wave height, scientifically represented as Hs or Hsig, is an important parameter for the statistical distribution of ocean waves. The most common waves are lower in height than Hs. This implies that encountering the significant wave is not too frequent. However, statistically, it is possible to encounter a wave that is much higher than the significant wave. Generally, the statistical distribution of the individual wave heights is well approximated by a Rayleigh distribution. For example, given that Hs is 10 metres (33 feet), statistically: 1 in 10 will be larger than 10.7 metres (35 ft) 1 in 100 will be larger than 15.1 metres (50 ft) 1 in 1000 will be larger than 18.6 metres (61 ft) This implies that one might encounter a wave that is roughly double the significant wave height. However, in rapidly changing conditions, the disparity between the significant wave height and the largest individual waves might be even larger. Other statistics Other statistical measures of the wave height are also widely used. The RMS wave height, which is defined as square root of the average of the squares of all wave heights, is approximately equal to Hs divided by 1.4. For example, according to the Irish Marine Institute: "… at midnight on 9/12/2007 a record significant wave height was recorded of 17.2m at with a period of 14 seconds." Measurement Although most measuring devices estimate the significant wave height from a wave spectrum, satellite radar altimeters are unique in measuring directly the significant wave height thanks to the different time of return from wave crests and troughs within the area illuminated by the radar. The maximum ever measured wave height from a satellite is 20.1 metres (66 ft) during a North Atlantic storm in 2011. Weather forecasts NOAA WAVEWATCH III(R) model animation of significant wave height forecasts in the Pacific. The World Meteorological Organization stipulates that certain countries are responsible for providing weather forecasts for the world's oceans. These respective countries' meteorological offices are called Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers, or RSMCs. In their weather products, they give ocean wave height forecasts in significant wave height. In the United States, NOAA's National Weather Service is the RSMC for a portion of the North Atlantic, and a portion of the North Pacific. The Ocean Prediction Center and the Tropical Prediction Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) issue these forecasts. RSMCs use wind-wave models as tools to help predict the sea conditions. In the U.S., NOAA's WAVEWATCH III(R) model is used heavily. Generalization to wave systems A significant wave height is also defined similarly, from the wave spectrum, for the different systems that make up the sea. We then have a significant wave height for the wind-sea or for a particular swell. See also Ocean Prediction Center Rogue wave: a wave of over twice the significant wave height Sea state Notes ^ "About earth :: A global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions". ^ a b Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in Oceanic And Coastal Waters. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-86028-4. ^ Denny, M.W. (1988). Biology and the Mechanics of Wave-swept Shores. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08487-4. ^ Munk, W.H. (1944). Proposed uniform procedure for observing waves and interpreting instrument records. La Jolla, California: Wave Project at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. ^ a b c Holthuijsen (2007, pp. 24–28) ^ Holthuijsen (2007, p. 70) ^ Tayfun, Aziz (1980). "Narrow-band nonlinear sea waves". Journal of Geophysical Research. 85 (C3): 1543–1552. Bibcode:1980JGR....85.1548T. doi:10.1029/jc085ic03p01548. ^ Dean, Robert G.; Dalrymple, Robert A. (1991). Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists. World Scientific. p. 193. ISBN 978-981-02-0421-1. ^ "Report on Weather Buoy Readings During December Storm — 6th to 11th December". Irish Marine Institute. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ Hanafin, Jennifer A.; Quilfen, Yves; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Sienkiewicz, Joseph; Queffeulou, Pierre; Obrebski, Mathias; Chapron, Bertrand; Reul, Nicolas; Collard, Fabrice; Corman, David; De Azevedo, Eduardo B.; Vandemark, Doug; Stutzmann, Eleonore (2012). "Phenomenal Sea States and Swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: A Comprehensive Analysis". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 93 (12): 1825–1832. Bibcode:2012BAMS...93.1825H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00128.1. External links Current global map of significant wave height and period NOAA WAVEWATCH III(R) NWS Environmental Modeling Center Envirtech solid state payload for directional waves measurement vtePhysical oceanographyWaves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave nonlinearity Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind setup Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean current Ocean dynamics Ocean dynamical thermostat Ocean gyre Overflow Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Wind generated current Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack tide Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Theory of tides Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Knoll Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Platetectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea-level curve Sea level rise Sea level drop World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason-1 Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) Jason-3 Related Acidification Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Explorations Observations Reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean temperature Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Outline of oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Stratification Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Oceans portal Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_oceanography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"wave height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_height"},{"link_name":"trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(physics)"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(physics)"},{"link_name":"waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"wave spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holthuijsen-2"},{"link_name":"sea state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_state"},{"link_name":"winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"swell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_(ocean)"}],"text":"In physical oceanography, the significant wave height (SWH, HTSGW[1] or Hs) \nis defined traditionally as the mean wave height (trough to crest) of the highest third of the waves (H1/3). It is usually defined as four times the standard deviation of the surface elevation – or equivalently as four times the square root of the zeroth-order moment (area) of the wave spectrum.[2] The symbol Hm0 is usually used for that latter definition. The significant wave height (Hs) may thus refer to Hm0 or H1/3; the difference in magnitude between the two definitions is only a few percent.\nSWH is used to characterize sea state, including winds and swell.","title":"Significant wave height"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Munk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The original definition resulted from work by the oceanographer Walter Munk during World War II.[3][4] The significant wave height was intended to mathematically express the height estimated by a \"trained observer\". It is commonly used as a measure of the height of ocean waves.","title":"Origin and definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt_24_28-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt_24_28-5"}],"sub_title":"Time domain definition","text":"Significant wave height H1/3, or Hs or Hsig, as determined in the time domain, directly from the time series of the surface elevation, is defined as the average height of that one-third of the N measured waves having the greatest heights:[5]H\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1/3}={\\frac {1}{{\\frac {1}{3}}\\,N}}\\,\\sum _{m=1}^{{\\frac {1}{3}}\\,N}\\,H_{m}}HmmN[5]","title":"Origin and definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain"},{"link_name":"forecasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecasting"},{"link_name":"variance spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_spectrum"},{"link_name":"variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"root-mean-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt_24_28-5"},{"link_name":"time series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series"}],"sub_title":"Frequency domain definition","text":"Significant wave height Hm0, defined in the frequency domain, is used both for measured and forecasted wave variance spectra. Most easily, it is defined in terms of the variance m0 or standard deviation ση of the surface elevation:[6]H\n \n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n \n \n \n m\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n \n σ\n \n η\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{m_{0}}=4{\\sqrt {m_{0}}}=4\\sigma _{\\eta },}m0momentintegrationσηAnother wave-height statistic in common usage is the root-mean-square (or RMS) wave height Hrms, defined as:[5] \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n rms\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n 1\n N\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n H\n \n m\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{\\text{rms}}={\\sqrt {{\\frac {1}{N}}\\sum _{m=1}^{N}H_{m}^{2}}},}\n \n with Hm again denoting the individual wave heights in a certain time series.","title":"Origin and definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wavestats.svg"},{"link_name":"Rayleigh distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_distribution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Statistical distribution of ocean wave heightsSignificant wave height, scientifically represented as Hs or Hsig, is an important parameter for the statistical distribution of ocean waves. The most common waves are lower in height than Hs. This implies that encountering the significant wave is not too frequent. However, statistically, it is possible to encounter a wave that is much higher than the significant wave.Generally, the statistical distribution of the individual wave heights is well approximated by a Rayleigh distribution.[7] For example, given that Hs is 10 metres (33 feet), statistically:1 in 10 will be larger than 10.7 metres (35 ft)\n1 in 100 will be larger than 15.1 metres (50 ft)\n1 in 1000 will be larger than 18.6 metres (61 ft)This implies that one might encounter a wave that is roughly double the significant wave height. However, in rapidly changing conditions, the disparity between the significant wave height and the largest individual waves might be even larger.","title":"Statistical distribution of the heights of individual waves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holthuijsen-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Other statistics","text":"Other statistical measures of the wave height are also widely used. The RMS wave height, which is defined as square root of the average of the squares of all wave heights, is approximately equal to Hs divided by 1.4.[2][8]For example, according to the Irish Marine Institute:[9]\"… at midnight on 9/12/2007 a record significant wave height was recorded of 17.2m at with [sic] a period of 14 seconds.\"","title":"Statistical distribution of the heights of individual waves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wave spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_spectrum"},{"link_name":"satellite radar altimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radar_altimeter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quirin-10"}],"text":"Although most measuring devices estimate the significant wave height from a wave spectrum, satellite radar altimeters are unique in measuring directly the significant wave height thanks to the different time of return from wave crests and troughs within the area illuminated by the radar. The maximum ever measured wave height from a satellite is 20.1 metres (66 ft) during a North Atlantic storm in 2011.[10]","title":"Measurement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nww3_pa.anim.gif"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Center"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"Ocean Prediction Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Prediction_Center"},{"link_name":"Tropical Prediction Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center#Tropical_Analysis_and_Forecast_Branch"},{"link_name":"wind-wave models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_wave_model"},{"link_name":"NOAA's WAVEWATCH III(R) model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_wave_model#WAVEWATCH"}],"text":"NOAA WAVEWATCH III(R) model animation of significant wave height forecasts in the Pacific.The World Meteorological Organization stipulates that certain countries are responsible for providing weather forecasts for the world's oceans. These respective countries' meteorological offices are called Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers, or RSMCs. In their weather products, they give ocean wave height forecasts in significant wave height. In the United States, NOAA's National Weather Service is the RSMC for a portion of the North Atlantic, and a portion of the North Pacific. The Ocean Prediction Center and the Tropical Prediction Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) issue these forecasts.RSMCs use wind-wave models as tools to help predict the sea conditions. In the U.S., NOAA's WAVEWATCH III(R) model is used heavily.","title":"Weather forecasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A significant wave height is also defined similarly, from the wave spectrum, for the different systems that make up the sea. We then have a significant wave height for the wind-sea or for a particular swell.","title":"Generalization to wave systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"About earth :: A global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//earth.nullschool.net/about.html#waves"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holthuijsen_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holthuijsen_2-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-86028-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86028-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Biology and the Mechanics of Wave-swept Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biologymechanics0000denn"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-08487-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08487-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holt_24_28_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holt_24_28_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holt_24_28_5-2"},{"link_name":"Holthuijsen (2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolthuijsen2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Holthuijsen (2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolthuijsen2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1980JGR....85.1548T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JGR....85.1548T"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1029/jc085ic03p01548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1029%2Fjc085ic03p01548"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-02-0421-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-0421-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Report on Weather Buoy Readings During December Storm — 6th to 11th December\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131123045840/http://www.marine.ie/home/aboutus/newsroom/NewsArchive/2007/ResultsofWeatherBuoyReadings.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marine.ie/home/aboutus/newsroom/NewsArchive/2007/ResultsofWeatherBuoyReadings.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Quirin_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Phenomenal Sea States and Swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: A Comprehensive Analysis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00094/20538/"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012BAMS...93.1825H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BAMS...93.1825H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00128.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00128.1"}],"text":"^ \"About earth :: A global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions\".\n\n^ a b Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in Oceanic And Coastal Waters. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-86028-4.\n\n^ Denny, M.W. (1988). Biology and the Mechanics of Wave-swept Shores. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08487-4.\n\n^ Munk, W.H. (1944). Proposed uniform procedure for observing waves and interpreting instrument records. La Jolla, California: Wave Project at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\n\n^ a b c Holthuijsen (2007, pp. 24–28)\n\n^ Holthuijsen (2007, p. 70)\n\n^ Tayfun, Aziz (1980). \"Narrow-band nonlinear sea waves\". Journal of Geophysical Research. 85 (C3): 1543–1552. Bibcode:1980JGR....85.1548T. doi:10.1029/jc085ic03p01548.\n\n^ Dean, Robert G.; Dalrymple, Robert A. (1991). Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists. World Scientific. p. 193. ISBN 978-981-02-0421-1.\n\n^ \"Report on Weather Buoy Readings During December Storm — 6th to 11th December\". Irish Marine Institute. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.\n\n^ Hanafin, Jennifer A.; Quilfen, Yves; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Sienkiewicz, Joseph; Queffeulou, Pierre; Obrebski, Mathias; Chapron, Bertrand; Reul, Nicolas; Collard, Fabrice; Corman, David; De Azevedo, Eduardo B.; Vandemark, Doug; Stutzmann, Eleonore (2012). \"Phenomenal Sea States and Swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: A Comprehensive Analysis\". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 93 (12): 1825–1832. Bibcode:2012BAMS...93.1825H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00128.1.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Statistical distribution of ocean wave heights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wavestats.svg/220px-Wavestats.svg.png"},{"image_text":"NOAA WAVEWATCH III(R) model animation of significant wave height forecasts in the Pacific.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nww3_pa.anim.gif/220px-Nww3_pa.anim.gif"}]
[{"title":"Ocean Prediction Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Prediction_Center"},{"title":"Rogue wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_wave"},{"title":"Sea state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_state"}]
[{"reference":"\"About earth :: A global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://earth.nullschool.net/about.html#waves","url_text":"\"About earth :: A global map of wind, weather, and ocean conditions\""}]},{"reference":"Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in Oceanic And Coastal Waters. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-86028-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86028-4","url_text":"978-0-521-86028-4"}]},{"reference":"Denny, M.W. (1988). Biology and the Mechanics of Wave-swept Shores. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08487-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biologymechanics0000denn","url_text":"Biology and the Mechanics of Wave-swept Shores"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Princeton, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08487-4","url_text":"0-691-08487-4"}]},{"reference":"Munk, W.H. (1944). Proposed uniform procedure for observing waves and interpreting instrument records. La Jolla, California: Wave Project at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California","url_text":"California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography","url_text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography"}]},{"reference":"Tayfun, Aziz (1980). \"Narrow-band nonlinear sea waves\". Journal of Geophysical Research. 85 (C3): 1543–1552. Bibcode:1980JGR....85.1548T. doi:10.1029/jc085ic03p01548.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JGR....85.1548T","url_text":"1980JGR....85.1548T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fjc085ic03p01548","url_text":"10.1029/jc085ic03p01548"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Robert G.; Dalrymple, Robert A. (1991). Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists. World Scientific. p. 193. ISBN 978-981-02-0421-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-0421-1","url_text":"978-981-02-0421-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Report on Weather Buoy Readings During December Storm — 6th to 11th December\". Irish Marine Institute. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131123045840/http://www.marine.ie/home/aboutus/newsroom/NewsArchive/2007/ResultsofWeatherBuoyReadings.htm","url_text":"\"Report on Weather Buoy Readings During December Storm — 6th to 11th December\""},{"url":"https://www.marine.ie/home/aboutus/newsroom/NewsArchive/2007/ResultsofWeatherBuoyReadings.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanafin, Jennifer A.; Quilfen, Yves; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Sienkiewicz, Joseph; Queffeulou, Pierre; Obrebski, Mathias; Chapron, Bertrand; Reul, Nicolas; Collard, Fabrice; Corman, David; De Azevedo, Eduardo B.; Vandemark, Doug; Stutzmann, Eleonore (2012). \"Phenomenal Sea States and Swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: A Comprehensive Analysis\". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 93 (12): 1825–1832. Bibcode:2012BAMS...93.1825H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00128.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00094/20538/","url_text":"\"Phenomenal Sea States and Swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: A Comprehensive Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BAMS...93.1825H","url_text":"2012BAMS...93.1825H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00128.1","url_text":"10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00128.1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk
Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
["1 Description","2 History","3 Boardwalk's Cocoanut Grove","4 Rides","4.1 Current roller coasters","4.2 Thrill rides","4.3 Family rides","4.4 Kiddie rides","5 Former rides","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°57′51″N 122°01′04″W / 36.96417°N 122.01778°W / 36.96417; -122.01778 Amusement park in Santa Cruz, California Santa Cruz Beach BoardwalkLocationSanta Cruz, California, United StatesCoordinates36°57′51″N 122°01′04″W / 36.96417°N 122.01778°W / 36.96417; -122.01778StatusOperatingOpened1907; 117 years ago (1907)OwnerSanta Cruz Seaside CompanyOperating seasonYear-round (limited operation November–early February)AttractionsTotal35Roller coasters3Water rides1Websitebeachboardwalk.com California Historical LandmarkReference no.983 The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is an oceanfront amusement park in Santa Cruz, California. Founded in 1907, it is California's oldest surviving amusement park and one of the few seaside parks on the West Coast of the United States. Description The boardwalk extends along the coast of the Monterey Bay, from just east of the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf to the mouth of the San Lorenzo River. At the western edge of the park lies a large building originally known as The Plunge, now Neptune's Kingdom, a pirate-themed recreation center which contains a video arcade and an indoor miniature golf course. Next to this is the Casino Fun Center which includes a laser tag arena and next to that is the Cocoanut Grove banquet room and conference center. A Laffing Sal automated character, from San Francisco's Playland, is viewable near the miniature golf course. The main beach and boardwalk East of the casino, the boardwalk portion of the park stretches along a wide, sandy Main Beach visitors can access easily from the park. The eastern end of the boardwalk is dominated by the Giant Dipper, a wooden roller coaster that is one of the most visible landmarks in Santa Cruz. The Dipper and the Looff Carousel, which still contains its original 342-pipe organ built in 1894, are both on the US National Register of Historic Places. They were, together, declared to be a National Historic Landmark in 1987 and the park is California Historical Landmark number 983. There are old-fashioned carnival games and snack booths throughout the 24-acre (9.7-hectare) park. It is located at 400 Beach Street in Santa Cruz, 36°57′51″N 122°01′04″W / 36.96417°N 122.01778°W / 36.96417; -122.01778 south of the Ocean Street exit of California State Route 1, which is the southern terminus of California State Route 17. History Santa Cruz Swimming Baths at the Boardwalk, Pacific Novelty Company Postcards, circa 1910. Fred W. Swanton formed the Santa Cruz Beach, Cottage, and Tent City Corporation in 1903 and the following year, the City of Santa Cruz granted permission for commercial buildings to be built. On 14 June 1904, the Neptune Casino opened with an arcade, grill and dining room, and a theater. The beach was a destination for railroads and trolleys from 1875. From 1927 to 1959, Southern Pacific Railroad ran Suntan Special excursion trains to the beach from San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose every summer Sunday and holiday. A short passenger service to Roaring Camp via the San Lorenzo river canyon in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park was restored in 1985 by the Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway, which stops in front of the park. As of 2011, the park is headed by Charles Canfield, the son of Laurence Canfield, the president of the park from the 1950s until the early 1980s. It has won the Best Seaside Amusement Park Award from Amusement Today every year since 2007 except for 2015. Although there is no admission and the beach is public, a parking fee is charged when the rides are open. Season or day passes can be purchased or tickets for $1; each ride costs between 3 and 7 tickets. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the park shut down in mid-March 2020. The park reopened on November 7, 2020. The park then subsequently shut down on November 10, 2020, due to Santa Cruz County re-entering the Substantial tier of the California Blueprint for a Safer Economy. The park then re-opened select rides to California residents on April 1, 2021. Boardwalk's Cocoanut Grove The Boardwalk's Cocoanut Grove conference center includes banquet rooms and a performing arts venue. Food, drink, and theater were profitable aspects of the resort since the original Casino of Swanton in 1904. Although gambling was never legal, it was generally known that guests could take boats from the "pleasure pier" to a ship in the harbor to play games of chance in the early days. During Prohibition from 1920 to 1933, serving alcoholic drinks was also outlawed and the casino changed its name to Cocoanut Grove. The name includes an old spelling of Coconut, Cocos nucifera, which was used in the popular Marx Brothers movie The Cocoanuts of 1929. The name was also used by a number of popular nightclubs of the era, including one in The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. In the 1930s and 1940s, Cocoanut Grove was a popular spot for major big band acts, including Stan Kenton, Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton and Tommy Dorsey. Today, Cocoanut Grove rarely hosts musical acts. It is a venue for weddings, banquets, school formal occasions and reunions, and corporate events. The Grand Ballroom and Sun Room complexes include over 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of space and commercial kitchens. Rides Current roller coasters Coaster Opened Manufacturer Model Giant Dipper 1924 Designed by Frank Prior & Frederick Church; Built by Arthur Looff Wooden Roller Coaster Sea Serpent 2000 E&F Miler Industries Family Coaster Undertow 2013 Maurer Söhne Spinning Coaster Thrill rides Ride Opened Manufacturer Model Crazy Surf 1998 Wisdom Rides Genesis Cyclone 2004 Hrubetz Round Up Double Shot 2005 S&S Worldwide 125 foot tall Double Shot drop tower Fireball 2003 KMG Revolution 20 Rock-O-Plane 1954 Eyerly Rock-O-Plane Shockwave 2017 Zamperla Disk’o Typhoon 2017 ARM Rides Typhoon WipeOut 1998 HUSS Breakdance Family rides Ride Opened Manufacturer Model Cave Train 1961 Arrow Development Cave Train Freefall 2002 Moser Freefall Ghost Blasters 2001 Sally Corporation Shooting Dark Ride Haunted Castle 2010 Sally Corporation Dark Ride Lighthouse Lift-Off 2021 Sunkid Lift Tower Logger’s Revenge 1977 Arrow Development Log Flume Looff Carousel 1911 Looff Carousel Pirate Ship 1984 Chance Rides Pirate Ship Riptide 1993 Larson International Tilt-A-Whirl Sea Swings 2008 Bertazzon Swing Carousel Sky Glider 1967 Universal Mobility Chairlift Space Race 2000 Space Race Inc. Space Race Speed Bumps 1996 Majestic Manufacturing Bumper Cars Tornado 2000 Wisdom Rides Tornado Tsunami 1999 Moser Music Express Twirlin Teacups 2019 Mack Rides Teacups Wave Rider 2021 Battech Enterprises Permanent Dry Slide Kiddie rides Ride Opened Manufacturer Model Beach Swing 2013 Zamperla Happy Swing Bouncin’ Buggies 2016 Zamperla Jump Around Bulgy the Whale 1960 Eyerly Bulgy the Whale Convoy 2000 Zamperla Convoy Jet Copters 1990 Zamperla Helicopter ride Sea Dragons 1976 Zamperla Sea Dragon Speed Boats 1960 Venture Speed Boats Speedway 2002 Zamperla Speedway Former rides Hurricane (replaced by Undertow, opened 1992, closed 2012) Videostorm (replaced by Tsunami) Whirlwind The Red Baron (opened 1970’s) Chaos (replaced by Fireball, opened 1997, closed 2002) The Flying cages (opened 1960’s) Dante’s Inferno (replaced by Haunted Castle, opened 1935) Paratrooper (replaced by Wave Jammer, opened 1965, closed 1985) Starfish (opened 2004, closed 2012) Wave Jammer (opened 1986, replaced by Rock & Roll, closed 2001) The Airplane (opened 1950) Auto Scooter (opened 1933) Jet Star (opened, 1972 closed 1991) Treasure Island (replaced by Haunted Castle) Roll-O-Plane (where Logger’s Revenge is today, opened 1940s) Drive-A-Boat (replaced by Artic Flyer) The Super Round-Up (replaced by the former Typhoon, opened 1972, closed 1991) Pirate’s Cove (replaced by Haunted Castle) The Trabant (by the former 1961 Ferris Wheel) Bermuda Triangle (Scrambler) (replaced by Cliff Hanger) Spider Autorama (traveled through park, opened 1961, closed 1998) Spin Out (Tea Cups) (replaced by Cyclone, opened 1989, closed 2003) The Octopus (opened 1950s) Arctic Flyer (opened 1973, replaced by Videostorm) Wild Mouse (closed 1975, replaced by Logger's Revenge) Crazy Surf (KMG X-Factory), Sold to UK showman Joseph Manning in October 2018, converted from park to travelling model by Eagle Fabrications. Cliff Hanger (opened 2003, closed 2023) To be replaced by Surge (Chance Rides Freestyle) in 2024 Rock & Roll (opened 2002, closed 2023) To be replaced by Dream Wheel (Chance Rides Century Wheel) in 2024 References ^ "Santa Cruz Booardwalk class amusement park". www.californiadaytrips.com. Retrieved May 25, 2016. ^ "NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS PROGRAM" (PDF). www.nps.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2016. ^ "Santa Cruz County". California Historical Landmark web site. State of California Office of Historic Preservation. Retrieved June 11, 2010. ^ "SP and the Suntan Special" (PDF). History of in Santa Cruz County. Retrieved August 18, 2019. ^ "Roaring Camp Railroads -— Santa Cruz Beach Train". official web site. Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway. Retrieved May 2, 2015. ^ "All-time Winners By Category". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2018. ^ "Ticket Information". Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk web site. Santa Cruz Seaside Company. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ beachboardwalk.com ^ Fernandez, Ryan (November 4, 2020). "Coronavirus roundup: Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk sets reopening date – it's very soon". www.bizjournals.com. Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ "Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk to reopen rides on April 1". SFGATE. March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions about the historic Cocoanut Grove". Cocoanut Grove website. Retrieved June 10, 2010. ^ Valerie Gladstone (May 14, 2000). "DANCE; They Come to the Dance Floor Bearing a Gift: Jazz". New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2010. ^ "The Dawn of the Cave Train". ^ "The Legacy of the Wild Mouse Lives On!". Further reading Santa Cruz Seaside Company (April 1, 2007). The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk - A Century by the Sea. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-814-5. External links California portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. "Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk". Official web site. Cocoanut Grove Official site Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk at the Roller Coaster DataBase vteAmusement parks in CaliforniaAmusement parks Belmont Park (San Diego) Castle Park (Riverside) Funderland (Sacramento) Pacific Park (Santa Monica) Rotary Storyland & Playland (Fresno) Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk Scandia Amusement Park (Ontario) Theme parks Adventure City (Stanton) California's Great America (Santa Clara) Children's Fairyland (Oakland) Disneyland (Anaheim) Disney California Adventure (Anaheim) Gilroy Gardens Knott's Berry Farm (Buena Park) Legoland California (Carlsbad) SeaWorld San Diego Sesame Place San Diego Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Vallejo) Six Flags Magic Mountain (Valencia) Universal Studios Hollywood (Los Angeles) Water parks Aqua Adventure (Fremont) Dry Town Water Park (Palmdale) Drop Zone (Perris) Roseville Golfland Sunsplash (Roseville) Island Waterpark (Fresno) Knott's Soak City (Buena Park) Legoland Water Park (Carlsbad) Raging Waters (San Dimas / San Jose / Sacramento) Sesame Place San Diego Six Flags Hurricane Harbor (Concord) Six Flags Hurricane Harbor (Valencia) Splash Kingdom Waterpark (Redlands) Splash Pad Park (Oakland) Wet'n'Wild Palm Springs Family entertainment centers Alpine Slide at Magic Mountain (Big Bear Lake) Blackbeard's Family Entertainment Center (Fresno) Boomers! Parks (Irvine / Livermore / Modesto / Palm Springs / Santa Maria / Vista) Fiesta Village Family Fun Park (Colton) Golfland Entertainment Centers (Anaheim / Castro Valley / Milpitas / Roseville / San Jose / Sunnyvale) Golf 'N' Stuff (Norwalk / Ventura) John's Incredible Pizza Company (Bakersfield / Fresno / Modesto / National City / Newark / Riverside) Mountasia Family Fun Center (Valencia) Mulligan Family Fun Centers (Murrieta / Palmdale) Scandia (Sacramento / Victorville / Fairfield / Rohnert Park) SpeedZone Los Angeles vteSanta Cruz, CaliforniaEducation Georgiana Bruce Kirby Preparatory School Pacific Collegiate School Harbor High School Santa Cruz High School University of California, Santa Cruz Beaches Lighthouse Field State Beach Natural Bridges State Beach Steamer Lane Twin Lakes State Beach Landmarks Branciforte Branciforte Adobe California Powder Works Bridge Cowell Lime Works Golden Gate Villa Hinds House Hotel Metropole Kaiser Permanente Arena Mission Santa Cruz Octagon Building Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk Santa Cruz Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster Giant Dipper Santa Cruz Breakwater Light Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium Santa Cruz Wharf Steamer Lane Museums Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History Santa Cruz Surfing Museum Culture and media Free Radio Santa Cruz Metro Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Weekly Surf City, USA This list is incomplete.
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Founded in 1907, it is California's oldest surviving amusement park[1] and one of the few seaside parks on the West Coast of the United States.","title":"Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monterey Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Wharf"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_River"},{"link_name":"video arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_arcade"},{"link_name":"miniature golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_golf"},{"link_name":"laser tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_tag"},{"link_name":"Laffing Sal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffing_Sal"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Playland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playland_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"miniature golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_golf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Main_Beach_and_Bordwalk.jpg"},{"link_name":"boardwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardwalk_(entertainment_district)"},{"link_name":"Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"Giant Dipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Dipper"},{"link_name":"wooden roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Looff Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Looff_Carousel_and_Roller_Coaster"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHL-3"},{"link_name":"36°57′51″N 122°01′04″W / 36.96417°N 122.01778°W / 36.96417; -122.01778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk&params=36_57_51_N_122_01_04_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"California State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"California State Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_17"}],"text":"The boardwalk extends along the coast of the Monterey Bay, from just east of the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf to the mouth of the San Lorenzo River. At the western edge of the park lies a large building originally known as The Plunge, now Neptune's Kingdom, a pirate-themed recreation center which contains a video arcade and an indoor miniature golf course. Next to this is the Casino Fun Center which includes a laser tag arena and next to that is the Cocoanut Grove banquet room and conference center. A Laffing Sal automated character, from San Francisco's Playland, is viewable near the miniature golf course.The main beach and boardwalkEast of the casino, the boardwalk portion of the park stretches along a wide, sandy Main Beach visitors can access easily from the park. The eastern end of the boardwalk is dominated by the Giant Dipper, a wooden roller coaster that is one of the most visible landmarks in Santa Cruz. The Dipper and the Looff Carousel, which still contains its original 342-pipe organ built in 1894, are both on the US National Register of Historic Places. They were, together, declared to be a National Historic Landmark in 1987[2] and the park is California Historical Landmark number 983.[3]There are old-fashioned carnival games and snack booths throughout the 24-acre (9.7-hectare) park. It is located at 400 Beach Street in Santa Cruz, 36°57′51″N 122°01′04″W / 36.96417°N 122.01778°W / 36.96417; -122.01778 south of the Ocean Street exit of California State Route 1, which is the southern terminus of California State Route 17.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Swimming_Baths.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Swimming Baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_del_Rey_Hotel#Plunge_Natatorium"},{"link_name":"Fred W. Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Swanton"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Suntan Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntan_Special"},{"link_name":"excursion trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excursion_train"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roaring Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Camp"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell_Redwoods_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Big_Trees_and_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Cruz_Beach_Boardwalk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Amusement Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Santa Cruz Swimming Baths at the Boardwalk, Pacific Novelty Company Postcards, circa 1910.Fred W. Swanton formed the Santa Cruz Beach, Cottage, and Tent City Corporation in 1903 and the following year, the City of Santa Cruz granted permission for commercial buildings to be built. On 14 June 1904, the Neptune Casino opened with an arcade, grill and dining room, and a theater.The beach was a destination for railroads and trolleys from 1875. From 1927 to 1959, Southern Pacific Railroad ran Suntan Special excursion trains to the beach from San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose every summer Sunday and holiday.[4] A short passenger service to Roaring Camp via the San Lorenzo river canyon in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park was restored in 1985 by the Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway, which stops in front of the park.[5]As of 2011[update], the park is headed by Charles Canfield, the son of Laurence Canfield, the president of the park from the 1950s until the early 1980s. It has won the Best Seaside Amusement Park Award from Amusement Today every year since 2007 except for 2015.[6] Although there is no admission and the beach is public, a parking fee is charged when the rides are open. Season or day passes can be purchased or tickets for $1; each ride costs between 3 and 7 tickets.[7][8]Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the park shut down in mid-March 2020. The park reopened on November 7, 2020.[9] The park then subsequently shut down on November 10, 2020, due to Santa Cruz County re-entering the Substantial tier of the California Blueprint for a Safer Economy. The park then re-opened select rides to California residents on April 1, 2021.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conference center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_center"},{"link_name":"original Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_del_Rey_Hotel#Casino"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"},{"link_name":"The Cocoanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cocoanuts"},{"link_name":"The Ambassador Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocoa-11"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"Stan Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Lionel Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocoa-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Boardwalk,_Santa_Cruz,_CA,_US_-_Diliff.jpg"}],"text":"The Boardwalk's Cocoanut Grove conference center includes banquet rooms and a performing arts venue. Food, drink, and theater were profitable aspects of the resort since the original Casino of Swanton in 1904. Although gambling was never legal, it was generally known that guests could take boats from the \"pleasure pier\" to a ship in the harbor to play games of chance in the early days. During Prohibition from 1920 to 1933, serving alcoholic drinks was also outlawed and the casino changed its name to Cocoanut Grove. The name includes an old spelling of Coconut, Cocos nucifera, which was used in the popular Marx Brothers movie The Cocoanuts of 1929. The name was also used by a number of popular nightclubs of the era, including one in The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California.[11]In the 1930s and 1940s, Cocoanut Grove was a popular spot for major big band acts, including Stan Kenton, Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton and Tommy Dorsey.[12]Today, Cocoanut Grove rarely hosts musical acts. It is a venue for weddings, banquets, school formal occasions and reunions, and corporate events. The Grand Ballroom and Sun Room complexes include over 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of space and commercial kitchens.[11]","title":"Boardwalk's Cocoanut Grove"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current roller coasters","title":"Rides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thrill rides","title":"Rides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Family rides","title":"Rides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kiddie rides","title":"Rides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMG_(company)"},{"link_name":"Chance Rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Rides"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hurricane (replaced by Undertow, opened 1992, closed 2012)\nVideostorm (replaced by Tsunami)\nWhirlwind\nThe Red Baron (opened 1970’s)\nChaos (replaced by Fireball, opened 1997, closed 2002)\nThe Flying cages (opened 1960’s)\nDante’s Inferno (replaced by Haunted Castle, opened 1935)\nParatrooper (replaced by Wave Jammer, opened 1965, closed 1985)\nStarfish (opened 2004, closed 2012)\nWave Jammer (opened 1986, replaced by Rock & Roll, closed 2001)\nThe Airplane (opened 1950)\nAuto Scooter (opened 1933)\nJet Star (opened, 1972 closed 1991)\nTreasure Island (replaced by Haunted Castle)\nRoll-O-Plane (where Logger’s Revenge is today, opened 1940s)\nDrive-A-Boat (replaced by Artic Flyer)\nThe Super Round-Up (replaced by the former Typhoon, opened 1972, closed 1991)\nPirate’s Cove (replaced by Haunted Castle)\nThe Trabant (by the former 1961 Ferris Wheel)\nBermuda Triangle (Scrambler) (replaced by Cliff Hanger)\nSpider\nAutorama (traveled through park, opened 1961, closed 1998)\nSpin Out (Tea Cups) (replaced by Cyclone, opened 1989, closed 2003)\nThe Octopus (opened 1950s)\nArctic Flyer (opened 1973, replaced by Videostorm)\nWild Mouse (closed 1975, replaced by Logger's Revenge)\nCrazy Surf (KMG X-Factory), Sold to UK showman Joseph Manning in October 2018, converted from park to travelling model by Eagle Fabrications.\nCliff Hanger (opened 2003, closed 2023) To be replaced by Surge (Chance Rides Freestyle) in 2024\nRock & Roll (opened 2002, closed 2023) To be replaced by Dream Wheel (Chance Rides Century Wheel) in 2024[14]","title":"Former rides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58008-814-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-814-5"}],"text":"Santa Cruz Seaside Company (April 1, 2007). The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk - A Century by the Sea. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-814-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The main beach and boardwalk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Santa_Cruz_Main_Beach_and_Bordwalk.jpg/220px-Santa_Cruz_Main_Beach_and_Bordwalk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Santa Cruz Swimming Baths at the Boardwalk, Pacific Novelty Company Postcards, circa 1910.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Santa_Cruz_Swimming_Baths.jpg/220px-Santa_Cruz_Swimming_Baths.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Santa Cruz Booardwalk class amusement park\". www.californiadaytrips.com. Retrieved May 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.californiadaytrips.com/santa-cruz-boardwalk-classic-amusement-park.htm","url_text":"\"Santa Cruz Booardwalk class amusement park\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS PROGRAM\" (PDF). www.nps.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/ca/CA.pdf","url_text":"\"NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS PROGRAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Cruz County\". California Historical Landmark web site. State of California Office of Historic Preservation. Retrieved June 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21523","url_text":"\"Santa Cruz County\""}]},{"reference":"\"SP and the Suntan Special\" (PDF). History of in Santa Cruz County. Retrieved August 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sccrtc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Rail-Event-Timeline-Posters-final.pdf","url_text":"\"SP and the Suntan Special\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roaring Camp Railroads -— Santa Cruz Beach Train\". official web site. Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway. Retrieved May 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roaringcamp.com/beachtrain","url_text":"\"Roaring Camp Railroads -— Santa Cruz Beach Train\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Big_Trees_and_Pacific_Railway","url_text":"Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway"}]},{"reference":"\"All-time Winners By Category\". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://goldenticketawards.com/all-time-winners-by-category/#32","url_text":"\"All-time Winners By Category\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ticket Information\". Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk web site. Santa Cruz Seaside Company. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608210443/http://www.beachboardwalk.com/01_tickets.html","url_text":"\"Ticket Information\""},{"url":"http://beachboardwalk.com/01_tickets.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Ryan (November 4, 2020). \"Coronavirus roundup: Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk sets reopening date – it's very soon\". www.bizjournals.com. Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2020/11/04/santa-cruz-beach-boardwalk-reopening-covid.html","url_text":"\"Coronavirus roundup: Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk sets reopening date – it's very soon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230612045755/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2020/11/04/santa-cruz-beach-boardwalk-reopening-covid.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk to reopen rides on April 1\". SFGATE. March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Santa-Cruz-Beach-Boardwalk-to-reopen-rides-on-16061625.php","url_text":"\"Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk to reopen rides on April 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about the historic Cocoanut Grove\". Cocoanut Grove website. Retrieved June 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://beachboardwalk.com/Cocoanut-Grove","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about the historic Cocoanut Grove\""}]},{"reference":"Valerie Gladstone (May 14, 2000). \"DANCE; They Come to the Dance Floor Bearing a Gift: Jazz\". New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E7D71138F937A25756C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"DANCE; They Come to the Dance Floor Bearing a Gift: Jazz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dawn of the Cave Train\".","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.beachboardwalk.com/nadm-cave-train-origin","url_text":"\"The Dawn of the Cave Train\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legacy of the Wild Mouse Lives On!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.beachboardwalk.com/nadm-wild-mouse","url_text":"\"The Legacy of the Wild Mouse Lives On!\""}]},{"reference":"Santa Cruz Seaside Company (April 1, 2007). The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk - A Century by the Sea. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-814-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-814-5","url_text":"978-1-58008-814-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk\". Official web site.","urls":[{"url":"https://beachboardwalk.com/","url_text":"\"Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb
Triangular prismatic honeycomb
["1 Related honeycombs","1.1 Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.2 Trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.3 Truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.4 Rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.5 Truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.6 Snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","1.7 Snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb","1.8 Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb","1.9 Gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb","1.10 Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb","2 References"]
Triangular prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbol {3,6}×{∞} or t0,3{3,6,2,∞} Coxeter diagrams Space groupCoxeter notation ,2,∞])+,2,∞] Dual Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The triangular prismatic honeycomb or triangular prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed entirely of triangular prisms. It is constructed from a triangular tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. It consists of 1 + 6 + 1 = 8 edges meeting at a vertex, There are 6 triangular prism cells meeting at an edge and faces are shared between 2 cells. Related honeycombs Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbols {6,3}×{∞} or t0,1,3{6,3,2,∞} Coxeter diagrams Cell types 4.4.6 Vertex figure triangular bipyramid Space groupCoxeter notation ,2,∞] Dual Triangular prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The hexagonal prismatic honeycomb or hexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of hexagonal prisms. It is constructed from a hexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. This honeycomb can be alternated into the gyrated tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, with pairs of tetrahedra existing in the alternated gaps (instead of a triangular bipyramid). There are 1 + 3 + 1 = 5 edges meeting at a vertex, 3 Hexagonal Prism cells meeting at an edge, and faces are shared between 2 cells. Trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbol r{6,3}x{∞} or t1,3{6,3}x{∞} Vertex figure Rectangular bipyramid Coxeter diagram Space groupCoxeter notation Dual Rhombille prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2. It is constructed from a trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb Truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbol t{6,3}×{∞} or t0,1,3{6,3,2,∞} Coxeter diagram Cell types 4.4.123.4.4 Face types {3}, {4}, {12} Edge figures Square,Isosceles triangle Vertex figure Triangular bipyramid Space groupCoxeter notation Dual Triakis triangular prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb or tomo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of dodecagonal prisms, and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2. It is constructed from a truncated hexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Vertex figure Trapezoidal bipyramid Schläfli symbol rr{6,3}×{∞} or t0,2,3{6,3,2,∞}s2{3,6}×{∞} Coxeter diagram Space groupCoxeter notation Dual Deltoidal trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or rhombitrihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms, cubes, and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:3:2. It is constructed from a rhombitrihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbol tr{6,3}×{∞} or t0,1,2,3{6,3,2,∞} Coxeter diagram Space groupCoxeter notation Vertex figure irr. triangular bipyramid Dual Kisrhombille prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or tomo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of dodecagonal prisms, hexagonal prisms, and cubes in a ratio of 1:2:3. It is constructed from a truncated trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbol sr{6,3}×{∞} Coxeter diagram Symmetry Dual Floret pentagonal prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or simo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:8. It is constructed from a snub trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb Snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb Type Convex honeycomb Schläfli symbol ht0,1,2,3{6,3,2,∞} Coxeter-Dynkin diagram Cells hexagonal antiprismoctahedrontetrahedron Vertex figure Symmetry + Properties vertex-transitive A snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb can be constructed by alternation of the truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb, although it can not be made uniform, but it can be given Coxeter diagram: and has symmetry +. It makes hexagonal antiprisms from the dodecagonal prisms, octahedra (as triangular antiprisms) from the hexagonal prisms, tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids) from the cubes, and two tetrahedra from the triangular bipyramids. Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbols {3,6}:e×{∞}s{∞}h1{∞}×{∞} Coxeter diagrams Space groupCoxeter notation Dual Prismatic pentagonal prismatic honeycomb Properties vertex-transitive The elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb or elongated antiprismatic prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of cubes and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2. It is constructed from an elongated triangular tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb Gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb Type Convex uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbols {3,6}:g×{∞}{4,4}f{∞} Cell types (3.4.4) Face types {3}, {4} Vertex figure Space group  ? Dual ? Properties vertex-transitive The gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb or parasquare fastigial cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of triangular prisms. It is vertex-uniform with 12 triangular prisms per vertex. It can be seen as parallel planes of square tiling with alternating offsets caused by layers of paired triangular prisms. The prisms in each layer are rotated by a right angle to those in the next layer. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Pairs of triangular prisms can be combined to create gyrobifastigium cells. The resulting honeycomb is closely related but not equivalent: it has the same vertices and edges, but different two-dimensional faces and three-dimensional cells. Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb Type Uniform honeycomb Schläfli symbols {3,6}:ge×{∞}{4,4}f1{∞} Vertex figure Space groupCoxeter notation  ? Dual - Properties vertex-transitive The gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb or elongated parasquare fastigial cellulation is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of cubes and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2. It is created by alternating layers of cubes and triangular prisms, with the prisms alternating in orientation by 90 degrees. It is related to the elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb which has the triangular prisms with the same orientation. This is related to a space-filling polyhedron, elongated gyrobifastigium, where cube and two opposite triangular prisms are augmented together as a single polyhedron: References Olshevsky, George (2006). "Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs" (PDF). (Complete list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex uniform tetracombs) Grünbaum, Branko (1994). "Uniform tilings of 3-space". Geombinatorics. 4 (2): 49–56. Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991) Sherk, F. Arthur; McMullen, Peter; Thompson, Anthony C.; Weiss, Asia Ivic, eds. (1995). Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6. Paper 22: Coxeter, H.S.M. (1940). "Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes I". Mathematische Zeitschrift. 46: 380–407. doi:10.1007/BF01181449. 1.9 Uniform space-fillings Andreini, A. (1905). "Sulle reti di poliedri regolari e semiregolari e sulle corrispondenti reti correlative (On the regular and semiregular nets of polyhedra and on the corresponding correlative nets)". Mem. Società Italiana della Scienze. Ser. 3 (14): 75–129. Klitzing, Richard. "3D Euclidean Honeycombs tiph". Uniform Honeycombs in 3-Space VRML models
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangular tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"text":"It is constructed from a triangular tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.It consists of 1 + 6 + 1 = 8 edges meeting at a vertex, There are 6 triangular prism cells meeting at an edge and faces are shared between 2 cells.","title":"Triangular prismatic honeycomb"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"hexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_tiling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"alternated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"gyrated tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrated_tetrahedral-octahedral_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"triangular bipyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_bipyramid"}],"sub_title":"Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The hexagonal prismatic honeycomb or hexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of hexagonal prisms.It is constructed from a hexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.This honeycomb can be alternated into the gyrated tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, with pairs of tetrahedra existing in the alternated gaps (instead of a triangular bipyramid).There are 1 + 3 + 1 = 5 edges meeting at a vertex, 3 Hexagonal Prism cells meeting at an edge, and faces are shared between 2 cells.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triangular-hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"trihexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2.It is constructed from a trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"dodecagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truncated_hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"truncated hexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_hexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The truncated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb or tomo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of dodecagonal prisms, and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2.It is constructed from a truncated hexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhombitriangular-hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"rhombitrihexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombitrihexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The rhombitrihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or rhombitrihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms, cubes, and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:3:2.It is constructed from a rhombitrihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"dodecagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omnitruncated_triangular-hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"truncated trihexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_trihexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or tomo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of dodecagonal prisms, hexagonal prisms, and cubes in a ratio of 1:2:3.It is constructed from a truncated trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snub_triangular-hexagonal_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"snub trihexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snub_trihexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb","text":"The snub trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb or simo-trihexagonal prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of hexagonal prisms and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:8.It is constructed from a snub trihexagonal tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Coxeter diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_diagram"},{"link_name":"hexagonal antiprisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_antiprism"},{"link_name":"dodecagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"octahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedron"},{"link_name":"hexagonal prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_prism"},{"link_name":"tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"triangular bipyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_bipyramid"}],"sub_title":"Snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb","text":"A snub trihexagonal antiprismatic honeycomb can be constructed by alternation of the truncated trihexagonal prismatic honeycomb, although it can not be made uniform, but it can be given Coxeter diagram: and has symmetry [6,3,2,∞]+. It makes hexagonal antiprisms from the dodecagonal prisms, octahedra (as triangular antiprisms) from the hexagonal prisms, tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids) from the cubes, and two tetrahedra from the triangular bipyramids.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elongated_triangular_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"link_name":"elongated triangular tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_triangular_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"}],"sub_title":"Elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb","text":"The elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb or elongated antiprismatic prismatic cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of cubes and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2.It is constructed from an elongated triangular tiling extruded into prisms.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean 3-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_3-space"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyrated_triangular_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyrated_triangular_prismatic_tiling.png"},{"link_name":"square tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_tiling"},{"link_name":"convex uniform honeycombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_uniform_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"gyrobifastigium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrobifastigium"}],"sub_title":"Gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb","text":"The gyrated triangular prismatic honeycomb or parasquare fastigial cellulation is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of triangular prisms. It is vertex-uniform with 12 triangular prisms per vertex.It can be seen as parallel planes of square tiling with alternating offsets caused by layers of paired triangular prisms. The prisms in each layer are rotated by a right angle to those in the next layer.It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.Pairs of triangular prisms can be combined to create gyrobifastigium cells. The resulting honeycomb is closely related but not equivalent: it has the same vertices and edges, but different two-dimensional faces and three-dimensional cells.","title":"Related honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"cubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"triangular prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyroelongated_triangular_prismatic_honeycomb.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyroelongated_triangular_prismatic_tiling.png"},{"link_name":"elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_triangular_prismatic_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"elongated gyrobifastigium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_gyrobifastigium"},{"link_name":"cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elongated_gyrobifastigium_equilateral_honeycomb.png"}],"sub_title":"Gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb","text":"The gyroelongated triangular prismatic honeycomb or elongated parasquare fastigial cellulation is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of cubes and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2.It is created by alternating layers of cubes and triangular prisms, with the prisms alternating in orientation by 90 degrees.It is related to the elongated triangular prismatic honeycomb which has the triangular prisms with the same orientation.This is related to a space-filling polyhedron, elongated gyrobifastigium, where cube and two opposite triangular prisms are augmented together as a single polyhedron:","title":"Related honeycombs"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Olshevsky, George (2006). \"Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/4HONEYS.pdf","url_text":"\"Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs\""}]},{"reference":"Grünbaum, Branko (1994). \"Uniform tilings of 3-space\". Geombinatorics. 4 (2): 49–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum","url_text":"Grünbaum, Branko"},{"url":"https://geombina.uccs.edu/?page_id=528","url_text":"\"Uniform tilings of 3-space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geombinatorics","url_text":"Geombinatorics"}]},{"reference":"Sherk, F. Arthur; McMullen, Peter; Thompson, Anthony C.; Weiss, Asia Ivic, eds. (1995). Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McMullen","url_text":"McMullen, Peter"},{"url":"http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471010030.html","url_text":"Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01003-6","url_text":"978-0-471-01003-6"}]},{"reference":"Coxeter, H.S.M. (1940). \"Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes I\". Mathematische Zeitschrift. 46: 380–407. doi:10.1007/BF01181449. 1.9 Uniform space-fillings","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische_Zeitschrift","url_text":"Mathematische Zeitschrift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01181449","url_text":"10.1007/BF01181449"}]},{"reference":"Andreini, A. (1905). \"Sulle reti di poliedri regolari e semiregolari e sulle corrispondenti reti correlative (On the regular and semiregular nets of polyhedra and on the corresponding correlative nets)\". Mem. Società Italiana della Scienze. Ser. 3 (14): 75–129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Andreini","url_text":"Andreini, A."}]},{"reference":"Klitzing, Richard. \"3D Euclidean Honeycombs tiph\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/flat.htm","url_text":"\"3D Euclidean Honeycombs tiph\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Smith
Carroll Smith
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
American racing driver For the entomologist, see Carroll N. Smith. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Carroll Smith" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Carroll Smith (1932–2003) was a successful professional race car driver, engineer, and author. Carroll's books are highly regarded among amateur race drivers and engineers. He was representative of the club racing spirit: learning a craft and bringing together several disciplines in order to participate in a dangerous and often misunderstood sport. Biography Born in Oswego, New York and raised in the northeast United States, Carroll Smith began racing MGs while attending the University of Rochester. Entering SCCA events in Pensacola, Florida, at the time, he was enlisted in the US Navy. Carroll moved to Europe where he befriended John Cooper. Driving a Formula Junior Cooper, he won his first race. After waning success in the Cooper cars, followed by a characteristically clear-eyed personal assessment that he lacked the ability to drive race cars at the highest levels, he returned to the United States and began working with Carroll Shelby and the Ford Motor Company on the GT40 Le Mans program. Smith oversaw the preparation on the cars that won the 1966 and 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans. After winning Le Mans with the GT40 cars from 1966 to 1969 (inclusive), FIA rules changes caused Ford to cancel the GT40 program. Smith moved to work with American Under-2.5 Liter Trans-Am champion Tony Adamowicz to work on his F5000 car in 1969. Smith led the team to the championship that year. In his many writings, Adamowicz credits Smith with successfully focusing his driving and tuning efforts. After that victory, he began working on Prepare to Win. Smith later consulted for the Ferrari Formula One team and in 1977 he was team manager for the Moffat Ford Dealer Team in Australia; the team winning both the Australian Touring Car Championship and the Bathurst 1000 endurance race. In later life Smith exercised his interest in racing by running vintage cars. Carroll was an active and avid Society of Automotive Engineers member. Smith succumbed to pancreatic cancer in May 2003 at his home in northern California, leaving his daughter Dana, his son Christopher, and his fiancée Ginger. Carroll's first wife, Jane, died on October 15, 1994, after a fall from a balcony in their home while she was gardening. Carroll himself notes: "She went doing what she liked best, enjoying the ocean view and gardening...secure in the love of her family and friends and in the respect of her co-workers and students." Smith's books were well received by drivers and mechanics alike because of their affable, direct, and clear writing style. After writing a series of books about different aspects of racing car preparation, tuning and engineering practice, each with ... to Win in the title, he wrote the Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook about the fasteners and plumbing parts often used in cars. When Smith announced the forthcoming book, he proclaimed his intent to title it Screw to Win, which (he claimed) the publisher then disallowed. His readers and fans refer to the book by just that title. For a while, he gave out Screw to Win autographed stickers to cover up the title. Publications Smith, Carrol (1975). Prepare to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-3-3. —— (1978). Tune to Win. ISBN 0-87938-071-3. —— (1985). Engineer to Win. ISBN 0-87938-186-8. —— (1990). Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook. ISBN 0-87938-406-9. —— (1996). Drive to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-0-9. —— (1998). Carroll Smith's Engineer in Your Pocket. ISBN 0-9651600-1-7. Smith, Carrol (2004). Racing Chassis and Suspension Design. Society of Automotive Engineers . ISBN 9780768011203. References ^ Oswego Palladium Times, Monday, April 4, 1932 ^ Prepare to Win. ^ "Engineer, author Carroll Smith passes away". Autoweek. May 28, 2003. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook. External links Carroll Smith's official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
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He was representative of the club racing spirit: learning a craft and bringing together several disciplines in order to participate in a dangerous and often misunderstood sport.","title":"Carroll Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oswego, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MGs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Cars"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"SCCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"John Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cooper_(car_maker)"},{"link_name":"Formula Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Junior"},{"link_name":"Carroll Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Shelby"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"GT40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_GT40"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"1967 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Trans-Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Am_Series"},{"link_name":"F5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_5000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrepare_to_Win-2"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Formula One team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Moffat Ford Dealer Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffat_Ford_Dealer_Team"},{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bathurst 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_1000"},{"link_name":"Society of Automotive Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuts,_Bolts,_Fasteners,_and_Plumbing_Handbook-4"}],"text":"Born in Oswego, New York[1] and raised in the northeast United States, Carroll Smith began racing MGs while attending the University of Rochester.[when?] Entering SCCA events in Pensacola, Florida, at the time, he was enlisted in the US Navy.Carroll moved to Europe[when?] where he befriended John Cooper. Driving a Formula Junior Cooper, he won his first race. After waning success in the Cooper cars, followed by a characteristically clear-eyed personal assessment that he lacked the ability to drive race cars at the highest levels, he returned to the United States and began working with Carroll Shelby and the Ford Motor Company on the GT40 Le Mans program. Smith oversaw the preparation on the cars that won the 1966 and 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans.After winning Le Mans with the GT40 cars from 1966 to 1969 (inclusive), FIA rules changes caused Ford to cancel the GT40 program. Smith moved to work with American Under-2.5 Liter Trans-Am champion Tony Adamowicz to work on his F5000 car in 1969. Smith led the team to the championship that year. In his many writings, Adamowicz credits Smith with successfully focusing his driving and tuning efforts.After that victory, he began working on Prepare to Win.[2] Smith later consulted for the Ferrari Formula One team and in 1977 he was team manager for the Moffat Ford Dealer Team in Australia; the team winning both the Australian Touring Car Championship and the Bathurst 1000 endurance race. In later life Smith exercised his interest in racing by running vintage cars. Carroll was an active and avid Society of Automotive Engineers member.Smith succumbed to pancreatic cancer in May 2003 at his home in northern California, leaving his daughter Dana, his son Christopher, and his fiancée Ginger.[3] Carroll's first wife, Jane, died on October 15, 1994, after a fall from a balcony in their home while she was gardening. Carroll himself notes: \"She went doing what she liked best, enjoying the ocean view and gardening...secure in the love of her family and friends and in the respect of her co-workers and students.\"Smith's books were well received by drivers and mechanics alike because of their affable, direct, and clear writing style. After writing a series of books about different aspects of racing car preparation, tuning and engineering practice, each with ... to Win in the title, he wrote the Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook[4] about the fasteners and plumbing parts often used in cars. When Smith announced the forthcoming book, he proclaimed his intent to title it Screw to Win, which (he claimed) the publisher then disallowed. His readers and fans refer to the book by just that title. For a while, he gave out Screw to Win autographed stickers to cover up the title.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith, Carrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9651600-3-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-3-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87938-071-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-071-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87938-186-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-186-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87938-406-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-406-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9651600-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-0-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9651600-1-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-1-7"},{"link_name":"Society of Automotive Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780768011203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768011203"}],"text":"Smith, Carrol (1975). Prepare to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-3-3.\n—— (1978). Tune to Win. ISBN 0-87938-071-3.\n—— (1985). Engineer to Win. ISBN 0-87938-186-8.\n—— (1990). Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook. ISBN 0-87938-406-9.\n—— (1996). Drive to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-0-9.\n—— (1998). Carroll Smith's Engineer in Your Pocket. ISBN 0-9651600-1-7.\nSmith, Carrol (2004). Racing Chassis and Suspension Design. Society of Automotive Engineers . ISBN 9780768011203.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Smith, Carrol (1975). Prepare to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-3-3.","urls":[{"url_text":"Smith, Carrol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-3-3","url_text":"0-9651600-3-3"}]},{"reference":"—— (1978). Tune to Win. ISBN 0-87938-071-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-071-3","url_text":"0-87938-071-3"}]},{"reference":"—— (1985). Engineer to Win. ISBN 0-87938-186-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-186-8","url_text":"0-87938-186-8"}]},{"reference":"—— (1990). Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook. ISBN 0-87938-406-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87938-406-9","url_text":"0-87938-406-9"}]},{"reference":"—— (1996). Drive to Win. ISBN 0-9651600-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-0-9","url_text":"0-9651600-0-9"}]},{"reference":"—— (1998). Carroll Smith's Engineer in Your Pocket. ISBN 0-9651600-1-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9651600-1-7","url_text":"0-9651600-1-7"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Carrol (2004). Racing Chassis and Suspension Design. Society of Automotive Engineers . ISBN 9780768011203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers","url_text":"Society of Automotive Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768011203","url_text":"9780768011203"}]},{"reference":"\"Engineer, author Carroll Smith passes away\". Autoweek. May 28, 2003. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2098241/engineer-author-carroll-smith-passes-away/","url_text":"\"Engineer, author Carroll Smith passes away\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Quarantine_Facility
Mobile quarantine facility
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Sealed accommodation for returned Apollo astronauts The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth in July 1969, visited by President Nixon. The mobile quarantine facility (MQF) was a converted Airstream trailer used by NASA to quarantine astronauts returning from Apollo lunar missions for the first few days after splashdown. The MQF was on the aircraft carrier that picked up the capsule. Once the aircraft carrier reached port, the MQF was flown to Houston, and the crew served the remainder of the 21 days of quarantine in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The purpose of the quarantine was to prevent the spread of any contagions from the Moon, though the existence of such contagions was considered unlikely. It functioned by maintaining a lower pressure inside and filtering any air vented. History In June of 1967, NASA awarded contract to design and build the four MQF's to Melpar, Inc., of Falls Church, Virginia. Lawrence K. Eliason was the head project manager. The MQF contained living and sleeping facilities as well as communications equipment which the astronauts used to converse with their families. The Apollo 11 crew also used this equipment to speak with President Nixon, who personally welcomed them back to Earth in July 1969 aboard the recovery ship USS Hornet after splashdown. The trailers housed the three crew as well as a physician, William Carpentier, and an engineer, John Hirasaki, who ran the MQF and powered down the command module. The Apollo 11 mobile quarantine facility, with the crew on board, is unloaded from a C-141 aircraft. MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility on display at the Huntsville Space museum. MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility Electricity panel MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility with inside folding table MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility front door seals MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility sink and 6 bunk area. MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility kitchen Radar range microwave oven Fridge MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility bathroom sink. MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility rear bathroom tub and shower MQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility kitchen exhaust vent and electrical connections Apollo mobile quarantine facility rear generator and transformers Four MQFs were built for NASA: Mission Designation Disposition Apollo 11 MQF003 Formerly on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Apollo 12 MQF002 Converted for various purposes and found near Marion, Alabama. Currently on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Apollo 13 MQF001 Not used for the crew because they did not land on the Moon. For some time the USDA used it. Its present disposition is unknown. Apollo 14 MQF004 On display at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda, California. The quarantine requirement was eliminated following Apollo 14 once it was proven the Moon was sterile and that the facilities were therefore unnecessary. See also Crew transport vehicle References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mobile Quarantine Facility. ^ "Mobile Quarantine Facility". Collections Database. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. ^ a b Pearlman, Robert (August 11, 2007). "Topic: Apollo 12 MQF trailer resurfaces". CollectSpace. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ "Space Camp Newsletter: Mobile Quarantine Facility". September 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ Mason, Betsy (July 2009). "Wired Science News for Your Neurons Splashdown! The Ship That Picked Up the Apollo 11 Astronauts". Wired!. ^ "After Splashdown". Apollo to the Moon. National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. July 1999. Archived from the original on February 24, 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) External links Film footage of President Richard Nixon speaking with the Apollo 11 astronauts in their mobile quarantine facility on the USS Hornet NASA.gov vteApollo program hardwareLaunch vehicles Little Joe II Saturn I Saturn IB Saturn V Launch vehiclecomponents F-1 engine J-2 engine Instrument unit Launch Vehicle Digital Computer Spacecraft Apollo Apollo command module Columbia Apollo service module Apollo Lunar Module Eagle Spacecraftcomponents Apollo Abort Guidance System Apollo Docking Mechanism Apollo Guidance Computer Lunar Sounder Experiment Primary guidance, navigation, and control system Apollo Telescope Mount Apollo TV camera Descent propulsion system Ascent propulsion system Scimitar antenna Space suits Apollo/Skylab A7L Beta cloth Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment Lunar surfaceequipment Portable Life Support System Lunar Roving Vehicle Lunar Laser Ranging experiment list of retroreflectors Solar Wind Composition Experiment Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package Active Seismic Experiment Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment Modular Equipment Transporter Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment Lunar Surface Gravimeter Lunar Surface Magnetometer Lunar Traverse Gravimeter Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment Heat Flow Experiment Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment Ground support Mobile Launcher Launch Umbilical Tower Crawler-transporter Lunar Landing Research Vehicle Mobile quarantine facility Ceremonial Lunar plaque Lunar Flag Assembly Fallen Astronaut Apollo 11 goodwill messages Related Lunar escape systems Rendezvous Docking Simulator Moon Museum Category:Apollo program hardware
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"President Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Airstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstream"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauts"},{"link_name":"Apollo lunar missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Program"},{"link_name":"splashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown"},{"link_name":"Lunar Receiving Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"contagions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-1"}],"text":"The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth in July 1969, visited by President Nixon.The mobile quarantine facility (MQF) was a converted Airstream trailer used by NASA to quarantine astronauts returning from Apollo lunar missions for the first few days after splashdown. The MQF was on the aircraft carrier that picked up the capsule. Once the aircraft carrier reached port, the MQF was flown to Houston, and the crew served the remainder of the 21 days of quarantine in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The purpose of the quarantine was to prevent the spread of any contagions from the Moon, though the existence of such contagions was considered unlikely. It functioned by maintaining a lower pressure inside and filtering any air vented.[1]","title":"Mobile quarantine facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falls Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Church"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"President Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"USS Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)"},{"link_name":"William Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"John Hirasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hirasaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_unloaded_from_C-141.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-141 aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-141_Starlifter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_Electricity_panel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_inside_folding_table_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_front_door_seals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_sink_and_6_bunk_area_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_Radar_range_microwave_oven_Fridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_drivers_side_bathroom_sink_close_up.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_rear_window_bathroom_tub_and_shower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQF002_Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_kitchen_exhaust_vent_and_electrical_connections_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_mobile_quarantine_facility_rear_generator_and_transformers_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian-5"}],"text":"In June of 1967, NASA awarded contract to design and build the four MQF's to Melpar, Inc., of Falls Church, Virginia. Lawrence K. Eliason was the head project manager.The MQF contained living and sleeping facilities as well as communications equipment which the astronauts used to converse with their families. The Apollo 11 crew also used this equipment to speak with President Nixon, who personally welcomed them back to Earth in July 1969 aboard the recovery ship USS Hornet after splashdown.The trailers housed the three crew as well as a physician, William Carpentier, and an engineer, John Hirasaki, who ran the MQF and powered down the command module.The Apollo 11 mobile quarantine facility, with the crew on board, is unloaded from a C-141 aircraft.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility on display at the Huntsville Space museum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility Electricity panel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility with inside folding table\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility front door seals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility sink and 6 bunk area.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility kitchen Radar range microwave oven Fridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility bathroom sink.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility rear bathroom tub and shower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMQF002 Apollo mobile quarantine facility kitchen exhaust vent and electrical connections\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApollo mobile quarantine facility rear generator and transformersFour MQFs were built for NASA:The quarantine requirement was eliminated following Apollo 14 once it was proven the Moon was sterile and that the facilities were therefore unnecessary.[5]","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Crew transport vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_transport_vehicle"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Storm_(disambiguation)
Red Storm
[]
Red Storm may refer to: Operation Red Storm, a name given to the Battle of Wadi al-Batin during the 1991 Gulf War Red Storm (film), a 2019 Malaysian action film Red Storm (computing), computing architecture Red Storm Rising, a 1986 novel by Tom Clancy and Larry Bond St. John's Red Storm, athletic teams of St. John's University Red Storm Entertainment, a video game company specializing in Tom Clancy licenses Red Storm Webtoon, an action and martial arts series, written by Kyungchan Noh Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Red Storm.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography
Quantitative computed tomography
["1 History","1.1 Three-dimensional QCT imaging","2 Diagnostic use","2.1 Lumbar spine","2.2 Hip","2.3 Contraindications for use","2.4 Radiation dose","3 Advantages","3.1 Reproducibility","3.2 Dual use of CT images","4 Reporting","5 Peripheral quantitative computed tomography","5.1 Comparison to DXA","6 See also","7 References"]
Quantitative computed tomographyICD-988.98 Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a medical technique that measures bone mineral density (BMD) using a standard X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner with a calibration standard to convert Hounsfield units (HU) of the CT image to bone mineral density values. Quantitative CT scans are primarily used to evaluate bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip. In general, solid phantoms placed in a pad under the patient during CT image acquisition are used for calibration. These phantoms contain materials that represent a number of different equivalent bone mineral densities. Usually either calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) or potassium phosphate (K2HPO4) are used as the reference standard. Image of cortical and trabecular bone of the spine by Quantitative computed tomography. Only the central trabecular portion is measured History QCT was invented at University of California San Francisco (UCSF) during the 1970s. Douglas Boyd, PhD and Harry Genant, MD used a CT head scanner to do some of the seminal work on QCT. At the same time, CT imaging technology progressed rapidly and Genant and Boyd worked with one of EMI's first whole body CT systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s to apply the quantitative CT method to the spine, coining the term "QCT." Genant later published several articles on spinal QCT in the early 1980s with Christopher E. Cann, PhD. Today, QCT is being used in hundreds of medical imaging centers around the world, both clinically and as a powerful research tool. Three-dimensional QCT imaging Originally, conventional 2D QCT used individual, thick CT slice images through each of multiple vertebrae which involved tilting the CT scanner gantry to align the slice with each vertebra. Today, modern 3D QCT uses the ability of CT scanners to rapidly acquire multiple slices to construct three-dimensional images of the human body. Using 3D imaging substantially reduced image acquisition time, improved reproducibility and enabled QCT bone density analysis of the hip. Image of 3D volumetric QCT scan Diagnostic use QCT exams are typically used in the diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis. Lumbar spine At the spine, QCT is used to measure the bone mineral density of only the spongy interior bone separately from the dense cortical bone that forms the exterior walls of the vertebrae. The trabecular bone has much higher metabolic activity than the cortical bone and so is affected by age, disease and therapy-related changes earlier and to a greater degree than cortical bone. This means that QCT of the spine has an advantage compared to other bone density tests because earlier changes in bone mineral density may be detected . Hip Image of proximal femur bone projection Clinically, QCT is used at the hip to produce areal BMD measurements and T-Scores that are equivalent to DXA measurements. The exam can be done without particular attention to the positioning of the patient's limbs because the software allows the hip anatomy to be manipulated after the image is captured, allowing the exam to be performed on patients with arthritic hips who may find traditional exams uncomfortable. Contraindications for use QCT bone densitometry should not be used for patients who have the following conditions: Patients who have recently had another radiological procedure that includes the introduction of high density contrast material (barium, iodine, thorotrast, thorium) or radio-opaque catheters and tubes. Patients who are pregnant or may be pregnant. Radiation dose QCT scan protocols are low-dose and can limit the amount of radiation exposure to between 200-400μSv for a spine exam This is comparable to a set of mammograms and typically substantially less than a standard CT exam. Using other non-IV contrast abdominal or pelvic scans such as a Virtual Colonography studies, the QCT exam can be performed without requiring any further image acquisition or consequent radiation dose to the patient. Advantages QCT enables spine BMD measurements on patients with scoliosis, which cannot usually be measured using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, QCT can avoid the artificially high BMD measurements that can confuse the results from DXA in arthritic patients, patients who are obese, who suffer from disc space narrowing or spinal degenerative diseases, aortic calcification or osteophytes. Reproducibility Short-term precision estimates of BMD measurement by 3D QCT have been published for the lumbar spine as 0.8% and femoral neck as 0.69%. Dual use of CT images Several studies have shown that bone density may be measured by QCT using CT images that were ordered for other purposes. Using pre-existing images, including CT colonography exams, QCT allows for bone density screening without submitting the patient to any additional radiation exposure. The feasibility of using routine abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scans for the evaluation of bone density by QCT has also been demonstrated. Reporting Average bone mineral density is calculated and then compared to age and sex matched controls. At the spine, a volumetric BMD measurement is made using QCT and rather than using T-Scores, it should be compared to guideline thresholds from the American College of Radiology (ACR): a BMD < 80 mg/cm3 indicates osteoporosis; a BMD < 120 mg/cm3 and > 80 mg/cm3 indicates osteopenia; and a BMD above 120 mg/cm3 is considered normal. At the hip, a DXA-equivalent T-score may be calculated for comparison to the WHO classification at the proximal femur as normal, osteopenia (T-Score < -1.0 and > -2.5) or osteoporosis (T-Score < -2.5). This T-Score may also be used for fracture risk probability calculation in the WHO FRAX tool with "T-Score" as the appropriate DXA setting. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography In medicine, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, commonly abbreviated pQCT, is a type of quantitative computed tomography (QCT), used for making measurements of the bone mineral density (BMD) in a peripheral part of the body, such as the forearms or legs as opposed to QCT that measures bone mineral density at the hip and spine. It is useful for measuring bone strength. Comparison to DXA Unlike most other common techniques for measuring BMD, a pQCT scan is able to measure volumetric bone mineral density, plus other measures such as the stress-strain index (SSI) and the geometry of the bone. DXA is only able to provide the areal bone mineral density. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is better than DXA at detecting bone microarchitecture, modeling whole-bone geometry using 3-dimensional information from scans. This method allows estimation of bone strength and other mechanical properties. See also Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) References ^ a b c J. E. Adams, "Quantitative computed tomography.," European journal of radiology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 415-24, Sep. 2009. ^ K G Faulkner, C C Glüer, S Grampp, and H K Genant, "Cross-calibration of liquid and solid QCT calibration standards: Corrections to the UCSF normative data" Osteoporosis International, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 36-42, 1993. ^ Reflections on Development of Quantitative Computed Tomography ^ K. Engelke, A. Mastmeyer, V. Bousson, T. Fuerst, J.-D. Laredo, and W. a Kalender, "Reanalysis precision of 3D quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine.," Bone, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 566-72, Apr. 2009. ^ a b B. C. C. Khoo et al., "Comparison of QCT-derived and DXA-derived areal bone mineral density and T scores.," Osteoporosis International, vol. 20, no.9, pp. 1539-45, Sep. 2009. ^ J. S. Bauer, S. Virmani, and D. K. Mueller, "Quantitative CT to assess bone mineral density as a diagnostic tool for osteoporosis and related fractures," MedicaMundi, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 31-37, 2010. ^ R. M. Summers et al., "Feasibility of simultaneous computed tomographic colonography and fully automated bone mineral densitometry in a single examination.," Journal of computer assisted tomography, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 212-6, 2011. ^ A. El Maghraoui and C. Roux, "DXA scanning in clinical practice.," QJM, vol. 101, no. 8, pp. 605 17, Aug. 2008. ^ E. W. Yu, B. J. Thomas, J. K. Brown, and J. S. Finkelstein, "Simulated increases in body fat and errors in bone mineral density measurements by DXA and QCT.," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 119-124, Sep. 2011. ^ G. Guglielmi et al., "Effect of Spinal Degenerative Changes on Volumetric Bone Mineral Density of the Central Skeleton as Measured by Quantitative Computed Tomography," Acta Radiologica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 269-275, Jan. 2005. ^ J. A. Smith, J. A. Vento, R. P. Spencer, and B. E. Tendler, "Aortic Calcification Contributing to Bone Densitometry Measurement," Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 181-183, Jun. 1999. ^ G. Liu, M. Peacock, O. Eilam, G. Dorulla, E. Braunstein, and C. C. Johnston, "Effect of osteoarthritis in the lumbar spine and hip on bone mineral density and diagnosis of osteoporosis in elderly men and women.," Osteoporosis International, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 564-9, Jan. 1997. ^ J. C. Prior et al., "Premenopausal ovariectomy-related bone loss: a randomized, double-blind, one-year trial of conjugated estrogen or medroxyprogesterone acetate.," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1851-63, Nov. 1997. ^ Pickhardt et al., "Simultaneous screening for osteoporosis at CT colonography: Bone mineral density assessment using MDCT attenuation techniques compared with the DXA reference standard," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2194-203, 2011, , ^ Bauer et al., "Volumetric quantitative CT of the spine and hip derived from contrast-enhanced MDCT: conversion factors," American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 188, no.5, pp. 1294-301, 2007. ^ American College of Radiology, "ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) Bone Densitometry," 2008. ^ E. M. Lewiecki et al., "International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2007 Adult and Pediatric Official Positions.," Bone, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1115-21, Dec. 2008. ^ E. M. Lewiecki et al., "Official Positions for FRAX Bone Mineral Density and FRAX simplification from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX.," Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 226-36. ^ Müller A, Rüegsegger E, Rüegsegger P (1989). "Peripheral QCT: a low-risk procedure to identify women predisposed to osteoporosis". Phys Med Biol. 34 (6): 741–9. Bibcode:1989PMB....34..741M. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/34/6/009. PMID 2740441. S2CID 250737312. ^ Goolsby, Marci A.; Boniquit, Nicole (2016-11-30). "Bone Health in Athletes". Sports Health. 9 (2): 108–117. doi:10.1177/1941738116677732. ISSN 1941-7381. PMC 5349390. PMID 27821574. vteMedical imagingX-ray/radiography2D Pneumoencephalography Dental radiography Sialography Myelography CXR Bronchography AXR KUB DXA/DXR Upper gastrointestinal series/Small-bowel follow-through/Lower gastrointestinal series Cholangiography/Cholecystography Mammography Pyelogram Cystography Arthrogram Hysterosalpingography Skeletal survey Angiography Angiocardiography Aortography Venography Lymphogram Orbital x-ray CT scanTechniques: General operation Quantitative High-resolution X-ray microtomography Electron beam Cone beam Targets Heart calcium scan angiography Abdominal and pelvis Virtual colonoscopy Angiography Coronary Pulmonary Head Thyroid Whole body imaging Full-body CT scan Other Fluoroscopy Dental panoramic radiography X-ray motion analysis Hounsfield scale Radiodensity MRI Brain functional Neurography Cardiac perfusion Angiography Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Breast Sequences diffusion restriction Tractography Synthetic MRI Ultrasound Techniques doppler contrast-enhanced 3D endoscopic duplex Echocardiography Doppler echocardiography TTE TEE ICE Transcranial Doppler Intravascular Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Abdominal ultrasonography renal renal tract Rectal Breast Scrotal Carotid Emergency ultrasound FAST pre-hospital Radionuclide2D/scintigraphy Cholescintigraphy Scintimammography Ventilation/perfusion scan Radionuclide ventriculography Radionuclide angiography Radioisotope renography Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy Radioactive iodine uptake test Bone scintigraphy Immunoscintigraphy Dacryoscintigraphy DMSA scan Gastric emptying study Full body: Octreotide scan Gallium-67 scan Ga-68-DOTATOC Indium-111 WBC scan 3D/ECTSPECT (gamma ray): Myocardial perfusion imaging PET (positron): Brain PET Cardiac PET PET mammography PET-CT PET-MRI Optical/Laser Optical tomography Optical coherence tomography Confocal microscopy Endomicroscopy Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging Thermography Non-contact thermography Contact thermography Dynamic angiothermography Target conditions Acute stroke Pregnancy Category vteProcedures involving bones and jointsOrthopedic surgeryBonesFace Jaw reduction Orthognathic surgery Chin augmentation Spine Coccygectomy Laminotomy Laminectomy Laminoplasty Corpectomy Facetectomy Foraminotomy Vertebral fixation Vertebral augmentation Arm Acromioplasty Leg Femoral head ostectomy Astragalectomy Distraction osteogenesis Ilizarov apparatus Phemister graft General Ostectomy Bone grafting Osteotomy Epiphysiodesis Reduction Internal fixation External fixation Tension band wiring Cartilage Articular cartilage repair Microfracture surgery Knee cartilage replacement therapy Autologous chondrocyte implantation JointsSpine Arthrodesis Spinal fusion Intervertebral discs Discectomy Annuloplasty Arthroplasty Arm Shoulder surgery Shoulder replacement Bankart repair Weaver–Dunn procedure Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction Hand surgery Brunelli procedure Finger joint replacement Leg Hip resurfacing Hip replacement Rotationplasty Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Knee replacement/Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Ankle fusion Ankle replacement Broström procedure Triple arthrodesis General Arthrotomy Arthroplasty Synovectomy Arthroscopy Joint replacement imaging: Arthrogram Arthrocentesis Arthroscopic lavage
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bone mineral density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_density"},{"link_name":"computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"Hounsfield units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounsfield_units"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE_Adams-1"},{"link_name":"calcium hydroxyapatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxyapatite"},{"link_name":"potassium phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_phosphate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_of_trabecular_bone_of_the_spine_by_Quantitative_computed_tomography.jpg"}],"text":"Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a medical technique that measures bone mineral density (BMD) using a standard X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner with a calibration standard to convert Hounsfield units (HU) of the CT image to bone mineral density values.[1] Quantitative CT scans are primarily used to evaluate bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip.In general, solid phantoms placed in a pad under the patient during CT image acquisition are used for calibration. These phantoms contain materials that represent a number of different equivalent bone mineral densities. Usually either calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) or potassium phosphate (K2HPO4) are used as the reference standard.[2]Image of cortical and trabecular bone of the spine by Quantitative computed tomography. Only the central trabecular portion is measured","title":"Quantitative computed tomography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"QCT was invented at University of California San Francisco (UCSF) during the 1970s. Douglas Boyd, PhD and Harry Genant, MD used a CT head scanner to do some of the seminal work on QCT.[3]\nAt the same time, CT imaging technology progressed rapidly and Genant and Boyd worked with one of EMI's first whole body CT systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s to apply the quantitative CT method to the spine, coining the term \"QCT.\" Genant later published several articles on spinal QCT in the early 1980s with Christopher E. Cann, PhD. Today, QCT is being used in hundreds of medical imaging centers around the world, both clinically and as a powerful research tool.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE_Adams-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_of_3D_volumetric_QCT_scan.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Three-dimensional QCT imaging","text":"Originally, conventional 2D QCT used individual, thick CT slice images through each of multiple vertebrae which involved tilting the CT scanner gantry to align the slice with each vertebra. Today, modern 3D QCT uses the ability of CT scanners to rapidly acquire multiple slices to construct three-dimensional images of the human body. Using 3D imaging substantially reduced image acquisition time, improved reproducibility and enabled QCT bone density analysis of the hip.[1]Image of 3D volumetric QCT scan","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"}],"text":"QCT exams are typically used in the diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis.","title":"Diagnostic use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE_Adams-1"}],"sub_title":"Lumbar spine","text":"At the spine, QCT is used to measure the bone mineral density of only the spongy interior bone separately from the dense cortical bone that forms the exterior walls of the vertebrae.[4] The trabecular bone has much higher metabolic activity than the cortical bone and so is affected by age, disease and therapy-related changes earlier and to a greater degree than cortical bone. This means that QCT of the spine has an advantage compared to other bone density tests because earlier changes in bone mineral density may be detected .[1]","title":"Diagnostic use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_of_proximal_femur_bone_projection.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.C.C-5"}],"sub_title":"Hip","text":"Image of proximal femur bone projectionClinically, QCT is used at the hip to produce areal BMD measurements and T-Scores that are equivalent to DXA measurements.[5] The exam can be done without particular attention to the positioning of the patient's limbs because the software allows the hip anatomy to be manipulated after the image is captured, allowing the exam to be performed on patients with arthritic hips who may find traditional exams uncomfortable.","title":"Diagnostic use"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contraindications for use","text":"QCT bone densitometry should not be used for patients who have the following conditions:Patients who have recently had another radiological procedure that includes the introduction of high density contrast material (barium, iodine, thorotrast, thorium) or radio-opaque catheters and tubes.\nPatients who are pregnant or may be pregnant.","title":"Diagnostic use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Radiation dose","text":"QCT scan protocols are low-dose and can limit the amount of radiation exposure to between 200-400μSv for a spine exam[6] This is comparable to a set of mammograms and typically substantially less than a standard CT exam. Using other non-IV contrast abdominal or pelvic scans such as a Virtual Colonography studies, the QCT exam can be performed without requiring any further image acquisition or consequent radiation dose to the patient.[7]","title":"Diagnostic use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"obese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"osteophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteophyte"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"QCT enables spine BMD measurements on patients with scoliosis, which cannot usually be measured using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).[8] In addition, QCT can avoid the artificially high BMD measurements that can confuse the results from DXA in arthritic patients, patients who are obese,[9] who suffer from disc space narrowing or spinal degenerative diseases,[10] aortic calcification[11] or osteophytes.[12]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.C.C-5"}],"sub_title":"Reproducibility","text":"Short-term precision estimates of BMD measurement by 3D QCT have been published for the lumbar spine as 0.8%[13] and femoral neck as 0.69%.[5]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Dual use of CT images","text":"Several studies have shown that bone density may be measured by QCT using CT images that were ordered for other purposes. Using pre-existing images, including CT colonography exams,[14] QCT allows for bone density screening without submitting the patient to any additional radiation exposure. The feasibility of using routine abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scans for the evaluation of bone density by QCT has also been demonstrated.[15]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Average bone mineral density is calculated and then compared to age and sex matched controls. At the spine, a volumetric BMD measurement is made using QCT and rather than using T-Scores, it should be compared to guideline thresholds from the American College of Radiology (ACR):[16] a BMD < 80 mg/cm3 indicates osteoporosis; a BMD < 120 mg/cm3 and > 80 mg/cm3 indicates osteopenia; and a BMD above 120 mg/cm3 is considered normal.At the hip, a DXA-equivalent T-score may be calculated for comparison to the WHO classification at the proximal femur as normal, osteopenia (T-Score < -1.0 and > -2.5) or osteoporosis (T-Score < -2.5).[17] This T-Score may also be used for fracture risk probability calculation in the WHO FRAX tool[18] with \"T-Score\" as the appropriate DXA setting.","title":"Reporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_property"},{"link_name":"bone mineral density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_mineral_density"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In medicine, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, commonly abbreviated pQCT, is a type of quantitative computed tomography (QCT), used for making measurements of the bone mineral density (BMD) in a peripheral part of the body, such as the forearms or legs as opposed to QCT that measures bone mineral density at the hip and spine. It is useful for measuring bone strength.[19]","title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stress-strain index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_index"},{"link_name":"DXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Comparison to DXA","text":"Unlike most other common techniques for measuring BMD, a pQCT scan is able to measure volumetric bone mineral density, plus other measures such as the stress-strain index (SSI) and the geometry of the bone. DXA is only able to provide the areal bone mineral density.High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is better than DXA at detecting bone microarchitecture, modeling whole-bone geometry using 3-dimensional information from scans. This method allows estimation of bone strength and other mechanical properties.[20]","title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography"}]
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[{"title":"Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_energy_X-ray_absorptiometry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_file_(Mac_OS)
System suitcase
["1 History","1.1 System 1 through 6","1.2 System 7 and later","2 Third-party tools","3 Easter eggs","4 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]
The System suitcase (so-called because its icon depicts a suitcase; officially called the System file) is one of two essential files that make up the classic Mac OS, the other being the Macintosh Finder. If either file is missing or corrupted, a Macintosh may display a blinking question mark when booting. The suitcase is located in the System Folder, like the Finder file, and contains keyboard layouts, FKEY resources, cursors, icons, sounds, and, in System 6, bitmap fonts, and desk accessories. Mac OS only supports one System file; the presence of more than one System file on a hard disk is likely to cause system instability. History System 1 through 6 In versions released up to and including System 6, the System file could not be opened by the Finder. Files could only be moved into or out of the System file using Apple's built-in Font/DA Mover tool. A large System file could cause system instability and could easily become corrupt, requiring users to wipe and rebuild it. System 7 and later In System 7 and subsequent releases, Apple moved several components of the System file to other locations, to reduce the file's bloat and improve stability. In System 7, desk accessories were turned into normal applications that could be placed anywhere on the hard disk, though their default location is a new "Apple Menu Items". System 7's Finder gained the ability to open and modify the System file as if it were a normal folder. Users could double click on fonts or sounds contained in the System file to preview them. Sounds, keyboard layouts and fonts could be added to the System file through drag and drop. System 7 also gained the ability to install bitmapped or TrueType fonts by dragging and dropping them onto the System Folder, which would move them to the System file. Font/DA Mover was removed in System 7, as it was no longer needed. System 7.1 moved fonts from the System suitcase to a new Fonts folder within the System folder. From then on, fonts could be installed by moving them to the Fonts subfolder, though they would only become available to applications after the latter were restarted. Third-party tools Several third-party apps were created to manage the System suitcase. Symantec's Suitcase was the "industry standard" for managing fonts. ALsoft's Master Juggler could also manage Fkeys, items in the Apple menu, and system sounds. Easter eggs In System 6, the string "Help! Help! We're being held prisoner in a system software factory!" appears in the data fork of the System file. During System 7 development, it was updated to "Help! Help! We're still being held prisoner in a system software factory!". Later versions of System 7 contain other variations of the message. A list of credits also follows in each case. Citations ^ a b Broback & Williams 1997, p. 43. ^ Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 3. ^ Broback & Williams 1997, p. 113. ^ Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 5, 96–97. ^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 100. ^ a b c d Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 42. ^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 145-146. ^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 103. ^ a b Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 70, 96–97. ^ a b Rietmann & Higgins 1994, p. 146. ^ Rubin 1991, p. 15. ^ Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 40. ^ Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 76. ^ Broback & Williams 1997, p. 188. ^ Pogue 1998, pp. 118–121. References Broback, Steve; Williams, Robin (1997). Beyond The Little Mac Book. Berkeley, California: Peachpit. ISBN 0-201-88666-9. Danuloff, Craig; Bell, Mark R. (1997). The Mac OS 8 Book (4th ed.). Ventana (International Thomson Publishing). ISBN 1-56604-688-2. Giordan, Daniel; Boylan, Kelly; Donohoe, Brendan; Szabo, Michelle (1996). Wilson, Lisa (ed.). The Whole Mac: Solutions for the Creative Professional. Hayden Books. ISBN 1-56830-298-3. LeVitus, Bob; Miller-Love, Laurie (1992). Dr. Macintosh (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-57050-5. Pogue, David (April 1998). The Great Macintosh Easter Egg Hunt. New York, Yew York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-16006-8. Rietmann, Kearney; Higgins, Frank (1994). Upgrading & Fixing Macs for Dummies. IDG Books. ISBN 1-56884-189-2. Rubin, Charles (1991). The Macintosh Bible Guide to System 7. Berkeley, California: Goldstein & Blair. ISBN 0-940235-21-8. External links BBC engineer Ray White's detailed technical writeup on the System Folder, which includes information on the new Fonts folder vteClassic Mac OSVersions System 1 System 2, 3, and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Applications Calculator Chooser Drive Setup DVD Player Finder Graphing Calculator Keychain Access PictureViewer PowerTalk QuickTime Player Network Browser Scrapbook Sherlock Software Update Stickies System Information SimpleText Developer HyperCard MacsBug Macintosh Programmer's Workshop ResEdit Technology Alias Appearance Manager Apple menu At Ease Balloon help Bomb error Command key (⌘) Control Panel Control Strip Creator code Dogcow Extensions Hierarchical File System HFS Plus Keychain Labels Macintosh File System Macintosh Toolbox Managers MultiFinder Multiprocessing Services Option key (⌥) OSType PICT QuickDraw QuickTime Resource fork Sosumi sound Startup sequence System folder System suitcase Type code WorldScript Related articles Memory management Old World ROM New World ROM Software
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"System suitcase"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"System 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_6"},{"link_name":"Font/DA Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font/DA_Mover"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeVitusMiller-Love1992103-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742-6"}],"sub_title":"System 1 through 6","text":"In versions released up to and including System 6, the System file could not be opened by the Finder. Files could only be moved into or out of the System file using Apple's built-in Font/DA Mover tool.[6][8] A large System file could cause system instability and could easily become corrupt, requiring users to wipe and rebuild it.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742-6"},{"link_name":"dragging and dropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragging_and_dropping"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199670,_96%E2%80%9397-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERietmannHiggins1994146-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199115-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199670,_96%E2%80%9397-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERietmannHiggins1994146-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199740-12"}],"sub_title":"System 7 and later","text":"In System 7 and subsequent releases, Apple moved several components of the System file to other locations, to reduce the file's bloat and improve stability. In System 7, desk accessories were turned into normal applications that could be placed anywhere on the hard disk, though their default location is a new \"Apple Menu Items\". System 7's Finder gained the ability to open and modify the System file as if it were a normal folder. Users could double click on fonts or sounds contained in the System file to preview them. Sounds, keyboard layouts and fonts could be added to the System file through drag and drop.[6] System 7 also gained the ability to install bitmapped or TrueType fonts by dragging and dropping them onto the System Folder, which would move them to the System file.[9][10] Font/DA Mover was removed in System 7, as it was no longer needed.[11]System 7.1 moved fonts from the System suitcase to a new Fonts folder within the System folder. From then on, fonts could be installed by moving them to the Fonts subfolder,[9][10] though they would only become available to applications after the latter were restarted.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199676-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobackWilliams1997188-14"}],"text":"Several third-party apps were created to manage the System suitcase. Symantec's Suitcase was the \"industry standard\" for managing fonts. ALsoft's Master Juggler could also manage Fkeys, items in the Apple menu, and system sounds.[13][14]","title":"Third-party tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fork"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1998118%E2%80%93121-15"}],"text":"In System 6, the string \"Help! Help! We're being held prisoner in a system software factory!\" appears in the data fork of the System file. During System 7 development, it was updated to \"Help! Help! We're still being held prisoner in a system software factory!\". Later versions of System 7 contain other variations of the message. A list of credits also follows in each case.[15]","title":"Easter eggs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobackWilliams199743_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobackWilliams199743_1-1"},{"link_name":"Broback & Williams 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrobackWilliams1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell19973_2-0"},{"link_name":"Danuloff & Bell 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDanuloffBell1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobackWilliams1997113_3-0"},{"link_name":"Broback & Williams 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrobackWilliams1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo19965,_96%E2%80%9397_4-0"},{"link_name":"Giordan et al. 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeVitusMiller-Love1992100_5-0"},{"link_name":"LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeVitusMiller-Love1992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199742_6-3"},{"link_name":"Danuloff & Bell 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDanuloffBell1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeVitusMiller-Love1992145-146_7-0"},{"link_name":"LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeVitusMiller-Love1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeVitusMiller-Love1992103_8-0"},{"link_name":"LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeVitusMiller-Love1992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199670,_96%E2%80%9397_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199670,_96%E2%80%9397_9-1"},{"link_name":"Giordan et al. 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo1996"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERietmannHiggins1994146_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERietmannHiggins1994146_10-1"},{"link_name":"Rietmann & Higgins 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRietmannHiggins1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199115_11-0"},{"link_name":"Rubin 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanuloffBell199740_12-0"},{"link_name":"Danuloff & Bell 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDanuloffBell1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo199676_13-0"},{"link_name":"Giordan et al. 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGiordanBoylanDonohoeSzabo1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobackWilliams1997188_14-0"},{"link_name":"Broback & Williams 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrobackWilliams1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogue1998118%E2%80%93121_15-0"},{"link_name":"Pogue 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPogue1998"}],"text":"^ a b Broback & Williams 1997, p. 43.\n\n^ Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 3.\n\n^ Broback & Williams 1997, p. 113.\n\n^ Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 5, 96–97.\n\n^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 100.\n\n^ a b c d Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 42.\n\n^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 145-146.\n\n^ LeVitus & Miller-Love 1992, p. 103.\n\n^ a b Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 70, 96–97.\n\n^ a b Rietmann & Higgins 1994, p. 146.\n\n^ Rubin 1991, p. 15.\n\n^ Danuloff & Bell 1997, p. 40.\n\n^ Giordan et al. 1996, pp. 76.\n\n^ Broback & Williams 1997, p. 188.\n\n^ Pogue 1998, pp. 118–121.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton
Brighton
["1 Toponymy","2 History","3 Demography","3.1 Religion","3.2 Homelessness","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","4.2 Boundaries and areas","5 Governance and politics","6 Economy","6.1 Commerce and industry","6.2 Retail and shopping","7 Landmarks","7.1 Churches and other places of worship","7.2 Beaches","7.3 Liz Williams Butterfly Haven","7.4 The Woodvale Cemeteries","8 Culture","8.1 Cafes and restaurants","8.2 Media","8.3 Cinema","8.4 Festivals and rallies","8.5 LGBT community","8.6 Museums and galleries","8.7 Night-life and popular music","8.8 Theatre","8.9 Parks","9 Education","10 Sport","10.1 Football","10.2 Rugby","10.3 Hockey","10.4 Cricket","10.5 Other sports","11 Transport","11.1 Roads","11.2 Railway","11.3 Buses","11.4 Air","12 Notable people","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","15.1 Citations","15.2 Sources","16 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°49′15″N 00°08′15″W / 50.82083°N 0.13750°W / 50.82083; -0.13750Seaside resort on the south coast of England This article is about the seaside resort in England. For other uses, see Brighton (disambiguation). Place in EnglandBrightonTop: the Brighton Palace PierMiddle (left to right): the i360 observation tower; the Royal Pavilion; and the Jubilee Clock TowerBottom (left to right): Brighton Marina; and the promenadeBrightonLocation within East SussexShow map of East SussexBrightonLocation within EnglandShow map of EnglandBrightonLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomBrightonBrighton (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 50°49′15″N 00°08′15″W / 50.82083°N 0.13750°W / 50.82083; -0.13750Sovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionSouth East EnglandCeremonial countyEast SussexHistoric countySussexUnitary authorityBrighton and HoveAdmin HQHove Town HallTown charter1313Incorporated1854Unitary authority1997City status2000Government • TypeUnitary authority • Governing bodyBrighton and Hove City Council • LeaderBella Sankey (Labour) • MayorLizzie Deane • MPsLloyd Russell-Moyle (Labour, Kemptown)Caroline Lucas (Green, Pavilion)Area • Total32 sq mi (83 km2)Population (2022) • Total277,965 (ranked 59th) (Brighton and Hove pop.) • Density8,690/sq mi (3,356/km2)DemonymBrightonianTime zoneUTC0 (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)Postcode areaBNArea code01273ISO 3166-2GB-BNHONS code00ML (ONS) E06000043 (GSS)OS grid referenceTQ315065NUTS 3UKJ21PoliceSussexFireEast SussexAmbulanceSouth East CoastWebsitewww.brighton-hove.gov.uk Brighton (/ˈbraɪtən/ BRY-tən) is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the city of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England. It is located 47 miles (76 km) south of London. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The ancient settlement of "Brighthelmstone" was documented in the Domesday Book (1086). The town's importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the early modern period, affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses. In the Georgian era, Brighton developed as a highly fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later King George IV, who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the Hilton Brighton Metropole, the Palace Pier and the West Pier. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted city status in 2000. Today, Brighton and Hove district has a resident population of about 277,965 and the wider Brighton and Hove conurbation has a population of 474,485 (2011 census). Brighton's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, renowned for its diverse communities, shopping areas, large and vibrant cultural, music and arts scene, and its large LGBT population, leading to its recognition as the "unofficial gay capital of the UK" and as of the 2021 census, 10.7% of the population of Brighton and Hove over the age of 18 identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, the highest percentage in the entire UK. Brighton has been called the UK's "hippest city" and "the happiest place to live in the UK". Toponymy The earliest attestation of Brighton's name is Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone (or Brighthelmston) was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. "Brighton" was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name and was in general use from the late 18th century, although Brighthelmstone remained the town's official name until 1810. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name. An alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for "stony valley" is sometimes given but has less acceptance. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church, a pub in Brighton, some halls of residence at the University of Sussex. Writing in 1950, historian Antony Dale noted that unnamed antiquaries had suggested an Old English word "brist" or "briz", meaning "divided", could have contributed the first part of the historic name Brighthelmstone. The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Brighton has several nicknames. Poet Horace Smith called it "The Queen of Watering Places", which is still widely used, and "Old Ocean's Bauble". Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to "Doctor Brighton", calling the town "one of the best of Physicians". "London-by-the-Sea" is well-known, reflecting Brighton's popularity with Londoners as a day-trip resort, a commuter dormitory and a desirable destination for those wanting to move out of the metropolis. "The Queen of Slaughtering Places", a pun on Smith's description, became popular when the Brighton trunk murders came to the public's attention in the 1930s. The mid-19th-century nickname "School Town" referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time. History Main article: History of Brighton See also: Timeline of Brighton The first settlement in the Brighton area was Whitehawk Camp, a Neolithic encampment on Whitehawk Hill which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC. It is one of six causewayed enclosures in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous burial mounds, tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance. There was also a Bronze Age settlement at Coldean. Brythonic Celts arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC, and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Castle on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic Iron Age encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of c. 1,000 ft (300 m). Cissbury Ring, roughly 10 mi (16 km) from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal "capital". Later, there was a Roman villa at Preston Village, a Roman road from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally. From the 1st century AD, the Romans built a number of villas in Brighton and Romano-British Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area. After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. Anglo-Saxons then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the Kingdom of Sussex, founded in 477 AD by king Ælle. Anthony Seldon identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton. The village of Bristelmestune was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty Weald to the north. By the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 herring was established, and its population was about 400. By the 14th century there was a parish church, a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285). Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of c. 1520, shows Admiral Pregent de Bidoux's attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving mackerel-fishing industry. The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present Lanes area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from c. 1,500 in 1600 to c. 4,000 in the 1640s. By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town. Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck". More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating Great Storm of 1703), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby Shoreham as a significant port caused its economy to suffer. By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and Daniel Defoe wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was "more than the whole town was worth". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century. From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by Richard Russell from nearby Lewes. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the Royal Albion, one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house). Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770; and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as Sake Dean Mahomed and Anthony Relhan (who also wrote the town's first guidebook). Royal Pavilion by Augustus Pugin, 1824 Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance by Frederick William Woledge, 1840 From 1780, the development of the Georgian terraces had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable resort of Brighton. The growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion during the early part of his Regency. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Preston Barracks in 1793. It was rebuilt in 1830. Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900 The population increased rapidly throughout the 19th century from 7,339 in 1801 to 46,661 in 1841, and by 1901 the population had reached more than 120,000. The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built during the Victorian era, such as the Grand Hotel (1864), the West Pier (1866), and the Palace Pier (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous Royal Suspension Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896 and is featured in paintings by both Turner and Constable. Due to the boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from 1,640 acres (7 km2) in 1854 to 14,347 acres (58 km2) in 1952. New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including Moulsecoomb, Bevendean, Coldean and Whitehawk. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of Patcham, Ovingdean and Rottingdean, and much council housing was built in parts of Woodingdean after the Second World War. By the 1970s, the town had acquired a reputation as a retirement destination, with an elderly population. However, this was reversed in the 1990s, as Brighton regained the fashionable status it held in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1997, the town of Brighton and its neighbouring town Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000. Demography See also: Brighton and Hove § Census, and Brighton and Hove built-up area As of 2017, the Brighton and Hove district, of which Brighton is the largest area, has an estimated resident population of 277,965 residents. It is ranked the 59th most populous district in England. Compared to the national average, Brighton has fewer children and old residents but a large proportion of adults aged 20–44. Brighton has long had an LGBT-friendly history. In a 2014 estimate, 11–15 per cent of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual. The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004 and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013. Religion Brighton is identified as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25 per cent. Brighton has been described as the UK's most "Godless" city. The largest religion is Christianity, with 43 per cent reporting an affiliation. The second-largest religion is Islam, with 2.2 per cent, which is lower than the national average. As part of the Jedi census phenomenon in 2001, 2.6 per cent claimed their religion was 'Jedi Knight', the largest percentage in the country. Homelessness See also: Homelessness in the United Kingdom In December 2021, new data released by Shelter, revealed that "one in 78 people in Brighton and Hove are homeless". The report also records the city as having the third highest rate of homelessness in England, with London claiming the top spot followed by Luton. In a previous charity report issued in November 2016, three areas in Brighton & Hove, East Brighton, Queen's Park, and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation. Rough sleepers' tents in Brighton's Castle Square Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the city, it is more concentrated in some areas. The highest concentration is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas but is also found around the St. James's Street and Eastern Road areas. A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton's Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James's Street in Kemptown is the seventh-worst living environment in England. On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try to alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city. Homelessness figures released by Crisis in December 2018 reported a record high in the UK, with figures in Sussex, including Brighton and Hove, reported as being "high". At a meeting of the full B&H Council on 25 March 2021, Brighton and Hove became the first UK City to adopt the Homeless Bill of Rights. The bill was passed by 31 votes to 11, with 7 abstentions. Geography To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach. The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000, when it flooded the London Road in Preston village. Brighton lies between the South Downs and the English Channel to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the headlands of Selsey Bill and Beachy Head; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a seasonal river, the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above Patcham. This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming "the natural drainage point for Brighton". Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era. This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was culverted to prevent flooding, and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane) marks its site. One original house survives from the time of the pool's enclosure. Behind Pool Valley is Old Steine (historically The Steyne), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author Mark Antony Lower referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the Royal Pavilion showing "quite a pool of water across the Steyne". Despite 16th-century writer Andrew Boorde's claim that "Bryght-Hempston among the noble ports and havens of the realm", Brighton never developed as a significant port: rather, it was considered as part of Shoreham. Nevertheless, the descriptions "Port of Brighthelmston" or "Port of Brighton" were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries, as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes. The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards Rottingdean and Saltdean, reaching 24 m (80 ft) above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of alluvium and clay with some flint and chalk rubble, has experienced erosion for many years. The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk. Below this are thin layers of Upper and Lower Greensand separated by a thicker band of Gault clay. The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs. Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley, which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater sandbar. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: 40 acres (16 ha) disappeared in the first half of the 14th century, and the Great Storm of 1703 caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723, and a century later a long sea wall was built. Brighton seafront from the Palace Pier Climate See also: Climate of the United Kingdom Brighton has a temperate climate: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb. It is characterised by cool summers and cool winters with frequent cloudy and rainy periods. Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was 740 mm (29 in) on the seafront and about 1,000 mm (39 in) at the top of the South Downs above Brighton. Storms caused serious damage in 1703, 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and 1987. Heavy snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967. Climate data for Brighton Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8(46) 8(46) 9(49) 12(53) 16(60) 19(66) 22(71) 22(72) 18(65) 15(59) 11(52) 9(48) 14(57) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3(38) 3(38) 4(40) 6(43) 9(48) 12(53) 14(58) 14(58) 12(54) 9(49) 6(43) 4(40) 8(47) Average precipitation mm (inches) 88(3.5) 60(2.4) 51(2.0) 58(2.3) 56(2.2) 50(2.0) 54(2.1) 62(2.4) 67(2.6) 105(4.1) 103(4.1) 97(3.8) 851(33.5) Source: Met Office Average sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 9.2 °C (48.6 °F) 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) 12.8 °C (55.0 °F) Boundaries and areas Date from Parish area c. 11th century 1,640 acres (660 ha) 31 October 1873 1,640 acres (660 ha) 1 October 1923 1,640 acres (660 ha) 1 April 1928 12,503 acres (5,060 ha) 1 April 1952 14,347 acres (5,806 ha) 31 March 1972 15,041 acres (6,087 ha) 1 April 1993 15,140 acres (6,130 ha) 1 April 1997 21,632 acres (8,754 ha) At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, Brighton was in the Rape of Lewes and the Hundred of Welesmere. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, West Blatchington, Preston and Hove, was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and West Blatchington were included in the Hundred. In its original form, Brighton parish covered about 1,640 acres (660 ha) between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, Ovingdean and Rottingdean. The borough (but not the civil parish) was first extended from 31 October 1873, when 905 acres (366 ha) was annexed from Preston civil parish. In 1894 the part outside the borough became Preston Rural civil parish and Preston civil parish continued in the borough. On 1 April 1889 Brighton became a county borough. On 1 October 1923, 94 acres (38 ha) were added to Brighton borough and to Preston civil parish from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the Moulsecoomb estate there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton civil parish was extended to include Preston civil parish. On the same date the borough grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of Falmer, Patcham and West Blatchington; it also exchanged small parts with Hove municipal borough. All the areas added to the borough became part of Brighton civil parish. From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent Stanmer parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new Brighton Marina development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 (from Pyecombe parish), Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove. The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue (1912) straddles the border, and in a twitten called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road. There is a Grade II-listed parish boundary marker stone in this passageway. Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street (pavement on eastern side, in Brighton), but it is not visible. Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the Montpelier area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to Seven Dials. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in Withdean, at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards Devil's Dyke on the South Downs. Neighbouring districts and places Hove Gatwick Airport East Sussex Worthing Brighton Eastbourne Isle of Wight English Channel France Governance and politics See also: Public services in Brighton and Hove Brighton Pavilion MP Caroline Lucas is the only Green MP in the UK Parliament. Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: Brighton Kemptown and Brighton Pavilion. In the 2017 general election, Brighton Kemptown elected the Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle, replacing a Conservative MP; he was re-elected in the 2019 general election. In the 2010 general election Brighton Pavilion elected Caroline Lucas, the first and only Green Party MP; she was re-elected in 2015, 2017 and again at the 2019 general election, with an increased majority. There are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. Regency, St Peter's & North Laine, Preston Park, Withdean, Patcham, Hollingdean & Stanmer and Hanover & Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency; Moulsecoomb & Bevendean, Queen's Park, East Brighton, Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency. The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of Preston parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards. This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new unitary authority of Brighton and Hove. Brighton Town Hall dates from 1830. Brighton Town Hall occupies a large site in the Lanes. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building (1727) known as the Town Hall was principally used as a workhouse. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; Thomas Read Kemp laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners (of which he was a member). Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897–99 to the Classical design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987. The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton's affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997, but it is still used by Brighton & Hove City Council—particularly for weddings and civil partnerships. The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company EDO Corporation on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in Moulsecoomb has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in. Economy In 1985, the Borough Council described three "myths" about Brighton's economy. Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day; that tourism provided most of Brighton's jobs and income; or that the borough's residents were "composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired business people" rather than workers. Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its railway works contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives. Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. Examples of statistics include: Brighton and Hove's tourism industry contributes £380m to the economy and employs 20,000 people directly or indirectly; the city has 9,600 registered companies; and a 2001 report identified it as one of five "supercities for the future". In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day. In August 2017, new figures for the year showed Brighton's tourism had fallen by a further 1 per cent on the previous year. Commerce and industry Events at the Brighton Centre are important to Brighton's economy. Brighton's largest private sector employer is American Express, whose European headquarters are at John Street. As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there. Planning permission to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009, and work started in March 2010. Other major employers include Lloyds Bank, Legal & General, Asda (which has hypermarkets at Hollingbury and Brighton Marina), Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company and call-centre operator Inkfish. In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of Gatwick Airport's 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove. Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the Brighton Centre—since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million, and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts. The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House (left) and Exion 27 (right). The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development, limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on 18 acres (7.3 ha) of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units (the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985) and then retail warehouses. Asda's superstore opened in November 1987, MFI followed two years later, and other retail units were built in the 1990s. Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011 and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building. Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector, particularly digital or "new media", and since the 1990s has been referred to as "Silicon Beach". By 2007, over 250 new media business had been founded in Brighton. Brandwatch is a social media monitoring company based in offices near Brighton station. Computer game design company Black Rock Studio was founded in 1998 and was taken over by Disney Interactive Studios, who closed it down in 2011. The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming (including Eurogamer) and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton. By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development (c. 1990), "now considered a prime office location", stood partly empty for a decade. Exion 27 (built in 2001), a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at Hollingbury, remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the University of Brighton. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises. Retail and shopping Brighton is well known for its high number of independent shops, which add to the character of the city. Walking from Brighton station towards the seafront, first, is the North Laine area, stretching from Trafalgar Street, Kensington Gardens, Sydney Street, Gardner Street and Bond Street and is mostly pedestrianised. It is a retail, leisure and the residential area immediately north of the Lanes. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon "Laine" meaning "fields", although the misnomer "North Lanes" is often used to describe the area. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, bars, theatres, and over 400 shops independent and avant-garde shops including an erotic shop and indoor flea markets. The Lanes is a tourist attraction occupied by small independent shops. The Lanes which is characterised by a labyrinth of narrow alleyways form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs. Churchill Square is a shopping centre with a floor space of 470,000 sq ft (44,000 m2) and over 80 shops, several restaurants and 1,600 car-parking spaces. It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties. There are two weekly flea market / bootfairs in Brighton on Sunday mornings, one at Brighton Marina on the top open-air level of the carpark, and another at Brighton Racecourse. Landmarks Main articles: Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove, List of landmarks and buildings of Brighton and Hove, Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove, and Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove Palace Pier at dusk The Clock Tower in central Brighton The Royal Pavilion, a Grade I listed building, is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash. It is notable for its Indo-Saracenic architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the Sassoon Mausoleum, now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club. The first of Brighton's three piers was the Chain Pier, which was destroyed in a storm in 1896. All that remains of the pier are small lumps of wood and stone, which are only visible at low tide. It was primarily intended as a landing stage for packet boats to Dieppe, France, but it also featured a small number of attractions including a camera obscura. Brighton Marine Palace and Pier (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899, it was meant to be a replacement for the Chain Pier, but became a pleasure pier instead. It features a funfair, restaurants and arcade halls. The West Pier was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I listed piers in the United Kingdom; it has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned. Nevertheless, publicity material presented in question-and-answer form during the building of the Brighton i360 observation tower (see below) maintained that the building of the tower would not prove prejudicial to the eventual restoration of the pier. The Brighton i360, an observation tower located at the shore end of the West Pier, opened on 4 August 2016. At 162 m (531 ft) high, and with an observation pod rising to 138 m (453 ft), it is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the London Eye. With a diameter of 12.7 ft (3.9 m), it is also the thinnest tower in the world, with a height-to-width ratio of 41.15 to one. Brighton Clock Tower, built in 1888 for Queen Victoria's jubilee, stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares. Volk's Electric Railway runs along the inland edge of the beach from Palace Pier to Black Rock and Brighton Marina. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating electric railway. The Grand Hotel was built in 1864. The Brighton hotel bombing occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore. Churches and other places of worship Further information: List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove St Nicholas Church, Brighton's original parish church (April 2018) St Nicholas Church may be the oldest building in Brighton (the Domesday Book records the presence of an Anglo-Saxon church, valued at £12) and is commonly known as "The Mother Church". Other notable Anglican churches include the very tall (the highest church interior in Britain) brick-built St Bartholomew's (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott; St Peter's (1828); and St Martin's (1875), noted for its ornate interior. Brighton's Quakers run the Friends Meeting House in the Lanes. There is an active Unitarian community based in a Grade II listed building in New Road. Brighton has six listed Roman Catholic churches; St John the Baptist's Church (1835) in Kemptown is the earliest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city. Brighton and Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue; Holland Road Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue; and Middle Street Synagogue. The Middle Street Synagogue is a Grade II listed building built in 1874–75; it is being gradually restored by English Heritage. There are also several mosques and Buddhist centres. Beaches Brighton Beach, looking from the Palace Pier eastwards. The spiral tower is a Zip line ride (June 2018).Cliff Beach, Britain's first naturist beach Brighton has a 5.4 mi (8.7 km) expanse of shingle beach, part of the unbroken 8 mi (13 km) section within the city limits. A flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide. The seafront is home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.At Black Rock, to the east of Brighton, a vegetated shingle wildlife habitat has been created. A 600m long boardwalk runs through the wildlife site. The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded blue flag status. The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by groynes—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the MS Athina B ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a nudist beach. Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest) rise to more than 100 ft (30 m) and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk, which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000. Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, was redeveloped opened to the public in March 2007, with a playground, mini-golf, beach saunas and beach volleyball courts. On the sea wall of Madeira Drive is Madeira Terrace, a Grade 2* listed, 865-metre-long stretch of seafront arches. The Terrace structure has degraded, deemed unsafe, and been closed to the public since 2014. The Terrace is being restored, with a number of plans submitted. In front of the Terrace has been built a new national outdoor swimming centre, including a 50m swimming pool with an adjoining complex of shops, and bars. Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air lido at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest marinas. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed including housing, a five-star hotel with a winter garden, and an 11,000-seat sports arena. Liz Williams Butterfly Haven Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flower The Liz Williams Butterfly haven (TQ 309 072) is a purpose-built area that has been created to attract and provide a habitat for butterflies. It is situated between Dorothy Stringer and Varndean College, north of Stringer Way. It was the brainchild of Dan Danahar with funding from the BBC, in conjunction with the National Lottery, through the Breathing Places scheme. This site was created between 2006 and 2007, and by September 2008 the late Liz Williams, botanist, had recorded 97 wildflower species and 10 species of grass. This was an order of magnitude increase in the floral diversity of the site within one year. As a tribute to her work, the site will be renamed the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven during 2011. Since its creation to 2021 an amazing twenty seven species of butterfly have been recorded here including Adonis blue, chalkhill blue, green hairstreak, dingy and chequered skipper. The Woodvale Cemeteries Main article: Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove Woodvale (TQ 326 056) is actually five linked cemeteries that cover the western side of Race Hill. The cemeteries are east of Lewes Road and either side of Bear Road. Their cultural significance and importance to wildlife to the city were described evocatively by the Sussex field naturalist, David Bangs (p. 303)."They are a profoundly peaceful place of little woods and glades, sunny banks and shady paths. They have become, in the last 150 years, reservoirs for much of the wildlife of the surrounding countryside. Some of the big beech trees down in Woodvale are as old as the cemeteries. The marbles, limestones, and granites of the memorials are a detective story for geologists. Yaffles call across the trees. The rare greater horseshoe bat has hibernated in the funerary buildings. Badgers pit the mossy turf in their search for earthworms, and violet and celandine cheer the turf in early spring." Culture Cafes and restaurants Brighton is characterised by small dining establishments and independent coffeehouses. Brighton has about 250 restaurants. It is known for having many vegan and vegetarian restaurants, and a 2022 analysis found the city has the highest density of vegan restaurants in the UK. Media Brighton has a local television channel Latest TV which broadcasts local news and entertainment. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 95.3 FM which is based on Queens Road in the city, Heart South on 103.5 FM, Capital Brighton on 107.2 FM, Radio Reverb on 92.7 FM and Gaydio on 97.8 FM, a radio station for the LGTBQ+ community in the city. The local newspaper that serves the city is The Argus. Cinema For a more comprehensive list, see List of films set in Brighton. Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973. Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including Carry on at Your Convenience (1971), Quadrophenia (1979), The End of the Affair (1999), Wimbledon (2004), MirrorMask (2005), Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging (2008), The Young Victoria (2009), Brighton Rock (2010 and 1947), and The Boat that Rocked (2009). The Duke of York's Picturehouse, dating from 1910, was opened by Violet Melnotte-Wyatt. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brighton's first Electric Bioscope, which still operates as an arthouse cinema. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company now occupies the upstairs of Komedia, situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton. There are two multiplex cinemas, the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina. Festivals and rallies Main articles: Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe Brighton Pride 2014 bus Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK (after Edinburgh). This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, the Artists' Open Houses, are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe. Brighton Fringe runs alongside Brighton Festival, and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world. Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival's "Streets of Brighton" events, and the Royal Mile-esque outdoor performances that make up "Fringe City", outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May. In 1974, the city was host to the 19th Eurovision Song Contest on 6 April 1974, where ABBA won in the Brighton Dome with their song Waterloo. Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; Burning the Clocks, a winter solstice celebration; Brighton Digital Festival, annually exploring digital technology and culture; and Brighton Pride, the first of its kind in the UK, which attracts 450,000 to the city over the Pride weekend. Disability Pride Brighton promotes acceptance and visibility for area residents who are disabled. Brighton has two major film festivals, Brighton Rocks International Film Festival, which takes place in June, and Cinecity, which takes place in November. The Kemptown area has its own small annual street festival, the Kemptown Carnival, and the Hanover area similarly has a "Hanover Day". "The Big Beach Boutique II": over 250,000 watched Fatboy Slim (July 2002). Local resident Fatboy Slim has put on three "Big Beach Boutique" shows, in 2002, 2006 and 2008. An inaugural White Nights (Nuit Blanche) all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding. 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest celebrating zine and DIY culture within the city. Seafront display of Minis after a London-to-Brighton drive Brighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides and runs, such as the veteran car run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of mods and rockers still bring their scooters and motorbikes to the city, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in Quadrophenia. Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued mackerel are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods Chilli Festival. There is also a twice-yearly general food festival. The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby Hove, and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area. The Vegfest (UK) festival was first held in Brighton in 2009. It takes place annually in March at the Hove Centre. Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city. LGBT community Main article: LGBT community of Brighton and Hove Rainbow flags in St James's Street, Kemptown The lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) community in Brighton is one of the largest and most prominent in the UK, and Brighton has been named the "gay capital of the UK". There is record of LGBT history in the city dating to the 19th century. Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in Kemptown, including Club Revenge. Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. Brighton Pride is usually celebrated at the start of August. Museums and galleries Further information: List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove Brighton museums include Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, which forms part of the pavilion Preston Manor, Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton Toy and Model Museum, and Brighton Fishing Museum, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The Royal Pavilion is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the British Regency. Brighton has many galleries, including the Brighton Centre for Contemporary Arts (Brighton CCA) based at the University of Brighton, Phoenix Art Space, and ONCA. Night-life and popular music Brighton has many night-life hotspots and is associated with popular musicians including Fatboy Slim, Omar, Kirk Brandon, Tim Booth, Nick Cave, Lovejoy, David Van Day from Dollar, James Marriott, Adam Freeland, Orbital, and Robert Smith. Live music venues include Concorde 2, the Brighton Centre and the Brighton Dome, where ABBA received a substantial boost to their career when they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974. Many events and performance companies operate in the city. Brighton also has the most electronic music events in the UK. Brighton is also host to The Great Escape music festival every May. Brighton has produced several successful bands and music artists including Beats International, Norman Cook, Carl Cox, Dave Clarke, Krafty Kuts, Ed Solo, Evil Nine, Electrelane, James Marriott, Frazier Chorus, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, the Levellers, The Maccabees, Electric Soft Parade, British Sea Power, the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster, The Xcerts, Architects, The Go! Team, Royal Blood, The Kooks, Freemasons, Blood Red Shoes, Lovejoy, Birdeatsbaby, and Rizzle Kicks. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels. The second half of 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia by The Who takes place at Brighton Beach. Theatre The Theatre Royal presents a range of West End and touring musicals and plays, along with performances of opera and ballet. Theatres include the Brighton Dome and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded Komedia (primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre), the Old Market, which was renovated and re-opened in 2010, and the Theatre Royal, which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative Arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the Marlborough Theatre, the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. The city has the purpose built Brighton Open Air Theatre, or B•O•A•T, which opened for the Brighton Festival in May 2015. Parks Stanmer Park sits on the northern edge of Brighton and extends into the South Downs. The largest urban park in the city is Preston Park and The Level was recently developed. Other parks include East Brighton Park, Queen's Park and Wild Park. Education Waste House, on Brighton University campus, is a sustainable building constructed using waste materials to showcase sustainable construction practices. The University of Brighton has been part of Brighton since 1859, starting as a school of art in the kitchens of the Royal Pavilion. It was granted university status in 1992, and now has a student population of around 18,000 of which 79 per cent are undergraduates. The university is based on four campuses – City campus in the heart of Brighton; Falmer campus set in the South Downs; Moulsecoomb campus on Lewes Road and Eastbourne campus. The University of Sussex, established in 1961 as the first of the plate-glass universities, is a campus research intensive university between Stanmer Park and Falmer, four miles (6 km) from the city centre. The university is home to the Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, amongst over 40 other established research centres, and has been ranked first in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings. Served by trains (to Falmer railway station) and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 20,000 students of which about a quarter are postgraduates. The university has been ranked 41st in the UK by the Complete University Guide in its 2022 rankings and 246th in the world by the World University Rankings of 2021. In 2001 the music college BIMM (British and Irish Modern Music Institute) opened in Brighton under the name The Brighton Institute of Modern Music. The college has approximately 1500 students across Brighton, its degree courses at BIMM are validated by the University of Sussex and diploma courses are taught at the Brighton Aldridge Community Academy. Notable alumni have included James Bay, The Kooks and Tom Odell. Since the college opened it has expanded to become Europe's largest music college with 6500 students studying at eight campuses across Europe including Bristol, London, Manchester, Berlin, Dublin, Hamburg, and Birmingham. In 2003, the universities of Brighton and Sussex formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of NHS doctors. The school is based at the University of Sussex campus and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. Brighton & Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools, of which 54 are in Brighton. A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in vocational education subjects, are provided at the further education college, Greater Brighton Metropolitan College (previously City College and before that Brighton Technical College). More academic subjects can be studied by 16- to 19-year-olds at Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College (BHASVIC) in the Seven Dials area. Varndean College in North Brighton occupies a commanding position. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic A levels, the International Baccalaureate and vocational courses, including BTECs. As Brighton is home to public universities and colleges, it also home to private colleges such as Hove College located near the County Cricket Ground. The college was established in 1977 and offers higher educational courses such as vocational, certificate, professional, diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications and has a close partnership with the University of Brighton. There are state schools and some faith schools. Notable secondary state schools include Longhill High School, Varndean School, Patcham High School, Dorothy Stringer School, Blatchington Mill School, Hove Park School, Brighton Aldridge Community Academy, and King's School. Special Education Schools include Downs View and Downs View Link College for people over 16. There are also Pupil Referral Units (PRUs). There are a number of independent schools, including Brighton College, Roedean School, Steiner School, Brighton Girls (formerly known as Brighton and Hove High School (BHHS)), and a Montessori school. As with the state schools, some independents are faith-based; Torah Academy, the last Jewish primary school, became a Nursery School at the end of 2007. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout Britain. Brighton has been ranked a top 10 student city in the UK by QS rankings. Sport Football Falmer Stadium, home of Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club is the city's professional association football team. After playing at the Goldstone Ground for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at Gillingham F.C. before returning to the town as tenants of the Withdean Stadium. At the start of the 2011–12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as 'the Amex'. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the Football League First Division in 1979 and staying there for four seasons. They reached the 1983 FA Cup Final drawing 2–2 with Manchester United before losing in the replay 5 days later. The 2017–18 football season saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against Wigan Athletic guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight. Whitehawk Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in a suburb in east Brighton. They play in the Isthmian League Premier Division. Games are played at The Enclosed Ground, which is set into the South Downs close to Brighton Marina. Rugby Brighton Football Club (RFU) is one of the oldest rugby clubs in England, founded in 1868 before the RFU. They currently play in the Premier division of London and South-East RFU League. Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 Rugby World Cup 2015 host cities, with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity Falmer Stadium (although it was named the "Brighton Community Stadium" throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons). One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union, with Japan defeating South Africa 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The other game was between Samoa and the United States. Hockey Brighton & Hove Hockey Club is a large hockey club that train and play their matches at Blatchington Mill School. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the England Hockey League system, Conference East. Cricket Sussex County Cricket Club play at County Cricket Ground in Hove. The ground has hosted one men's One Day International; the match was part of the 1999 Cricket World Cup, and was a Group A match between South Africa and India, which South Africa won by 4 wickets. The County Ground has also hosted 2 Test matches in The Women's Ashes in 1987 and 2005; in addition, the ground hosted two One Day Internationals in the 2013 Women's Ashes and, as of 2017, 5 Women's ODIs and 4 Women's T20Is have been hosted at the ground. Other sports Brighton Marina Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the Brighton Speed Trials, which has been running since 1905. The event is organised by the Brighton and Hove Motor Club and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year. Brighton has a horse racing course, Brighton Racecourse, with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tarmac at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races. A greyhound racing circuit – the Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium – in Hove is run by Coral, at which motorcycle speedway racing was staged in 1928. Brighton Sailing Club has been operating since the 1870s. The Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official pétanque terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier. Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC, formed in 1860, claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming. Casual sea swimming is also a popular activity in Brighton, rising in popularity since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome, the oldest velodrome in the UK, built in 1877. There are three recognised surfing breaks close to Brighton, including East of the Marina, by the West Pier and at Shoreham harbour. Transport Main article: Transport in Brighton and Hove The Brighton Main Line railway (left) and A23 road link Brighton with London. Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years. Trolleybuses, trams, ferries and hydrofoil services have operated in the past. Roads Brighton is connected to the trunk road network by the A23 (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the A259 along the coast and the A27 trunk route inland which joins the M27 motorway near Portsmouth. The A23 joins the M23 motorway at Pease Pottage near Gatwick Airport. The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (final section opened in 1992) and the old alignment has become the A270. A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the Department of the Environment published its recommended route in 1980. Public inquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at Patcham and the road to Devil's Dyke—opened in summer 1991. By 1985, there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex. In 1969, a 520-space multi-storey car park was built beneath the central gardens of Regency Square. Railway Brighton station concourse Frequent trains operate from Brighton railway station. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London and destinations include London Victoria, London Bridge and St Pancras. Most trains serve Gatwick Airport and those operated by Thameslink continue to St Albans City, Luton, Luton Airport Parkway, Bedford and Cambridge. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes. The West Coastway Line serves stations to Portsmouth, and Southampton; the East Coastway Line runs via Lewes to Newhaven, Eastbourne, and Hastings, crossing the landmark London Road viaduct en route and providing "a dramatic high-level view" of Brighton. A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007–08 when rationalisation caused the ending of InterCity services via Kensington Olympia and Reading to Birmingham, Manchester and Edinburgh. Buses Until deregulation in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by Southdown Motor Services and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called Brighton Area Transport Services. Southdown were part of the nationalised NBC group and were based at Freshfield Road in the Kemptown area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared. The Brighton & Hove Bus Company, owned by the Go-Ahead Group since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. It has a fleet of about 280 buses. Compass Travel, The Big Lemon, Metrobus, Stagecoach South operate services to central Brighton. The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter. Real-time travel information displays are provided at many stops. A Brighton & Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb The only park and ride facility in Brighton is based at the Withdean Stadium. It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service: intending passengers must join the Brighton & Hove Bus Company's route 27 service to Saltdean—which travels via Brighton railway station, the Clock Tower and Old Steine—and pay standard fares. The 20-year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park-and-ride facility, stating it would be an "inefficient use of public money, particularly in an era of declining car use". Councillors and residents in Woodingdean and Rottingdean have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre. Air Shoreham Airport, which offers chartered and scheduled flights using light aircraft, is 9 mi (14 km) west of Brighton near the town of Shoreham-by-Sea. In 1971, the borough councils of Worthing, Hove and Brighton bought it and operated it jointly as a municipal airport, but since 2006 it has been privately owned. Gatwick Airport, one of Britain's major international airports, is 30 mi (48 km) north on the A23; regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton. Notable people This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lily Agg, footballer ArrDee, rapper Michael Ashburner, geneticist Bald and Bankrupt, travel vlogger Zoe Ball, entertainer Brian Behan, writer and trade unionist Nick Berry, actor and singer Cate Blanchett, actress Laurence Rickard, Actor and screenwriter Raymond Briggs, illustrator Dora Bryan, actress George Burchett, tattoo artist Nick Cave, musician Gwendoline Christie, actress Steve Coogan, actor and comedian Norman Cook / Fatboy Slim, DJ Richard P. Cook, artist Robin Cousins, ice skater Luke Cresswell, percussionist Alfie Deyes, youtuber Charles Dickens, author Maude Dickinson, inventor Lewis Dunk, footballer E. S. Elliott, writer Chris Eubank, boxer Anubis Finch, drag queen David Gilmour, musician William Gold, youtuber and musician Dave Greenfield, musician Cyriak Harris, animator, artist, composer, and author Elliott Hasler, director Ben Hawes, triple Olympian Jacksepticeye, youtuber Peter James, author Mike Kerr, musician KickThePj, youtuber and film producer Rudyard Kipling, author Marzia Kjellberg, internet personality Joan Lazzarani, sculptor, musician and intermedia performance artist Joshua Le Gallienne, artist, predominantly in sculpture Charles Leggett, music cornetist Emma Lomax, composer and pianist Garnt Maneetapho, youtuber, known online as "Gigguk" James Marriott, musician and youtuber Heather Mills, model David Pearce, transhumanist philosopher PewDiePie, youtuber The Prince Regent / George IV, royal Philip Proudfoot, anthropologist and politician Ren, musician Clara Ross, composer Ben Thatcher, musician Frank Thewlis, Methodist minister TommyInnit, youtuber and streamer Doreen Valiente, Wiccan writer Johnny Wakelin, musician David Walliams, comedian, actor and writer Joe Wilkinson, comedian Zoella, youtuber See also England portal List of people from Brighton and Hove Category:Musicians from Brighton and Hove Brighton Borough Council elections for the political history of the former borough council which governed the town from 1974 to 1997. 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ISBN 9781869865030. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Brighton Quaker Meeting House". visitbrighton.com. Visit Brighton. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "About Our Venue". Brighton Unitarians. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ Dale, Antony (1989). Brighton Churches. London: Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 0-415-00863-8. ^ "Al-Quds Mosque". Brightonmosque.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Al-Medinah Mosque. "Al Medina mosque". bhmf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ Welcome to the Brighton Buddhist Centre. "Brighton Buddhist Centre". Brighton Buddhist Centre. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "The Seafront". Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ sarahjones (14 April 2022). "New vegetated shingle habitat at Black Rock". The Living Coast. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "This is what the bizarre 'wave' design on Brighton seafront is". The Argus. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Palace Pier Beach (Brighton)". UK Beach Guide. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Brighton Naturist Beach". VisitBrighton. Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015. ^ "The Cliffs between Black Rock and Saltdean". Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Madeira Terrace restoration". www.brighton-hove.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ Collis 2010, p. 29. ^ a b Dan, Danahar. "The Dorothy Stringer High School Butterfly Haven". Butterfly Conservation - Sussex Branch. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ "Butterflies as agents of change within a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve". Earth Optimism: Cambridge Conservation Initiative. 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ Bangs, Dave (2008). A freedom to roam Guide to the Brighton Downs : from Shoreham to Newhaven and Beeding to Lewes. Brighton: David Bangs. ISBN 978-0-9548638-1-4. OCLC 701098669. ^ "Sussex University: Why Sussex". Sussex.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "A guide to Brighton, Britain's most progressive seaside resort". Travel. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023. ^ Barratt, Ruari (30 August 2014). "What Brighton and Hove's very own TV channel Latest TV has to offer". The Argus. Retrieved 1 December 2023. ^ "Films made in the Brighton & Hove area". 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010. ^ Atkinson, Clive; Matthews, David; Savile, Andrew; Tunna, Robert; Weighill, Tim; Macdonald, Ken (1990). A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton. McMillan Martin Ltd. pp. 51–4h. ISBN 9781869865030. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Fisher, David (8 March 2018). "Brighton cinema directory". www.brightonfilm.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. ^ "About Komedia Brighton". Komedia Brighton. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ "Brighton Fringe Festival 2006 – Cities – VisitBritain". Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007. ^ "Brighton Fringe Festival 2007. 5–28 May 2007". Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007. ^ "Brighton 1974". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 14 May 2022. ^ "Trans Pride Brighton 2016". TransPrideBrighton on Tumblr. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ^ Razavi, Amir (6 August 2018). "Brighton Pride 2018 was biggest one yet - 450,000 people make the city £18m". The Argus. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. 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Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. ^ "Brighton's White Night replaced by "fund your own festival"". The Argus. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Brighton Zine Fest homepage". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. ^ "Fiery Foods Chilli festival, Brighton, 2012". Fieryfoodsuk.co.uk. 16 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "Brighton Food Festival". Brighton Food Festival. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "Free vegan festival set to return to Brighton for 15th year after lockdown hiatus". The Argus. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ "WALK OF FAME". Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Brighton's history". Brighton Ourstory. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Calls for Brighton's St James's Street to be pedestrianised or it will 'wither and die'". The Argus. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ "Calls for Brighton and Hove "gay village"". The Argus. 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ "Brighton Pride safe 'until 2020' under new license". PinkNews. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ "Brighton Pride a "great success" despite arrests". ITV News. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ "Art galleries". www.brighton-hove.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Life at Sussex university Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Concorde 2". Concorde 2. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ TickX. "Research confirms Brighton is the 'Electronic Music Capital of the UK'". www.tickx.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. 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Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ^ Goodwin, Noël (2001). . Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 June 2020. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ "2019 Best Student Cities". Top Universities. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "The Withdean years". www.brightonandhovealbion.com. Brighton & Hove Albion. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Brighton & Hove Albion 2-1 Wigan Athletic". BBC Sport. 17 April 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ a b "Whitehawk abandon Brighton City name change after fan opposition". BBC Sport. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Brighton Rugby Club – Sussex, south of England". Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2007. ^ "Rugby World Cup 2015 venues". The Daily Telegraph. 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ Kitson, Robert (19 September 2015). "Japan beat South Africa in greatest Rugby World Cup shock ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ "B&H Hockey Club". Brightonandhovehockeyclub.net. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "County Ground". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "ICC World Cup, 2nd Match: India v South Africa at Hove, May 15, 1999". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ "The Home of CricketArchive". cricketarchive.com. ^ "2013 Women's Ashes Series – Format". ecb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. ^ "The Home of CricketArchive". cricketarchive.com. ^ "The Home of CricketArchive". cricketarchive.com. ^ Brighton and Hove Motor Club ^ "Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club". Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ "Brighton Swimming Club". Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008. ^ "Brighton Dolphin Swimming Club". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008. ^ "Cycling at Preston Park Velodrome". www.brighton-hove.gov.uk. Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "Brighton as a surfing destination". This Is Brighton. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2022. ^ "Transport Project Will Cut Journey Times". 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007. "Brighton and Hove City Council – Update on Rapid Transport 2004" (PDF). ^ a b c Brighton Borough Council 1985, p. 49. ^ Collis 2010, p. 48. ^ a b Brighton Borough Council 1985, p. 10. ^ Collis 2010, p. 273. ^ Vowles, Neil (6 November 2013). "Commuting effect means Brighton and Hove population drops by 2.5% every working day". The Argus. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ a b c Dolan, Siobhan (2 April 2005). "Bedside the seaside". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ Brighton Borough Council 1985, pp. 48, 50. ^ a b "All About Us". Brighton & Hove Bus Company. 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013. ^ Ridgway, Tim (13 August 2012). "Could Brighton and Hove buses get their own 'tube map'?". The Argus. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013. ^ "Park & Ride". Brighton & Hove City Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ Ridgway, Tim (6 August 2013). "Woodingdean being turned into unofficial 'park and ride' claim residents". The Argus. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ^ Middleton, Kimberly (5 March 2013). "Cross channel flights take off from Brighton tomorrow". The Argus. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013. ^ "Airport History". Shoreham (Brighton City) Airport/Albemarle Investment Syndicates. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "Airport plans focus on terminal". BBC News. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "Brighton CCA — Non-binary and Queer Perspectives on Listening". Brighton CCA. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Firth, Abigail (1 August 2023). "JAMES MARRIOTT IS THE BIGGEST DORK WE KNOW". DORK. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024. Sources Works cited Antram, Nicholas; Morrice, Richard (2008). Brighton and Hove. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12661-7. Brighton Borough Council (1985). Borough of Brighton Residents' Handbook (2nd ed.). Wallington: Home Publishing Co. Ltd. Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopaedia of Brighton. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. ISBN 978-0-861-47315-1. Collis, Rose (2010). The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton. (based on the original by Tim Carder) (1st ed.). Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries. ISBN 978-0-9564664-0-2. Dale, Antony (1950). The History and Architecture of Brighton. Brighton: Bredin & Heginbothom Ltd. Dale, Antony (1976). Brighton Town and Brighton People. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 978-0-85033-219-3. Dale, Antony (1986) . About Brighton: A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove (2nd Revised ed.). Brighton: The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove. Gwynne, Peter (1990). A History of Crawley (1st ed.). Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 978-0-85033-718-1. Leslie, Kim; Short, Brian, eds. (1999). An Historical Atlas of Sussex. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 978-1-86077-112-5. Lower, Mark Antony (1864). "The Rivers of Sussex: Part II". Sussex Archaeological Collections. 16. doi:10.5284/1085282. Mawer, A.; Stenton, F.M.; Gover, J.E.B. (1930). The Place-Names of Sussex. Vol. 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Musgrave, Clifford (1981). Life in Brighton. Rochester: Rochester Press. ISBN 978-0-571-09285-7. Sampson, Mark (1994). Brighton: History and Guide. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-0476-6. Seldon, Anthony (2002). Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future. Lewes: Pomegranate Press. ISBN 978-0-9542587-1-9. General references Robinson, L.J. (1966). The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone. Brighton: The Southern Publishing Co. s.n. (1998). A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries. The Daniel Wakeford song "It's a wonderful city" is filmed in the center of Brighton City, and often mentions Brighton with the phrase 'I'm in the Brighton'. External links Brighton at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsTexts from WikisourceTravel information from WikivoyageData from Wikidata Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brighton (England)". "Brighton & Hove City Council". Retrieved 20 August 2007. "VisitBrighton". vteCity of Brighton and HoveTopics Borough of Brighton Borough of Hove Brighton Blitz Brighton in film Cemeteries and crematoria History Conservation areas LGBT community Libraries Notable people Pipe organs Public services Pubs Schools Sewers Transport Historical events Battle of Lewes Road Brighton Blitz Trunk murders Beaching of Athina B Grand Hotel bombing Babes in the Wood murders Cultural events Artists Open Houses Brighton Festival Brighton Fringe The Great Escape Brighton Photo Biennial Brighton Marathon Brighton Half Marathon Brighton Pride Brighton Science Festival Skint Records Brighton Speed Trials London to Brighton events Veteran Car Run Politics City Council Local elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Brighton Kemptown and Peacehaven Lloyd Russell-Moyle Brighton Pavilion Caroline Lucas Hove and Portslade Peter Kyle TransportRoads A23 A27 A259 Lewes Road Queen's Road Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company The Big Lemon RailwayOpen stations Brighton Preston Park Hove Aldrington Portslade London Road (Brighton) Moulsecoomb Falmer Closed stations Golf Club Halt Hartington Road Holland Road Halt Kemp Town Lewes Road Rowan Halt Infrastructure Brighton railway works Cliftonville Curve London Road Viaduct Lovers Walk depot Other Auto rickshaws (TucTuc Ltd) Daddy Long-Legs Trams Trolleybuses Volk's Railway Media Brighton Herald (defunct) Brighton Voice BBC Sussex Heart Sussex Capital South Radio Reverb The Argus SchNEWS SportFootball Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. Brighton & Hove Albion W.F.C. Brighton United F.C. Mile Oak F.C. Saltdean United F.C. Whitehawk F.C. Goldstone Ground Falmer Stadium Brighton, Worthing & District Football League Cricket Sussex C.C.C Brighton & Hove C.C. County Cricket Ground Rugby union Brighton F.C. Hove Rugby Club Other Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium Withdean Stadium Brighton Bears Brighton Racecourse Brighton Rockers Roller Derby Brighton Tigers Buildings Buildings and architecture Places of worship Demolished places of worship Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Landmarks Parks and gardens Brighton Flint Grotto East Brighton Park Hove Park Old Steine Gardens Preston Park Queen's Park St Ann's Well Gardens Stanmer Park The Level Wild Park William Clarke Park (Brighton Parks Police) Areas Aldrington Balsdean (lost village) Bear Road/Coombe Road Bevendean Black Rock Brighton Brighton Marina Brunswick, Hove Carlton Hill City centre Coldean Downs Park Elm Grove Hangleton Hanover Hollingbury Hollingdean Hove Kemp Town Kemptown The Knoll The Lanes Mile Oak Montpelier Moulsecoomb New England Quarter North Laine Old Steine Ovingdean Patcham Portslade-by-Sea Portslade Village Preston Park Preston Prestonville Queen's Park Roedean Rottingdean Round Hill Saltdean Seven Dials Stanmer Stanmer Park West Blatchington West Hill Westdene Whitehawk Withdean Woodingdean Category vteCeremonial county of East SussexEast Sussex PortalUnitary authoritiesCity of Brighton and HoveBoroughs or districts Eastbourne Hastings Lewes Rother Wealden Major settlements(cities in italics) Battle Bexhill-on-Sea Brighton Crowborough Eastbourne Hailsham Hastings Heathfield Hove Lewes Newhaven Peacehaven Rottingdean Rye Seaford St Leonards-on-Sea Telscombe Uckfield Wadhurst WinchelseaSee also: List of civil parishes in East Sussex Rivers Cuckmere Rother Tillingham Topics Geography Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements History Museums Schools SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Scheduled monuments Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Transport South Coast Plain South Downs Beachy Head High Weald Long Man of Wilmington Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈbraɪtən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"BRY-tən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"seaside resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sea bathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_bathing"},{"link_name":"Georgian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Regency era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Brighton_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Hilton Brighton Metropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Brighton_Metropole"},{"link_name":"Palace Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier"},{"link_name":"West Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pier"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Hove"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_built-up_area"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"its large LGBT population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community_of_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"hippest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Seaside resort on the south coast of EnglandThis article is about the seaside resort in England. For other uses, see Brighton (disambiguation).Place in EnglandBrighton (/ˈbraɪtən/ BRY-tən) is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the city of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England. It is located 47 miles (76 km) south of London.[1]\nArchaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The ancient settlement of \"Brighthelmstone\" was documented in the Domesday Book (1086). The town's importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the early modern period, affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses.In the Georgian era, Brighton developed as a highly fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later King George IV, who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the Hilton Brighton Metropole, the Palace Pier and the West Pier. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted city status in 2000.[2] Today, Brighton and Hove district has a resident population of about 277,965 and the wider Brighton and Hove conurbation has a population of 474,485 (2011 census).[note 1]Brighton's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, renowned for its diverse communities, shopping areas, large and vibrant cultural, music and arts scene, and its large LGBT population, leading to its recognition as the \"unofficial gay capital of the UK\" and as of the 2021 census, 10.7% of the population of Brighton and Hove over the age of 18 identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, the highest percentage in the entire UK.[3] Brighton has been called the UK's \"hippest city\"[4] and \"the happiest place to live in the UK\".[5]","title":"Brighton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56961-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB44-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB44-8"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)"},{"link_name":"Beorthelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorhthelm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB44-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistAtlas32%E2%80%9333-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB44-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB39-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JDW-Brighthelm-11"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniSx-Brighthelm-12"},{"link_name":"antiquaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian"},{"link_name":"winterbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaleH&A10+34-13"},{"link_name":"Horace Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antram3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB16-15"},{"link_name":"William Makepeace Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"Brighton trunk murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_trunk_murders"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB16-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sampson56-16"}],"text":"The earliest attestation of Brighton's name is Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone (or Brighthelmston) was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries.[6][7]\"Brighton\" was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name and was in general use from the late 18th century, although Brighthelmstone remained the town's official name until 1810.[7] The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England.[7] The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name.[8] An alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for \"stony valley\" is sometimes given but has less acceptance.[7] Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church,[9] a pub in Brighton,[10] some halls of residence at the University of Sussex.[11] Writing in 1950, historian Antony Dale noted that unnamed antiquaries had suggested an Old English word \"brist\" or \"briz\", meaning \"divided\", could have contributed the first part of the historic name Brighthelmstone. The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century.[12]Brighton has several nicknames. Poet Horace Smith called it \"The Queen of Watering Places\", which is still widely used,[13] and \"Old Ocean's Bauble\".[14] Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to \"Doctor Brighton\", calling the town \"one of the best of Physicians\". \"London-by-the-Sea\" is well-known, reflecting Brighton's popularity with Londoners as a day-trip resort, a commuter dormitory and a desirable destination for those wanting to move out of the metropolis. \"The Queen of Slaughtering Places\", a pun on Smith's description, became popular when the Brighton trunk murders came to the public's attention in the 1930s.[14] The mid-19th-century nickname \"School Town\" referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time.[15]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Whitehawk Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehawk_Camp"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Whitehawk Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehawk_Hill"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"causewayed enclosures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure"},{"link_name":"burial mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-WhitehawkCamp-18"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Coldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldean"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"Hollingbury Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingbury_Castle"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Cissbury Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissbury_Ring"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"Preston Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Village,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_to_Brighton_Way"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"king Ælle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lle_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASC-21"},{"link_name":"Anthony Seldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Seldon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon-Ch2-22"},{"link_name":"Weald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musgrave21-23"},{"link_name":"Domesday survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56961-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon32-24"},{"link_name":"Pregent de Bidoux's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9gent_de_Bidoux"},{"link_name":"mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon33-25"},{"link_name":"Lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lanes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon33-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon33-25"},{"link_name":"Great Storm of 1703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703"},{"link_name":"Shoreham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon33-25"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB17-17"},{"link_name":"a purported cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotherapy"},{"link_name":"Richard Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Russell_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Royal Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albion_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon34-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon34%E2%80%9335-29"},{"link_name":"Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley"},{"link_name":"turnpiked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gwynne98-30"},{"link_name":"Sake Dean Mahomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake_Dean_Mahomed"},{"link_name":"Anthony Relhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Relhan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seldon34%E2%80%9335-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_West_front_by_Pugin_1824_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Augustus Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pugin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton,_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chain Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Suspension_Chain_Pier"},{"link_name":"Georgian terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"King George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB71-31"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaceNames-32"},{"link_name":"Preston Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_aquarium_photochrom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Photochrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochrom"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB127-35"},{"link_name":"London and Brighton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Brighton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Brighton_Hotel"},{"link_name":"West Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pier"},{"link_name":"Palace Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier"},{"link_name":"Royal Suspension Chain Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Suspension_Chain_Pier"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB34-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Moulsecoomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulsecoomb"},{"link_name":"Bevendean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevendean"},{"link_name":"Coldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldean"},{"link_name":"Whitehawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehawk"},{"link_name":"Patcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patcham"},{"link_name":"Ovingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovingdean"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"Woodingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodingdean"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH51-38"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB73-39"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of BrightonThe first settlement in the Brighton area was Whitehawk Camp, a Neolithic encampment on Whitehawk Hill which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC.[16] It is one of six causewayed enclosures in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous burial mounds, tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance.[17] There was also a Bronze Age settlement at Coldean. Brythonic Celts arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC,[16] and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Castle on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic Iron Age encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of c. 1,000 ft (300 m). Cissbury Ring, roughly 10 mi (16 km) from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal \"capital\".[18]Later, there was a Roman villa at Preston Village, a Roman road from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally.[16] From the 1st century AD, the Romans built a number of villas in Brighton and Romano-British Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area.[19] After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. Anglo-Saxons then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the Kingdom of Sussex, founded in 477 AD by king Ælle.[20]Anthony Seldon identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.[21] The village of Bristelmestune was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty Weald to the north.[22] By the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 herring was established, and its population was about 400.[6][16] By the 14th century there was a parish church, a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).[23] Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of c. 1520, shows Admiral Pregent de Bidoux's attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving mackerel-fishing industry.[24] The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present Lanes area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from c. 1,500 in 1600 to c. 4,000 in the 1640s.[16] By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.[24]Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 \"it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck\".[24] More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating Great Storm of 1703), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby Shoreham as a significant port caused its economy to suffer.[24] By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and Daniel Defoe wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was \"more than the whole town was worth\". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century.[16]From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by Richard Russell from nearby Lewes. He sent many patients to \"take the cure\" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise[note 2] on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the Royal Albion, one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).[26] Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved[27] when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770;[28] and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as Sake Dean Mahomed and Anthony Relhan (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).[27]Royal Pavilion by Augustus Pugin, 1824Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance by Frederick William Woledge, 1840From 1780, the development of the Georgian terraces had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable resort of Brighton. The growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783.[29] He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion during the early part of his Regency. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use.[30] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Preston Barracks in 1793.[31] It was rebuilt in 1830.Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900The population increased rapidly throughout the 19th century from 7,339 in 1801 to 46,661 in 1841,[32] and by 1901 the population had reached more than 120,000.[33] The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built during the Victorian era, such as the Grand Hotel (1864), the West Pier (1866), and the Palace Pier (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous Royal Suspension Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896 and is featured in paintings by both Turner and Constable.[34]Due to the boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from 1,640 acres (7 km2) in 1854 to 14,347 acres (58 km2) in 1952.[35] New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including Moulsecoomb, Bevendean, Coldean and Whitehawk. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of Patcham, Ovingdean and Rottingdean, and much council housing was built in parts of Woodingdean after the Second World War. By the 1970s, the town had acquired a reputation as a retirement destination, with an elderly population.[36] However, this was reversed in the 1990s, as Brighton regained the fashionable status it held in the 18th and 19th centuries.In 1997, the town of Brighton and its neighbouring town Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove § Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove#Census"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove built-up area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_built-up_area"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brighton&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"ranked the 59th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"LGBT-friendly history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community_of_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"See also: Brighton and Hove § Census, and Brighton and Hove built-up areaAs of 2017[update], the Brighton and Hove district, of which Brighton is the largest area, has an estimated resident population of 277,965 residents.[38] It is ranked the 59th most populous district in England. Compared to the national average, Brighton has fewer children and old residents but a large proportion of adults aged 20–44.[39]Brighton has long had an LGBT-friendly history. In a 2014 estimate, 11–15 per cent of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual.[40] The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004[41] and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013.[42]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-45"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-45"},{"link_name":"Jedi census phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Brighton is identified as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25 per cent.[43][needs update] Brighton has been described as the UK's most \"Godless\" city.[44] The largest religion is Christianity, with 43 per cent reporting an affiliation. The second-largest religion is Islam, with 2.2 per cent, which is lower than the national average.[43]As part of the Jedi census phenomenon in 2001, 2.6 per cent claimed their religion was 'Jedi Knight', the largest percentage in the country.[45]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homelessness in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_(charity)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_2019,_Castle_Square_-_homelessness,_tents.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rough sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_sleeper"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemptown,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"living environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Homeless Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Homelessness","text":"See also: Homelessness in the United KingdomIn December 2021, new data released by Shelter, revealed that \"one in 78 people in Brighton and Hove are homeless\".[46] The report also records the city as having the third highest rate of homelessness in England, with London claiming the top spot followed by Luton.[47] \nIn a previous charity report issued in November 2016, three areas in Brighton & Hove, East Brighton, Queen's Park, and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation.[48]Rough sleepers' tents in Brighton's Castle SquareAlthough deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the city, it is more concentrated in some areas. The highest concentration is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas but is also found around the St. James's Street and Eastern Road areas.[49][50] A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton's Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James's Street in Kemptown is the seventh-worst living environment in England.[51] On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try to alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city.[52] \nHomelessness figures released by Crisis in December 2018 reported a record high in the UK, with figures in Sussex, including Brighton and Hove, reported as being \"high\".[53][54]At a meeting of the full B&H Council on 25 March 2021, Brighton and Hove became the first UK City to adopt the Homeless Bill of Rights.[55]\nThe bill was passed by 31 votes to 11, with 7 abstentions.[56]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Undercliff_Walk,_Rottingdean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_298484.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A23_closed_by_floods,_November_2000_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656937.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Downs"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"headlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland"},{"link_name":"Selsey Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsey_Bill"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Head"},{"link_name":"seasonal river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)"},{"link_name":"Patcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patcham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56961-7"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB15-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB246-60"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"culverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB246-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTBP95-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTBP8-63"},{"link_name":"One original house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Pool_Valley,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56961-7"},{"link_name":"Old Steine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Steine"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_Lower"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lower248-64"},{"link_name":"Andrew Boorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Boorde"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lower247-65"},{"link_name":"Shoreham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB128-66"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"Saltdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltdean"},{"link_name":"alluvium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB56-67"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56961-7"},{"link_name":"Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand#Upper_Greensand"},{"link_name":"Lower Greensand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Gault clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gault"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistAtlas3-68"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB15-59"},{"link_name":"sandbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"},{"link_name":"Great Storm of 1703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB56-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Seafront_vom_Pier.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Seafront_vom_Pier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Palace Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier"}],"text":"To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000, when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.Brighton lies between the South Downs and the English Channel to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the headlands of Selsey Bill and Beachy Head; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a seasonal river, the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above Patcham.[6][57] This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming \"the natural drainage point for Brighton\".[58]Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era.[note 3] This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was culverted to prevent flooding,[58][59] and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane)[60] marks its site. One original house survives from the time of the pool's enclosure.[6] Behind Pool Valley is Old Steine (historically The Steyne), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author Mark Antony Lower referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the Royal Pavilion showing \"quite a pool of water across the Steyne\".[61]Despite 16th-century writer Andrew Boorde's claim that \"Bryght-Hempston [is] among the noble ports and havens of the realm\",[62] Brighton never developed as a significant port: rather, it was considered as part of Shoreham. Nevertheless, the descriptions \"Port of Brighthelmston\" or \"Port of Brighton\" were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries, as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes.[63]The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards Rottingdean and Saltdean, reaching 24 m (80 ft) above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of alluvium and clay with some flint and chalk rubble, has experienced erosion for many years.[64] The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk.[6] Below this are thin layers of Upper and Lower Greensand separated by a thicker band of Gault clay.[65] The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs.Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley,[57] which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater sandbar. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: 40 acres (16 ha) disappeared in the first half of the 14th century,[66] and the Great Storm of 1703 caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723,[66] and a century later a long sea wall was built.[64]Brighton seafront from the Palace Pier","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB40-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB40-70"},{"link_name":"1703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1987"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB40-70"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"See also: Climate of the United KingdomBrighton has a temperate climate: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb. It is characterised by cool summers and cool winters with frequent cloudy and rainy periods.[67] Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was 740 mm (29 in) on the seafront and about 1,000 mm (39 in) at the top of the South Downs above Brighton.[67] Storms caused serious damage in 1703, 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and 1987. Heavy snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967.[67]Climate data for Brighton\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8(46)\n\n8(46)\n\n9(49)\n\n12(53)\n\n16(60)\n\n19(66)\n\n22(71)\n\n22(72)\n\n18(65)\n\n15(59)\n\n11(52)\n\n9(48)\n\n14(57)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3(38)\n\n3(38)\n\n4(40)\n\n6(43)\n\n9(48)\n\n12(53)\n\n14(58)\n\n14(58)\n\n12(54)\n\n9(49)\n\n6(43)\n\n4(40)\n\n8(47)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n88(3.5)\n\n60(2.4)\n\n51(2.0)\n\n58(2.3)\n\n56(2.2)\n\n50(2.0)\n\n54(2.1)\n\n62(2.4)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n105(4.1)\n\n103(4.1)\n\n97(3.8)\n\n851(33.5)\n\n\nSource: Met Office[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Rape of Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Lewes"},{"link_name":"Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)#England"},{"link_name":"West Blatchington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Blatchington"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Village,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove"},{"link_name":"West Blatchington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Blatchington"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH56959-75"},{"link_name":"Ovingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovingdean"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"Moulsecoomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulsecoomb"},{"link_name":"estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_house"},{"link_name":"Falmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB34-76"},{"link_name":"Stanmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmer"},{"link_name":"Brighton Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Marina"},{"link_name":"Pyecombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyecombe"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB35-73"},{"link_name":"twitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutBtn57-77"},{"link_name":"Grade II-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1380005-78"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutBtn57-77"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Seven Dials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dials,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Withdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdean"},{"link_name":"Devil's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Dyke,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B&HMap-1960-79"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove,_England"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing,_England"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"sub_title":"Boundaries and areas","text":"At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, Brighton was in the Rape of Lewes and the Hundred of Welesmere. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, West Blatchington, Preston and Hove, was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and West Blatchington were included in the Hundred.[71]In its original form, Brighton parish covered about 1,640 acres (660 ha) between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, Ovingdean and Rottingdean. The borough (but not the civil parish) was first extended from 31 October 1873, when 905 acres (366 ha) was annexed from Preston civil parish. In 1894 the part outside the borough became Preston Rural civil parish and Preston civil parish continued in the borough. On 1 April 1889 Brighton became a county borough.On 1 October 1923, 94 acres (38 ha) were added to Brighton borough and to Preston civil parish from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the Moulsecoomb estate there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton civil parish was extended to include Preston civil parish. On the same date the borough grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of Falmer, Patcham and West Blatchington; it also exchanged small parts with Hove municipal borough. All the areas added to the borough became part of Brighton civil parish.[72] From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent Stanmer parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new Brighton Marina development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 (from Pyecombe parish), Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[70]The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue (1912) straddles the border, and in a twitten called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road.[73] There is a Grade II-listed parish boundary marker stone in this passageway.[74] Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street (pavement on eastern side, in Brighton), but it is not visible.[73] Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the Montpelier area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to Seven Dials. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in Withdean, at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards Devil's Dyke on the South Downs.[75]Neighbouring districts and places\nHove\nGatwick Airport\nEast Sussex\n\n\n\n\n\nWorthing\n\nBrighton\n\nEastbourne\n\n\n\n\n\nIsle of Wight\nEnglish Channel\nFrance","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public services in Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services_in_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caroline_Lucas_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brighton Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Kemptown_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pavilion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Russell-Moyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Russell-Moyle"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Caroline Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-Wards-80"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Village,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB47-81"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB156-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Town_Hall_(IoE_Code_479446).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Town_Hall,_England"},{"link_name":"the Lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lanes"},{"link_name":"workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"Thomas Read Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Read_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB341%E2%80%93342-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antram72-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-TownHall-85"},{"link_name":"EDO Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDO_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Moulsecoomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulsecoomb"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB205-86"}],"text":"See also: Public services in Brighton and HoveBrighton Pavilion MP Caroline Lucas is the only Green MP in the UK Parliament.Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: Brighton Kemptown and Brighton Pavilion. In the 2017 general election, Brighton Kemptown elected the Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle, replacing a Conservative MP; he was re-elected in the 2019 general election. In the 2010 general election Brighton Pavilion elected Caroline Lucas, the first and only Green Party MP; she was re-elected in 2015, 2017 and again at the 2019 general election, with an increased majority.There are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. Regency, St Peter's & North Laine, Preston Park, Withdean, Patcham, Hollingdean & Stanmer and Hanover & Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency; Moulsecoomb & Bevendean, Queen's Park, East Brighton, Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency.[76]The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of Preston parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards.[77] This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[78]Brighton Town Hall dates from 1830.Brighton Town Hall occupies a large site in the Lanes. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building (1727) known as the Town Hall was principally used as a workhouse. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; Thomas Read Kemp laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners (of which he was a member). Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897–99 to the Classical design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987.[79][80] The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton's affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997, but it is still used by Brighton & Hove City Council—particularly for weddings and civil partnerships.[81]The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company EDO Corporation on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in Moulsecoomb has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in.[82]","title":"Governance and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH51-38"},{"link_name":"railway works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_works"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB113-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"In 1985, the Borough Council described three \"myths\" about Brighton's economy. Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day; that tourism provided most of Brighton's jobs and income; or that the borough's residents were \"composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired business people\" rather than workers.[36] Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its railway works contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives.Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. Examples of statistics include: Brighton and Hove's tourism industry contributes £380m to the economy and employs 20,000 people directly or indirectly; the city has 9,600 registered companies; and a 2001 report identified it as one of five \"supercities for the future\".[83] In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day.[84][85] In August 2017, new figures for the year showed Brighton's tourism had fallen by a further 1 per cent on the previous year.[86]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Centre,_Kings_Road,_Brighton_(from_SE)_(April_2013).JPG"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Planning permission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_permission"},{"link_name":"Lloyds Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank"},{"link_name":"Legal & General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_%26_General"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"Hollingbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingbury"},{"link_name":"Brighton Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Marina"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB113-87"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-11122012-93"},{"link_name":"Brighton Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Centre"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB56-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sussex_House_Building,_Hollingbury_Industrial_Estate,_Brighton_(December_2012).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exion_27_Building,_Hollingbury_Industrial_Estate,_Brighton_(December_2012).JPG"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-990853-96"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"MFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFI_Group"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB149%E2%80%93150-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-451248-98"},{"link_name":"The Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Brighton)"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-398183-99"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch-SB-100"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"Brandwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandwatch"},{"link_name":"social media monitoring company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_measurement"},{"link_name":"Black Rock Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_Studio"},{"link_name":"Disney Interactive Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Interactive_Studios"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB113-87"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch-SB-100"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer-101"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamerNetwork-102"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBS-9.2.2-103"},{"link_name":"Hollingbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingbury"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB-772119-104"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-6703608-105"}],"sub_title":"Commerce and industry","text":"Events at the Brighton Centre are important to Brighton's economy.Brighton's largest private sector employer is American Express, whose European headquarters are at John Street.[87] As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there.[88] Planning permission to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009, and work started in March 2010. Other major employers include Lloyds Bank, Legal & General, Asda (which has hypermarkets at Hollingbury and Brighton Marina), Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company and call-centre operator Inkfish.[83] In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of Gatwick Airport's 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove.[89]Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the Brighton Centre—since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million,[note 5] and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts.[90]The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House (left) and Exion 27 (right).The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development,[91] limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on 18 acres (7.3 ha) of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units (the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985) and then retail warehouses. Asda's superstore opened in November 1987, MFI followed two years later, and other retail units were built in the 1990s.[92] Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011[93] and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building.[94]Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector, particularly digital or \"new media\", and since the 1990s has been referred to as \"Silicon Beach\".[95] By 2007, over 250 new media business had been founded in Brighton. Brandwatch is a social media monitoring company based in offices near Brighton station. Computer game design company Black Rock Studio was founded in 1998 and was taken over by Disney Interactive Studios,[83][95] who closed it down in 2011.[96] The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming (including Eurogamer) and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton.[97]By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development (c. 1990), \"now considered a prime office location\", stood partly empty for a decade.[98] Exion 27 (built in 2001), a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at Hollingbury, remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the University of Brighton. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises.[99][100]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"North Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Laine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lanes,_Brighton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633351.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lanes"},{"link_name":"Churchill Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Square_(Brighton_and_Hove)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Brighton Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse"}],"sub_title":"Retail and shopping","text":"Brighton is well known for its high number of independent shops, which add to the character of the city.[101]Walking from Brighton station towards the seafront, first, is the North Laine area, stretching from Trafalgar Street, Kensington Gardens, Sydney Street, Gardner Street and Bond Street and is mostly pedestrianised. It is a retail, leisure and the residential area immediately north of the Lanes. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon \"Laine\" meaning \"fields\",[citation needed] although the misnomer \"North Lanes\" is often used to describe the area. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, bars, theatres, and over 400 shops independent and avant-garde shops including an erotic shop and indoor flea markets.The Lanes is a tourist attraction occupied by small independent shops.The Lanes which is characterised by a labyrinth of narrow alleyways form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs.Churchill Square is a shopping centre with a floor space of 470,000 sq ft (44,000 m2) and over 80 shops, several restaurants and 1,600 car-parking spaces.[102] It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties.[103]There are two weekly flea market / bootfairs in Brighton on Sunday mornings, one at Brighton Marina on the top open-air level of the carpark, and another at Brighton Racecourse.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Pier_at_dusk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_Brighton_2016-06-05.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Indo-Saracenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Sassoon Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassoon_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"packet boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_boat"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe"},{"link_name":"camera obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura"},{"link_name":"Brighton Marine Palace and Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier"},{"link_name":"funfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"West Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pier"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Brighton i360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_i360"},{"link_name":"Brighton i360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_i360"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"London Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Eye"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Brighton Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria's jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Volk's Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk%27s_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"Black Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_(Brighton_and_Hove)"},{"link_name":"Brighton Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Marina"},{"link_name":"electric railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Brighton_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Brighton hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Palace Pier at duskThe Clock Tower in central BrightonThe Royal Pavilion, a Grade I listed building,[104] is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash. It is notable for its Indo-Saracenic architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the Sassoon Mausoleum, now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club.The first of Brighton's three piers was the Chain Pier, which was destroyed in a storm in 1896. All that remains of the pier are small lumps of wood and stone, which are only visible at low tide. It was primarily intended as a landing stage for packet boats to Dieppe, France, but it also featured a small number of attractions including a camera obscura.Brighton Marine Palace and Pier (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899, it was meant to be a replacement for the Chain Pier, but became a pleasure pier instead. It features a funfair, restaurants and arcade halls.[105] The West Pier was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I listed piers in the United Kingdom; it has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned.[106] Nevertheless, publicity material presented in question-and-answer form during the building of the Brighton i360 observation tower (see below) maintained that the building of the tower would not prove prejudicial to the eventual restoration of the pier.The Brighton i360, an observation tower located at the shore end of the West Pier, opened on 4 August 2016.[107] At 162 m (531 ft) high, and with an observation pod rising to 138 m (453 ft), it is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the London Eye.[108] With a diameter of 12.7 ft (3.9 m), it is also the thinnest tower in the world, with a height-to-width ratio of 41.15 to one.[109]Brighton Clock Tower, built in 1888 for Queen Victoria's jubilee,[110] stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares.Volk's Electric Railway runs along the inland edge of the beach from Palace Pier to Black Rock and Brighton Marina. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating electric railway.[111]The Grand Hotel was built in 1864. The Brighton hotel bombing occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore.[112]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_Of_St_Nicholas_Of_Myra_April_2018_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"St Nicholas Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Church,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salzman_1940-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRIGHT1-120"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"St Martin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Friends Meeting House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Friends_Meeting_House"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Unitarian community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Unitarian_Church"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"St John the Baptist's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_Progressive_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_Reform_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Middle Street Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Street_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Churches and other places of worship","text":"Further information: List of places of worship in Brighton and HoveSt Nicholas Church, Brighton's original parish church (April 2018)St Nicholas Church may be the oldest building in Brighton (the Domesday Book records the presence of an Anglo-Saxon church, valued at £12)[113] and is commonly known as \"The Mother Church\".[114] Other notable Anglican churches include the very tall (the highest church interior in Britain) brick-built St Bartholomew's (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott;[115] St Peter's (1828); and St Martin's (1875), noted for its ornate interior. Brighton's Quakers run the Friends Meeting House in the Lanes.[116] There is an active Unitarian community based in a Grade II listed building in New Road.[117] Brighton has six listed Roman Catholic churches; St John the Baptist's Church (1835) in Kemptown is the earliest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city.[118]Brighton and Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue; Holland Road Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue; and Middle Street Synagogue. The Middle Street Synagogue is a Grade II listed building built in 1874–75; it is being gradually restored by English Heritage. There are also several mosques[119] and Buddhist centres.[120]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Beach,_looking_from_Palace_Pier_eastwards,_East_Sussex,_England_19June2018_arp.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naturist_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117450.jpg"},{"link_name":"naturist beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_beach"},{"link_name":"shingle beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-Seafront-127"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"blue flag status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlueFlag-130"},{"link_name":"groynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groyne"},{"link_name":"MS Athina B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Athina_B"},{"link_name":"nudist beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_beach"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visi_Brig-131"},{"link_name":"Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_to_Newhaven_Cliffs"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-Cliffs-132"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_(swimming_pool)"},{"link_name":"marinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Marina"},{"link_name":"five-star hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_rating"},{"link_name":"winter garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_garden"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB29-134"}],"sub_title":"Beaches","text":"Brighton Beach, looking from the Palace Pier eastwards. The spiral tower is a Zip line ride (June 2018).Cliff Beach, Britain's first naturist beachBrighton has a 5.4 mi (8.7 km) expanse of shingle beach,[66] part of the unbroken 8 mi (13 km) section within the city limits.[note 6] A flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide.[66] The seafront is home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.[121]At Black Rock, to the east of Brighton, a vegetated shingle wildlife habitat has been created. A 600m long boardwalk runs through the wildlife site.[122][123] The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded blue flag status.[124]The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by groynes—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the MS Athina B ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a nudist beach.[125] Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest) rise to more than 100 ft (30 m) and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,[66] which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.[126]Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, was redeveloped opened to the public in March 2007, with a playground, mini-golf, beach saunas and beach volleyball courts.On the sea wall of Madeira Drive is Madeira Terrace, a Grade 2* listed, 865-metre-long stretch of seafront arches. The Terrace structure has degraded, deemed unsafe, and been closed to the public since 2014. The Terrace is being restored, with a number of plans submitted.[127] In front of the Terrace has been built a new national outdoor swimming centre, including a 50m swimming pool with an adjoining complex of shops, and bars.Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air lido at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest marinas. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed including housing, a five-star hotel with a winter garden, and an 11,000-seat sports arena.[128]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Blue_butterfly_in_the_Liz_Williams_Butterfly_Haven.jpg"},{"link_name":"TQ 309 072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brighton&params=50.849508_N_0.141885_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Stringer_School"},{"link_name":"Varndean College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varndean_College"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"National Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-135"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-135"},{"link_name":"Adonis blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_blue"},{"link_name":"chalkhill blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkhill_blue"},{"link_name":"green hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_hairstreak"},{"link_name":"dingy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingy_skipper"},{"link_name":"chequered skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carterocephalus_palaemon"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Liz Williams Butterfly Haven","text":"Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flowerThe Liz Williams Butterfly haven (TQ 309 072) is a purpose-built area that has been created to attract and provide a habitat for butterflies. It is situated between Dorothy Stringer and Varndean College, north of Stringer Way. It was the brainchild of Dan Danahar with funding from the BBC, in conjunction with the National Lottery, through the Breathing Places scheme.[129] This site was created between 2006 and 2007, and by September 2008 the late Liz Williams, botanist, had recorded 97 wildflower species and 10 species of grass. This was an order of magnitude increase in the floral diversity of the site within one year. As a tribute to her work, the site will be renamed the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven during 2011.[129] Since its creation to 2021 an amazing twenty seven species of butterfly have been recorded here including Adonis blue, chalkhill blue, green hairstreak, dingy and chequered skipper.[130]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TQ 326 056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brighton&params=50.834741_N_0.118328_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Lewes Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Road,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"David Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bangs"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"Yaffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_green_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"greater horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"Badgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger"},{"link_name":"celandine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celandine_poppies"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"The Woodvale Cemeteries","text":"Woodvale (TQ 326 056) is actually five linked cemeteries that cover the western side of Race Hill. The cemeteries are east of Lewes Road and either side of Bear Road. Their cultural significance and importance to wildlife to the city were described evocatively by the Sussex field naturalist, David Bangs (p. 303).\"They are a profoundly peaceful place of little woods and glades, sunny banks and shady paths. They have become, in the last 150 years, reservoirs for much of the wildlife of the surrounding countryside. Some of the big beech trees down in Woodvale are as old as the cemeteries. The marbles, limestones, and granites of the memorials are a detective story for geologists. Yaffles call across the trees. The rare greater horseshoe bat has hibernated in the funerary buildings. Badgers pit the mossy turf in their search for earthworms, and violet and celandine cheer the turf in early spring.\"[131]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"Cafes and restaurants","text":"Brighton is characterised by small dining establishments and independent coffeehouses. Brighton has about 250 restaurants.[132] It is known for having many vegan and vegetarian restaurants, and a 2022 analysis found the city has the highest density of vegan restaurants in the UK.[133]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Heart South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_South"},{"link_name":"Capital Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Radio Reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Reverb"},{"link_name":"Gaydio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaydio"},{"link_name":"The Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Brighton)"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Brighton has a local television channel Latest TV which broadcasts local news and entertainment.[134]Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 95.3 FM which is based on Queens Road in the city, Heart South on 103.5 FM, Capital Brighton on 107.2 FM, Radio Reverb on 92.7 FM and Gaydio on 97.8 FM, a radio station for the LGTBQ+ community in the city.The local newspaper that serves the city is The Argus.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of films set in Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Brighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Odeon_Kingswest_Cinema,_Junction_of_Kings_Road_and_West_Street,_Brighton_(from_SW)_(April_2013).JPG"},{"link_name":"Carry on at Your Convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_on_at_Your_Convenience"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"The End of the Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_the_Affair_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_(film)"},{"link_name":"MirrorMask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MirrorMask"},{"link_name":"Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Thongs_and_Perfect_Snogging"},{"link_name":"The Young Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Brighton Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Rock_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"The Boat that Rocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_that_Rocked"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Duke of York's Picturehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_York%27s_Picturehouse"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRIGHT3-142"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-143"},{"link_name":"Violet Melnotte-Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Melnotte"},{"link_name":"Bioscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_camera"},{"link_name":"arthouse cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_cinema"},{"link_name":"Komedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"multiplex cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_cinema"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-143"}],"sub_title":"Cinema","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of films set in Brighton.Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973.Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including Carry on at Your Convenience (1971), Quadrophenia (1979), The End of the Affair (1999), Wimbledon (2004), MirrorMask (2005), Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging (2008), The Young Victoria (2009), Brighton Rock (2010 and 1947), and The Boat that Rocked (2009).[135]The Duke of York's Picturehouse,[136] dating from 1910,[137] was opened by Violet Melnotte-Wyatt. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brighton's first Electric Bioscope, which still operates as an arthouse cinema. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company now occupies the upstairs of Komedia, situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton.[138] There are two multiplex cinemas, the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina.[137]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Pride_2014_bus_(15045503485).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"the Artists' Open Houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_Open_House"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brighton Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Fringe"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Brighton Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Dome"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Burning the Clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_the_Clocks"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pride"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Disability Pride Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Pride_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemptown,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_Brighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BigBeachBoutique.jpeg"},{"link_name":"\"The Big Beach Boutique II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Beach_Boutique_II"},{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Nuit Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_Blanche"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"},{"link_name":"DIY culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_seafront_carshow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"veteran car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran_car"},{"link_name":"mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"scooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorscooter"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia"},{"link_name":"mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"Chilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove"},{"link_name":"Vegfest (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegfest_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Festivals and rallies","text":"Brighton Pride 2014 busEach May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK (after Edinburgh). This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, the Artists' Open Houses, are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe.[citation needed]Brighton Fringe runs alongside Brighton Festival, and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world.[139] Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival's \"Streets of Brighton\" events, and the Royal Mile-esque outdoor performances that make up \"Fringe City\", outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May.[140]In 1974, the city was host to the 19th Eurovision Song Contest on 6 April 1974, where ABBA won in the Brighton Dome with their song Waterloo.[141]Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; Burning the Clocks, a winter solstice celebration; Brighton Digital Festival, annually exploring digital technology and culture; and Brighton Pride, the first of its kind in the UK,[142] which attracts 450,000 to the city over the Pride weekend.[143] Disability Pride Brighton promotes acceptance and visibility for area residents who are disabled.[144]\n[145]\n[146]\n[147]Brighton has two major film festivals, Brighton Rocks International Film Festival, which takes place in June, and Cinecity, which takes place in November.The Kemptown area has its own small annual street festival, the Kemptown Carnival, and the Hanover area similarly has a \"Hanover Day\".\"The Big Beach Boutique II\": over 250,000 watched Fatboy Slim (July 2002).Local resident Fatboy Slim has put on three \"Big Beach Boutique\" shows, in 2002,[148] 2006[149] and 2008.[150] An inaugural White Nights (Nuit Blanche) all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding.[151] 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest[152] celebrating zine and DIY culture within the city.Seafront display of Minis after a London-to-Brighton driveBrighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides and runs, such as the veteran car run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of mods and rockers still bring their scooters and motorbikes to the city, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in Quadrophenia.Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued mackerel are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods Chilli Festival.[153] There is also a twice-yearly general food festival.[154] The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby Hove, and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area. The Vegfest (UK) festival was first held in Brighton in 2009. It takes place annually in March at the Hove Centre.[155]Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city.[156]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_St_James_Street_(15045410882).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rainbow flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemptown,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Club Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pride"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"sub_title":"LGBT community","text":"Rainbow flags in St James's Street, KemptownThe lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) community in Brighton is one of the largest and most prominent in the UK, and Brighton has been named the \"gay capital of the UK\".[3] There is record of LGBT history in the city dating to the 19th century.[157] Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in Kemptown, including Club Revenge.[158][159] Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. Brighton Pride is usually celebrated at the start of August.[160][161]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmarks_and_notable_buildings_of_Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"Brighton Museum & Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Preston Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Manor,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Booth Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Brighton Toy and Model Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Toy_and_Model_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brighton Fishing Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Fishing_Museum"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"British Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Regency"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Brighton Centre for Contemporary Arts (Brighton CCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brightoncca.art/"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Art Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.phoenixbrighton.org/about/"},{"link_name":"ONCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onca.org.uk/about-us/"}],"sub_title":"Museums and galleries","text":"Further information: List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and HoveBrighton museums include Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, which forms part of the pavilion Preston Manor, Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton Toy and Model Museum, and Brighton Fishing Museum, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The Royal Pavilion is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the British Regency.Brighton has many galleries,[162] including the Brighton Centre for Contemporary Arts (Brighton CCA) based at the University of Brighton, Phoenix Art Space, and ONCA.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"popular musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Lye-Fook"},{"link_name":"Kirk Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Brandon"},{"link_name":"Tim Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Booth"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Van Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Van_Day"},{"link_name":"James Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marriott_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Adam Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Freeland"},{"link_name":"Orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_(band)"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Concorde 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concorde_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Brighton Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Centre"},{"link_name":"Brighton Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Dome"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_Festival"},{"link_name":"Beats International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_International"},{"link_name":"Norman Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cook"},{"link_name":"Carl Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cox"},{"link_name":"Dave Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Clarke_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Krafty Kuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krafty_Kuts"},{"link_name":"Ed Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Solo"},{"link_name":"Evil Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Nine"},{"link_name":"Electrelane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrelane"},{"link_name":"James Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marriott_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Frazier Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazier_Chorus"},{"link_name":"Peter and the Test Tube Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_the_Test_Tube_Babies"},{"link_name":"the Levellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levellers_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maccabees_(band)"},{"link_name":"Electric Soft Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Soft_Parade"},{"link_name":"British Sea Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sea_Power"},{"link_name":"the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighties_Matchbox_B-Line_Disaster"},{"link_name":"The Xcerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Xcerts"},{"link_name":"Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"The Go! Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go!_Team"},{"link_name":"Royal Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Blood_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Kooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kooks"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blood Red Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Red_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Birdeatsbaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdeatsbaby"},{"link_name":"Rizzle Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzle_Kicks"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"}],"sub_title":"Night-life and popular music","text":"Brighton has many night-life hotspots[163] and is associated with popular musicians including Fatboy Slim, Omar, Kirk Brandon, Tim Booth, Nick Cave, Lovejoy, David Van Day from Dollar, James Marriott, Adam Freeland, Orbital, and Robert Smith. Live music venues include Concorde 2,[164] the Brighton Centre and the Brighton Dome, where ABBA received a substantial boost to their career when they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974. Many events and performance companies operate in the city. Brighton also has the most electronic music events in the UK.[165]\nBrighton is also host to The Great Escape music festival every May. Brighton has produced several successful bands and music artists including Beats International, Norman Cook, Carl Cox, Dave Clarke, Krafty Kuts, Ed Solo, Evil Nine, Electrelane, James Marriott, Frazier Chorus, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, the Levellers, The Maccabees, Electric Soft Parade, British Sea Power, the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster, The Xcerts, Architects, The Go! Team, Royal Blood, The Kooks, Freemasons, Blood Red Shoes, Lovejoy, Birdeatsbaby, and Rizzle Kicks. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels. The second half of 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia by The Who takes place at Brighton Beach.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_Royal_Brighton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Dome"},{"link_name":"Komedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia"},{"link_name":"the Old Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Market,_Hove"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRIGHT4-172"},{"link_name":"Attenborough Centre for the Creative Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenborough_Centre_for_the_Creative_Arts"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Pub_and_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Brighton Open Air Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Open_Air_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Brighton Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Festival"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"}],"sub_title":"Theatre","text":"The Theatre Royal presents a range of West End and touring musicals and plays, along with performances of opera and ballet.Theatres include the Brighton Dome and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded Komedia (primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre), the Old Market, which was renovated and re-opened in 2010, and the Theatre Royal,[166] which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative Arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the Marlborough Theatre, the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. The city has the purpose built Brighton Open Air Theatre, or B•O•A•T, which opened for the Brighton Festival in May 2015.[167]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanmer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmer_Park"},{"link_name":"South Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Downs"},{"link_name":"Preston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Park,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"The Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Level,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"East Brighton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Brighton_Park"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Wild Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Park"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks-174"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"Stanmer Park sits on the northern edge of Brighton and extends into the South Downs. The largest urban park in the city is Preston Park and The Level was recently developed. Other parks include East Brighton Park, Queen's Park and Wild Park.[168]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waste_House,_University_of_Brighton,_Grand_Parade,_Brighton_(September_2015)_(10).JPG"},{"link_name":"Waste House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_House"},{"link_name":"sustainable building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_building"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Lewes Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Road,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_university"},{"link_name":"Stanmer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmer_Park"},{"link_name":"Falmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer"},{"link_name":"Institute of Development Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studies"},{"link_name":"Science Policy Research Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Policy_Research_Unit"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Falmer railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"British and Irish Modern Music Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Irish_Modern_Music_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Brighton Aldridge Community Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Aldridge_Community_Academy"},{"link_name":"James Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Kooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kooks"},{"link_name":"Tom Odell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Odell"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Sussex Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Sussex_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"further education college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education_college"},{"link_name":"Greater Brighton Metropolitan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbmc.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Hove_%26_Sussex_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"Varndean College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varndean_College"},{"link_name":"A levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"Hove College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove_College"},{"link_name":"County Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Hove"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"state schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"faith schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_school#England"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Longhill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhill_High_School"},{"link_name":"Varndean School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varndean_School"},{"link_name":"Patcham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patcham_High_School"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Stringer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Stringer_School"},{"link_name":"Blatchington Mill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatchington_Mill_School"},{"link_name":"Hove Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Brighton Aldridge Community Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Aldridge_Community_Academy"},{"link_name":"King's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_School,_Hove"},{"link_name":"Pupil Referral Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil_Referral_Unit"},{"link_name":"independent schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"Brighton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_College"},{"link_name":"Roedean School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roedean_School"},{"link_name":"Steiner School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education"},{"link_name":"Brighton Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Girls"},{"link_name":"Montessori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori"},{"link_name":"Brighton Institute of Modern Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Institute_of_Modern_Music"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"}],"text":"Waste House, on Brighton University campus, is a sustainable building constructed using waste materials to showcase sustainable construction practices.The University of Brighton has been part of Brighton since 1859, starting as a school of art in the kitchens of the Royal Pavilion.[169] It was granted university status in 1992,[170] and now has a student population of around 18,000 of which 79 per cent are undergraduates.[171] The university is based on four campuses – City campus in the heart of Brighton; Falmer campus set in the South Downs; Moulsecoomb campus on Lewes Road and Eastbourne campus.[172]The University of Sussex, established in 1961 as the first of the plate-glass universities, is a campus research intensive university between Stanmer Park and Falmer, four miles (6 km) from the city centre. The university is home to the Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, amongst over 40 other established research centres, and has been ranked first in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings.[173][174][175] Served by trains (to Falmer railway station) and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 20,000 students of which about a quarter are postgraduates.[176] The university has been ranked 41st in the UK by the Complete University Guide in its 2022 rankings[177] and 246th in the world by the World University Rankings of 2021.[178]In 2001 the music college BIMM (British and Irish Modern Music Institute) opened in Brighton under the name The Brighton Institute of Modern Music. The college has approximately 1500 students across Brighton, its degree courses at BIMM are validated by the University of Sussex and diploma courses are taught at the Brighton Aldridge Community Academy. Notable alumni have included James Bay, The Kooks and Tom Odell. Since the college opened it has expanded to become Europe's largest music college with 6500 students studying at eight campuses across Europe including Bristol, London, Manchester, Berlin, Dublin, Hamburg, and Birmingham.In 2003, the universities of Brighton and Sussex formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of NHS doctors. The school is based at the University of Sussex campus and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust.Brighton & Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools, of which 54 are in Brighton.[179]A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in vocational education subjects, are provided at the further education college, Greater Brighton Metropolitan College (previously City College and before that Brighton Technical College). More academic subjects can be studied by 16- to 19-year-olds at Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College (BHASVIC) in the Seven Dials area. Varndean College in North Brighton occupies a commanding position. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic A levels, the International Baccalaureate and vocational courses, including BTECs.As Brighton is home to public universities and colleges, it also home to private colleges such as Hove College located near the County Cricket Ground. The college was established in 1977 and offers higher educational courses such as vocational, certificate, professional, diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications and has a close partnership with the University of Brighton.There are state schools and some faith schools. Notable secondary state schools include[180] Longhill High School, Varndean School, Patcham High School, Dorothy Stringer School, Blatchington Mill School, Hove Park School, Brighton Aldridge Community Academy, and King's School.Special Education Schools include Downs View and Downs View Link College for people over 16. There are also Pupil Referral Units (PRUs).There are a number of independent schools, including Brighton College, Roedean School, Steiner School, Brighton Girls (formerly known as Brighton and Hove High School (BHHS)), and a Montessori school. As with the state schools, some independents are faith-based; Torah Academy, the last Jewish primary school, became a Nursery School at the end of 2007. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout Britain.[181]Brighton has been ranked a top 10 student city in the UK by QS rankings.[182]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amex_Stadium_Pitch_panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2859086.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Goldstone Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Ground"},{"link_name":"Gillingham F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Withdean Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdean_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"'the Amex'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1983 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2017–18 football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Whitehawk Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehawk_F.C."},{"link_name":"a suburb in east Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehawk"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whiehawk-191"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Enclosed Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enclosed_Ground"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whiehawk-191"},{"link_name":"Brighton Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Marina"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"Falmer Stadium, home of Brighton & Hove Albion Football ClubBrighton & Hove Albion Football Club is the city's professional association football team. After playing at the Goldstone Ground for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at Gillingham F.C. before returning to the town as tenants of the Withdean Stadium.[183] At the start of the 2011–12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as 'the Amex'. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the Football League First Division in 1979 and staying there for four seasons. They reached the 1983 FA Cup Final drawing 2–2 with Manchester United before losing in the replay 5 days later. The 2017–18 football season saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against Wigan Athletic guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight.[184]Whitehawk Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in a suburb in east Brighton.[185] They play in the Isthmian League Premier Division.[citation needed] Games are played at The Enclosed Ground,[185] which is set into the South Downs close to Brighton Marina.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton Football Club (RFU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Football_Club_(RFU)"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Falmer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"United States.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team"}],"sub_title":"Rugby","text":"Brighton Football Club (RFU) is one of the oldest rugby clubs in England, founded in 1868 before the RFU. They currently play in the Premier division of London and South-East RFU League.[186]Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 Rugby World Cup 2015 host cities,[187] with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity Falmer Stadium (although it was named the \"Brighton Community Stadium\" throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons). One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union,[188] with Japan defeating South Africa 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The other game was between Samoa and the United States.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Hockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Hockey_Club"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Blatchington Mill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatchington_Mill_School"},{"link_name":"England Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_England_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"}],"sub_title":"Hockey","text":"Brighton & Hove Hockey Club is a large hockey club that train and play their matches at Blatchington Mill School. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the England Hockey League system, Conference East.[189]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"County Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Hove"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"1999 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"The Women's Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"2013 Women's Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"T20Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"}],"sub_title":"Cricket","text":"Sussex County Cricket Club play at County Cricket Ground in Hove. The ground has hosted one men's One Day International;[190] the match was part of the 1999 Cricket World Cup, and was a Group A match between South Africa and India, which South Africa won by 4 wickets.[191] The County Ground has also hosted 2 Test matches in The Women's Ashes in 1987 and 2005;[192] in addition, the ground hosted two One Day Internationals in the 2013 Women's Ashes[193] and, as of 2017, 5 Women's ODIs and 4 Women's T20Is have been hosted at the ground.[194][195]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413071.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton Speed Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Speed_Trials"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove Motor Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_Motor_Club"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Brighton Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"greyhound racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Greyhound_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_Coral_Group"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brighton Sailing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Sailing_Club"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"link_name":"pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Preston Park Velodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Park_Velodrome"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"}],"sub_title":"Other sports","text":"Brighton MarinaMotoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the Brighton Speed Trials, which has been running since 1905.[196] The event is organised by the Brighton and Hove Motor Club and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year.[citation needed]Brighton has a horse racing course, Brighton Racecourse, with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tarmac at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races. A greyhound racing circuit – the Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium – in Hove is run by Coral, at which motorcycle speedway racing was staged in 1928.[citation needed]Brighton Sailing Club has been operating since the 1870s.[citation needed]The Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official pétanque terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier.[197]Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC,[198] formed in 1860, claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC[199] was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming. Casual sea swimming is also a popular activity in Brighton, rising in popularity since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome,[200] the oldest velodrome in the UK, built in 1877.There are three recognised surfing breaks close to Brighton, including East of the Marina, by the West Pier and at Shoreham harbour.[201]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northward_view_of_A23_and_Brighton_Main_Line_from_footbridge_near_Braypool_Lane,_Patcham_(December_2012).JPG"},{"link_name":"Brighton Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"}],"text":"The Brighton Main Line railway (left) and A23 road link Brighton with London.Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years.[202] Trolleybuses, trams, ferries and hydrofoil services have operated in the past.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A23_road"},{"link_name":"A259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A259_road"},{"link_name":"A27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A27_road"},{"link_name":"trunk route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Coast_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"M27 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M27_motorway"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"M23 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_motorway"},{"link_name":"Pease Pottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_Pottage"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH49-209"},{"link_name":"Lewes Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Road,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Department of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Environment"},{"link_name":"Patcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patcham"},{"link_name":"Devil's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Dyke,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB48-210"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH10-211"},{"link_name":"multi-storey car park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park"},{"link_name":"Regency Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Square,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH10-211"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB273-212"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"Brighton is connected to the trunk road network by the A23 (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the A259 along the coast and the A27 trunk route inland which joins the M27 motorway near Portsmouth. The A23 joins the M23 motorway at Pease Pottage near Gatwick Airport.[203] The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (final section opened in 1992) and the old alignment has become the A270. A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the Department of the Environment published its recommended route in 1980. Public inquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at Patcham and the road to Devil's Dyke—opened in summer 1991.[204]By 1985, there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex.[205] In 1969, a 520-space multi-storey car park was built beneath the central gardens of Regency Square.[205][206]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_435851.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brighton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-10785898-213"},{"link_name":"London Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Thameslink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govia_Thameslink_Railway"},{"link_name":"St Albans City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_City_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Luton Airport Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Airport_Parkway_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy-02042005-214"},{"link_name":"West Coastway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coastway_Line"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"East Coastway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coastway_Line"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Newhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhaven,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"London Road viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Road_viaduct"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy-02042005-214"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)"},{"link_name":"Kensington Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Olympia_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy-02042005-214"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"Brighton station concourseFrequent trains operate from Brighton railway station. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London[207] and destinations include London Victoria, London Bridge and St Pancras. Most trains serve Gatwick Airport and those operated by Thameslink continue to St Albans City, Luton, Luton Airport Parkway, Bedford and Cambridge. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes.[208] The West Coastway Line serves stations to Portsmouth, and Southampton; the East Coastway Line runs via Lewes to Newhaven, Eastbourne, and Hastings, crossing the landmark London Road viaduct en route and providing \"a dramatic high-level view\" of Brighton.[208] A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007–08 when rationalisation caused the ending of InterCity services via Kensington Olympia and Reading to Birmingham, Manchester and Edinburgh.[208]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Southdown Motor Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southdown_Motor_Services"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bus_Company_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemptown,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH48+50-215"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B&H-About-216"},{"link_name":"The Big Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Lemon"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-13082012-217"},{"link_name":"Real-time travel information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_data"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B&H-About-216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_%26_Hove_412_BJ11_XHN.JPG"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"Withdean Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdean_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Saltdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltdean"},{"link_name":"Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Old Steine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Steine"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHCC-P&R-218"},{"link_name":"Woodingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodingdean"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-10593091-219"}],"sub_title":"Buses","text":"Until deregulation in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by Southdown Motor Services and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called Brighton Area Transport Services. Southdown were part of the nationalised NBC group and were based at Freshfield Road in the Kemptown area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared.[209] The Brighton & Hove Bus Company, owned by the Go-Ahead Group since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. It has a fleet of about 280 buses.[210] Compass Travel, The Big Lemon, Metrobus, Stagecoach South operate services to central Brighton. The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter.[211] Real-time travel information displays are provided at many stops.[210]A Brighton & Hove bus service to East MoulsecoombThe only park and ride facility in Brighton is based at the Withdean Stadium. It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service: intending passengers must join the Brighton & Hove Bus Company's route 27 service to Saltdean—which travels via Brighton railway station, the Clock Tower and Old Steine—and pay standard fares.[212] The 20-year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park-and-ride facility, stating it would be an \"inefficient use of public money, particularly in an era of declining car use\". Councillors and residents in Woodingdean and Rottingdean have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre.[213]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoreham Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham_Airport"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus-05032013-220"},{"link_name":"Shoreham-by-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH49-209"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShorehamApt-221"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-25012007-222"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRH49-209"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Shoreham Airport, which offers chartered and scheduled flights using light aircraft,[214] is 9 mi (14 km) west of Brighton near the town of Shoreham-by-Sea. In 1971, the borough councils of Worthing, Hove and Brighton bought it and operated it jointly as a municipal airport,[203][215] but since 2006 it has been privately owned.[216] Gatwick Airport, one of Britain's major international airports, is 30 mi (48 km) north on the A23; regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton.[203]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lily Agg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Agg"},{"link_name":"ArrDee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrDee"},{"link_name":"Michael Ashburner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ashburner"},{"link_name":"Bald and Bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_and_Bankrupt"},{"link_name":"Zoe Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Ball"},{"link_name":"Brian Behan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Behan"},{"link_name":"Nick Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Berry"},{"link_name":"Cate Blanchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett"},{"link_name":"Laurence Rickard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Rickard"},{"link_name":"Raymond Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Dora Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Bryan"},{"link_name":"George Burchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burchett"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave"},{"link_name":"Gwendoline Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendoline_Christie"},{"link_name":"Steve Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Norman Cook / Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"Richard P. Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Cook"},{"link_name":"Robin Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Luke Cresswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cresswell"},{"link_name":"Alfie Deyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Deyes"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Maude Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Lewis Dunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Dunk"},{"link_name":"E. S. Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Elliott"},{"link_name":"Chris Eubank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Eubank"},{"link_name":"Anubis Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis_Finch"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"William Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gold"},{"link_name":"Dave Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Greenfield"},{"link_name":"Cyriak Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriak_Harris"},{"link_name":"Elliott Hasler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Hasler"},{"link_name":"Ben Hawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hawes"},{"link_name":"Jacksepticeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_William_McLoughlin"},{"link_name":"Peter James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Mike Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kerr_(singer)"},{"link_name":"KickThePj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ_Liguori"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Marzia Kjellberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzia_Kjellberg"},{"link_name":"Joan Lazzarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lazzarani"},{"link_name":"Joshua Le Gallienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Le_Gallienne"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Charles Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leggett"},{"link_name":"Emma Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lomax"},{"link_name":"Garnt Maneetapho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigguk"},{"link_name":"James Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marriott_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Heather Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Mills"},{"link_name":"David Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pearce_(transhumanist)"},{"link_name":"PewDiePie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Kjellberg"},{"link_name":"The Prince Regent / George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV"},{"link_name":"Philip Proudfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Proudfoot"},{"link_name":"Ren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"Clara Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Ross"},{"link_name":"Ben Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Thatcher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Frank Thewlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thewlis"},{"link_name":"TommyInnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TommyInnit"},{"link_name":"Doreen Valiente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente"},{"link_name":"Johnny Wakelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Wakelin"},{"link_name":"David Walliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walliams"},{"link_name":"Joe Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Zoella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Sugg"}],"text":"Lily Agg, footballer\nArrDee, rapper\nMichael Ashburner, geneticist\nBald and Bankrupt, travel vlogger\nZoe Ball, entertainer\nBrian Behan, writer and trade unionist\nNick Berry, actor and singer\nCate Blanchett, actress\nLaurence Rickard, Actor and screenwriter\nRaymond Briggs, illustrator\nDora Bryan, actress\nGeorge Burchett, tattoo artist\nNick Cave, musician\nGwendoline Christie, actress\nSteve Coogan, actor and comedian\nNorman Cook / Fatboy Slim, DJ\nRichard P. Cook, artist\nRobin Cousins, ice skater\nLuke Cresswell, percussionist\nAlfie Deyes, youtuber\nCharles Dickens, author\nMaude Dickinson, inventor\nLewis Dunk, footballer\nE. S. Elliott, writer\nChris Eubank, boxer\nAnubis Finch, drag queen\nDavid Gilmour, musician\nWilliam Gold, youtuber and musician\nDave Greenfield, musician\nCyriak Harris, animator, artist, composer, and author\nElliott Hasler, director\nBen Hawes, triple Olympian\nJacksepticeye, youtuber\nPeter James, author\nMike Kerr, musician\nKickThePj, youtuber and film producer\nRudyard Kipling, author\nMarzia Kjellberg, internet personality\nJoan Lazzarani, sculptor, musician and intermedia performance artist\nJoshua Le Gallienne, artist, predominantly in sculpture[217]\nCharles Leggett, music cornetist\nEmma Lomax, composer and pianist\nGarnt Maneetapho, youtuber, known online as \"Gigguk\"\nJames Marriott, musician and youtuber[218]\nHeather Mills, model\nDavid Pearce, transhumanist philosopher\nPewDiePie, youtuber\nThe Prince Regent / George IV, royal\nPhilip Proudfoot, anthropologist and politician\nRen, musician\nClara Ross, composer\nBen Thatcher, musician\nFrank Thewlis, Methodist minister\nTommyInnit, youtuber and streamer\nDoreen Valiente, Wiccan writer\nJohnny Wakelin, musician\nDavid Walliams, comedian, actor and writer\nJoe Wilkinson, comedian\nZoella, youtuber","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"Littlehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB246-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB35-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEB56-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncB43-69"}],"text":"^ For statistical purposes, Brighton and Hove are grouped together. The larger conurbation also includes Worthing and Littlehampton.\n\n^ De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio (1750); translated into English in 1753 as Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands.[25]\n\n^ The name was documented as Poole in 1296 and 1497.[58]\n\n^ Area of the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[70]\n\n^ 2009 figures.[90]\n\n^ Until the extension of Brighton's boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928, the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured 2.2 mi (3.5 km).[66]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Royal Pavilion by Augustus Pugin, 1824","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brighton_West_front_by_Pugin_1824_edited.jpg/220px-Brighton_West_front_by_Pugin_1824_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance by Frederick William Woledge, 1840","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg/220px-Brighton%2C_the_front_and_the_chain_pier_seen_in_the_distance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Brighton_aquarium_photochrom.jpg/220px-Brighton_aquarium_photochrom.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rough sleepers' tents in Brighton's Castle Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Brighton_2019%2C_Castle_Square_-_homelessness%2C_tents.jpg/220px-Brighton_2019%2C_Castle_Square_-_homelessness%2C_tents.jpg"},{"image_text":"To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Undercliff_Walk%2C_Rottingdean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_298484.jpg/220px-Undercliff_Walk%2C_Rottingdean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_298484.jpg"},{"image_text":"The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000, when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A23_closed_by_floods%2C_November_2000_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656937.jpg/220px-A23_closed_by_floods%2C_November_2000_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton Pavilion MP Caroline Lucas is the only Green MP in the UK Parliament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Caroline_Lucas_2010.jpg/170px-Caroline_Lucas_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton Town Hall dates from 1830.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brighton_Town_Hall_%28IoE_Code_479446%29.jpg/220px-Brighton_Town_Hall_%28IoE_Code_479446%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Events at the Brighton Centre are important to Brighton's economy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Brighton_Centre%2C_Kings_Road%2C_Brighton_%28from_SE%29_%28April_2013%29.JPG/220px-Brighton_Centre%2C_Kings_Road%2C_Brighton_%28from_SE%29_%28April_2013%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Lanes is a tourist attraction occupied by small independent shops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Lanes%2C_Brighton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633351.jpg/220px-The_Lanes%2C_Brighton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_633351.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace Pier at dusk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brighton_Pier_at_dusk.jpg/220px-Brighton_Pier_at_dusk.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Clock Tower in central Brighton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Clock_Tower_Brighton_2016-06-05.jpeg/170px-Clock_Tower_Brighton_2016-06-05.jpeg"},{"image_text":"St Nicholas Church, Brighton's original parish church (April 2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_Of_St_Nicholas_Of_Myra_April_2018_01.jpg/200px-Church_Of_St_Nicholas_Of_Myra_April_2018_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Small_Blue_butterfly_in_the_Liz_Williams_Butterfly_Haven.jpg/220px-Small_Blue_butterfly_in_the_Liz_Williams_Butterfly_Haven.jpg"},{"image_text":"Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brighton_Odeon_Kingswest_Cinema%2C_Junction_of_Kings_Road_and_West_Street%2C_Brighton_%28from_SW%29_%28April_2013%29.JPG/220px-Brighton_Odeon_Kingswest_Cinema%2C_Junction_of_Kings_Road_and_West_Street%2C_Brighton_%28from_SW%29_%28April_2013%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brighton Pride 2014 bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Brighton_Pride_2014_bus_%2815045503485%29.jpg/220px-Brighton_Pride_2014_bus_%2815045503485%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Big Beach Boutique II\": over 250,000 watched Fatboy Slim (July 2002).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BigBeachBoutique.jpeg/220px-BigBeachBoutique.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Seafront display of Minis after a London-to-Brighton drive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brighton_seafront_carshow.jpg/170px-Brighton_seafront_carshow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rainbow flags in St James's Street, Kemptown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/In_St_James_Street_%2815045410882%29.jpg/170px-In_St_James_Street_%2815045410882%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Theatre Royal presents a range of West End and touring musicals and plays, along with performances of opera and ballet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Theatre_Royal_Brighton.jpg/220px-Theatre_Royal_Brighton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waste House, on Brighton University campus, is a sustainable building constructed using waste materials to showcase sustainable construction practices.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Waste_House%2C_University_of_Brighton%2C_Grand_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28September_2015%29_%2810%29.JPG/220px-Waste_House%2C_University_of_Brighton%2C_Grand_Parade%2C_Brighton_%28September_2015%29_%2810%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Falmer Stadium, home of Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Amex_Stadium_Pitch_panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2859086.jpg/220px-Amex_Stadium_Pitch_panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2859086.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton Marina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Brighton_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413071.jpg/220px-Brighton_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413071.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Brighton Main Line railway (left) and A23 road link Brighton with London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Northward_view_of_A23_and_Brighton_Main_Line_from_footbridge_near_Braypool_Lane%2C_Patcham_%28December_2012%29.JPG/220px-Northward_view_of_A23_and_Brighton_Main_Line_from_footbridge_near_Braypool_Lane%2C_Patcham_%28December_2012%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brighton station concourse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brighton_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_435851.jpg/220px-Brighton_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_435851.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Brighton & Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brighton_%26_Hove_412_BJ11_XHN.JPG/260px-Brighton_%26_Hove_412_BJ11_XHN.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"City Deal; The beginning of a great city region\". Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/city-deal-beginning-a-great-city-region","url_text":"\"City Deal; The beginning of a great city region\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106135245/http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/city-deal-beginning-a-great-city-region","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sorry Bristol, Brighton is probably the best city in the UK – Metro News\". Metro. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. 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The Borough of Brighton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200817205211/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol7/pp244-263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bright Helm\". J D Wetherspoon plc. 2009–2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105810/http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-bright-helm","url_text":"\"The Bright Helm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_D_Wetherspoon","url_text":"J D Wetherspoon"},{"url":"http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-bright-helm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brighthelm\". University of Sussex. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. 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Archived from the original on 26 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026021250/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm","url_text":"\"Information derived from National Trust\""},{"url":"http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-south_east/w-south_east-countryside/w-south_east-places-west_sussex/w-south_east-places-west_sussex-cissbury.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived Document\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131115063755/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm","url_text":"\"Archived Document\""},{"url":"http://www.archaeology.co.uk/digging/fieldwork/rocky-clump-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Farrant, John H. 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Hastings & St. Leonards Observer. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/politics/levels-of-deprivation-across-sussex-revealed-by-charity-report-1-7672973","url_text":"\"Levels of deprivation across Sussex revealed by charity report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_%26_St._Leonards_Observer","url_text":"Hastings & St. Leonards Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203050131/http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/politics/levels-of-deprivation-across-sussex-revealed-by-charity-report-1-7672973","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Conference Survey Statistics\" (PDF). Brighton and Hove Connected. 26 April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2017. 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ISBN 978-0-300-12661-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides","url_text":"Pevsner Architectural Guides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12661-7","url_text":"978-0-300-12661-7"}]},{"reference":"Brighton Borough Council (1985). Borough of Brighton Residents' Handbook (2nd ed.). Wallington: Home Publishing Co. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopaedia of Brighton. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. ISBN 978-0-861-47315-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-861-47315-1","url_text":"978-0-861-47315-1"}]},{"reference":"Collis, Rose (2010). The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton. (based on the original by Tim Carder) (1st ed.). Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries. ISBN 978-0-9564664-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564664-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9564664-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Antony (1950). The History and Architecture of Brighton. Brighton: Bredin & Heginbothom Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dale, Antony (1976). Brighton Town and Brighton People. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 978-0-85033-219-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-219-3","url_text":"978-0-85033-219-3"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Antony (1986) [1951]. About Brighton: A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove (2nd Revised ed.). Brighton: The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gwynne, Peter (1990). A History of Crawley (1st ed.). Chichester: Phillimore & Co. 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Sussex Archaeological Collections. 16. doi:10.5284/1085282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_Lower","url_text":"Lower, Mark Antony"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085282","url_text":"\"The Rivers of Sussex: Part II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1085282","url_text":"10.5284/1085282"}]},{"reference":"Mawer, A.; Stenton, F.M.; Gover, J.E.B. (1930). The Place-Names of Sussex. Vol. 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Musgrave, Clifford (1981). Life in Brighton. Rochester: Rochester Press. ISBN 978-0-571-09285-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeinbrightonfr0000musg","url_text":"Life in Brighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09285-7","url_text":"978-0-571-09285-7"}]},{"reference":"Sampson, Mark (1994). Brighton: History and Guide. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-0476-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0476-6","url_text":"978-0-7509-0476-6"}]},{"reference":"Seldon, Anthony (2002). Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future. Lewes: Pomegranate Press. ISBN 978-0-9542587-1-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Seldon","url_text":"Seldon, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542587-1-9","url_text":"978-0-9542587-1-9"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, L.J. (1966). The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone. Brighton: The Southern Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"s.n. (1998). A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_nomine","url_text":"s.n."}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton & Hove City Council\". Retrieved 20 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Brighton & Hove City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"VisitBrighton\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitbrighton.com/","url_text":"\"VisitBrighton\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests
One- and two-tailed tests
["1 Applications","2 Coin flipping example","3 History","4 Specific tests","5 See also","6 References"]
Alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set A two-tailed test applied to the normal distribution. A one-tailed test, showing the p-value as the size of one tail. In statistical significance testing, a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set, in terms of a test statistic. A two-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value is greater or less than a certain range of values, for example, whether a test taker may score above or below a specific range of scores. This method is used for null hypothesis testing and if the estimated value exists in the critical areas, the alternative hypothesis is accepted over the null hypothesis. A one-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may depart from the reference value in only one direction, left or right, but not both. An example can be whether a machine produces more than one-percent defective products. In this situation, if the estimated value exists in one of the one-sided critical areas, depending on the direction of interest (greater than or less than), the alternative hypothesis is accepted over the null hypothesis. Alternative names are one-sided and two-sided tests; the terminology "tail" is used because the extreme portions of distributions, where observations lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, are small and often "tail off" toward zero as in the normal distribution, colored in yellow, or "bell curve", pictured on the right and colored in green. Applications One-tailed tests are used for asymmetric distributions that have a single tail, such as the chi-squared distribution, which are common in measuring goodness-of-fit, or for one side of a distribution that has two tails, such as the normal distribution, which is common in estimating location; this corresponds to specifying a direction. Two-tailed tests are only applicable when there are two tails, such as in the normal distribution, and correspond to considering either direction significant. In the approach of Ronald Fisher, the null hypothesis H0 will be rejected when the p-value of the test statistic is sufficiently extreme (vis-a-vis the test statistic's sampling distribution) and thus judged unlikely to be the result of chance. This is usually done by comparing the resulting p-value with the specified significance level, denoted by α {\displaystyle \alpha } , when computing the statistical significance of a parameter. In a one-tailed test, "extreme" is decided beforehand as either meaning "sufficiently small" or meaning "sufficiently large" – values in the other direction are considered not significant. One may report that the left or right tail probability as the one-tailed p-value, which ultimately corresponds to the direction in which the test statistic deviates from H0. In a two-tailed test, "extreme" means "either sufficiently small or sufficiently large", and values in either direction are considered significant. For a given test statistic, there is a single two-tailed test, and two one-tailed tests, one each for either direction. When provided a significance level α {\displaystyle \alpha } , the critical regions would exist on the two tail ends of the distribution with an area of α / 2 {\displaystyle \alpha /2} each for a two-tailed test. Alternatively, the critical region would solely exist on the single tail end with an area of α {\displaystyle \alpha } for a one-tailed test. For a given significance level in a two-tailed test for a test statistic, the corresponding one-tailed tests for the same test statistic will be considered either twice as significant (half the p-value) if the data is in the direction specified by the test, or not significant at all (p-value above α {\displaystyle \alpha } ) if the data is in the direction opposite of the critical region specified by the test. For example, if flipping a coin, testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one-tailed test, and getting data of "all heads" would be seen as highly significant, while getting data of "all tails" would be not significant at all (p = 1). By contrast, testing whether it is biased in either direction is a two-tailed test, and either "all heads" or "all tails" would both be seen as highly significant data. In medical testing, while one is generally interested in whether a treatment results in outcomes that are better than chance, thus suggesting a one-tailed test; a worse outcome is also interesting for the scientific field, therefore one should use a two-tailed test that corresponds instead to testing whether the treatment results in outcomes that are different from chance, either better or worse. In the archetypal lady tasting tea experiment, Fisher tested whether the lady in question was better than chance at distinguishing two types of tea preparation, not whether her ability was different from chance, and thus he used a one-tailed test. Coin flipping example Main article: Checking whether a coin is fair In coin flipping, the null hypothesis is a sequence of Bernoulli trials with probability 0.5, yielding a random variable X which is 1 for heads and 0 for tails, and a common test statistic is the sample mean (of the number of heads) X ¯ . {\displaystyle {\bar {X}}.} If testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads, a one-tailed test would be used – only large numbers of heads would be significant. In that case a data set of five heads (HHHHH), with sample mean of 1, has a 1 / 32 = 0.03125 ≈ 0.03 {\displaystyle 1/32=0.03125\approx 0.03} chance of occurring, (5 consecutive flips with 2 outcomes - ((1/2)^5 =1/32). This would have p ≈ 0.03 {\displaystyle p\approx 0.03} and would be significant (rejecting the null hypothesis) if the test was analyzed at a significance level of α = 0.05 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05} (the significance level corresponding to the cutoff bound). However, if testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads or tails, a two-tailed test would be used, and a data set of five heads (sample mean 1) is as extreme as a data set of five tails (sample mean 0). As a result, the p-value would be 2 / 32 = 0.0625 ≈ 0.06 {\displaystyle 2/32=0.0625\approx 0.06} and this would not be significant (not rejecting the null hypothesis) if the test was analyzed at a significance level of α = 0.05 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05} . History p-value of chi-squared distribution for different number of degrees of freedom The p-value was introduced by Karl Pearson in the Pearson's chi-squared test, where he defined P (original notation) as the probability that the statistic would be at or above a given level. This is a one-tailed definition, and the chi-squared distribution is asymmetric, only assuming positive or zero values, and has only one tail, the upper one. It measures goodness of fit of data with a theoretical distribution, with zero corresponding to exact agreement with the theoretical distribution; the p-value thus measures how likely the fit would be this bad or worse. Normal distribution, showing two tails The distinction between one-tailed and two-tailed tests was popularized by Ronald Fisher in the influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers, where he applied it especially to the normal distribution, which is a symmetric distribution with two equal tails. The normal distribution is a common measure of location, rather than goodness-of-fit, and has two tails, corresponding to the estimate of location being above or below the theoretical location (e.g., sample mean compared with theoretical mean). In the case of a symmetric distribution such as the normal distribution, the one-tailed p-value is exactly half the two-tailed p-value: Some confusion is sometimes introduced by the fact that in some cases we wish to know the probability that the deviation, known to be positive, shall exceed an observed value, whereas in other cases the probability required is that a deviation, which is equally frequently positive and negative, shall exceed an observed value; the latter probability is always half the former. — Ronald Fisher, Statistical Methods for Research Workers Fisher emphasized the importance of measuring the tail – the observed value of the test statistic and all more extreme – rather than simply the probability of specific outcome itself, in his The Design of Experiments (1935). He explains this as because a specific set of data may be unlikely (in the null hypothesis), but more extreme outcomes likely, so seen in this light, the specific but not extreme unlikely data should not be considered significant. Specific tests If the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution in the null hypothesis – which is common where the underlying variable follows a normal distribution with unknown scaling factor, then the test is referred to as a one-tailed or two-tailed t-test. If the test is performed using the actual population mean and variance, rather than an estimate from a sample, it would be called a one-tailed or two-tailed Z-test. The statistical tables for t and for Z provide critical values for both one- and two-tailed tests. That is, they provide the critical values that cut off an entire region at one or the other end of the sampling distribution as well as the critical values that cut off the regions (of half the size) at both ends of the sampling distribution. See also Paired difference test, when two samples are being compared References ^ Mundry, R.; Fischer, J. (1998). "Use of Statistical Programs for Nonparametric Tests of Small Samples Often Leads to Incorrect P Values: Examples from Animal Behaviour". Animal Behaviour. 56 (1): 256–259. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0756. PMID 9710485. S2CID 40169869. ^ Pillemer, D. B. (1991). "One-versus two-tailed hypothesis tests in contemporary educational research". Educational Researcher. 20 (9): 13–17. doi:10.3102/0013189X020009013. S2CID 145478007. ^ A modern introduction to probability and statistics : understanding why and how. Dekking, Michel, 1946-. London: Springer. 2005. pp. 389–390. ISBN 9781852338961. OCLC 262680588.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ John E. Freund, (1984) Modern Elementary Statistics, sixth edition. Prentice hall. ISBN 0-13-593525-3 (Section "Inferences about Means", chapter "Significance Tests", page 289.) ^ J M Bland, D G Bland (BMJ, 1994) Statistics Notes: One and two sided tests of significance ^ Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. Series 5. 50 (302): 157–175. doi:10.1080/14786440009463897. ^ a b Fisher, Ronald (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. ISBN 0-05-002170-2. ^ Fisher, Ronald A. (1971) . The Design of Experiments (9th ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-844690-9. vteStatistics Outline Index Descriptive statisticsContinuous dataCenter Mean Arithmetic Arithmetic-Geometric Cubic Generalized/power Geometric Harmonic Heronian Heinz Lehmer Median Mode Dispersion Average absolute deviation Coefficient of variation Interquartile range Percentile Range Standard deviation Variance Shape Central limit theorem Moments Kurtosis L-moments Skewness Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Contingency table Frequency distribution Grouped data Dependence Partial correlation Pearson product-moment correlation Rank correlation Kendall's τ Spearman's ρ Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q–Q plot Radar chart Run chart Scatter plot Stem-and-leaf display Violin plot Data collectionStudy design Effect size Missing data Optimal design Population Replication Sample size determination Statistic Statistical power Survey methodology Sampling Cluster Stratified Opinion 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Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time-seriesGeneral Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey–Fuller Johansen Q-statistic (Ljung–Box) Durbin–Watson Breusch–Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation (ACF) partial (PACF) Cross-correlation (XCF) ARMA model ARIMA model (Box–Jenkins) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) Vector autoregression (VAR) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Least-squares spectral analysis Wavelet Whittle likelihood SurvivalSurvival function Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time (AFT) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson–Aalen estimator Test Log-rank test ApplicationsBiostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics Jurimetrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Category Mathematics portal Commons WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DisNormal06.svg"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P-value_Graph.png"},{"link_name":"p-value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value"},{"link_name":"significance testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_testing"},{"link_name":"statistical significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance"},{"link_name":"parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"test statistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_statistic"},{"link_name":"null hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"}],"text":"A two-tailed test applied to the normal distribution.A one-tailed test, showing the p-value as the size of one tail.In statistical significance testing, a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set, in terms of a test statistic. A two-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value is greater or less than a certain range of values, for example, whether a test taker may score above or below a specific range of scores. This method is used for null hypothesis testing and if the estimated value exists in the critical areas, the alternative hypothesis is accepted over the null hypothesis. \nA one-tailed test is appropriate if the estimated value may depart from the reference value in only one direction, left or right, but not both. An example can be whether a machine produces more than one-percent defective products. In this situation, if the estimated value exists in one of the one-sided critical areas, depending on the direction of interest (greater than or less than), the alternative hypothesis is accepted over the null hypothesis. Alternative names are one-sided and two-sided tests; the terminology \"tail\" is used because the extreme portions of distributions, where observations lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, are small and often \"tail off\" toward zero as in the normal distribution, colored in yellow, or \"bell curve\", pictured on the right and colored in green.","title":"One- and two-tailed tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chi-squared distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution"},{"link_name":"goodness-of-fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness-of-fit"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"null hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"p-value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value"},{"link_name":"test statistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_statistic"},{"link_name":"sampling distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_distribution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"flipping a coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Coin_flipping_example"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lady tasting tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_tasting_tea"}],"text":"One-tailed tests are used for asymmetric distributions that have a single tail, such as the chi-squared distribution, which are common in measuring goodness-of-fit, or for one side of a distribution that has two tails, such as the normal distribution, which is common in estimating location; this corresponds to specifying a direction. Two-tailed tests are only applicable when there are two tails, such as in the normal distribution, and correspond to considering either direction significant.[1][2]In the approach of Ronald Fisher, the null hypothesis H0 will be rejected when the p-value of the test statistic is sufficiently extreme (vis-a-vis the test statistic's sampling distribution) and thus judged unlikely to be the result of chance. This is usually done by comparing the resulting p-value with the specified significance level, denoted by \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n, when computing the statistical significance of a parameter. In a one-tailed test, \"extreme\" is decided beforehand as either meaning \"sufficiently small\" or meaning \"sufficiently large\" – values in the other direction are considered not significant. One may report that the left or right tail probability as the one-tailed p-value, which ultimately corresponds to the direction in which the test statistic deviates from H0.[3] In a two-tailed test, \"extreme\" means \"either sufficiently small or sufficiently large\", and values in either direction are considered significant.[4] For a given test statistic, there is a single two-tailed test, and two one-tailed tests, one each for either direction. When provided a significance level \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n, the critical regions would exist on the two tail ends of the distribution with an area of \n \n \n \n α\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha /2}\n \n each for a two-tailed test. Alternatively, the critical region would solely exist on the single tail end with an area of \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n for a one-tailed test. For a given significance level in a two-tailed test for a test statistic, the corresponding one-tailed tests for the same test statistic will be considered either twice as significant (half the p-value) if the data is in the direction specified by the test, or not significant at all (p-value above \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n) if the data is in the direction opposite of the critical region specified by the test.For example, if flipping a coin, testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one-tailed test, and getting data of \"all heads\" would be seen as highly significant, while getting data of \"all tails\" would be not significant at all (p = 1). By contrast, testing whether it is biased in either direction is a two-tailed test, and either \"all heads\" or \"all tails\" would both be seen as highly significant data. In medical testing, while one is generally interested in whether a treatment results in outcomes that are better than chance, thus suggesting a one-tailed test; a worse outcome is also interesting for the scientific field, therefore one should use a two-tailed test that corresponds instead to testing whether the treatment results in outcomes that are different from chance, either better or worse.[5] In the archetypal lady tasting tea experiment, Fisher tested whether the lady in question was better than chance at distinguishing two types of tea preparation, not whether her ability was different from chance, and thus he used a one-tailed test.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"null hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_trial"},{"link_name":"sample mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean"}],"text":"In coin flipping, the null hypothesis is a sequence of Bernoulli trials with probability 0.5, yielding a random variable X which is 1 for heads and 0 for tails, and a common test statistic is the sample mean (of the number of heads) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ¯\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {X}}.}\n \n If testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads, a one-tailed test would be used – only large numbers of heads would be significant. In that case a data set of five heads (HHHHH), with sample mean of 1, has a \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 32\n =\n 0.03125\n ≈\n 0.03\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/32=0.03125\\approx 0.03}\n \n chance of occurring, (5 consecutive flips with 2 outcomes - ((1/2)^5 =1/32). This would have \n \n \n \n p\n ≈\n 0.03\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\approx 0.03}\n \n and would be significant (rejecting the null hypothesis) if the test was analyzed at a significance level of \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n (the significance level corresponding to the cutoff bound). However, if testing for whether the coin is biased towards heads or tails, a two-tailed test would be used, and a data set of five heads (sample mean 1) is as extreme as a data set of five tails (sample mean 0). As a result, the p-value would be \n \n \n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 32\n =\n 0.0625\n ≈\n 0.06\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2/32=0.0625\\approx 0.06}\n \n and this would not be significant (not rejecting the null hypothesis) if the test was analyzed at a significance level of \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n.","title":"Coin flipping example"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chi-square_distributionCDF-English.png"},{"link_name":"chi-squared distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution"},{"link_name":"Karl Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pearson's chi-squared test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%27s_chi-squared_test"},{"link_name":"goodness of fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_of_fit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"Normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Statistical Methods for Research Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Methods_for_Research_Workers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-7"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-7"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Statistical Methods for Research Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Methods_for_Research_Workers"},{"link_name":"The Design of Experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Design_of_Experiments"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"p-value of chi-squared distribution for different number of degrees of freedomThe p-value was introduced by Karl Pearson[6] in the Pearson's chi-squared test, where he defined P (original notation) as the probability that the statistic would be at or above a given level. This is a one-tailed definition, and the chi-squared distribution is asymmetric, only assuming positive or zero values, and has only one tail, the upper one. It measures goodness of fit of data with a theoretical distribution, with zero corresponding to exact agreement with the theoretical distribution; the p-value thus measures how likely the fit would be this bad or worse.Normal distribution, showing two tailsThe distinction between one-tailed and two-tailed tests was popularized by Ronald Fisher in the influential book Statistical Methods for Research Workers,[7] where he applied it especially to the normal distribution, which is a symmetric distribution with two equal tails. The normal distribution is a common measure of location, rather than goodness-of-fit, and has two tails, corresponding to the estimate of location being above or below the theoretical location (e.g., sample mean compared with theoretical mean). In the case of a symmetric distribution such as the normal distribution, the one-tailed p-value is exactly half the two-tailed p-value:[7]Some confusion is sometimes introduced by the fact that in some cases we wish to know the probability that the deviation, known to be positive, shall exceed an observed value, whereas in other cases the probability required is that a deviation, which is equally frequently positive and negative, shall exceed an observed value; the latter probability is always half the former.\n\n— Ronald Fisher, Statistical Methods for Research WorkersFisher emphasized the importance of measuring the tail – the observed value of the test statistic and all more extreme – rather than simply the probability of specific outcome itself, in his The Design of Experiments (1935).[8] He explains this as because a specific set of data may be unlikely (in the null hypothesis), but more extreme outcomes likely, so seen in this light, the specific but not extreme unlikely data should not be considered significant.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Student's t-distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"t-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test"},{"link_name":"Z-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test"},{"link_name":"statistical tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_function#Applications"},{"link_name":"critical values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_value_(statistics)"}],"text":"If the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution in the null hypothesis – which is common where the underlying variable follows a normal distribution with unknown scaling factor, then the test is referred to as a one-tailed or two-tailed t-test. If the test is performed using the actual population mean and variance, rather than an estimate from a sample, it would be called a one-tailed or two-tailed Z-test.The statistical tables for t and for Z provide critical values for both one- and two-tailed tests. That is, they provide the critical values that cut off an entire region at one or the other end of the sampling distribution as well as the critical values that cut off the regions (of half the size) at both ends of the sampling distribution.","title":"Specific tests"}]
[{"image_text":"A two-tailed test applied to the normal distribution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DisNormal06.svg/220px-DisNormal06.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A one-tailed test, showing the p-value as the size of one tail.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/P-value_Graph.png/220px-P-value_Graph.png"},{"image_text":"p-value of chi-squared distribution for different number of degrees of freedom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chi-square_distributionCDF-English.png/220px-Chi-square_distributionCDF-English.png"},{"image_text":"Normal distribution, showing two tails","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/220px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Paired difference test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired_difference_test"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropore
Macropore
["1 Formation of soil macropores","2 Importance of soil macropores","2.1 Water and air movement","2.2 Solute and pollutant transport","2.3 Habitats for soil organisms","3 Characteristics of macropore network","3.1 Connectivity","3.2 Continuity","3.3 Tortuosity","4 Management","5 See also","6 References"]
Cavities in soil larger than 75 μm In soil, macropores are defined as cavities that are larger than 75 μm. Functionally, pores of this size host preferential soil solution flow and rapid transport of solutes and colloids. Macropores increase the hydraulic conductivity of soil, allowing water to infiltrate and drain quickly, and shallow groundwater to move relatively rapidly via lateral flow. In soil, macropores are created by plant roots, soil cracks, soil fauna, and by aggregation of soil particles into peds. Macropores can also be found in soil between larger individual mineral particles such as sand or gravel. Macropores may be defined differently in other contexts. Within the context of porous solids (i.e., not porous aggregations such as soil), colloid and surface chemists define macropores as cavities that are larger than 50 nm. Formation of soil macropores Primary particles (sand, silt and clay) in soil are bound together by various agents and under different processes to form soil aggregates (peds). Spaces of different shapes and sizes exist within and between these soil aggregates. The larger spaces between aggregates are called macropores. Macropores can be formed under the influence of physical processes such as wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles, which result in cracks and fissures of soils. They can also be formed under biological processes where plant roots and soil organisms play an important role in their formation. Macropores created by biological activities are also called biopores. For example, plant roots create large spaces between soil aggregates with their growth and decay. Soil fauna, especially burrowing species such as earthworms, contributes to the formation of macropores with their movement and activities in soils. In general, the formation of macropore is negatively related to soil depth as these physical and biological processes diminish with depth. Importance of soil macropores As an important part of soil structure, macropores are vital to the provision of many soil ecosystem services. They allow free movement of water and air, influence transport of chemicals and provide habitats for soil organisms. Therefore, understanding the importance of soil macropore is also critical to achieving sustainable management of our soil resources. Water and air movement Water can move freely under the influence of gravity in soil macropores when compared to micropores (much smaller pores in soils) where water is held by capillary forces. Water also tends to move along paths of the least resistance. Connected macropores create these paths and result in the so-called preferential flows in soils. Such attributes of macropores will allow fast movement of water into and across soils, that can significantly improve soil infiltration rate and permeability. These in turn can help to reduce surface runoff, soil erosion and prevent flooding. It also contributes to groundwater recharge that replenish water resources. On the other hand, these pores will be filled with air when they do not hold water. An extended network of macropores helps to improve gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere, especially when these macropores are connected to soil surface. Soil gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen are important elements of soil respiration. Oxygen is essential to the growth of plant roots and soil organisms while the release of carbon dioxide through respiration is an integral part of the global carbon cycling. Optimal water and air movement through soils not only provide essential elements to sustain life but are also fundamental to various soil processes such as nutrient cycling.   Solute and pollutant transport As macropores facilitate water movement in soils, they also inevitably influence the transport of chemicals which are dissolved in water. As a result, macropores can play a significant role in affecting the cycling of soil nutrients and the distribution of soil pollutants. For instance, while preferential flow paths consist of macropores enhance the drainage of soil water, the dissolved nutrients can be carried away rapidly and lead to an uneven distribution of water as well as chemicals in the soils. When excess chemicals or pollutants are released into groundwater, they can cause water pollution in the receiving water bodies. This can be a concern especially to some land uses such as agricultural activities, as it leads to issues regarding the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization as well as impacts of environmental pollution. For example, excessive nitrate converted from nitrogen fertilizers can be washed into groundwater under heavy rainfall or irrigation. Subsequently, a high level of nitrate in drinking water can cause health concerns. Habitats for soil organisms Being large pores in soils, macropores allow easy movement of water and air that they provide favourable spaces for plant root growth and habitats for soil organisms.  Consequently, these pores, with various residing soil organisms such as earthworms and larvae, also become important locations of soil bio-chemical processes that affect the overall soil quality.   Characteristics of macropore network Irregular geometry of soil macropores Soil macropores are not uniform but have an irregular geometry. They vary in shapes, sizes, and even surface roughness. When connected together, they form specific networks in soils. Therefore, the characteristics of these macropore networks can have significant influences on their functions in soils, especially in relation to water movement, aeration, and plant root growth. Connectivity The interconnectedness of soil macropores affects the capability of soil to conduct water and thus controls its water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity. Higher connectivity of soil macropores is usually associated with higher soil permeability. Connection of macropores with soil surface and groundwater also contributes to water infiltration into soils and replenishment of groundwater. The connectivity of soil macropores influences the vertical and lateral movement of both water and solutes in soils. Soil macropore connectivity and continuity Continuity Interconnected soil macropores may not create continuous paths, especially across the soil boundaries. The existence of dead-end pores can block or slow down water and air movement. Therefore, the continuity of soil macropores is also an influential factor in soil processes. For example, higher continuousness of macropores can result in higher gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere while lead to better soil aeration. Continued connection of macropores will also provide extended spaces that plants can easily grow their roots into, without sacrificing aboveground biomass by allocating resources for their roots to search for new spaces in discontinued areas. Tortuosity of soil macropores Tortuosity While soil macropore can be connected continuously to form long channels between two points in a soil, these channels are mostly sinuous rather than straight. Tortuosity is basically a ratio between the actual path length and the shortest distance between two points. In essence, tortuosity of macropore paths indicates their resistance to water flow. The more sinuous the paths, the higher the resistance. This will then affect the speed of water movement and distribution in soils.   Management Soil macropores are a vital part of soil structure and their conservation is critical to sustainable management of our soil resources. This is particularly true to soils that are constantly subject to human disturbance, such as tilled agricultural fields where the shape and size of macropores can be altered by tillage. Soil macropores are easily affected by soil compaction. Compacted soils, for example in forest landings, usually have a low macropore proportion (macro-porosity) with impeded water movement. Organic matter can be incorporated into disturbed soils to improve their macro-porosity and related soil functions See also Characterisation of pore space in soil Nanoporous materials References ^ Soil Science Glossary Terms Committee (2008). Glossary of Soil Science Terms 2008. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America. ISBN 978-0-89118-851-3. ^ J. Rouquerol; et al. (1994). "Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 66: 1739–1758. doi:10.1351/pac199466081739. S2CID 18789898. ^ Jarvis, Nicholas; Larsbo, Mats (2022-01-01), "Macropores and macropore flow", Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822974-3.00098-7, ISBN 978-0-12-409548-9, retrieved 2023-04-12 ^ "Soil Management". www.ctahr.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ Nimmo, J. R. (2009-01-01), "Vadose Water", in Likens, Gene E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 766–777, doi:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00014-4, ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3, retrieved 2023-04-12 ^ Hillel, Daniel (2003-01-01), Hillel, Daniel (ed.), "11 - Gas Movement and Exchange", Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 201–212, doi:10.1016/b978-012348655-4/50012-5, ISBN 978-0-12-348655-4, retrieved 2023-04-14 ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2007-01-09). "Groundwater contamination". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ Hussain, Syed I.; Frey, Steven K.; Blowes, David W.; Ptacek, Carol J.; Wilson, David; Mayer, K. Ulrich; Su, Danyang; Gottschall, Natalie; Edwards, Mark; Lapen, David R. (January 2019). "Reactive Transport of Manure-Derived Nitrogen in the Vadose Zone: Consideration of Macropore Connectivity to Subsurface Receptors". Vadose Zone Journal. 18 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2019VZJ....18....2H. doi:10.2136/vzj2019.01.0002. ISSN 1539-1663. ^ "Nitrate data & assessment - Washington State Department of Ecology". ecology.wa.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-13. ^ "Soil Quality Physical Indicator Information Sheet Series" (PDF). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. ^ Zhang, Yinghu; Huang, Chenyang; Zhang, Wenqi; Chen, Jinhong; Wang, Lu (2021-10-01). "The concept, approach, and future research of hydrological connectivity and its assessment at multiscales". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (38): 52724–52743. Bibcode:2021ESPR...2852724Z. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16148-8. ISSN 1614-7499. PMC 8403511. PMID 34458974. ^ Zheng, Ying; Chen, Ning; Zhang, Can-kun; Dong, Xiao-xue; Zhao, Chang-ming (2021). "Soil Macropores Affect the Plant Biomass of Alpine Grassland on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.678186. ISSN 2296-701X. ^ Hillel, Daniel (2003-01-01), Hillel, Daniel (ed.), "7 - Water Flow in Saturated Soil", Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 127–148, doi:10.1016/b978-012348655-4/50008-3, ISBN 978-0-12-348655-4, retrieved 2023-04-14 ^ "The science of soil compaction: Page 2 of 5". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-04-14. ^ "The importance of soil organic matter". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pore"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"solutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutes"},{"link_name":"colloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"hydraulic conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity"},{"link_name":"infiltrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"soil fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fauna"},{"link_name":"peds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ped"},{"link_name":"solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid"},{"link_name":"colloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pore-2"}],"text":"In soil, macropores are defined as cavities that are larger than 75 μm.[1] Functionally, pores of this size host preferential soil solution flow and rapid transport of solutes and colloids. Macropores increase the hydraulic conductivity of soil, allowing water to infiltrate and drain quickly, and shallow groundwater to move relatively rapidly via lateral flow. In soil, macropores are created by plant roots, soil cracks, soil fauna, and by aggregation of soil particles into peds. Macropores can also be found in soil between larger individual mineral particles such as sand or gravel.Macropores may be defined differently in other contexts. Within the context of porous solids (i.e., not porous aggregations such as soil), colloid and surface chemists define macropores as cavities that are larger than 50 nm.[2]","title":"Macropore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"silt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"peds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ped"},{"link_name":"plant roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"soil organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organisms"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soil fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fauna"},{"link_name":"earthworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"}],"text":"Primary particles (sand, silt and clay) in soil are bound together by various agents and under different processes to form soil aggregates (peds). Spaces of different shapes and sizes exist within and between these soil aggregates. The larger spaces between aggregates are called macropores. Macropores can be formed under the influence of physical processes such as wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles, which result in cracks and fissures of soils. They can also be formed under biological processes where plant roots and soil organisms play an important role in their formation.[3] Macropores created by biological activities are also called biopores. For example, plant roots create large spaces between soil aggregates with their growth and decay. Soil fauna, especially burrowing species such as earthworms, contributes to the formation of macropores with their movement and activities in soils. In general, the formation of macropore is negatively related to soil depth as these physical and biological processes diminish with depth.","title":"Formation of soil macropores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_structure"}],"text":"As an important part of soil structure, macropores are vital to the provision of many soil ecosystem services. They allow free movement of water and air, influence transport of chemicals and provide habitats for soil organisms. Therefore, understanding the importance of soil macropore is also critical to achieving sustainable management of our soil resources.","title":"Importance of soil macropores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"capillary forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"infiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_of_soils"},{"link_name":"groundwater recharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_recharge"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Soil gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_gas"},{"link_name":"soil respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_respiration"},{"link_name":"carbon cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycling"},{"link_name":"nutrient cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle"}],"sub_title":"Water and air movement","text":"Water can move freely under the influence of gravity in soil macropores when compared to micropores (much smaller pores in soils) where water is held by capillary forces.[4] Water also tends to move along paths of the least resistance. Connected macropores create these paths and result in the so-called preferential flows[5] in soils. Such attributes of macropores will allow fast movement of water into and across soils, that can significantly improve soil infiltration rate and permeability. These in turn can help to reduce surface runoff, soil erosion and prevent flooding. It also contributes to groundwater recharge that replenish water resources.On the other hand, these pores will be filled with air when they do not hold water. An extended network of macropores helps to improve gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere,[6] especially when these macropores are connected to soil surface. Soil gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen are important elements of soil respiration. Oxygen is essential to the growth of plant roots and soil organisms while the release of carbon dioxide through respiration is an integral part of the global carbon cycling.Optimal water and air movement through soils not only provide essential elements to sustain life but are also fundamental to various soil processes such as nutrient cycling.","title":"Importance of soil macropores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_nutrients"},{"link_name":"soil pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollutants"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"water bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_water"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"land uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization_(soil)"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate"},{"link_name":"nitrogen fertilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Solute and pollutant transport","text":"As macropores facilitate water movement in soils, they also inevitably influence the transport of chemicals which are dissolved in water. As a result, macropores can play a significant role in affecting the cycling of soil nutrients and the distribution of soil pollutants. For instance, while preferential flow paths consist of macropores enhance the drainage of soil water, the dissolved nutrients can be carried away rapidly and lead to an uneven distribution of water as well as chemicals in the soils. When excess chemicals or pollutants are released into groundwater, they can cause water pollution in the receiving water bodies.[7] This can be a concern especially to some land uses such as agricultural activities,[8] as it leads to issues regarding the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization as well as impacts of environmental pollution. For example, excessive nitrate converted from nitrogen fertilizers can be washed into groundwater under heavy rainfall or irrigation. Subsequently, a high level of nitrate in drinking water can cause health concerns.[9]","title":"Importance of soil macropores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organisms"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Habitats for soil organisms","text":"Being large pores in soils, macropores allow easy movement of water and air that they provide favourable spaces for plant root growth and habitats for soil organisms.[10]  Consequently, these pores, with various residing soil organisms such as earthworms and larvae, also become important locations of soil bio-chemical processes that affect the overall soil quality.","title":"Importance of soil macropores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geometry_of_macropores.jpg"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"surface roughness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughness"}],"text":"Irregular geometry of soil macroporesSoil macropores are not uniform but have an irregular geometry. They vary in shapes, sizes, and even surface roughness. When connected together, they form specific networks in soils. Therefore, the characteristics of these macropore networks can have significant influences on their functions in soils, especially in relation to water movement, aeration, and plant root growth.","title":"Characteristics of macropore network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"hydraulic conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity"},{"link_name":"soil permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_of_soils"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"infiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"solutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macropore_connectivity.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Connectivity","text":"The interconnectedness of soil macropores affects the capability of soil to conduct water and thus controls its water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity. Higher connectivity of soil macropores is usually associated with higher soil permeability.[11] Connection of macropores with soil surface and groundwater also contributes to water infiltration into soils and replenishment of groundwater. The connectivity of soil macropores influences the vertical and lateral movement of both water and solutes in soils.Soil macropore connectivity and continuity","title":"Characteristics of macropore network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soil_macropore_tortuosity.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Continuity","text":"Interconnected soil macropores may not create continuous paths, especially across the soil boundaries. The existence of dead-end pores can block or slow down water and air movement. Therefore, the continuity of soil macropores is also an influential factor in soil processes.For example, higher continuousness of macropores can result in higher gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere while lead to better soil aeration. Continued connection of macropores will also provide extended spaces that plants can easily grow their roots into, without sacrificing aboveground biomass by allocating resources for their roots to search for new spaces in discontinued areas.[12]Tortuosity of soil macropores","title":"Characteristics of macropore network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sinuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinuous"},{"link_name":"Tortuosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuosity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tortuosity","text":"While soil macropore can be connected continuously to form long channels between two points in a soil, these channels are mostly sinuous rather than straight. Tortuosity is basically a ratio between the actual path length and the shortest distance between two points.[13] In essence, tortuosity of macropore paths indicates their resistance to water flow. The more sinuous the paths, the higher the resistance. This will then affect the speed of water movement and distribution in soils.","title":"Characteristics of macropore network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil compaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"forest landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"Organic matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_organic_matter"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Soil macropores are a vital part of soil structure and their conservation is critical to sustainable management of our soil resources. This is particularly true to soils that are constantly subject to human disturbance, such as tilled agricultural fields where the shape and size of macropores can be altered by tillage.Soil macropores are easily affected by soil compaction.[14] Compacted soils, for example in forest landings, usually have a low macropore proportion (macro-porosity) with impeded water movement.Organic matter can be incorporated into disturbed soils to improve their macro-porosity and related soil functions[15]","title":"Management"}]
[{"image_text":"Irregular geometry of soil macropores","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Geometry_of_macropores.jpg/220px-Geometry_of_macropores.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soil macropore connectivity and continuity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Macropore_connectivity.jpg/203px-Macropore_connectivity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tortuosity of soil macropores","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soil_macropore_tortuosity.jpg/180px-Soil_macropore_tortuosity.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Characterisation of pore space in soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterisation_of_pore_space_in_soil"},{"title":"Nanoporous materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoporous"}]
[{"reference":"Soil Science Glossary Terms Committee (2008). Glossary of Soil Science Terms 2008. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America. ISBN 978-0-89118-851-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#","url_text":"Glossary of Soil Science Terms 2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89118-851-3","url_text":"978-0-89118-851-3"}]},{"reference":"J. Rouquerol; et al. (1994). \"Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids\" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 66: 1739–1758. doi:10.1351/pac199466081739. 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Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp03.aspx#:~:text=Capillarity%20is%20the%20primary%20force,as%20to%20regulate%20its%20movement.","url_text":"\"Soil Management\""}]},{"reference":"Nimmo, J. R. (2009-01-01), \"Vadose Water\", in Likens, Gene E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 766–777, doi:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00014-4, ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3, retrieved 2023-04-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123706263000144","url_text":"\"Vadose Water\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012370626-3.00014-4","url_text":"10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00014-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370626-3","url_text":"978-0-12-370626-3"}]},{"reference":"Hillel, Daniel (2003-01-01), Hillel, Daniel (ed.), \"11 - Gas Movement and Exchange\", Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 201–212, doi:10.1016/b978-012348655-4/50012-5, ISBN 978-0-12-348655-4, retrieved 2023-04-14","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123486554500125","url_text":"\"11 - Gas Movement and Exchange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012348655-4%2F50012-5","url_text":"10.1016/b978-012348655-4/50012-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-348655-4","url_text":"978-0-12-348655-4"}]},{"reference":"Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2007-01-09). \"Groundwater contamination\". www.canada.ca. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens
Valens
["1 Early life and military career","2 Reign","2.1 Usurpation of Procopius (365–366)","2.2 First Gothic War: 367–369","2.3 Persian War: 373","2.4 Later reign: 373–376","2.5 Second Gothic War: 376–378","2.6 Battle of Adrianople","3 Assessment and legacy","3.1 Religious policy","3.2 Appearance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Citations","7 References","8 External links"]
Roman emperor from 364 to 378 Not to be confused with Valerius Valens or Ritchie Valens. This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see Valens (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valens" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ValensSolidus depicting Valens, marked:d·n· valens p·f· aug·Roman emperor in the EastReign28 March 364 – 9 August 378PredecessorValentinian I (alone)SuccessorTheodosius ICo-rulersValentinian I (West, 364–75)Gratian (West, 375–78)Valentinian II (West, 375–78)Born328Cibalae, Pannonia Secunda (present-day Vinkovci)Died9 August 378 (aged 49)Adrianople, Eastern Roman Empire (now Edirne)SpouseDomnicaIssueAnastasiaCarosaValentinianus GalatesRegnal nameImperator Caesar Flavius Valens AugustusDynastyValentinianicFatherGratianus FunariusReligionSemi-Arianism Valens (Greek: Ουάλης, translit. Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. Following a largely unremarkable military career, he was named co-emperor by his elder brother Valentinian I, who gave him the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. As emperor, Valens continually faced threats both internal and external. He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians. Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to Valens and much of the eastern Roman army dying in a battle near Adrianople in 378. Although Valens is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was nonetheless a conscientious and capable administrator, who significantly relieved the burden of taxation on the population. At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between Nicene Christianity and the various non-trinitarian Christian sects, and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans. Early life and military career Marble bust possibly representing Valens or Honorius (Capitoline Museums) Valens and his brother Valentinian were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an Illyrian family resident in Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda. Their father Gratianus Funarius, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the Roman army and as comes Africae. The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and Britain. Both were Christians, but favored different sects: Valentinian was a Nicene Christian and Valens was an Arian Christian (specifically a Homoean). In adulthood, Valens served in the protectores domestici under the emperors Julian and Jovian. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheist emperor Julian. Julian was killed in battle against the Persians in June 363, and his successor Jovian died the following February while traveling home to Constantinople. The Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus relates that Valentinian was summoned to Nicaea by a council of military and civil officials, who acclaimed him augustus on 25 February 364. Solidus of Valens showing Valentinian and Valens on the reverse, marked: victoria augg· ("the Victory of Our Augusti"). They hold together the orb, a symbol of power. Valentinian appointed his brother Valens tribunus stabulorum (or stabuli) on 1 March 364. It was the general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second augustus, he selected Valens as co-emperor at the Hebdomon, before the Constantinian Walls. Reign A solidus of Valens with a pearl diadem and a roseate fibula Reverse of a solidus of Valens, marked: restitutor reipublicae ("the restitutor of the Republic") and showing the emperor holding a vexillum and a globe supporting a Victory, who crowns him with a laurel wreath Both emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople. As soon as they recovered, the two augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Mediana, where they divided their territories. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: Greece, the Balkans, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant as far as the border with the Sasanian Empire. Valentinian took the western half, where the Alemannic wars required his immediate attention. The brothers began their consulships in their respective capitals, Constantinople and Mediolanum (Milan). In the summer of 365, the 365 Crete earthquake and ensuing tsunami caused destruction around the Eastern Mediterranean. The empire had recently retreated from most of its holdings in Mesopotamia and Armenia, because of a treaty that Jovian had made with Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation. Usurpation of Procopius (365–366) Recent tax increases, and Valens' dismissal of Julian's popular minister Salutius, contributed to a general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution. With the emperor absent from the imperial city, Procopius, a maternal cousin of Julian, declared himself augustus on 28 September 365. Procopius had held office under Constantius II and Julian and was rumored to have been Julian's intended successor, despite how he had died without naming one. Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no measures against this potential rival, but Valentinian regarded Procopius with hostility. Procopius met the danger from the new emperors with his own bid for power, emphasizing his connection to the revered Constantinian Dynasty: during his public appearances he was always accompanied by Constantia, the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, and her mother Faustina, the dowager empress. News of the revolt reached Valens at Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri), after most of his troops had already crossed the Cilician Gates into Syria. His first reaction was despair, and he considered abdication and perhaps even suicide. Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of Asia and Bithynia, winning increasing support for his insurrection. Valens recovered his nerve and sent an army to Constantinople; according to Ammianus Marcellinus, the soldiers defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success. Having reappointed Salutius, Valens dispatched more troops under veteran generals, Arinthaeus and Arbitio, to march on Procopius. According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen, the forces of Valens eventually prevailed after eight months, defeating Procopius in battles at Thyatira and Nacoleia. On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Put on trial by members of his own escort, Procopius was executed on 27 May 366. Ammianus Marcellinus relates that Procopius's relative Marcellus was proclaimed emperor in his place, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed. Valens could turn his attention back to external enemies, the Sasanian Empire and the Goths. Coin of Valens after his quinquennalia on 25 February 369, showing the three reigning emperors on the reverse marked: spes r p ("the hope of the Republic") First Gothic War: 367–369 Main article: Gothic wars § Gothic war: 367-369 During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea, had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared. In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the Visigoths under Athanaric, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into giving battle. Valens was victorious, and took the title Gothicus Maximus in time for the celebration of his quinquennalia. Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace. Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the Sasanid Empire in the Middle East and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 Valens and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war. The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining trade and the exchange of troops for tribute. Portrait head of Valens, or his brother, on a modern bust historically mislabelled as Constantine (Uffizi) Persian War: 373 As mentioned before, among Valens' reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity. The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the Arsacid Armenian king, Arshak II (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking Valens to return Arshak's son, Pap. Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily. In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia. Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while Artaxata, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed. Shapur sent a second invasion force to Caucasian Iberia to drive out the pro-Roman king Sauromaces II, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle Aspacures II on the throne. In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to support Pap. The following spring a force of twelve legions were sent under Terentius to regain Iberia and to garrison Armenia near Mount Npat. When Shapur counterattacked into Armenia in 371, his forces were bested by Valens' generals Traianus and Vadomarius and the Armenian sparapet (general) Mushegh Mamikonian at Bagavan and Gandzak. Valens had overstepped the 363 treaty and then successfully defended his transgression. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a Kushan invasion on his eastern frontier. Meanwhile, troubles broke out with the boy-king Pap, who purportedly had the Armenian patriarch Nerses assassinated and demanded control of a number of Roman cities, including Edessa. Controversy also ensued over the issue of the appointment of a new patriarch of Armenia, with Pap appointing a candidate without the traditional approval from Caesarea. Pressed by his generals and fearing that Pap would defect to the Persians, Valens made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the prince and later had him executed inside Armenia. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, Varazdat, who ruled under the regency of the sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome. None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. As the eastern frontier heated up in 375, Valens began preparations for a major expedition. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing elsewhere. In Isauria, the mountainous region of western Cilicia, a major revolt had broken out in 375 which diverted troops formerly stationed in the East. Furthermore, by 377, the Saracens under Queen Mavia had broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home.Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, capital of the eastern Roman Empire Obverse of a medal of Valens, set in a later pendant and found in the Șimleu Silvaniei, a hoard from the second quarter of the 5th century (Kunsthistorisches Museum) Later reign: 373–376 Valens became the senior augustus on 17 November 375, after his older brother Valentinian died suddenly at Brigetio (Szőny) while on campaign against the Quadi in Pannonia. In the west, Valentinian was succeeded by his elder son Gratian, co-emperor since 367, and his younger son Valentinian II, whom the army on the Danube proclaimed augustus without consulting Gratian or Valens. Second Gothic War: 376–378 Main article: Gothic War (376–382) Migrations of the Huns began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection. Valens allowed the Goths led by Fritigern to cross the Danube, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the Alans and beginning the Gothic War (376–382). Valens returned from the east to campaign against the Goths. He asked for assistance from his nephew and co-emperor Gratian against the Goths in Thrace, and Gratian set out eastwards, though Valens did not wait for the western armies to arrive before taking the offensive. Valens' plans for an eastern campaign were never realized. A transfer of troops to the Western Empire in 374 had left gaps in Valens' mobile forces. In preparation for an eastern war, Valens initiated an ambitious recruitment program designed to fill those gaps. It was thus not entirely unwelcome news when Valens heard of Ermanaric's death and the disintegration of his kingdom before an invasion of hordes of barbaric Huns from the far east. After failing to hold the Dniester or the Prut rivers against the Huns, the Goths retreated southward in a massive emigration, seeking new settlements and shelter south of the Danube, i.e. Roman lands, which they may have thought could be held against the enemy. In 376, the Visigoths under their leader Fritigern advanced to the far shores of the lower Danube and sent an ambassador to Valens who had set up his capital in Antioch, and requested asylum. As Valens' advisers were quick to point out, these Goths could supply troops who would at once swell Valens' ranks and decrease his dependence on conscription from provinces—thereby increasing revenues from the recruitment tax. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services. Fritigern and Valens knew each other from an alliance in the 370s against Athanaric, who had persecuted Gothic Christians. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however. When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only limitanei units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of Ostrogoths and yet later on by Huns and Alans. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion. But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens' generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty. In early 377, the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of Marcianopolis, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor Lupicinus near the city at the Battle of Marcianople. After joining forces with the Ostrogoths under Alatheus and Saphrax who had crossed without Valens' consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and Richomeres. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked, and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the Huns to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands. By 378, Valens himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. The imperial councillors, comes Richomeres, and the generals Frigeridus and Victor cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of the western army, a course Gratian also recommended in his letters. The populace of Constantinople was impatient at the delay and its opinion of Valens became hostile: he was criticized for failing to control the Goths after inviting them into his territory, and compared unfavourably with Gratian as a military commander. Valens decided to advance at once and win a victory on his own. Solidus of Valens Battle of Adrianople Main article: Battle of Adrianople According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Paulus Orosius, on 9 August 378, Valens and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, Edirne). After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople. From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on 9 August 378 in what would become known as the Battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks. The primary source for the battle is Ammianus Marcellinus. Valens had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat. Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens' emissary, comes Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was "mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath" (XXXI.12). His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. Valens was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.14–6). A third, apocryphal, account states that Valens was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men. This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a tactical victory but a strategic loss. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit. When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished. What was left of the army of Valens was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor. J. B. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred." For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed Theodosius I, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat cost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court. Valens was deified by consecratio as Latin: Divus Valens, lit. 'the Divine Valens'. Assessment and legacy "Valens was utterly undistinguished, still only a protector, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes A. H. M. Jones. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian." He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to Valentinian's edicts of reform, as with the institution of Defensors (a sort of substitute for the ancient Tribunes, guardians of the lower classes). His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated. At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign. "An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens", writes Gibbon. To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens' defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the Battle of Edessa, and Rufinus called it "the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter." Valens is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding. According to some historians, Valens was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class. Religious policy During his reign, Valens had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. Julian (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan rank and file military. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from the Christian God. Valens was baptised by the Arian bishop of Constantinople before he set out on his first war against the Goths. While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns. Although Athanasius was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated St. Basil mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position. Not long after Valens died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. Appearance The coin portraits of Valentinian and Valens give the faces of both emperors "heavy features", rendered with "no animation, and little consistency". Toward the end of his Res Gestae (XXXI.14.7), Ammianus says that Valens was physically compact, dark-complected, and of average height, "knock-kneed, and somewhat pot-bellied", and had a "dimmed" pupil in one eye (the translator John C. Rolfe suggests that this is a description of a cataract). See also Aphrahat (hermit) Notes ^ From the fourth century onwards, emperors and other high-profile men bore the name "Flavius", the nomen adopted by the Constantinian dynasty. It was used only as a status marker, but it's still often included as part of late emperors' names. ^ His full name is sometimes given as "Flavius Julius Valens". This name is only attested in one inscription from the L'Année Épigraphique, which also refers to Valentinian as "Flavius Julius Valentinianus". The PLRE mentions this in Valens' entry, but not in Theodosius'. ^ Sometimes enumerated as Valens II, after Valerius Valens (r. 316–317). Citations ^ a b c d e Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 931. ^ Martindale, John R.; Jones, A. H. M.; Morris, John, eds. (1971). "Domnica". The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-521-07233-6. ^ Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754. ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 930. ^ Ermatinger, James (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. p. 243. ISBN 978-1440838095. ^ "Tables analytiques de la revue des publications épigraphiques". L'Année épigraphique. 1949: 88. 1949. ISSN 0066-2348. JSTOR 25606700. ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 904. ^ "a semi-Arian Homoian" – Lenski 2003, p. 5 ^ a b Errington (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius (2006), pp. 176, 186–187 ^ Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 125 ^ Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). "Valens". The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8. ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia, "Valens" ^ a b Oxford Classical Dictionary, 'Valens' ^ Encyclopædia Britannica,ancient Rome – The reign of Valentinian and Valens ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Biography: Valens. Accessed 28 February 2024. ^ Lenski 2003, p. 88. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Valens", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 24 October 2020 ^ Hughes 2013, p. 20. ^ a b Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Valentinian I", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 24 October 2020 ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 848. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 18. ^ a b c Curran 1998, p. 81. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 19. ^ a b Hughes 2013, p. 21. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 847–848. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 22. ^ Potter 2004, p. 522. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 849. ^ Noel Emmanuel Lenski (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.. University of California Press. ^ Errington 2006, p. 22. ^ Curran 1998, p. 82. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 36. ^ a b c Bond, Sarah; Haarer, Fiona (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Procopius", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 28 October 2020 ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 850–852. ^ a b Curran 1998, p. 89. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 42. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 39. ^ Potter 2004, p. 518. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 850. ^ a b McEvoy 2013. ^ Lenski, Noel Emmanuel; Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4. ^ Lenski 1997. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 852–853. ^ a b c d Kienast 2017, pp. 316–318, "Valens". sfn error: no target: CITEREFKienast2017 (help) ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 853–854. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 890–891. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 892–893. ^ Hughes, Ian, Imperial Brothers, pp. 86–95. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 93–94. ^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.9. ^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.10–11. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.13. ^ Hughes, Ian, Imperial Brothers, pp. 102–106. ^ a b Curran 1998, p. 86. ^ a b c Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Gratian", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 October 2020 ^ Curran 1998, p. 83-84. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 60. ^ Errington 2006, p. 26. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 920–923. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 925. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 925–926. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 927–928. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 931–932. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 935. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 934–935. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 935–936. ^ Historiae, 31.12–13. ^ The Ecclesiastical History. Vol. VI.38. ^ Bury, John Bagnell. "The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians". Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Jones 1964, p. 139. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 856. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 858. ^ Gibbon 1932, p. 857. ^ Eutropius, Breviarium, ed. H. W. Bird, Liverpool University Press, 1993, p. xix. ^ Gibbon 1932, Chapter 25. ^ Day et al. 2016, p. 28f. ^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 861–864. ^ Kent, J. P. C.; Hirmer, Max; Hirmer, Albert (1978). Roman Coins. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 57. ISBN 0-500-23273-3. ^ Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 486–487. ISBN 0-674-99365-9. References Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30200-5. Day, J.; Hakola, R.; Kahlos, M.; Tervahauta, U. (2016). Spaces in Late Antiquity: Cultural, Theological and Archaeological Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05179-4. Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-3038-0. Gibbon, Edward (1932) . "Chapter XXV–XXVI". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. The Modern Library. OCLC 564699495. Hughes, Ian (5 August 2013). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-2863-6. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey . Basil Blackwell Ltd. ISBN 0-8018-3353-1. Lenski, Noel (1997). "Valens (364–378 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Lenski, Noel (2003). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23332-8. Martindale, John R.; Jones, A. H. M.; Morris, John, eds. (1971). "Flavius Valens 8". The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 930–931. ISBN 0-521-07233-6. McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367–455. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966481-8. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. External links Media related to Valens at Wikimedia Commons Laws of Valens This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valens relating to Christianity. Valens Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 328 Died: 9 August 378 Regnal titles Preceded byJovian Roman emperor 364–378 With: Valentinian I, ProcopiusGratian, Valentinian II Succeeded byTheodosius I Political offices Preceded byJovianVarronianus Roman consul 365with Valentinian I Succeeded byGratianDagalaifus Preceded byLupicinusIovinus Roman consul II 368with Valentinian I Succeeded byValentinianus GalatesVictor Preceded byValentinianus GalatesVictor Roman consul III 370with Valentinian I Succeeded byGratianSex. Claudius Petronius Probus Preceded byDomitius ModestusArintheus Roman consul IV 373with Valentinian I Succeeded byGratianEquitius Preceded byGratianEquitius Roman consul V 376with Valentinian II Succeeded byGratianMerobaudes Preceded byGratianMerobaudes Roman consul VI 378with Valentinian II Succeeded byAusoniusQ. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valerius Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Valens"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"Valens (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"translit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"eastern half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odlavalens-14"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"Isaurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauria"},{"link_name":"Aqueduct of Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Gothic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocdvalens-16"},{"link_name":"Nicene Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Christianity"},{"link_name":"non-trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-trinitarian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Err-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocdvalens-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Valerius Valens or Ritchie Valens.This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see Valens (disambiguation).Valens[c] (Greek: Ουάλης, translit. Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. Following a largely unremarkable military career, he was named co-emperor by his elder brother Valentinian I, who gave him the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory.As emperor, Valens continually faced threats both internal and external.[11] He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians. Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to Valens and much of the eastern Roman army dying in a battle near Adrianople in 378.Although Valens is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall \"utterly undistinguished\", he was nonetheless a conscientious and capable administrator,[12] who significantly relieved the burden of taxation on the population.[13] At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between Nicene Christianity and the various non-trinitarian Christian sects,[9] and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans.[14][13][15]","title":"Valens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Museums"},{"link_name":"Valentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Cibalae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibalae"},{"link_name":"Vinkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinkovci"},{"link_name":"Pannonia Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200388-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201320-21"},{"link_name":"Gratianus Funarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius"},{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"comes Africae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes_Africae"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932848-23"},{"link_name":"Nicene Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Christian"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Arian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian_Christian"},{"link_name":"Homoean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoean"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"protectores domestici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectores_domestici"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Jovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Socrates Scholasticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus"},{"link_name":"pagan sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_in_ancient_Roman_religion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-24"},{"link_name":"Ammianus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201319-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"orb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Orb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201321-27"},{"link_name":"Hebdomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebdomon"},{"link_name":"Constantinian Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_Walls"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201321-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932847%E2%80%93848-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-25"}],"text":"Marble bust possibly representing Valens or Honorius (Capitoline Museums)Valens and his brother Valentinian were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an Illyrian family resident in Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda.[16][17][18] Their father Gratianus Funarius, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the Roman army and as comes Africae.[19] The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and Britain.[20] Both were Christians, but favored different sects: Valentinian was a Nicene Christian[19] and Valens was an Arian Christian (specifically a Homoean).[17] In adulthood, Valens served in the protectores domestici under the emperors Julian and Jovian. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheist emperor Julian.[17]Julian was killed in battle against the Persians in June 363, and his successor Jovian died the following February while traveling home to Constantinople.[21] The Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus relates that Valentinian was summoned to Nicaea by a council of military and civil officials, who acclaimed him augustus on 25 February 364.[22][23]Solidus of Valens showing Valentinian and Valens on the reverse, marked: victoria augg· (\"the Victory of Our Augusti\"). They hold together the orb, a symbol of power.Valentinian appointed his brother Valens tribunus stabulorum (or stabuli) on 1 March 364.[24] It was the general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second augustus, he selected Valens as co-emperor at the Hebdomon, before the Constantinian Walls.[24][25][22]","title":"Early life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valens114cng_(obverse).jpg"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valens114cng_(reverse).jpg"},{"link_name":"vexillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"laurel wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_wreath"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199881-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201322-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004522-30"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissus"},{"link_name":"Mediana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediana"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932849-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mediolanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanum"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200622-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199882-34"},{"link_name":"365 Crete earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201336-35"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A solidus of Valens with a pearl diadem and a roseate fibulaReverse of a solidus of Valens, marked: restitutor reipublicae (\"the restitutor of the Republic\") and showing the emperor holding a vexillum and a globe supporting a Victory, who crowns him with a laurel wreathBoth emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople.[22][26][27] As soon as they recovered, the two augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Mediana, where they divided their territories. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: Greece, the Balkans, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant as far as the border with the Sasanian Empire. Valentinian took the western half, where the Alemannic wars required his immediate attention.[28][29] The brothers began their consulships in their respective capitals, Constantinople and Mediolanum (Milan).[30][31]In the summer of 365, the 365 Crete earthquake and ensuing tsunami caused destruction around the Eastern Mediterranean.[32]The empire had recently retreated from most of its holdings in Mesopotamia and Armenia, because of a treaty that Jovian had made with Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation.[citation needed]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-36"},{"link_name":"Salutius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutius"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850%E2%80%93852-37"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199889-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201342-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201339-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199889-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004518-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932850-42"},{"link_name":"Constantinian Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Faustina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)"},{"link_name":"dowager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowager"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013-43"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Cilician Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilician_Gates"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski1997-45"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013-43"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-36"},{"link_name":"Arinthaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinthaeus"},{"link_name":"Arbitio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitio"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932852%E2%80%93853-46"},{"link_name":"Sozomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozomen"},{"link_name":"Thyatira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thyatira"},{"link_name":"Nacoleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacoleia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316%E2%80%93318,_%22Valens%22-47"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-36"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932853%E2%80%93854-48"},{"link_name":"Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316%E2%80%93318,_%22Valens%22-47"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valenscng85001223.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Usurpation of Procopius (365–366)","text":"Recent tax increases,[33] and Valens' dismissal of Julian's popular minister Salutius, contributed to a general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution.[34] With the emperor absent from the imperial city, Procopius, a maternal cousin of Julian, declared himself augustus on 28 September 365.[35][36] Procopius had held office under Constantius II and Julian[37] and was rumored to have been Julian's intended successor,[35] despite how he had died without naming one.[38] Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no measures against this potential rival, but Valentinian regarded Procopius with hostility.[39] Procopius met the danger from the new emperors with his own bid for power, emphasizing his connection to the revered Constantinian Dynasty: during his public appearances he was always accompanied by Constantia, the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, and her mother Faustina, the dowager empress.[40]News of the revolt reached Valens at Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri),[41] after most of his troops had already crossed the Cilician Gates into Syria. His first reaction was despair, and he considered abdication and perhaps even suicide.[42] Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of Asia and Bithynia, winning increasing support for his insurrection. Valens recovered his nerve and sent an army to Constantinople; according to Ammianus Marcellinus, the soldiers defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success.[40][33]Having reappointed Salutius, Valens dispatched more troops under veteran generals, Arinthaeus and Arbitio, to march on Procopius.[43] According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen, the forces of Valens eventually prevailed after eight months, defeating Procopius in battles at Thyatira and Nacoleia.[44][33] On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Put on trial by members of his own escort, Procopius was executed on 27 May 366.[45] Ammianus Marcellinus relates that Procopius's relative Marcellus was proclaimed emperor in his place, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed.[44] Valens could turn his attention back to external enemies, the Sasanian Empire and the Goths.[17]Coin of Valens after his quinquennalia on 25 February 369, showing the three reigning emperors on the reverse marked: spes r p (\"the hope of the Republic\")","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Ermanaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermanaric"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Euxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxine"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932890%E2%80%93891-49"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932892%E2%80%93893-50"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Athanaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanaric"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Noviodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviodunum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"giving battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noviodunum"},{"link_name":"quinquennalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinquennalia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316%E2%80%93318,_%22Valens%22-47"},{"link_name":"Sasanid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon193293%E2%80%9394-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galleria_degli_Uffizi,_Florence_(32212815186).jpg"},{"link_name":"Uffizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi"}],"sub_title":"First Gothic War: 367–369","text":"During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea,[46] had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared.[47]In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the Visigoths under Athanaric, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into giving battle. Valens was victorious, and took the title Gothicus Maximus in time for the celebration of his quinquennalia.[44] Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace.Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the Sasanid Empire in the Middle East and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 Valens and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war.[17][48] The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining trade and the exchange of troops for tribute.[49]Portrait head of Valens, or his brother, on a modern bust historically mislabelled as Constantine (Uffizi)","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"Arsacid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Arshak II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshak_II"},{"link_name":"Pap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM27129-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM27129-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM27121011-54"},{"link_name":"Artaxata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxata"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM27121011-54"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Sauromaces II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauromaces_II_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Aspacures II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspacures_II_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"magister peditum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_peditum"},{"link_name":"Arinthaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Arinthaeus"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Terentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terentius_(comes_et_dux_Armeniae)"},{"link_name":"Traianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus_(magister_peditum)"},{"link_name":"Vadomarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadomarius"},{"link_name":"sparapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparapet"},{"link_name":"Mushegh Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushegh_I_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Bagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bagrevand_(372)"},{"link_name":"Gandzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandzak,_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Kushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nerses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerses_I"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Varazdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varazdat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Isauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauria"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"Queen Mavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavia_(queen)"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aqueduct of Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal,_375-78_AD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Șimleu Silvaniei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98imleu_Silvaniei"},{"link_name":"hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Persian War: 373","text":"As mentioned before, among Valens' reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity. The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the Arsacid Armenian king, Arshak II (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking Valens to return Arshak's son, Pap.[50] Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily.[50]In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia.[51] Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while Artaxata, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed.[51] Shapur sent a second invasion force to Caucasian Iberia to drive out the pro-Roman king Sauromaces II, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle Aspacures II on the throne.In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to support Pap.[52] The following spring a force of twelve legions were sent under Terentius to regain Iberia and to garrison Armenia near Mount Npat. When Shapur counterattacked into Armenia in 371, his forces were bested by Valens' generals Traianus and Vadomarius and the Armenian sparapet (general) Mushegh Mamikonian at Bagavan and Gandzak.[53] Valens had overstepped the 363 treaty and then successfully defended his transgression. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a Kushan invasion on his eastern frontier.Meanwhile, troubles broke out with the boy-king Pap, who purportedly had the Armenian patriarch Nerses assassinated and demanded control of a number of Roman cities, including Edessa. Controversy also ensued over the issue of the appointment of a new patriarch of Armenia, with Pap appointing a candidate without the traditional approval from Caesarea. Pressed by his generals and fearing that Pap would defect to the Persians, Valens made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the prince and later had him executed inside Armenia. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, Varazdat, who ruled under the regency of the sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome.[citation needed]None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. As the eastern frontier heated up in 375, Valens began preparations for a major expedition. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing elsewhere. In Isauria, the mountainous region of western Cilicia, a major revolt had broken out in 375 which diverted troops formerly stationed in the East. Furthermore, by 377, the Saracens under Queen Mavia had broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home.Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, capital of the eastern Roman EmpireObverse of a medal of Valens, set in a later pendant and found in the Șimleu Silvaniei, a hoard from the second quarter of the 5th century (Kunsthistorisches Museum)","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Szőny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny"},{"link_name":"Quadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-58"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883-84-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201360-60"},{"link_name":"Valentinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_II"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington200626-61"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-57"}],"sub_title":"Later reign: 373–376","text":"Valens became the senior augustus on 17 November 375, after his older brother Valentinian died suddenly at Brigetio (Szőny) while on campaign against the Quadi in Pannonia.[54][55] In the west, Valentinian was succeeded by his elder son Gratian, co-emperor since 367,[56][57] and his younger son Valentinian II, whom the army on the Danube proclaimed augustus without consulting Gratian or Valens.[58][54]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"Fritigern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritigern"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Gothic War (376–382)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-58"},{"link_name":"Ermanaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermanaric"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Dniester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"Prut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prut"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Fritigern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritigern"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932920%E2%80%93923-62"},{"link_name":"Gothic Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Christians"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925-63"},{"link_name":"limitanei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitanei"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932925%E2%80%93926-64"},{"link_name":"Marcianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianopolis"},{"link_name":"Lupicinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupicinus_(comes_per_Thracias)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Marcianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marcianople"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932927%E2%80%93928-65"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Alatheus and Saphrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax"},{"link_name":"Richomeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richomeres"},{"link_name":"battle at Ad Salices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Willows"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932931%E2%80%93932-66"},{"link_name":"Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturninus_(consul_383)"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Euxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxine"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935-67"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes"},{"link_name":"Frigeridus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigeridus_(general)"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932934%E2%80%93935-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932935%E2%80%93936-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png"}],"sub_title":"Second Gothic War: 376–378","text":"Migrations of the Huns began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection.[17] Valens allowed the Goths led by Fritigern to cross the Danube, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the Alans and beginning the Gothic War (376–382).[17]Valens returned from the east to campaign against the Goths.[17] He asked for assistance from his nephew and co-emperor Gratian against the Goths in Thrace, and Gratian set out eastwards, though Valens did not wait for the western armies to arrive before taking the offensive.[17][55]Valens' plans for an eastern campaign were never realized. A transfer of troops to the Western Empire in 374 had left gaps in Valens' mobile forces. In preparation for an eastern war, Valens initiated an ambitious recruitment program designed to fill those gaps. It was thus not entirely unwelcome news when Valens heard of Ermanaric's death and the disintegration of his kingdom before an invasion of hordes of barbaric Huns from the far east. After failing to hold the Dniester or the Prut rivers against the Huns, the Goths retreated southward in a massive emigration, seeking new settlements and shelter south of the Danube, i.e. Roman lands, which they may have thought could be held against the enemy. In 376, the Visigoths under their leader Fritigern advanced to the far shores of the lower Danube and sent an ambassador to Valens who had set up his capital in Antioch, and requested asylum.[59]As Valens' advisers were quick to point out, these Goths could supply troops who would at once swell Valens' ranks and decrease his dependence on conscription from provinces—thereby increasing revenues from the recruitment tax. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services. Fritigern and Valens knew each other from an alliance in the 370s against Athanaric, who had persecuted Gothic Christians. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however.[60]When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only limitanei units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of Ostrogoths and yet later on by Huns and Alans. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion. But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens' generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty.[61] In early 377, the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of Marcianopolis, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor Lupicinus near the city at the Battle of Marcianople.[62]After joining forces with the Ostrogoths under Alatheus and Saphrax who had crossed without Valens' consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and Richomeres. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked,[63] and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the Huns to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands.[64]By 378, Valens himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. The imperial councillors, comes Richomeres, and the generals Frigeridus and Victor cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of the western army, a course Gratian also recommended in his letters. The populace of Constantinople was impatient at the delay and its opinion of Valens became hostile: he was criticized for failing to control the Goths after inviting them into his territory, and compared unfavourably with Gratian as a military commander.[65] Valens decided to advance at once and win a victory on his own.[66]Solidus of Valens","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paulus Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Orosius"},{"link_name":"Battle of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-58"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Battle of Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople"},{"link_name":"Ammianus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tactical victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_victory"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"J. B. Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"deified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast2017316%E2%80%93318,_%22Valens%22-47"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Adrianople","text":"According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Paulus Orosius, on 9 August 378, Valens and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, Edirne).[17][55]After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople. From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on 9 August 378 in what would become known as the Battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks.\nThe primary source for the battle is Ammianus Marcellinus.[67] Valens had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat.[citation needed]Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens' emissary, comes Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled.From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was \"mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath\" (XXXI.12). His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. Valens was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.14–6).A third, apocryphal, account states that Valens was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men. This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a tactical victory but a strategic loss. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens.Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit.[68]When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished. What was left of the army of Valens was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor.J. B. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was \"a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred.\"[69]For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed Theodosius I, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat cost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court.[17] Valens was deified by consecratio as Latin: Divus Valens, lit. 'the Divine Valens'.[44]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. H. M. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Jones"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964139-73"},{"link_name":"Tribunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunes"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932856-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932858-75"},{"link_name":"Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932857-76"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Rufinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus"},{"link_name":"Eutropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"\"Valens was utterly undistinguished, still only a protector, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors,\" writes A. H. M. Jones. But Jones admits that \"he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian.\"[70] He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to Valentinian's edicts of reform, as with the institution of Defensors (a sort of substitute for the ancient Tribunes, guardians of the lower classes).[71] His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated.[72] At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign. \"An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens\", writes Gibbon.[73] To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens' defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the Battle of Edessa, and Rufinus called it \"the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter.\"Valens is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding. According to some historians, Valens was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class.[74]","title":"Assessment and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate"},{"link_name":"rank and file military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"bishop of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932[httpwwwccelorgggibbondeclinevolume1chap25htm_Chapter_25]-78"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta201628f-79"},{"link_name":"Athanasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius"},{"link_name":"St. Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Basil"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861%E2%80%93864-80"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"}],"sub_title":"Religious policy","text":"During his reign, Valens had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. Julian (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan rank and file military. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from the Christian God.Valens was baptised by the Arian bishop of Constantinople before he set out on his first war against the Goths.[75] While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns.[76] Although Athanasius was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated St. Basil mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position.[77] Not long after Valens died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians.","title":"Assessment and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"knock-kneed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_valgum"},{"link_name":"pot-bellied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_obesity"},{"link_name":"cataract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Appearance","text":"The coin portraits of Valentinian and Valens give the faces of both emperors \"heavy features\", rendered with \"no animation, and little consistency\".[78] Toward the end of his Res Gestae (XXXI.14.7), Ammianus says that Valens was physically compact, dark-complected, and of average height, \"knock-kneed, and somewhat pot-bellied\", and had a \"dimmed\" pupil in one eye (the translator John C. Rolfe suggests that this is a description of a cataract).[79]","title":"Assessment and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"nomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"L'Année Épigraphique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%89pigraphique"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"PLRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLRE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Valerius Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Valens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"^ From the fourth century onwards, emperors and other high-profile men bore the name \"Flavius\", the nomen adopted by the Constantinian dynasty. It was used only as a status marker,[3] but it's still often included as part of late emperors' names.[4]\n\n^ His full name is sometimes given as \"Flavius Julius Valens\".[5] This name is only attested in one inscription from the L'Année Épigraphique, which also refers to Valentinian as \"Flavius Julius Valentinianus\".[6] The PLRE mentions this in Valens' entry,[1] but not in Theodosius'.[7]\n\n^ Sometimes enumerated as Valens II, after Valerius Valens (r. 316–317).[10]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris931_1-4"},{"link_name":"Jones, Martindale & Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Martindale, John R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Martindale"},{"link_name":"Jones, A. H. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Jones"},{"link_name":"Morris, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Domnica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-07233-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07233-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41540754"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41540754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41540754"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris930_4-0"},{"link_name":"Jones, Martindale & Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=onlUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1440838095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440838095"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Tables analytiques de la revue des publications épigraphiques\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25606700"},{"link_name":"L'Année épigraphique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0066-2348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-2348"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25606700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25606700"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris904_8-0"},{"link_name":"Jones, Martindale & Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Homoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoian"},{"link_name":"Lenski 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Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Valens"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200388_19-0"},{"link_name":"Lenski 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2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDayHakolaKahlosTervahauta2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1932861%E2%80%93864_80-0"},{"link_name":"Gibbon 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGibbon1932"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-23273-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-99365-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 931.\n\n^ Martindale, John R.; Jones, A. H. M.; Morris, John, eds. (1971). \"Domnica\". The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.\n\n^ Cameron, Alan (1988). \"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol\". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754.\n\n^ Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 930.\n\n^ Ermatinger, James (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. p. 243. ISBN 978-1440838095.\n\n^ \"Tables analytiques de la revue des publications épigraphiques\". L'Année épigraphique. 1949: 88. 1949. ISSN 0066-2348. JSTOR 25606700.\n\n^ Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 904.\n\n^ \"a semi-Arian Homoian\" – Lenski 2003, p. 5\n\n^ a b Errington (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius (2006), pp. 176, 186–187\n\n^ Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG, Auction 125\n\n^ Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). \"Valens\". The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.\n\n^ New Catholic Encyclopedia, \"Valens\"\n\n^ a b Oxford Classical Dictionary, 'Valens'\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica,ancient Rome – The reign of Valentinian and Valens\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Biography: Valens. Accessed 28 February 2024.\n\n^ Lenski 2003, p. 88.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), \"Valens\", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 24 October 2020\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 20.\n\n^ a b Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), \"Valentinian I\", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 24 October 2020\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 848.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 18.\n\n^ a b c Curran 1998, p. 81.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 19.\n\n^ a b Hughes 2013, p. 21.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 847–848.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 22.\n\n^ Potter 2004, p. 522.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 849.\n\n^ Noel Emmanuel Lenski (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.. University of California Press. [full citation needed]\n\n^ Errington 2006, p. 22.\n\n^ Curran 1998, p. 82.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 36.\n\n^ a b c Bond, Sarah; Haarer, Fiona (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), \"Procopius\", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 28 October 2020\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 850–852.\n\n^ a b Curran 1998, p. 89.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 42.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 39.\n\n^ Potter 2004, p. 518.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 850.\n\n^ a b McEvoy 2013.\n\n^ Lenski, Noel Emmanuel; Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4.\n\n^ Lenski 1997.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 852–853.\n\n^ a b c d Kienast 2017, pp. 316–318, \"Valens\". sfn error: no target: CITEREFKienast2017 (help)\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 853–854.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 890–891.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 892–893.\n\n^ Hughes, Ian, Imperial Brothers,[full citation needed] pp. 86–95.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 93–94.\n\n^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.9.\n\n^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.10–11.\n\n^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 27.12.13.\n\n^ Hughes, Ian, Imperial Brothers,[full citation needed] pp. 102–106.\n\n^ a b Curran 1998, p. 86.\n\n^ a b c Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), \"Gratian\", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 October 2020\n\n^ Curran 1998, p. 83-84.\n\n^ Hughes 2013, p. 60.\n\n^ Errington 2006, p. 26.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 920–923.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 925.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 925–926.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 927–928.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 931–932.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 935.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 934–935.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 935–936.\n\n^ Historiae, 31.12–13.\n\n^ The Ecclesiastical History. Vol. VI.38.\n\n^ Bury, John Bagnell. \"The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians\". Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ Jones 1964, p. 139.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 856.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 858.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, p. 857.\n\n^ Eutropius, Breviarium, ed. H. W. Bird, Liverpool University Press, 1993, p. xix.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, Chapter 25.\n\n^ Day et al. 2016, p. 28f.\n\n^ Gibbon 1932, pp. 861–864.\n\n^ Kent, J. P. C.; Hirmer, Max; Hirmer, Albert (1978). Roman Coins. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 57. ISBN 0-500-23273-3.\n\n^ Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 486–487. ISBN 0-674-99365-9.","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Marble bust possibly representing Valens or Honorius (Capitoline Museums)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg/220px-Valens_Honorius_Musei_Capitolini_MC494.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solidus of Valens showing Valentinian and Valens on the reverse, marked: victoria augg· (\"the Victory of Our Augusti\"). They hold together the orb, a symbol of power.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png"},{"image_text":"A solidus of Valens with a pearl diadem and a roseate fibula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Valens114cng_%28obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reverse of a solidus of Valens, marked: restitutor reipublicae (\"the restitutor of the Republic\") and showing the emperor holding a vexillum and a globe supporting a Victory, who crowns him with a laurel wreath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg/220px-Valens114cng_%28reverse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Valens after his quinquennalia on 25 February 369, showing the three reigning emperors on the reverse marked: spes r p (\"the hope of the Republic\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Valenscng85001223.jpg/220px-Valenscng85001223.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait head of Valens, or his brother, on a modern bust historically mislabelled as Constantine (Uffizi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/220px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, capital of the eastern Roman Empire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg/220px-Valens_aqu%C3%A4dukt02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obverse of a medal of Valens, set in a later pendant and found in the Șimleu Silvaniei, a hoard from the second quarter of the 5th century (Kunsthistorisches Museum)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg/220px-KHM_Wien_32.482_-_Valens_medal%2C_375-78_AD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solidus of Valens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1867-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png"}]
[{"title":"Aphrahat (hermit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrahat_(hermit)"}]
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Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uvXo39xOV8kC&pg=PA88","url_text":"Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4","url_text":"978-0-520-23332-4"}]},{"reference":"Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), \"Gratian\", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 25 October 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2105","url_text":"\"Gratian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8","url_text":"978-0-19-866277-8"}]},{"reference":"The Ecclesiastical History. Vol. VI.38.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.vii.xxxviii.html","url_text":"The Ecclesiastical History"}]},{"reference":"Bury, John Bagnell. \"The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians\". Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Bury/ieb4.htm","url_text":"\"The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, J. P. C.; Hirmer, Max; Hirmer, Albert (1978). Roman Coins. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 57. ISBN 0-500-23273-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3","url_text":"0-500-23273-3"}]},{"reference":"Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 486–487. ISBN 0-674-99365-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9","url_text":"0-674-99365-9"}]},{"reference":"Curran, John (1998). \"From Jovian to Theodosius\". In Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30200-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averil_Cameron","url_text":"Averil Cameron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Garnsey","url_text":"Peter Garnsey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up","url_text":"The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5","url_text":"0-521-30200-5"}]},{"reference":"Day, J.; Hakola, R.; Kahlos, M.; Tervahauta, U. (2016). Spaces in Late Antiquity: Cultural, Theological and Archaeological Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05179-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mwM9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"Spaces in Late Antiquity: Cultural, Theological and Archaeological Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05179-4","url_text":"978-1-317-05179-4"}]},{"reference":"Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-3038-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/romanimperialpol0000erri","url_text":"Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0","url_text":"0-8078-3038-0"}]},{"reference":"Gibbon, Edward (1932) [1789]. \"Chapter XXV–XXVI\". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. The Modern Library. 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The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1]. Basil Blackwell Ltd. ISBN 0-8018-3353-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire0000jone","url_text":"The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3353-1","url_text":"0-8018-3353-1"}]},{"reference":"Lenski, Noel (1997). \"Valens (364–378 A.D)\". De Imperatoribus Romanis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/valens.htm","url_text":"\"Valens (364–378 A.D)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis","url_text":"De Imperatoribus Romanis"}]},{"reference":"Lenski, Noel (2003). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. Berkeley: University of California Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polirom
Polirom
["1 References","2 External links"]
Romanian publishing house Polirom or Editura Polirom ("Polirom" Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition of publishing classics of international literature and also various titles in the fields of social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology. The company was founded in February 1995 in Iași. The first title published by Polirom was For Europe, by Adrian Marino. As of 2023, Polirom has published about 8,300 titles, in over 60 series and collections, amounting to 13 million copies in all. The editorial profile includes both fiction (35%) and nonfiction (65%). In 2008, the company published 700 new titles, in a range of over 70 collections ranging from self-help to modern classics such as Robert Musil's The Man Without Qualities and from textbooks to "chick lit". Polirom claims to be Romania's most profitable publisher as well as the publisher with the highest turn-over. It now has four major offices in Romania, including one in Bucharest. References ^ "Polirom. Despre noi". polirom.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved August 13, 2023. ^ a b Frankfurt Book Fair interview with Bogdan Alexandru Stănescu, programme manager at Polirom in Bucharest Archived 2010-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2 January 2010 External links (in Romanian) Polirom homepage Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Douglas_Duncan
David Douglas Duncan
["1 Childhood and education","2 Career","3 Books","4 References","5 External links"]
American photojournalist (1916–2018) David Douglas DuncanDuncan in 1945Born(1916-01-23)January 23, 1916Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.DiedJune 7, 2018(2018-06-07) (aged 102)Grasse, FranceAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Marine Corps Battles/warsWorld War II*Battle of BougainvilleKorean War*Battle of Pusan Perimeter*Battle of Chosin ReservoirOther workPhotographer David Douglas Duncan (January 23, 1916 – June 7, 2018) was an American photojournalist, known for his dramatic combat photographs, as well as for his extensive domestic photography of Pablo Picasso and his wife Jacqueline. Childhood and education Duncan was born in Kansas City, Missouri, where his childhood was marked by interest in the outdoors, helping him earn the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts at a relatively young age. A lantern-slide presentation by big-game hunter and physician Richard Lightburn Sutton, at Duncan's elementary school in Kansas City inspired an early interest in photography and world travel. Duncan briefly attended the University of Arizona, where he studied archaeology. While in Tucson, he inadvertently photographed John Dillinger trying to get into a hotel. Duncan eventually continued his education at the University of Miami, where he graduated in 1938, having studied zoology and Spanish. It was in Miami that his interest in photojournalism began in earnest. He worked as picture editor and photographer of the university paper. Duncan in eighth grade, photographed by Blanche Reineke Career His career as a photojournalist began when he took photographs of a hotel fire in Tucson, Arizona, while he was then studying archaeology at nearby University of Arizona. His photos included one of a hotel guest who made repeated attempts to go back into the burning building for his suitcase. That photo proved to be newsworthy when the guest turned out to have been notorious bank robber John Dillinger and the suitcase to have contained the proceeds of a bank robbery in which he had shot a police officer. Unfortunately, after the film was turned over to the Tucson Citizen, it was lost forever, and the photos were never printed. After college, Duncan began to freelance, selling his work to journals such as The Kansas City Star, Life and National Geographic. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Duncan joined the Marine Corps, earned an officer's commission, and became a combat photographer. After brief postings in California and Hawaii, he was sent to the South Pacific on assignment when the United States entered World War II. As a second lieutenant, he initially served with Marine Aircraft Group 23 and was later assigned to photograph operations of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command. Though combat photographers are often close to the action, they rarely fight. However, in a brief engagement at Bougainville Island, Duncan found himself fighting against the Japanese. Duncan also covered the Battle of Okinawa, and was on board the USS Missouri for the Japanese surrender. Duncan's wartime photographs were so impressive that after the war he was hired by Life to join its staff at the urging of J. R. Eyerman, Life chief photographer. During his time with Life, Duncan covered many events, including the end of the British Raj in India and conflicts in Turkey, Eastern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Perhaps his most famous photographs were taken during the Korean War. He compiled many of these into a book, This Is War!, (1951), with the proceeds going to widows and children of marines who had been killed in the conflict. Duncan is considered the most prominent combat photographer of the Korean War. His photo and talk with marines in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir are notable: "I asked him, 'If I were God, what would you want for Christmas?'" Duncan says. "He just looked up into the sky and said, 'Give me tomorrow.'" Out of the Vietnam War, Duncan eventually compiled two additional books, I Protest! (1968) and War Without Heroes (1970). Here, Duncan abandoned impartiality and challenged the US government's handling of the war. Aside from his combat photographs, Duncan is also known for his photographs taken informally at the homes of Pablo Picasso and his second wife Jacqueline Roque, initiated in 1956 on the suggestion of fellow photographer Robert Capa. He published seven books of photographs of Picasso in all. Duncan became a close friend of Picasso and was the only person allowed to photograph many of Picasso's private paintings. Duncan lived in Castellaras, France, close to Mougins, where Picasso spent the last 12 years of his life. Duncan greatly assisted Nippon Kogaku (Nikon) during its early years, and in 1965 he was presented with the 200,000th Nikon F built in recognition for his use and popularization of their camera. In 1966 he published Yankee Nomad, a visual autobiography that collected representative photographs from throughout his career. In 2003 this was revised and published under the title of Photo Nomad. Duncan photographed both the 1968 Democratic and Republican national conventions, and published photographs from those conventions in a coffee-table book titled Self-Portrait U.S.A. in 1969. Duncan traveled extensively in the Middle East, having been stationed there ten years after World War II for Life. He later published The World of Allah in 1982. He turned 100 in January 2016 and died in June 2018 in Grasse, France, aged 102. In 2021 Duncan was posthumously inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum. Books This Is War! (1951) The Private World of Pablo Picasso (1958) The Kremlin (1960) Picasso's Picassos (1961) Yankee Nomad (1966) I Protest! (1968) Self-Portrait: USA (1969) War Without Heroes (1970) Prismatics (1972) David Douglas Duncan (1972?) Goodbye Picasso (1974) The Silent Studio (1976) Magic Worlds of Fantasy (1978) The Fragile Miracle of Martin Gray (1979) Viva Picasso (1980) The World of Allah (1982) New York/New York (1984) Sunflowers for Van Gogh (1986) Picasso and Jacqueline (1988) A Secret Garden (1992) Thor (1993) Picasso Paints a Portrait (1996) Yo-Yo (1999) Faceless (2001) Photo Nomad (2003) Picasso & Lump (2006) Grand Prix of Monaco (2013) Yesterday (2016) The Forest World of Ann West (2018) References ^ Berman, Eliza (March 17, 2015). "A War Photographer's 99-Year Journey". Time. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. ^ 1934 newspaper photograph of the 1934 Congress Hotel fire at Tucson Arizona ^ Blankenship, Janie. "Vets of WWI Through Vietnam Became Famous in the Literary World", VFW Magazine (April 2015), p. 45. ^ Adams, William Lee (November 23, 2011). "David Douglas Duncan: A Life Magazine War Photographer Looks Back". Time. ^ Adams, Tim (February 23, 2020). "The big picture: at home with Mr and Mrs Picasso". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. ^ Nikon.com: Debut of Nikon F. Retrieved on November 23, 2015. ^ The World of Allah, David Douglas Duncan. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, ISBN 0-395-32504-8 ^ Liz Ronk, Olivier Laurent (January 23, 2016). "Celebrated Photographer David Douglas Duncan Turns 100". Time. Retrieved January 28, 2016. ^ "War photographer David Douglas Duncan dies aged 102". The Guardian. Agence France Presse. June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 7, 2018). "David Douglas Duncan, 102, Who Photographed the Reality of War, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2018. ^ "David Douglas Duncan". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 28, 2022. External links Biography portal Martin, Sam (April 23, 1999). "An Eye for History". The Austin Chronicle. 18 (34). Berman, Eliza (March 17, 2015). "A War Photographer's 99-Year Journey". Time. David Douglas Duncan Online Exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin Finding aid for the David Douglas Duncan Papers and Photographic Collection at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin Archived June 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine vteVietnam War correspondentsPrintjournalists R. W. Apple Peter Arnett Elizabeth Becker Homer Bigart Michael Birch Peter Braestrup Malcolm Browne Wilfred Burchett Dickey Chapelle Richard Dudman Robert Elegant Gloria Emerson Bernard Fall James Fenton Frances FitzGerald Sylvana Foa Joseph Galloway Martha Gellhorn H.D.S. Greenway Al Gore David Halberstam Michael Herr Marguerite Higgins Ward Just Takeshi Kaikō Peter Kann Stanley Karnow Donald Kirk Steve Kroft John Pilger Gareth Porter Robert Reguly John Sack Murray Sayle Jonathan Schell Sydney Schanberg Neil Sheehan Alexander Shimkin John Steinbeck IV Matthew V. Storin Jon Swain Richard Tregaskis Kate Webb Perry Deane Young Photo-journalists Eddie Adams David Burnett Larry Burrows Robert Capa Gilles Caron Dickey Chapelle Charles Chellapah Neil Davis David Douglas Duncan Charles Eggleston Horst Faas Sean Flynn Chas Gerretsen Barbara Gluck Philip Jones Griffiths Dirck Halstead Henri Huet David Hume Kennerly Catherine Leroy Don McCullin Co Rentmeester Tim Page Al Rockoff Toshio Sakai Kyoichi Sawada Dick Swanson Dana Stone Francois Sully Shigeru Tamura Neal Ulevich Nick Ut Nik Wheeler Broadcastjournalists Martin Bell Ed Bradley Charles Collingwood Walter Cronkite Murray Fromson Jeff Gralnick Max Hastings Bernard Kalb Peter Kalischer Douglas Kiker Jim Kincaid Steve Kroft Charles Kuralt John Laurence George Lewis Ike Pappas Julian Pettifer Bill Plante Dan Rather Harry Reasoner Clete Roberts Morley Safer Joe Schlesinger Pierre Schoendoerffer Bob Simon Richard Threlkeld Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Artists Museum of Modern Art Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Roque"}],"text":"David Douglas Duncan (January 23, 1916 – June 7, 2018) was an American photojournalist, known for his dramatic combat photographs,[1] as well as for his extensive domestic photography of Pablo Picasso and his wife Jacqueline.","title":"David Douglas Duncan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Eagle Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Richard Lightburn Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lightburn_Sutton"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"John Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Douglas_Duncan_(8th_grade_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Blanche Reineke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Reineke"}],"text":"Duncan was born in Kansas City, Missouri, where his childhood was marked by interest in the outdoors, helping him earn the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts at a relatively young age. A lantern-slide presentation by big-game hunter and physician Richard Lightburn Sutton, at Duncan's elementary school in Kansas City inspired an early interest in photography and world travel. Duncan briefly attended the University of Arizona, where he studied archaeology. While in Tucson, he inadvertently photographed John Dillinger trying to get into a hotel. Duncan eventually continued his education at the University of Miami, where he graduated in 1938, having studied zoology and Spanish. It was in Miami that his interest in photojournalism began in earnest. He worked as picture editor and photographer of the university paper.Duncan in eighth grade, photographed by Blanche Reineke","title":"Childhood and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"John Dillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dillinger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer"},{"link_name":"The Kansas City Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"combat photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_photographer"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aviation_Training_Support_Group_23"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Combat_Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bougainville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"USS Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)"},{"link_name":"J. R. Eyerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Eyerman"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chosin Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Roque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Roque"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams2020-5"},{"link_name":"Mougins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mougins"},{"link_name":"Nippon Kogaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Kogaku"},{"link_name":"Nikon F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1968 Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"coffee-table book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee-table_book"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"turned 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenarian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grasse, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse,_France"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Photography_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"His career as a photojournalist began when he took photographs of a hotel fire in Tucson, Arizona, while he was then studying archaeology at nearby University of Arizona. His photos included one of a hotel guest who made repeated attempts to go back into the burning building for his suitcase. That photo proved to be newsworthy when the guest turned out to have been notorious bank robber John Dillinger and the suitcase to have contained the proceeds of a bank robbery in which he had shot a police officer. Unfortunately, after the film was turned over to the Tucson Citizen, it was lost forever, and the photos were never printed.[2]After college, Duncan began to freelance, selling his work to journals such as The Kansas City Star, Life and National Geographic.After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Duncan joined the Marine Corps, earned an officer's commission, and became a combat photographer. After brief postings in California and Hawaii, he was sent to the South Pacific on assignment when the United States entered World War II. As a second lieutenant, he initially served with Marine Aircraft Group 23 and was later assigned to photograph operations of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command.[3] Though combat photographers are often close to the action, they rarely fight. However, in a brief engagement at Bougainville Island, Duncan found himself fighting against the Japanese. Duncan also covered the Battle of Okinawa, and was on board the USS Missouri for the Japanese surrender.Duncan's wartime photographs were so impressive that after the war he was hired by Life to join its staff at the urging of J. R. Eyerman, Life chief photographer. During his time with Life, Duncan covered many events, including the end of the British Raj in India and conflicts in Turkey, Eastern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.Perhaps his most famous photographs were taken during the Korean War. He compiled many of these into a book, This Is War!, (1951), with the proceeds going to widows and children of marines who had been killed in the conflict. Duncan is considered the most prominent combat photographer of the Korean War.His photo and talk with marines in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir are notable:\"I asked him, 'If I were God, what would you want for Christmas?'\" Duncan says. \"He just looked up into the sky and said, 'Give me tomorrow.'\"[4]Out of the Vietnam War, Duncan eventually compiled two additional books, I Protest! (1968) and War Without Heroes (1970). Here, Duncan abandoned impartiality and challenged the US government's handling of the war.Aside from his combat photographs, Duncan is also known for his photographs taken informally at the homes of Pablo Picasso and his second wife Jacqueline Roque, initiated in 1956 on the suggestion of fellow photographer Robert Capa.[5] He published seven books of photographs of Picasso in all. Duncan became a close friend of Picasso and was the only person allowed to photograph many of Picasso's private paintings. Duncan lived in Castellaras, France, close to Mougins, where Picasso spent the last 12 years of his life.Duncan greatly assisted Nippon Kogaku (Nikon) during its early years, and in 1965 he was presented with the 200,000th Nikon F built in recognition for his use and popularization of their camera.[6]In 1966 he published Yankee Nomad, a visual autobiography that collected representative photographs from throughout his career. In 2003 this was revised and published under the title of Photo Nomad.Duncan photographed both the 1968 Democratic and Republican national conventions, and published photographs from those conventions in a coffee-table book titled Self-Portrait U.S.A. in 1969.Duncan traveled extensively in the Middle East, having been stationed there ten years after World War II for Life. He later published The World of Allah in 1982.[7]He turned 100 in January 2016[8] and died in June 2018 in Grasse, France, aged 102.[9][10]In 2021 Duncan was posthumously inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Picasso & Lump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso_%26_Lump"}],"text":"This Is War! (1951)\nThe Private World of Pablo Picasso (1958)\nThe Kremlin (1960)\nPicasso's Picassos (1961)\nYankee Nomad (1966)\nI Protest! (1968)\nSelf-Portrait: USA (1969)\nWar Without Heroes (1970)\nPrismatics (1972)\nDavid Douglas Duncan [portfolio] (1972?)\nGoodbye Picasso (1974)\nThe Silent Studio (1976)\nMagic Worlds of Fantasy (1978)\nThe Fragile Miracle of Martin Gray (1979)\nViva Picasso (1980)\nThe World of Allah (1982)\nNew York/New York (1984)\nSunflowers for Van Gogh (1986)\nPicasso and Jacqueline (1988)\nA Secret Garden (1992)\nThor (1993)\nPicasso Paints a Portrait (1996)\nYo-Yo (1999)\nFaceless (2001)\nPhoto Nomad (2003)\nPicasso & Lump (2006)\nGrand Prix of Monaco (2013)\nYesterday (2016)\nThe Forest World of Ann West (2018)","title":"Books"}]
[{"image_text":"Duncan in eighth grade, photographed by Blanche Reineke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/David_Douglas_Duncan_%288th_grade_portrait%29.jpg/220px-David_Douglas_Duncan_%288th_grade_portrait%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Berman, Eliza (March 17, 2015). \"A War Photographer's 99-Year Journey\". Time. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044416/http://time.com/3735936/david-douglas-duncan/","url_text":"\"A War Photographer's 99-Year Journey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://time.com/3735936/david-douglas-duncan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, William Lee (November 23, 2011). \"David Douglas Duncan: A Life Magazine War Photographer Looks Back\". Time.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lee_Adams","url_text":"Adams, William Lee"},{"url":"https://time.com/3783066/david-douglas-duncan-a-life-magazine-war-photographer-looks-back/","url_text":"\"David Douglas Duncan: A Life Magazine War Photographer Looks Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Tim (February 23, 2020). \"The big picture: at home with Mr and Mrs Picasso\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200223073055/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2020/feb/23/pablo-picasso-and-wife-jacqueline-in-cannes-the-big-picture-tim-adams","url_text":"\"The big picture: at home with Mr and Mrs Picasso\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2020/feb/23/pablo-picasso-and-wife-jacqueline-in-cannes-the-big-picture-tim-adams","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liz Ronk, Olivier Laurent (January 23, 2016). \"Celebrated Photographer David Douglas Duncan Turns 100\". Time. Retrieved January 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4189160/photographer-david-douglas-duncan-100/","url_text":"\"Celebrated Photographer David Douglas Duncan Turns 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"War photographer David Douglas Duncan dies aged 102\". The Guardian. Agence France Presse. June 8, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/08/war-photographer-david-douglas-duncan-dies-102","url_text":"\"War photographer David Douglas Duncan dies aged 102\""}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (June 7, 2018). \"David Douglas Duncan, 102, Who Photographed the Reality of War, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/obituaries/david-douglas-duncan-102-who-photographed-the-reality-of-war-dies.html","url_text":"\"David Douglas Duncan, 102, Who Photographed the Reality of War, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"David Douglas Duncan\". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://iphf.org/inductees/david-douglas-duncan/","url_text":"\"David Douglas Duncan\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Sam (April 23, 1999). \"An Eye for History\". The Austin Chronicle. 18 (34).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/arts/1999-04-23/521811/","url_text":"\"An Eye for History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Bridge
Alexander's Bridge
["1 Plot introduction","2 Plot summary","3 Characters","4 Allusions to other works","5 Allusions to actual history","6 References","7 External links"]
1912 novel by Willa Cather For the site of fighting in the American Civil War, see Battle of Chickamauga. Alexander's Bridge First editionAuthorWilla CatherLanguageEnglishPublisherHoughton MifflinPublication date1912Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback) Alexander's Bridge is the first novel by American author Willa Cather. First published in 1912, it was re-released with an author's preface in 1922. It also ran as a serial in McClure's, giving Cather some free time from her work for that magazine. Plot introduction Bartley Alexander is a construction engineer and world-renowned builder of bridges undergoing a mid-life crisis. Although married to Winifred, Bartley resumes his acquaintance with a former lover, Hilda Burgoyne, in London. The affair gnaws at Bartley's sense of propriety and honor. Plot summary Professor Wilson arrives at the Alexanders' house in Boston, Bartley Alexander having persuaded him to attend a Congress of Psychologists in the city. He is greeted by Winifred Alexander. When her husband comes home the men talk; Winifred plays the piano for them. The next day, she tells Wilson how she met her husband through her aunt. On Christmas Eve, the Alexanders prepare for Christmas dinner. Bartley tells Wilson he is having trouble with a bridge in Canada. Later he gives his wife pearl earrings. On New Year's Day, Alexander makes ready to leave for London. On the ship, he endures sharp gales and goes into a bar, where he gambles at bridge, the card game. In London, Bartley visits Hilda and tells her he cannot go on having two relationships; she must forget about him and leave him alone. She is distressed. The day before he is due to return to America however, he takes her out to dinner. Later, Hugh MacConnell walks Hilda back to her house on a foggy day. She says she isn't attracted to him; they are just close friends. In her house, she receives a letter from Bartley, saying he is going mad away from her. This prompts her to visit him in America to tell him she will marry another man; Bartley doesn't like the idea. They spend one last evening together. Soon afterward, Philip Horton calls Bartley to Canada to inspect the bridge. Bartley discovers that one of the lower chords is failing, compromising the structural integrity of the entire bridge. Horton had been concerned that the bridge was not safe and had attempted to contact Bartley to have him inspect the bridge earlier – on the very day Bartley was with Hilda. While Bartley is on the bridge telling the work crews to stop working because the bridge was unsafe, the bridge collapses, killing Bartley and many of the workers. Bartley's body is recovered the next day and taken to Horton's house. Winifred comes back to make arrangements for her husband's corpse. Finally, Wilson visits Hilda. The latter expresses her envy of Winifred. Wilson reminds her that Winifred is now bereft and will be haunted by Bartley's death. Hilda concludes that she will be too. Characters Professor Lucius Wilson, a professor of philosophy. He was a student in Boston and now lectures in a Western university Mrs Winifred Alexander Mr Bartley Alexander, a bridge builder Thomas, the Alexanders' servant MacKeller, a Scottish engineer who brought Bartley from London to Quebec when he was younger; he was a friend of Eleanor Pemberton's Mrs Eleanor Pemberton, Winifred's aunt Maurice Mainhall, a popular man amongst writers Hugh MacConnell, a playwright Florence Merrill Cyril Henderson Hilda Burgoyne, Bartley's erstwhile lover with whom he resumes an affair; she is an actress Irene Burgoyne, a member of Hilda's family Sir Harry Towne Lord Westmere Lady Dowle Lady Westmere Lady Warford Lady Kildare, an Irish philanthropist Robert Owen, Lady Kildare's nephew Sarah Frost, a novelist Mr Frost, Sarah Frost's husband Marie, a French girl Madame Anger Angel, Madame Anger's servant, who was from Brittany and eventually left to start affairs with soldiers Mrs Hastings Angora Philip Horton, he works on bridges with Bartley Allusions to other works Music is mentioned with Robert Schumann's Carnaval and Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore. Literature is mentioned with William Shakespeare's Sonnets and Ernest Dowson. There is also a quotation from Milton's Il Penseroso: "Forget thyself to marble". Allusions to actual history It has been argued that the story might have been prompted by the collapse of the Quebec bridge on August 29, 1907. References ^ Cather, Willa & Bennett, Mildred R. (November 1, 1970). Willa Cather's Collected Short Fiction (Rev ed.). University of Nebraska Press. ^ Cather, Willa & Bennett, Mildred R. (November 1, 1970). Willa Cather's Collected Short Fiction (Rev ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. xli. External links Alexander's Bridge at Project Gutenberg Alexander's Bridge public domain audiobook at LibriVox Willa Cather. Alexander's Bridge (First ed.). The Willa Cather Archive. vteWilla CatherNovels Alexander's Bridge O Pioneers! The Song of the Lark My Ántonia One of Ours A Lost Lady The Professor's House My Mortal Enemy Death Comes for the Archbishop Shadows on the Rock Lucy Gayheart Sapphira and the Slave Girl Hard Punishments Short stories "Peter" "Lou, the Prophet" "The Elopement of Allen Poole" "A Tale of the White Pyramid" "A Son of the Celestial" "The Clemency of the Court" "The Fear That Walks by Noonday" "On the Divide" "A Night at Greenway Court" "Tommy, the Unsentimental" "The Princess Baladina – Her Adventure" "The Count of Crow's Nest" "The Burglar's Christmas" "The Strategy of the Were-Wolf Dog" "A Resurrection" "The Prodigies" "Nanette: An Aside" "The Way of the World" "The Westbound Train" "Eric Hermannson's Soul" "The Dance at Chevalier's" "The Sentimentality of William Tavener" "The Affair at Grover Station" "A Singer's Romance" "The Conversion of Sum Loo" "Jack-a-Boy" "El Dorado: A Kansas Recessional" "The Professor's Commencement" "The Treasure of Far Island" "A Death in the Desert" "A Wagner Matinee" "The Sculptor's Funeral" "Flavia and Her Artists" "The Garden Lodge" "The Marriage of Phaedra" "Paul's Case" "The Namesake" "The Profile" "The Willing Muse" "Eleanor's House" "On the Gulls' Road" "The Enchanted Bluff" "The Joy of Nelly Deane" "Behind the Singer Tower" "The Bohemian Girl" "Consequences" "The Bookkeeper's Wife" "The Diamond Mine" "A Gold Slipper" "Ardessa" "Scandal" "Her Boss" "Coming, Eden Bower!" "Uncle Valentine" "Double Birthday" "Neighbour Rosicky" "Two Friends" "The Old Beauty" "Before Breakfast" "The Best Years" Short storycollections The Troll Garden Youth and the Bright Medusa Obscure Destinies The Old Beauty and Others Five Stories Collection of poems April Twilights Collaborations The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science Adaptations A Lost Lady (1934 film) O Pioneers! (1992 film) My Antonia (1995 film) The Song of the Lark (2001 film) O Pioneers! (2009 opera) Related Willa Cather Birthplace Willa Cather House Edith Lewis Willa Cather Foundation WILLA Literary Award Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"first novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_novel"},{"link_name":"Willa Cather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Cather"},{"link_name":"McClure's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure%27s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the site of fighting in the American Civil War, see Battle of Chickamauga.Alexander's Bridge is the first novel by American author Willa Cather. First published in 1912, it was re-released with an author's preface in 1922. It also ran as a serial in McClure's, giving Cather some free time from her work for that magazine.[1]","title":"Alexander's Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mid-life crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-life_crisis"}],"text":"Bartley Alexander is a construction engineer and world-renowned builder of bridges undergoing a mid-life crisis. Although married to Winifred, Bartley resumes his acquaintance with a former lover, Hilda Burgoyne, in London. The affair gnaws at Bartley's sense of propriety and honor.","title":"Plot introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_whist"}],"text":"Professor Wilson arrives at the Alexanders' house in Boston, Bartley Alexander having persuaded him to attend a Congress of Psychologists in the city. He is greeted by Winifred Alexander. When her husband comes home the men talk; Winifred plays the piano for them. The next day, she tells Wilson how she met her husband through her aunt.On Christmas Eve, the Alexanders prepare for Christmas dinner. Bartley tells Wilson he is having trouble with a bridge in Canada. Later he gives his wife pearl earrings. On New Year's Day, Alexander makes ready to leave for London. On the ship, he endures sharp gales and goes into a bar, where he gambles at bridge, the card game. In London, Bartley visits Hilda and tells her he cannot go on having two relationships; she must forget about him and leave him alone. She is distressed. The day before he is due to return to America however, he takes her out to dinner.Later, Hugh MacConnell walks Hilda back to her house on a foggy day. She says she isn't attracted to him; they are just close friends. In her house, she receives a letter from Bartley, saying he is going mad away from her. This prompts her to visit him in America to tell him she will marry another man; Bartley doesn't like the idea. They spend one last evening together.Soon afterward, Philip Horton calls Bartley to Canada to inspect the bridge. Bartley discovers that one of the lower chords is failing, compromising the structural integrity of the entire bridge. Horton had been concerned that the bridge was not safe and had attempted to contact Bartley to have him inspect the bridge earlier – on the very day Bartley was with Hilda. While Bartley is on the bridge telling the work crews to stop working because the bridge was unsafe, the bridge collapses, killing Bartley and many of the workers. Bartley's body is recovered the next day and taken to Horton's house. Winifred comes back to make arrangements for her husband's corpse. Finally, Wilson visits Hilda. The latter expresses her envy of Winifred. Wilson reminds her that Winifred is now bereft and will be haunted by Bartley's death. Hilda concludes that she will be too.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"}],"text":"Professor Lucius Wilson, a professor of philosophy. He was a student in Boston and now lectures in a Western university\nMrs Winifred Alexander\nMr Bartley Alexander, a bridge builder\nThomas, the Alexanders' servant\nMacKeller, a Scottish engineer who brought Bartley from London to Quebec when he was younger; he was a friend of Eleanor Pemberton's\nMrs Eleanor Pemberton, Winifred's aunt\nMaurice Mainhall, a popular man amongst writers\nHugh MacConnell, a playwright\nFlorence Merrill\nCyril Henderson\nHilda Burgoyne, Bartley's erstwhile lover with whom he resumes an affair; she is an actress\nIrene Burgoyne, a member of Hilda's family\nSir Harry Towne\nLord Westmere\nLady Dowle\nLady Westmere\nLady Warford\nLady Kildare, an Irish philanthropist\nRobert Owen, Lady Kildare's nephew\nSarah Frost, a novelist\nMr Frost, Sarah Frost's husband\nMarie, a French girl\nMadame Anger\nAngel, Madame Anger's servant, who was from Brittany and eventually left to start affairs with soldiers\nMrs Hastings\nAngora\nPhilip Horton, he works on bridges with Bartley","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Carnaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnets"},{"link_name":"Ernest Dowson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Dowson"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Il Penseroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Penseroso"}],"text":"Music is mentioned with Robert Schumann's Carnaval and Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore.\nLiterature is mentioned with William Shakespeare's Sonnets and Ernest Dowson. There is also a quotation from Milton's Il Penseroso: \"Forget thyself to marble\".","title":"Allusions to other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"It has been argued that the story might have been prompted by the collapse of the Quebec bridge on August 29, 1907.[2]","title":"Allusions to actual history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Cather, Willa & Bennett, Mildred R. (November 1, 1970). Willa Cather's Collected Short Fiction (Rev ed.). University of Nebraska Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cather, Willa & Bennett, Mildred R. (November 1, 1970). Willa Cather's Collected Short Fiction (Rev ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. xli.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Willa Cather. Alexander's Bridge (First ed.). The Willa Cather Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://cather.unl.edu/0001.html","url_text":"Alexander's Bridge"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Clock
Against the Clock
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2019 American filmAgainst the ClockFilm posterDirected byMark PolishWritten byMark PolishProduced byRyan R. JohnsonStarringMark PolishDianna AgronJustin BarthaAndy GarciaCinematographyJesse BruntEdited byMark PolishJamison ForkenbrockBryan A. ShawMusic byMichael AndrewsProductioncompanyBenaroya PicturesDistributed byGravitas VenturesRelease date January 11, 2019 (2019-01-11) Running time102 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Against the Clock (formerly titled Headlock, also known as Transference) is a 2019 American thriller film directed by Mark Polish and starring Polish, Dianna Agron, Justin Bartha and Andy Garcia. Cast Mark Polish as Kelley Chandler Dianna Agron as Tess Chandler Andy Garcia as Gerald Hotchkiss Justin Bartha as Peter Hobbs James Frain as Dr. A Bar Paly as Lauren De Isigney References ^ a b c d e McNary, Dave (18 December 2018). "Film News Roundup: Andy Garcia's Spy Thriller 'Against the Clock' Bought by Gravitas". Variety. Retrieved 20 September 2020. ^ a b c d e Murray, Noel (10 January 2019). "Review: Mark Polish's spy thriller 'Against the Clock' is distinctive, if incomprehensible". Daily Press. Retrieved 20 September 2020. ^ a b Peligrosa, Pekosa (4 January 2019). "See Andy Garcia and Dianna Agron in the Trailer for "AGAINST THE CLOCK"". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 20 September 2020. ^ "Watch Transference". Amazon Prime Video UK. Retrieved 2020-10-05. External links Against the Clock at IMDb Against the Clock at Rotten Tomatoes This article related to an American film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aicn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_brothers"},{"link_name":"Dianna Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianna_Agron"},{"link_name":"Justin Bartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bartha"},{"link_name":"Andy Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Garcia"}],"text":"2019 American filmAgainst the Clock (formerly titled Headlock, also known as Transference)[1][2][3][4] is a 2019 American thriller film directed by Mark Polish and starring Polish, Dianna Agron, Justin Bartha and Andy Garcia.","title":"Against the Clock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_brothers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-2"},{"link_name":"Dianna Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianna_Agron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-2"},{"link_name":"Andy Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Garcia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-2"},{"link_name":"Justin Bartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bartha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-1"},{"link_name":"James Frain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aicn-3"},{"link_name":"Bar Paly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Paly"}],"text":"Mark Polish as Kelley Chandler[2]\nDianna Agron as Tess Chandler[2]\nAndy Garcia[2] as Gerald Hotchkiss\nJustin Bartha[1] as Peter Hobbs\nJames Frain[3] as Dr. A\nBar Paly as Lauren De Isigney","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Meurice
Le Meurice
["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Early 20th century","1.3 World War II","1.4 Recent history","2 Restaurants and bars","3 Notable patrons","4 In the media","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°51′55″N 2°19′42″E / 48.86528°N 2.32833°E / 48.86528; 2.32833Luxury hotel in Paris For the hotel in Calais, see Hôtel Meurice de Calais. Le MeuriceLocation in the 1st arrondissement of ParisGeneral informationTypeLuxury hotelClassification ("Palace" grade)Town or cityParis (1st arrondissement)CountryFranceCoordinates48°51′55″N 2°19′42″E / 48.86528°N 2.32833°E / 48.86528; 2.32833Opened1815OwnerBrunei Investment AgencyManagementDorchester CollectionWebsiteOfficial website Le Meurice (French pronunciation: ) is a Brunei-owned five-star luxury hotel in the 1st arrondissement of Paris opposite the Tuileries Garden, between Place de la Concorde and the Musée du Louvre on the Rue de Rivoli. From the Rue de Rivoli, it stretches to the Rue du Mont Thabor. The hotel was opened in 1815. It received the "Palace" distinction from the French government in 2011. Le Meurice is owned and operated by the Dorchester Collection, a luxury hotel operator based in London. The hotel has a staff of over 400 and houses 160 rooms decorated in the Louis XVI style, which start at US$1,235 per night. History Early years In the mid-18th century, the French postmaster, Charles-Augustin Meurice (born 1738), understood that English tourists wanted to be on the continent with the comforts and conveniences they were used to at home. In 1771, Meurice opened a coach inn on Rue Edmond Roche in Calais, the Hôtel Meurice de Calais. In 1815, he opened the Hôtel Meurice in Paris, originally located at 223 Rue Saint-Honoré. Le Meurice offered everything to make life easier for the traveler; apartments of various sizes, areas set aside where travelers could sit and talk, specialty laundry soap, English-speaking staff, and currency exchange, among other amenities. The hotel advertised, "For an English traveler, no hotel in Paris offers more benefits than Le Meurice." Hotel lobby In 1835, Le Meurice moved from Rue Saint Honore to its current location on the Rue de Rivoli, in a new luxurious building, close to the Tuileries Palace. A wealthy clientele followed, and during the July Monarchy to the French Third Republic, Le Meurice welcomed the high society of the time, who appreciated the quality of service, the refinement of the rooms and lounges, as well as the exceptional location of the hotel in the heart of Paris, near luxury boutiques. In the latter half of the 19th century, Henri-Joseph Scheurich was its proprietor and, in 1865, he is documented as managing the hotel under the London and Paris Hotel Company. He is mentioned again in 1867, at which time the hotel offered large and small apartments, or single bedrooms; and featured a reading room and smoking room. In 1891, the hotel had electric lights, new plumbing, and accommodated 200 guests; Scheurich was still the proprietor. Early 20th century In the early 20th century, one of the shareholders of the new company was Arthur Millon, owner of Café de la Paix and restaurants Weber and Ledoyen. To compete with the Ritz, which opened in 1902, Millon turned to a great Swiss hotelier, Frédéric Schwenter. Under these two men, Le Meurice was enlarged by the addition of the Metropole Hotel, located on Rue de Castiglione. Then, with the exception of the façade, the hotel was rebuilt under the guidance of the architect Henri Paul Nénot, winner of the Grand Prix de Rome. For interior decoration, especially for rooms on the ground floor, the Louis XVI style prevailed. The rooms were equipped with modern, tiled bathrooms, telephone, and electric butler bells. Public rooms were relocated and reinforced concrete was added for privacy, and the elevator was a copy of the sedan chair used by Marie Antoinette. Other additions included the grand salon Pompadour with white trimmings, a restaurant with marble pilasters and gilded bronzes as a living tribute to the Peace of Versailles, and the wrought iron canopy over the lobby. World War II Between September 1940 and August 1944, the hotel was requisitioned by the German occupation authorities. In August 1944, the Meurice became the headquarters of General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris. von Choltitz famously disobeyed Hitler's commands to level the city of Paris. Hitler's reported question screamed to von Choltitz over a Hotel Meurice telephone, "Is Paris burning?", later served as the title of a best-selling book about the liberation of Paris, and the 1966 film which was shot partly at the Meurice. Recent history During its long existence, Le Meurice has experienced several transfers of ownership as well as major refurbishments: one from 1905 to 1907, the second in 1947 and most recently in 1998. Each of these renovations included modernization and beautification of the hotel. The Société du Grand Hôtel, which also owned the nearby Le Grand Hotel and Hotel Prince de Galles, sold the three properties in 1972 to the Italian CIGA Hotels chain. CIGA then sold them in 1978 to Limnico, a subsidiary of Roger Tamraz's First Arabian Corporation. Limnico resold the properties just a year later, in October 1979, to Maxwell Joseph's UK-based Grand Metropolitan Hotels. When Grand Met bought Inter-Continental Hotels a year later, in 1981, they made the Meurice part of that chain. Grand Met sold the Meurice back to CIGA in 1984 for around US$100 million. CIGA was, by this point, controlled by the Aga Khan, the spiritual head of the Ismaili Muslim sect. In 1994, the Aga Khan, faced with extreme financial difficulties, sold the CIGA chain to ITT Sheraton. However, at the urging of his senior hospitality advisor, Paul Ruffino, he maintained ownership of the Meurice until 1997, when he sold the hotel to the Sultan of Brunei's Brunei Investment Agency, who made it part of the company's Dorchester Collection. The Meurice underwent another round of extensive renovation and restoration between 1998 and 2000. In 2007, Le Meurice began renovations under Philippe Starck and Franka Holtmann, General Manager. Its decor is in the style of Louis XVI. The renovations also included a campaign led by Jean-Loup Roubert and the architect Nicolas Papamiltiades, which changed certain areas of the building for technical reasons, with the creation of an underground infrastructure for heating and cooling, and for aesthetic purposes. New reception rooms have been created on the ground floor, while the main entrance was moved to Rue de Rivoli. Decorations, mosaics and moldings were the subject of extensive renovation by skilled craftsmen. The hotel is now owned and managed by the Brunei Investment Agency's Dorchester Collection. Le Meurice joined the collection in 1997 which includes nine other luxury hotels: The Beverly Hills Hotel and Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles, The Dorchester and 45 Park Lane in London, Coworth Park in Ascot, the Hôtel Plaza Athénée in Paris, the Principe di Savoia in Milan, Hotel Eden in Rome, and Le Richemond in Geneva. The French ministry of economy recognized Le Meurice with palace distinction in 2011 on the first official list of government-approved palaces in France. Restaurants and bars Le Meurice has two main restaurants. Restaurant le Meurice overlooks the Tuileries Garden and was run by 3 Michelin star chef Yannick Alléno until 2013 when he resigned and 3 Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was named head chef. Restaurant Le Dali is situated under a 145 square metre (1560 square feet) canvas painted by Ara Starck, the daughter of Philippe Starck. It also has the cocktail bar Bar 228 with leather armchairs and dark woodwork furnishings. Notable patrons Salvador Dalí, pictured at the Hôtel Meurice, spent about a month of each year over 30 years in the old Royal Suite Alphonse XIII. The hotel has accommodated numerous kings, sultans, and other eminent guests. Its location near the seat of government was one of the reasons prompting Miss Howard, mistress and patron of the future Napoleon III, to settle at Le Meurice during Napoleon's stay in the capital. The first monarch to have stayed at the new Meurice in Paris was King Alfonso XIII of Spain. When he was ousted in 1931, the fallen monarch sought refuge at the Meurice and set up the seat of his government in exile. Following him, the Prince of Wales, the kings of Italy, Belgium, Greece, Bulgaria, Denmark, Montenegro, the Shah of Persia, and the Bey of Tunis stayed at the Meurice. Business leaders such as Rockefeller, politicians like French President Gaston Doumergue, who sometimes dined with his wife Jeanne-Marie Graves, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Count Ciano, the British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, Wilbur Wright, and others were well known guests. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor stayed at Le Meurice on their return from honeymoon in September 1937, and where they announced their intention to tour Nazi Germany later the same year. Salvador Dalí spent about a month of each year over 30 years in the old Royal Suite, (spanning Rooms 106 and 108) which had been used by King Alphonse XIII. Others included the Wright Brothers, Giorgio de Chirico, Rudyard Kipling, Edmond Rostand, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Paul Morand, Walter Lippmann, Yehudi Menuhin, Seiji Ozawa, Anne-Sophie Mutter and Plácido Domingo. Past guests also include film stars and directors such as Franco Zeffirelli, Liza Minnelli, Fernandel, Mike Todd, Eddie Fisher, Ginger Rogers, Yul Brynner, Bette Midler, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. The socialite Mata Hari stayed at Le Meurice on several occasions. The manager of the Meurice once even obtained a court order forcing Mata Hari to pay outstanding fees. In December 2006, the President of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, after surgery at the military hospital of Val de Grace, continued his recovery at the Meurice. Housed in a presidential suite, the head of the Algerian state gave a television interview from there on 17 December; he left the Meurice on 31 December to return home. In 2011, Jay-Z and Kanye West recorded their hit "Niggas in Paris" at Hôtel Meurice for the Watch The Throne album. In the media The hotel has been a setting for several films, including Is Paris Burning? (1966, René Clément), Julia (1977, Fred Zinnemann), The Blood of Others (1984, Claude Chabrol), Mata Hari (1985, Curtis Harrington), Angel-A (2006, Luc Besson), Notre univers impitoyable (2007, Léa Fazer), Les Femmes de l'ombre (2008, Jean-Paul Salomé), Demain dès l'aube (Denis Dercourt) and La folle histoire d’amour de Simon Eskenazy (Jean-Jacques Zilbermann) in 2009, Midnight in Paris (Woody Allen) and W.E (Madonna) in 2010 and Diplomacy in 2014. References ^ a b Shah, Nausheen (13 August 2013). "Crowning the Royals in Paris". New York Post. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ a b Clunn, Harold Philip (1958). Face of Paris. Spring Books. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ a b Phillips, Morris (1891). Abroad and at home: practical hints for tourists (Public domain ed.). Brentano's. p. 126. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ O'Ceallaigh, John (8 July 2014). "The best hotels in Paris". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ a b Gubler, Fritz; Glynn, Raewyn (25 September 2008). Great, grand & famous hotels. Great, Grand & Famous Hotels. pp. 5, 47. ISBN 978-0-9804667-0-6. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ Rider, Nick (1 May 2005). Short Breaks Northern France, 2nd. New Holland Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-86011-183-9. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ Bradshaw, George (1865). Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Italy (Public domain ed.). p. 300. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ Hughes, John William C.; Bradshaw, George (1867). Bradshaw's hand-book to Brittany (Public domain ed.). Adams. pp. 42–. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ Denby, Elaine (2 April 2004). Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion. Reaktion Books. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-1-86189-121-1. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ "Paris: Vive la liberation". The Independent. 30 August 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ Blumenson, Martin (1998). "Politics and the Military in the Liberation of Paris". Strategic Studies Institute. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ a b Backman, Michael (2001). Asian eclipse: exposing the dark side of business in Asia. J. Wiley. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-471-47912-3. Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ a b "Dernières hésitations avant la cession du Grand Hôtel à des acheteurs britanniques En savoir plus sur" . Le Monde (in French). 20 March 1980. ^ a b "UK Firm Buys French Hotels". International Herald Tribune. 19–20 January 1980. p. 3. ^ Cohen, Roger (24 May 1993). "Creditors Chip Away at Aga Khan's Legend". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Revzin, Philip (28 May 1997). "Investing: Aga Khan to Gradually Sell Hotel, Travel Holdings". The Wall Street Journal. p. 4. ^ Clemente, Maribeth (15 May 2007). The Riches of Paris: A Shopping and Touring Guide. Macmillan. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-312-36163-1. Retrieved 7 January 2012. ^ "Hotel Meurice-Paris". Hotel Designs. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ "Le Meurice Hotel, Paris". Xen Design. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ "Hotels That Speak to History". Leaders. 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ "The New Superstar Hotels of Paris". Condé Nast Traveler. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Sage, Alexandria (September 9, 2013). "French chef Alain Ducasse rejects the easy 'wow' at Le Meurice". Reuters. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ "Restaurants and bars". Le Meurice. Retrieved 8 January 2012. ^ Marcus, J.S. (April 16, 2015). "Classic Kir Gets a Refreshing Twist". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 31, 2015. ^ Karnow, Stanley (May 1999). "Grandes Dames". Gourmet. LIX (5): 118–128. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Reynolds, Catharine (July 1992). "Paris Journal: Hotel Meruice". Gourmet. LII (7): 42–45, 104–105. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ McCullough, David (May 5, 2015). The Wright Brothers. Simon and Schuster. pp. 137-147. ISBN 978-1476728766. le meurice. ^ Bloch, M. (1988). The Secret File of the Duke of Windsor. London: Little, Brown. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-34900-108-1. ^ Reynolds, C P (July 1983). "Paris Journal". Gourmet. XLII (7): 6, 44–50. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Gubler, Fritz (25 December 2008). Waldorf hysteria: hotel manners, misbehaviour & minibars. Great, Grand & Famous Hotels. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-9804667-1-3. Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ Wheelwright, Julie (1992). The fatal lover: Mata Hari and the myth of women in espionage. Collins & Brown. ISBN 978-1-85585-105-4. Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ Rogers, Sam. "Le Meurice Hits the Big Screen this Summer". Condé Nast Traveler. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Meurice. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hôtel Meurice de Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Meurice_de_Calais"},{"link_name":"[otɛl møʁis]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"five-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(classification)"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"1st arrondissement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Garden"},{"link_name":"Place de la Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde"},{"link_name":"Musée du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clunn1958-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips1891-3"},{"link_name":"\"Palace\" distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_(hotel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Collection"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Luxury hotel in ParisFor the hotel in Calais, see Hôtel Meurice de Calais.Le Meurice (French pronunciation: [otɛl møʁis]) is a Brunei-owned five-star luxury hotel in the 1st arrondissement of Paris opposite the Tuileries Garden, between Place de la Concorde and the Musée du Louvre on the Rue de Rivoli.[1] From the Rue de Rivoli, it stretches to the Rue du Mont Thabor.[2] The hotel was opened in 1815.[3] It received the \"Palace\" distinction from the French government in 2011.[1] Le Meurice is owned and operated by the Dorchester Collection, a luxury hotel operator based in London. The hotel has a staff of over 400 and houses 160 rooms decorated in the Louis XVI style, which start at US$1,235 per night.[4]","title":"Le Meurice"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles-Augustin Meurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles-Augustin_Meurice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coach inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Meurice de Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Meurice_de_Calais"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GublerGlynn2008-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider2005-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Meurice14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clunn1958-2"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"French Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw1865-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HughesBradshaw1867-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips1891-3"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"In the mid-18th century, the French postmaster, Charles-Augustin Meurice (born 1738), understood that English tourists wanted to be on the continent with the comforts and conveniences they were used to at home. In 1771, Meurice opened a coach inn on Rue Edmond Roche in Calais, the Hôtel Meurice de Calais.[5][6] In 1815, he opened the Hôtel Meurice in Paris, originally located at 223 Rue Saint-Honoré. Le Meurice offered everything to make life easier for the traveler; apartments of various sizes, areas set aside where travelers could sit and talk, specialty laundry soap, English-speaking staff, and currency exchange, among other amenities. The hotel advertised, \"For an English traveler, no hotel in Paris offers more benefits than Le Meurice.\"Hotel lobbyIn 1835, Le Meurice moved from Rue Saint Honore to its current location on the Rue de Rivoli, in a new luxurious building, close to the Tuileries Palace.[2] A wealthy clientele followed, and during the July Monarchy to the French Third Republic, Le Meurice welcomed the high society of the time, who appreciated the quality of service, the refinement of the rooms and lounges, as well as the exceptional location of the hotel in the heart of Paris, near luxury boutiques.In the latter half of the 19th century, Henri-Joseph Scheurich was its proprietor and, in 1865, he is documented as managing the hotel under the London and Paris Hotel Company.[7] He is mentioned again in 1867, at which time the hotel offered large and small apartments, or single bedrooms; and featured a reading room and smoking room.[8] In 1891, the hotel had electric lights, new plumbing, and accommodated 200 guests; Scheurich was still the proprietor.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Millon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Millon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Café de la Paix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_Paix"},{"link_name":"Ledoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant_Ledoyen"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Schwenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Schwenter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Paul Nénot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Paul_N%C3%A9not"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denby2004-9"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Peace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Versailles"}],"sub_title":"Early 20th century","text":"In the early 20th century, one of the shareholders of the new company was Arthur Millon, owner of Café de la Paix and restaurants Weber and Ledoyen. To compete with the Ritz, which opened in 1902, Millon turned to a great Swiss hotelier, Frédéric Schwenter. Under these two men, Le Meurice was enlarged by the addition of the Metropole Hotel, located on Rue de Castiglione. Then, with the exception of the façade, the hotel was rebuilt under the guidance of the architect Henri Paul Nénot, winner of the Grand Prix de Rome. For interior decoration, especially for rooms on the ground floor, the Louis XVI style prevailed. The rooms were equipped with modern, tiled bathrooms, telephone, and electric butler bells. Public rooms were relocated and reinforced concrete was added for privacy,[9] and the elevator was a copy of the sedan chair used by Marie Antoinette. Other additions included the grand salon Pompadour with white trimmings, a restaurant with marble pilasters and gilded bronzes as a living tribute to the Peace of Versailles, and the wrought iron canopy over the lobby.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dietrich von Choltitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_von_Choltitz"},{"link_name":"a best-selling book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(book)"},{"link_name":"liberation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Between September 1940 and August 1944, the hotel was requisitioned by the German occupation authorities. In August 1944, the Meurice became the headquarters of General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris. von Choltitz famously disobeyed Hitler's commands to level the city of Paris. Hitler's reported question screamed to von Choltitz over a Hotel Meurice telephone, \"Is Paris burning?\", later served as the title of a best-selling book about the liberation of Paris, and the 1966 film which was shot partly at the Meurice.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backman2001-12"},{"link_name":"Le Grand Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental_Paris_Le_Grand_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delays-13"},{"link_name":"Roger Tamraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Tamraz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iht-14"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Grand Metropolitan Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Metropolitan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delays-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iht-14"},{"link_name":"Inter-Continental Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ismaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ITT Sheraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Brunei Investment Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Investment_Agency"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Collection"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backman2001-12"},{"link_name":"Philippe Starck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Starck"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clemente2007-17"},{"link_name":"Jean-Loup Roubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Loup_Roubert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Papamiltiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Papamiltiades&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Collection"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hills Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hills_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Hotel Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"The Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"45 Park Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=45_Park_Lane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coworth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coworth_Park"},{"link_name":"Plaza Athénée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Principe di Savoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_di_Savoia"},{"link_name":"Le Richemond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Richemond"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"During its long existence, Le Meurice has experienced several transfers of ownership as well as major refurbishments: one from 1905 to 1907, the second in 1947 and most recently in 1998.[12] Each of these renovations included modernization and beautification of the hotel.The Société du Grand Hôtel, which also owned the nearby Le Grand Hotel and Hotel Prince de Galles, sold the three properties in 1972 to the Italian CIGA Hotels chain.[13] CIGA then sold them in 1978 to Limnico, a subsidiary of Roger Tamraz's First Arabian Corporation.[14] Limnico resold the properties just a year later, in October 1979, to Maxwell Joseph's UK-based Grand Metropolitan Hotels.[13][14] When Grand Met bought Inter-Continental Hotels a year later, in 1981, they made the Meurice part of that chain. Grand Met sold the Meurice back to CIGA in 1984 for around US$100 million. CIGA was, by this point, controlled by the Aga Khan, the spiritual head of the Ismaili Muslim sect.[15] In 1994, the Aga Khan, faced with extreme financial difficulties, sold the CIGA chain to ITT Sheraton. However, at the urging of his senior hospitality advisor, Paul Ruffino, he maintained ownership of the Meurice until 1997, when he sold the hotel to the Sultan of Brunei's Brunei Investment Agency, who made it part of the company's Dorchester Collection.[16]The Meurice underwent another round of extensive renovation and restoration between 1998 and 2000.[12] In 2007, Le Meurice began renovations under Philippe Starck and Franka Holtmann, General Manager. Its decor is in the style of Louis XVI.[17] The renovations also included a campaign led by Jean-Loup Roubert and the architect Nicolas Papamiltiades, which changed certain areas of the building for technical reasons, with the creation of an underground infrastructure for heating and cooling, and for aesthetic purposes. New reception rooms have been created on the ground floor, while the main entrance was moved to Rue de Rivoli. Decorations, mosaics and moldings were the subject of extensive renovation by skilled craftsmen.[18][19]The hotel is now owned and managed by the Brunei Investment Agency's Dorchester Collection. Le Meurice joined the collection in 1997 which includes nine other luxury hotels: The Beverly Hills Hotel and Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles, The Dorchester and 45 Park Lane in London, Coworth Park in Ascot, the Hôtel Plaza Athénée in Paris, the Principe di Savoia in Milan, Hotel Eden in Rome, and Le Richemond in Geneva.[20]The French ministry of economy recognized Le Meurice with palace distinction in 2011 on the first official list of government-approved palaces in France.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelin star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star"},{"link_name":"Yannick Alléno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_All%C3%A9no"},{"link_name":"Alain Ducasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Ducasse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ara Starck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ara_Starck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philippe Starck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Starck"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GublerGlynn2008-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Le Meurice has two main restaurants. Restaurant le Meurice overlooks the Tuileries Garden and was run by 3 Michelin star chef Yannick Alléno until 2013 when he resigned and 3 Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was named head chef.[22] Restaurant Le Dali is situated under a 145 square metre (1560 square feet) canvas painted by Ara Starck, the daughter of Philippe Starck.[23] It also has the cocktail bar Bar 228 with leather armchairs and dark woodwork furnishings.[5][24]","title":"Restaurants and bars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dali_Allan_Warren.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metzelthin1999-25"},{"link_name":"Miss Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Howard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metzelthin1992-26"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Shah of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bey of Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Gaston Doumergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue"},{"link_name":"Jeanne-Marie Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanne-Marie_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Count Ciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Wright"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany later the same year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor%27s_1937_tour_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Alphonse XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_XIII"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metzelthin1983-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gubler2008-30"},{"link_name":"Giorgio de Chirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Edmond Rostand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Rostand"},{"link_name":"Gabriele D'Annunzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio"},{"link_name":"Paul Morand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morand"},{"link_name":"Walter Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Seiji Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"Anne-Sophie Mutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Fernandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandel"},{"link_name":"Mike Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Todd"},{"link_name":"Eddie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Fisher_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Yul Brynner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yul_Brynner"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Mata Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Hari"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheelwright1992-31"},{"link_name":"Abdelaziz Bouteflika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika"},{"link_name":"Val de Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_de_Grace"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Niggas in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggas_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Watch The Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_The_Throne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Salvador Dalí, pictured at the Hôtel Meurice, spent about a month of each year over 30 years in the old Royal Suite Alphonse XIII.The hotel has accommodated numerous kings, sultans, and other eminent guests.[25] Its location near the seat of government was one of the reasons prompting Miss Howard, mistress and patron of the future Napoleon III, to settle at Le Meurice during Napoleon's stay in the capital. The first monarch to have stayed at the new Meurice in Paris was King Alfonso XIII of Spain. When he was ousted in 1931, the fallen monarch sought refuge at the Meurice and set up the seat of his government in exile.[26] Following him, the Prince of Wales, the kings of Italy, Belgium, Greece, Bulgaria, Denmark, Montenegro, the Shah of Persia, and the Bey of Tunis stayed at the Meurice. Business leaders such as Rockefeller,[clarification needed] politicians like French President Gaston Doumergue, who sometimes dined with his wife Jeanne-Marie Graves, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Count Ciano, the British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, Wilbur Wright,[27] and others were well known guests.[citation needed] The Duke and Duchess of Windsor stayed at Le Meurice on their return from honeymoon in September 1937, and where they announced their intention to tour Nazi Germany later the same year.[28]Salvador Dalí spent about a month of each year over 30 years in the old Royal Suite, (spanning Rooms 106 and 108) which had been used by King Alphonse XIII.[29][30] Others included the Wright Brothers, Giorgio de Chirico, Rudyard Kipling, Edmond Rostand, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Paul Morand, Walter Lippmann, Yehudi Menuhin, Seiji Ozawa, Anne-Sophie Mutter and Plácido Domingo. Past guests also include film stars and directors such as Franco Zeffirelli, Liza Minnelli, Fernandel, Mike Todd, Eddie Fisher, Ginger Rogers, Yul Brynner, Bette Midler, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. The socialite Mata Hari stayed at Le Meurice on several occasions. The manager of the Meurice once even obtained a court order forcing Mata Hari to pay outstanding fees.[31] In December 2006, the President of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, after surgery at the military hospital of Val de Grace, continued his recovery at the Meurice. Housed in a presidential suite, the head of the Algerian state gave a television interview from there on 17 December; he left the Meurice on 31 December to return home.[citation needed] In 2011, Jay-Z and Kanye West recorded their hit \"Niggas in Paris\" at Hôtel Meurice for the Watch The Throne album.[citation needed]","title":"Notable patrons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Is Paris Burning?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Paris_Burning%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"René Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Fred Zinnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Others_(film)"},{"link_name":"Claude Chabrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chabrol"},{"link_name":"Mata Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Hari_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Angel-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel-A"},{"link_name":"Luc Besson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Besson"},{"link_name":"Notre univers impitoyable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_univers_impitoyable"},{"link_name":"Léa Fazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Fazer"},{"link_name":"Les Femmes de l'ombre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Femmes_de_l%27ombre"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Salomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Salom%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Demain dès l'aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demain_d%C3%A8s_l%27aube"},{"link_name":"Denis Dercourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Dercourt"},{"link_name":"La folle histoire d’amour de Simon Eskenazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_folle_histoire_d%E2%80%99amour_de_Simon_Eskenazy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Zilbermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Zilbermann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Midnight in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"W.E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.E._(film)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(2014_film)"}],"text":"The hotel has been a setting for several films, including Is Paris Burning? (1966, René Clément), Julia (1977, Fred Zinnemann), The Blood of Others (1984, Claude Chabrol), Mata Hari (1985, Curtis Harrington), Angel-A (2006, Luc Besson), Notre univers impitoyable (2007, Léa Fazer), Les Femmes de l'ombre (2008, Jean-Paul Salomé), Demain dès l'aube (Denis Dercourt) and La folle histoire d’amour de Simon Eskenazy (Jean-Jacques Zilbermann) in 2009, Midnight in Paris (Woody Allen) and W.E (Madonna) in 2010[32] and Diplomacy in 2014.","title":"In the media"}]
[{"image_text":"Hotel lobby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Le_Meurice14.jpg/250px-Le_Meurice14.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hotel_Meurice_Paris.jpg/250px-Hotel_Meurice_Paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salvador Dalí, pictured at the Hôtel Meurice, spent about a month of each year over 30 years in the old Royal Suite Alphonse XIII.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dali_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Dali_Allan_Warren.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Shah, Nausheen (13 August 2013). \"Crowning the Royals in Paris\". New York Post. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2013/08/13/crowning-the-royals-in-paris/","url_text":"\"Crowning the Royals in Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Clunn, Harold Philip (1958). Face of Paris. Spring Books. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qOsAAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Face of Paris"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Morris (1891). Abroad and at home: practical hints for tourists (Public domain ed.). Brentano's. p. 126. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/abroadandathome00philgoog","url_text":"Abroad and at home: practical hints for tourists"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/abroadandathome00philgoog/page/n140","url_text":"126"}]},{"reference":"O'Ceallaigh, John (8 July 2014). \"The best hotels in Paris\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1393/the-best-hotels-in-paris.html","url_text":"\"The best hotels in Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Gubler, Fritz; Glynn, Raewyn (25 September 2008). Great, grand & famous hotels. Great, Grand & Famous Hotels. pp. 5, 47. ISBN 978-0-9804667-0-6. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5inN5WqkdOAC&pg=PT47","url_text":"Great, grand & famous hotels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804667-0-6","url_text":"978-0-9804667-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Rider, Nick (1 May 2005). Short Breaks Northern France, 2nd. New Holland Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-86011-183-9. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jwG65xpOh9oC&pg=PA33","url_text":"Short Breaks Northern France, 2nd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86011-183-9","url_text":"978-1-86011-183-9"}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, George (1865). Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Italy (Public domain ed.). p. 300. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KnkDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA300","url_text":"Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Italy"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, John William C.; Bradshaw, George (1867). Bradshaw's hand-book to Brittany (Public domain ed.). Adams. pp. 42–. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l2QDAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA42","url_text":"Bradshaw's hand-book to Brittany"}]},{"reference":"Denby, Elaine (2 April 2004). Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion. Reaktion Books. pp. 278–. 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Le Monde (in French). 20 March 1980.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/03/20/dernieres-hesitations-avant-la-cession-du-grand-hotel-a-des-acheteurs-britanniques_2816904_1819218.html#HO5OHKBRC7lzGsVh.99http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/03/20/dernieres-hesitations-avant-la-cession-du-grand-hotel-a-des-acheteurs-britanniques_2816904_1819218.html","url_text":"\"Dernières hésitations avant la cession du Grand Hôtel à des acheteurs britanniques En savoir plus sur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Firm Buys French Hotels\". International Herald Tribune. 19–20 January 1980. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/InternationalHeraldTribune1980FranceEnglish/Jan%2019%201980%2C%20International%20Herald%20Tribune%2C%20%2330149%2C%20France%20%28en%29#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"UK Firm Buys French Hotels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"International Herald Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Roger (24 May 1993). \"Creditors Chip Away at Aga Khan's Legend\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/24/business/creditors-chip-away-at-aga-khan-s-legend.html","url_text":"\"Creditors Chip Away at Aga Khan's Legend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Revzin, Philip (28 May 1997). \"Investing: Aga Khan to Gradually Sell Hotel, Travel Holdings\". The Wall Street Journal. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://ismaili.net/timeline/1997/sell.html","url_text":"\"Investing: Aga Khan to Gradually Sell Hotel, Travel Holdings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Clemente, Maribeth (15 May 2007). The Riches of Paris: A Shopping and Touring Guide. Macmillan. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-312-36163-1. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwohOjAsncC&pg=PA127","url_text":"The Riches of Paris: A Shopping and Touring Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36163-1","url_text":"978-0-312-36163-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel Meurice-Paris\". Hotel Designs. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130408055126/http://www.hoteldesigns.net/review/static/006/","url_text":"\"Hotel Meurice-Paris\""},{"url":"http://www.hoteldesigns.net/review/static/006/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Meurice Hotel, Paris\". Xen Design. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033203/http://xen-design.com/hotel-design/le-meurice-hotel-design-paris/","url_text":"\"Le Meurice Hotel, Paris\""},{"url":"http://xen-design.com/hotel-design/le-meurice-hotel-design-paris/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hotels That Speak to History\". Leaders. 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140610115112/http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2012.1_Jan/Hospitality/LEADERS-Christopher-Cowdray-Dorchester-Collection.html","url_text":"\"Hotels That Speak to History\""},{"url":"http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2012.1_Jan/Hospitality/LEADERS-Christopher-Cowdray-Dorchester-Collection.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Superstar Hotels of Paris\". Condé Nast Traveler. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171022222833/http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/hotels/luxury-hotels-in-paris/page/'the-palace-distinction'","url_text":"\"The New Superstar Hotels of Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveler","url_text":"Condé Nast Traveler"},{"url":"https://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/hotels/luxury-hotels-in-paris/page/'the-palace-distinction'","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sage, Alexandria (September 9, 2013). \"French chef Alain Ducasse rejects the easy 'wow' at Le Meurice\". Reuters. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-chefs-alainducasse-idUSBRE9880L220130909","url_text":"\"French chef Alain Ducasse rejects the easy 'wow' at Le Meurice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Restaurants and bars\". Le Meurice. Retrieved 8 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemeurice.com/restaurants-bars","url_text":"\"Restaurants and bars\""}]},{"reference":"Marcus, J.S. (April 16, 2015). \"Classic Kir Gets a Refreshing Twist\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/classic-kir-gets-a-refreshing-twist-1429216543","url_text":"\"Classic Kir Gets a Refreshing Twist\""}]},{"reference":"Karnow, Stanley (May 1999). \"Grandes Dames\". Gourmet. LIX (5): 118–128. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Grandes Dames\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmet_(magazine)","url_text":"Gourmet"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Catharine (July 1992). \"Paris Journal: Hotel Meruice\". Gourmet. LII (7): 42–45, 104–105. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nIryAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Paris Journal: Hotel Meruice\""}]},{"reference":"McCullough, David (May 5, 2015). The Wright Brothers. Simon and Schuster. pp. 137-147. ISBN 978-1476728766. le meurice.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wrightbrothers0000unse","url_text":"The Wright Brothers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wrightbrothers0000unse/page/137","url_text":"137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476728766","url_text":"978-1476728766"}]},{"reference":"Bloch, M. (1988). The Secret File of the Duke of Windsor. London: Little, Brown. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-34900-108-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-34900-108-1","url_text":"978-0-34900-108-1"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, C P (July 1983). \"Paris Journal\". Gourmet. XLII (7): 6, 44–50. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DqryAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Paris Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Gubler, Fritz (25 December 2008). Waldorf hysteria: hotel manners, misbehaviour & minibars. Great, Grand & Famous Hotels. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-9804667-1-3. Retrieved 12 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kYPFIIt0kQkC&pg=PT18","url_text":"Waldorf hysteria: hotel manners, misbehaviour & minibars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804667-1-3","url_text":"978-0-9804667-1-3"}]},{"reference":"Wheelwright, Julie (1992). The fatal lover: Mata Hari and the myth of women in espionage. Collins & Brown. ISBN 978-1-85585-105-4. Retrieved 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8thmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The fatal lover: Mata Hari and the myth of women in espionage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-105-4","url_text":"978-1-85585-105-4"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Sam. \"Le Meurice Hits the Big Screen this Summer\". Condé Nast Traveler. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926055553/http://www.cntraveller.com/news/2011/may/le-meurice-in-allen-film","url_text":"\"Le Meurice Hits the Big Screen this Summer\""},{"url":"https://www.cntraveller.com/news/2011/may/le-meurice-in-allen-film","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs
Mission Santa Clara de Asís
["1 History","2 Santa Clara Mission Cemetery","2.1 Notable burials","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°20′57″N 121°56′29″W / 37.3493°N 121.9415°W / 37.3493; -121.941518th-century Spanish mission in California Mission Santa ClaraMission Santa Clara de Asís, shown in 2008Location in Santa Clara CountyLocationPalm Drive and Alviso Street intersection, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CaliforniaCoordinates37°20′57″N 121°56′29″W / 37.3493°N 121.9415°W / 37.3493; -121.9415Name as foundedLa Misión Santa Clara de AsísEnglish translationThe Mission of Saint Clare of AssisiFounding dateJanuary 12, 1777Founding priest(s)Father Presidente Junípero SerraFounding OrderEighthMilitary districtFourthNative tribe(s)Spanish name(s)Bay Miwok, Tamyen, YokutsCosteñoNative place name(s)SocoisukaBaptisms8,536Marriages2,498Burials6,809Neophyte population1,125Secularized1836Governing bodySanta Clara University; Roman Catholic Diocese of San JoseCurrent useUniversity of the chapel; Parish church California Historical LandmarkReference no.#338 Websitewww.scu.edu/missionchurch/ Mission Santa Clara de Asís (Spanish: Misión Santa Clara de Asís) is a Spanish mission in the city of Santa Clara, California. The mission, which was the eighth in California, was founded on January 12, 1777, by the Franciscans. Named for Saint Clare of Assisi, who founded the order of the Poor Clares and was an early companion of St. Francis of Assisi, this was the first California mission to be named in honor of a woman. It is the namesake of both the city and county of Santa Clara, as well as of Santa Clara University, which was built around the mission. This is the only mission located on the grounds of a university campus. Although ruined and rebuilt six times, the settlement was never abandoned, and today it functions as the university chapel for Santa Clara University. History Painting of Mission Santa Clara, 1849. The outpost was originally established as La Misión Santa Clara de Thamien (or Mission Santa Clara de Thamien, a reference to the Tamien people) at the Native American village of So-co-is-u-ka (meaning "Laurelwood", located on the Guadalupe River) on January 12, 1777. There the Franciscan brothers erected a cross and shelter for worship to bring Christianity to the Ohlone people. Floods, fires, and earthquakes damaged many of the early structures and forced relocation to higher ground. The second site is known as Mission Santa Clara de Asís. A subsequent site of the mission dating from 1784 to 1819 is located several hundred yards west of the De La Cruz overpass of the Caltrain track; moreover, several Native American burial sites have been discovered near this subsequent site. The current site, home to the first college in Alta California, dates back to 1828. The Six Churches of Santa Clara de Asís Construction Number Dates of Use Date of Abandonment Cause Materials Cemetery 1 1777-1779 1779 flooding wood yes 2 1779-1784 1784 abandoned wood yes 3 1784-1818 1818-1825 earthquake, water adobe yes 4 1818-1825 1867 demolition adobe no 5 1825-1926 1926 fire adobe yes (in use from 1825-1851) 6 (same site as 5) 1928-present masonry no Initially, there was tension between the people of the mission and those in the nearby Pueblo de San Josè over disputed ownership rights of land and water. The tension was relieved when a road, the Alameda, was built by two hundred Native Americans to link the communities together. On Sundays, people from San Jose would come to the mission for services, until the building of St. Joseph's Church in 1803. In that year, the mission of Santa Clara reported a Native American population of 1,271. In the same tabular report, its resident priest estimated that 10,000 cattle, 9,500 sheep, 730 horses, 35 mules, and 55 swine were on mission lands, while about 3,000 fanegas of grain (some 220 pounds (100 kg) each of wheat, barley or corn) had been harvested. Mission Santa Clara de Asís, c. 1910 A view toward the altar of the exquisitely ornate Mission Santa Clara de Asís chapel, c. 1897 After the Mexican secularization act of 1833 most of the mission's land and livestock was sold off by Mexico. The mission land was subdivided, and the land sold to whoever could afford it which often meant it was sold to government officials and with half of the mission land going to Native Americans. Most of the buildings continued to be used as a parish church, unlike the other missions in California. By 1836, the mission Native Americans were "freed" by the Mexican government. The local land near the mission had drastically changed in the 60 years of mission operation under the Spanish and many of the native plants needed for Native American survival were gone, requiring a change from the former lifestyle for many Native Americans. Many Native Americans fled to the Central Valley of California, others stayed locally and worked for the new ranchos. There were a few small and short-lived Native American villages established around the Bay Area by 1839; many of these villages could not support themselves, so they began raiding the nearby ranchos. In 1850, California became a state. With that change, priests of the Jesuit order took over the Mission Santa Clara de Asís in 1851 from the Franciscans. Father John Nobili, S.J., was put in charge of the mission. He began a college on the mission site in 1851, which grew into Santa Clara University; it is the only mission to become part of a university, and it is also the oldest university in California. Throughout the history of the mission, the bells have rung faithfully every evening, a promise made to King Charles III of Spain when he sent the original bells to the mission in 1777. He asked that the bells be rung each evening at 8:30 in memory of those who had died, although the actual bells have since been replaced by a recording. The bell tower has three bells; one was donated by King Carlos IV but subsequently destroyed in a fire. King Alphonso XIII donated a replacement bell, which is on display in the de Saisset Museum (in the mission). In 1861, a new wooden façade with two bell towers was attached over the old adobe front of the building. The interior was widened in 1885 to increase the seating capacity by removing the original adobe nave walls. A fire in 1925 destroyed the structure, including the surrounding wall. The church's parochial functions were transferred to the Saint Clare Parish west of the campus. A rebuilt and restored Mission Santa Clara was consecrated in 1929, when it assumed its primary modern function as chapel and centerpiece of the university campus. It is open to visitors daily; the mission museum is located in the university's De Saisset Museum. The original mission cemetery, still in use, is located on nearby Lincoln Street. Santa Clara Mission Cemetery Santa Clara Mission Cemetery, also known as Santa Clara Catholic Cemetery, was founded in 1777, alongside the mission by the same Franciscans. In 1851, when Santa Clara College was founded, the cemetery near the mission was running out of space, so they moved the location a few minutes walk from the mission near the adobe home of Fernando Berryessa, son of Maria Zacharias Bernal y Berryessa. In the 1930s, this cemetery completed its first indoor mausoleum. In part due to the popularity of mausoleum burial, in 2015, they began building the St. Ignatius Outdoor Mausoleum Complex. Notable burials Peter Hardeman Burnett (1807–1895), judge, the first elected governor of California, serving from December 20, 1849, to January 9, 1851, and the first to resign from office. Marv Owen (1906–1991), baseball player for the Detroit Tigers (1931–37), Chicago White Sox (1938–39) and Boston Red Sox (1940) and a baseball coach. Cardinal Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei (1901–2000), Catholic Bishop of Shanghai, China, from 1950 until his death in 2000. Archbishop Dominic Tang (1908–1995), Chinese Jesuit priest and Bishop in 1951 and later archbishop of Canton. Tiburcio Vásquez (1835–1875), Californio bandido who was active in California from 1854 to 1874. See also Spanish missions in California List of Spanish missions in California USNS Mission Santa Clara (AO-132) – a Buenaventura-class fleet oiler built during World War II Notes ^ Though Serra is generally credited with the Mission's founding, it was Father Tomás de la Peña who actually celebrated the first mass at the site. ^ a b c Mission Santa Clara witnessed the greatest number of baptisms, marriages, and burials of any settlement in the Alta California chain. References Citations ^ a b Leffingwell 2005, p. 137. ^ Yenne 2004, p. 80. ^ a b Ruscin 1999, p. 196. ^ a b Krell 1979, p. 167. ^ Forbes 1839, p. 202. ^ Ruscin 1999, p. 195. ^ a b c d e Krell 1979, p. 315. ^ "Santa Clara de Asís". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ Ruscin 1999, p. 79. ^ Giglio 1988, p. 3.11-1. ^ Skowronek, Russel K.; Wizorek, Julie C. (Summer 1997). "Archaeology at Santa Clara de Asís: The Slow Rediscovery of a Moveable Mission". Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 33 (3): 55. Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ Shannon E. Clark, The Alameda: The Beautiful Way, San Jose: Alameda Business Association, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4243-1868-1, p. 2. ^ a b c d e Stanley, Tim (February 2, 2012). "Indian Warrior Yozcolo Set Roots in Los Gatos". Los Gatos, CA Patch. Retrieved November 10, 2019. ^ a b Pugh, Teresa (2006). "History of Mission Santa Clara de Asis". Santa Clara University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2013. ^ Fodor's (December 21, 2010). Fodor's Northern California 2011: With Napa, Sonoma, Yosemite, San Francisco & Lake Tahoe. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4000-0503-1. Retrieved December 25, 2011. ^ "Mission Church Bell Tower". Mission Santa Clara Unearthed. Santa Clara University. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ Kimbro, Edna; Costello, Julia G.; Ball, Tevvy (October 20, 2009). The California Missions: History, Art and Preservation. Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 978-0-89236-983-6. ^ Lichtenstein, Bea (2005). "Images of America Series". Cemeteries of Santa Clara. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738530130. ^ Santa Clara Mission Cemetery. Santa Clara University ^ "Herhold: Santa Clara's graveyard teaches us about the past". The Mercury News. March 5, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Home is Where the City Begins". The Silicon Valley Voice. September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ a b "Santa Clara Mission Cemetery Prepares for its Next Project | The Valley Catholic News". The Valley Catholic. November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Peter Hardeman Burnett". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Highlights of the Funeral". Cardinal Kung Foundation. 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Remembering Archbishop Tang Yee-Ming, SJ". The Cardinal Kung Foundation. 1995. Archived from the original on August 26, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Tiburcio Vasquez – California Desperado". Legends of America. Retrieved January 22, 2020. Sources Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Cornhill, London: Smith, Elder and Co. Giglio, Gary, C. (September 1988). "Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Amendment, Rezoning and Development of a Portion of FMC Corporation's Coleman Avenue Facility, Earth Metrics Inc" (Press release). City of Santa Clara, California.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Krell, Dorothy (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Publishing Co. Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, Inc. ISBN 0-89658-492-5. Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 0-932653-30-8. Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego, CA: Advantage Publishers Group. ISBN 1-59223-319-8. Further reading Jones Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Landham, MD: Altimira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1. Levy, Richard (1978). William C. Sturrent; Robert F. Heizer (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8 (California). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 486. ISBN 0-87474-188-2. Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN 0-87919-132-5. Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Santa Clara de Asís. Official website Early photographs, sketches of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, via Calisphere, California Digital Library Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (106)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive. vteFranciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá (1769) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1770) San Antonio de Padua (1771) San Gabriel Arcángel (1771) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa (1772) San Francisco de Asís (1776) San Juan Capistrano (1776) Santa Clara de Asís (1777) San Buenaventura (1782) Santa Barbara (1786) La Purísima Concepción (1787) Santa Cruz (1791) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (1791) San José (1797) San Juan Bautista (1797) San Miguel Arcángel (1797) San Fernando Rey de España (1797) San Luis Rey de Francia (1798) Santa Inés (1804) San Rafael Arcángel (1817) San Francisco Solano (1823) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles (1784) San Pedro y San Pablo (1786) Santa Margarita de Cortona (1787) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala (1816) Santa Ysabel (1818) Estancias San Francisco Xavier (Castaic) (1804) San Bernardino de Sena (1819) Santa Ana (1820) Las Flores (1823) Military districts First, San Diego (1769) Second, Santa Barbara (1782) Third, Monterey (1770) Fourth, San Francisco (1776) Sonoma Barracks (1836) Related Architecture of the California missions Junípero Serra Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real California mission project List of missions Catholicism portal vteRoman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in CaliforniaParishes, regions, and notable personsOrdinaries Bishops Pierre DuMaine Patrick Joseph McGrath Oscar Cantú (current bishop) Auxiliary bishops Thomas Anthony Daly Cities Campbell Cupertino Gilroy Los Altos Los Gatos Milpitas Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Jose Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Parishes Saint Athanasius Parish Saint Clare Parish Five Wounds Portuguese National Parish Saint Frances Cabrini Parish Holy Cross Church Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph Saint Joseph Parish Saint Joseph of Cupertino Parish Saint Julie Billiart Parish Our Lady of La Vang Parish Saint Leo the Great Parish Saint Lucy Parish Saint Martin of Tours Parish Our Lady of Peace Shrine Sacred Heart Church Saint Thomas Aquinas Parish Church of the Transfiguration Saint Victor Parish Oratories, chapels,and missions Oratory of Our Mother of Perpetual Help Saint Brother Albert Chmielowski Polish Mission Mission Santa Clara EducationPrimary schools Sacred Heart School Saint Joseph of Cupertino School Saint Leo the Great School Saint Patrick School Saint Victor School Saint Clare School Catholic Academy of Sunnyvale High schools Bellarmine College Preparatory Cristo Rey San José Jesuit High School Notre Dame High School Archbishop Mitty High School Saint Francis High School Presentation High School Closed Saint Lawrence Academy Universities Santa Clara University Media The Valley Catholic Catholicism portal vteSanta Clara UniversityColleges & schools College of Arts & Sciences Leavey School of Business Education, Counseling Psychology & Pastoral Ministries (ECPPM) School of Engineering Jesuit School of Theology School of Law Centers of Distinction Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Center for Science, Technology, and Society Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education Life The Santa Clara KSCU Malley Fitness Center De Saisset Museum Mission Santa Clara de Asís Santa Clara Depot Noted alumni and faculty Athletics Santa Clara Broncos Baseball Football Men's basketball Women's basketball Men's soccer Women's soccer Leavey Center Stevens Stadium Stephen Schott Stadium Santa Clara fight song Portal: San Francisco Bay Area Authority control databases International VIAF National Catalonia United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Clare of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"},{"link_name":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuscin199979-11"}],"text":"18th-century Spanish mission in CaliforniaMission Santa Clara de Asís (Spanish: Misión Santa Clara de Asís) is a Spanish mission in the city of Santa Clara, California. The mission, which was the eighth in California, was founded on January 12, 1777, by the Franciscans. Named for Saint Clare of Assisi, who founded the order of the Poor Clares and was an early companion of St. Francis of Assisi, this was the first California mission to be named in honor of a woman.[8]It is the namesake of both the city and county of Santa Clara, as well as of Santa Clara University, which was built around the mission. This is the only mission located on the grounds of a university campus. Although ruined and rebuilt six times, the settlement was never abandoned,[9] and today it functions as the university chapel for Santa Clara University.","title":"Mission Santa Clara de Asís"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs_(1849;_oil_on_canvas).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamien_people"},{"link_name":"Laurelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbellularia"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"Ohlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone"},{"link_name":"The second site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cross_Park"},{"link_name":"Caltrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio19883.11-1-12"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuscin1999196-3"},{"link_name":"Pueblo de San Josè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_of_San_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"the Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alameda_(San_Jose)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_(San_Jose)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1910_William_Amos_Haines.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1897_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexican secularization act of 1833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PughSCU-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)"},{"link_name":"ranchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"John Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nobili"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fodor's2010-17"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PughSCU-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Saint Clare Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Clare_Parish"},{"link_name":"De Saisset Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Painting of Mission Santa Clara, 1849.The outpost was originally established as La Misión Santa Clara de Thamien (or Mission Santa Clara de Thamien, a reference to the Tamien people) at the Native American village of So-co-is-u-ka (meaning \"Laurelwood\", located on the Guadalupe River) on January 12, 1777. There the Franciscan brothers erected a cross and shelter for worship to bring Christianity to the Ohlone people. Floods, fires, and earthquakes damaged many of the early structures and forced relocation to higher ground. The second site is known as Mission Santa Clara de Asís. A subsequent site of the mission dating from 1784 to 1819 is located several hundred yards west of the De La Cruz overpass of the Caltrain track; moreover, several Native American burial sites have been discovered near this subsequent site.[10] The current site, home to the first college in Alta California, dates back to 1828.[3]Initially, there was tension between the people of the mission and those in the nearby Pueblo de San Josè over disputed ownership rights of land and water. The tension was relieved when a road, the Alameda, was built by two hundred Native Americans to link the communities together.[12] On Sundays, people from San Jose would come to the mission for services, until the building of St. Joseph's Church in 1803. In that year, the mission of Santa Clara reported a Native American population of 1,271. In the same tabular report, its resident priest estimated that 10,000 cattle, 9,500 sheep, 730 horses, 35 mules, and 55 swine were on mission lands, while about 3,000 fanegas of grain (some 220 pounds (100 kg) each of wheat, barley or corn) had been harvested.[citation needed]Mission Santa Clara de Asís, c. 1910A view toward the altar of the exquisitely ornate Mission Santa Clara de Asís chapel, c. 1897After the Mexican secularization act of 1833 most of the mission's land and livestock was sold off by Mexico. The mission land was subdivided, and the land sold to whoever could afford it which often meant it was sold to government officials and with half of the mission land going to Native Americans.[13] Most of the buildings continued to be used as a parish church, unlike the other missions in California.[14] By 1836, the mission Native Americans were \"freed\" by the Mexican government.[13] The local land near the mission had drastically changed in the 60 years of mission operation under the Spanish and many of the native plants needed for Native American survival were gone, requiring a change from the former lifestyle for many Native Americans.[13] Many Native Americans fled to the Central Valley of California, others stayed locally and worked for the new ranchos.[13] There were a few small and short-lived Native American villages established around the Bay Area by 1839; many of these villages could not support themselves, so they began raiding the nearby ranchos.[13]In 1850, California became a state. With that change, priests of the Jesuit order took over the Mission Santa Clara de Asís in 1851 from the Franciscans. Father John Nobili, S.J., was put in charge of the mission. He began a college on the mission site in 1851, which grew into Santa Clara University;[15] it is the only mission to become part of a university, and it is also the oldest university in California. Throughout the history of the mission, the bells have rung faithfully every evening, a promise made to King Charles III of Spain when he sent the original bells to the mission in 1777. He asked that the bells be rung each evening at 8:30 in memory of those who had died, although the actual bells have since been replaced by a recording.[16] The bell tower has three bells; one was donated by King Carlos IV but subsequently destroyed in a fire. King Alphonso XIII donated a replacement bell, which is on display in the de Saisset Museum (in the mission).In 1861, a new wooden façade with two bell towers was attached over the old adobe front of the building. The interior was widened in 1885 to increase the seating capacity by removing the original adobe nave walls.[14][17] A fire in 1925 destroyed the structure, including the surrounding wall. The church's parochial functions were transferred to the Saint Clare Parish west of the campus. A rebuilt and restored Mission Santa Clara was consecrated in 1929, when it assumed its primary modern function as chapel and centerpiece of the university campus. It is open to visitors daily; the mission museum is located in the university's De Saisset Museum.\nThe original mission cemetery, still in use, is located on nearby Lincoln Street.[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"Fernando Berryessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berreyesa_family"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"}],"text":"Santa Clara Mission Cemetery, also known as Santa Clara Catholic Cemetery, was founded in 1777, alongside the mission by the same Franciscans.[20] In 1851, when Santa Clara College was founded, the cemetery near the mission was running out of space, so they moved the location a few minutes walk from the mission near the adobe home of Fernando Berryessa, son of Maria Zacharias Bernal y Berryessa.[21]In the 1930s, this cemetery completed its first indoor mausoleum.[22] In part due to the popularity of mausoleum burial, in 2015, they began building the St. Ignatius Outdoor Mausoleum Complex.[22]","title":"Santa Clara Mission Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Hardeman Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hardeman_Burnett"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Marv Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Owen"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei"},{"link_name":"Catholic Bishop of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dominic Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Tang"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canton"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tiburcio Vásquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburcio_V%C3%A1squez"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Notable burials","text":"Peter Hardeman Burnett (1807–1895), judge, the first elected governor of California, serving from December 20, 1849, to January 9, 1851, and the first to resign from office.[23]\nMarv Owen (1906–1991), baseball player for the Detroit Tigers (1931–37), Chicago White Sox (1938–39) and Boston Red Sox (1940) and a baseball coach.\nCardinal Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei (1901–2000), Catholic Bishop of Shanghai, China, from 1950 until his death in 2000.[24]\nArchbishop Dominic Tang (1908–1995), Chinese Jesuit priest and Bishop in 1951 and later archbishop of Canton.[25]\nTiburcio Vásquez (1835–1875), Californio bandido who was active in California from 1854 to 1874.[26]","title":"Santa Clara Mission Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeffingwell2005137-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baptismsetc_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baptismsetc_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Baptismsetc_9-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrell1979315-8"}],"text":"^ Though Serra is generally credited with the Mission's founding, it was Father Tomás de la Peña who actually celebrated the first mass at the site.[1]\n\n^ a b c Mission Santa Clara witnessed the greatest number of baptisms, marriages, and burials of any settlement in the Alta California chain.[7]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7591-0872-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1"},{"link_name":"Handbook of North American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87474-188-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-188-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87919-132-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5"},{"link_name":"A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-890771-13-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890771-13-9"}],"text":"Jones Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Landham, MD: Altimira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.\nLevy, Richard (1978). William C. Sturrent; Robert F. Heizer (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8 (California). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 486. ISBN 0-87474-188-2.\nMilliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN 0-87919-132-5.\nPaddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Painting of Mission Santa Clara, 1849.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs_%281849%3B_oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/240px-Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs_%281849%3B_oil_on_canvas%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mission Santa Clara de Asís, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1910_William_Amos_Haines.jpg/300px-Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1910_William_Amos_Haines.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view toward the altar of the exquisitely ornate Mission Santa Clara de Asís chapel, c. 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1897_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg/300px-Santa_Clara_de_Asis_circa_1897_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Spanish missions in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"title":"List of Spanish missions in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"title":"USNS Mission Santa Clara (AO-132)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mission_Santa_Clara_(AO-132)"},{"title":"Buenaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mission_Buenaventura_(AO%E2%80%91111)"},{"title":"fleet oiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiler_(ship)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Santa Clara de Asís\". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-santa-clara/","url_text":"\"Santa Clara de Asís\""}]},{"reference":"Skowronek, Russel K.; Wizorek, Julie C. (Summer 1997). \"Archaeology at Santa Clara de Asís: The Slow Rediscovery of a Moveable Mission\". Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 33 (3): 55. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcas.org/Vol33N3.html","url_text":"\"Archaeology at Santa Clara de Asís: The Slow Rediscovery of a Moveable Mission\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Tim (February 2, 2012). \"Indian Warrior Yozcolo Set Roots in Los Gatos\". Los Gatos, CA Patch. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/california/losgatos/bp--blog-indian-warrior-yozcolo-set-roots-in-los-gatos","url_text":"\"Indian Warrior Yozcolo Set Roots in Los Gatos\""}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Teresa (2006). \"History of Mission Santa Clara de Asis\". Santa Clara University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150627043512/http://www.scu.edu/missionchurch/history/","url_text":"\"History of Mission Santa Clara de Asis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University","url_text":"Santa Clara University"},{"url":"http://www.scu.edu/missionchurch/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fodor's (December 21, 2010). Fodor's Northern California 2011: With Napa, Sonoma, Yosemite, San Francisco & Lake Tahoe. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4000-0503-1. Retrieved December 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ORayPYO-TvcC&pg=PA95","url_text":"Fodor's Northern California 2011: With Napa, Sonoma, Yosemite, San Francisco & Lake Tahoe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0503-1","url_text":"978-1-4000-0503-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Mission Church Bell Tower\". Mission Santa Clara Unearthed. Santa Clara University. Retrieved January 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://santaclaraunearthed.squarespace.com/new-blog/2015/6/13/mission-church-bell-tower","url_text":"\"Mission Church Bell Tower\""}]},{"reference":"Kimbro, Edna; Costello, Julia G.; Ball, Tevvy (October 20, 2009). The California Missions: History, Art and Preservation. Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 978-0-89236-983-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-983-6","url_text":"978-0-89236-983-6"}]},{"reference":"Lichtenstein, Bea (2005). \"Images of America Series\". Cemeteries of Santa Clara. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738530130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"Arcadia Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738530130","url_text":"9780738530130"}]},{"reference":"\"Herhold: Santa Clara's graveyard teaches us about the past\". The Mercury News. March 5, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2013/03/05/herhold-santa-claras-graveyard-teaches-us-about-the-past/","url_text":"\"Herhold: Santa Clara's graveyard teaches us about the past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home is Where the City Begins\". The Silicon Valley Voice. September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svvoice.com/home-is-where-the-city-begins/","url_text":"\"Home is Where the City Begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Clara Mission Cemetery Prepares for its Next Project | The Valley Catholic News\". The Valley Catholic. November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvc.dsj.org/2015/11/12/santa-clara-mission-cemetery-prepares-for-its-next-project/","url_text":"\"Santa Clara Mission Cemetery Prepares for its Next Project | The Valley Catholic News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Hardeman Burnett\". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.org/governor/peter-hardeman-burnett/","url_text":"\"Peter Hardeman Burnett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highlights of the Funeral\". Cardinal Kung Foundation. 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/ck/CKfhighlights.php","url_text":"\"Highlights of the Funeral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Archbishop Tang Yee-Ming, SJ\". The Cardinal Kung Foundation. 1995. Archived from the original on August 26, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050826131204/http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/articles/tang.htm","url_text":"\"Remembering Archbishop Tang Yee-Ming, SJ\""},{"url":"http://www.cardinalkungfoundation.org/articles/tang.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiburcio Vasquez – California Desperado\". Legends of America. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-tiburciovasquez/","url_text":"\"Tiburcio Vasquez – California Desperado\""}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Cornhill, London: Smith, Elder and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NH4FAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"California: A History of Upper and Lower California"}]},{"reference":"Giglio, Gary, C. (September 1988). \"Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Amendment, Rezoning and Development of a Portion of FMC Corporation's Coleman Avenue Facility, Earth Metrics Inc\" (Press release). City of Santa Clara, California.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krell, Dorothy (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Publishing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, Inc. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89658-492-5","url_text":"0-89658-492-5"}]},{"reference":"Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932653-30-8","url_text":"0-932653-30-8"}]},{"reference":"Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego, CA: Advantage Publishers Group. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59223-319-8","url_text":"1-59223-319-8"}]},{"reference":"Jones Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Landham, MD: Altimira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1","url_text":"978-0-7591-0872-1"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Richard (1978). William C. Sturrent; Robert F. Heizer (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8 (California). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 486. ISBN 0-87474-188-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians","url_text":"Handbook of North American Indians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-188-2","url_text":"0-87474-188-2"}]},{"reference":"Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN 0-87919-132-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5","url_text":"0-87919-132-5"}]},{"reference":"Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh","url_text":"A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890771-13-9","url_text":"1-890771-13-9"}]},{"reference":"Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). \"California Missions (106)\". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huell_Howser","url_text":"Howser, Huell"},{"url":"http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2000/12/08/california-missions-california-missions-106/","url_text":"\"California Missions (106)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_University","url_text":"Chapman University"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elden_Ring
Elden Ring
["1 Gameplay","2 Synopsis","2.1 Premise","2.2 Plot","3 Development and release","4 Reception","4.1 Sales","4.2 Awards","5 References","6 Notes","7 External links"]
2022 video game 2022 video gameElden RingDeveloper(s)FromSoftwarePublisher(s)Bandai Namco EntertainmentJP: FromSoftwareDirector(s)Hidetaka MiyazakiYui TanimuraProducer(s)Yuzo KojimaDesigner(s)Yosuke KayugawaRyu MatsumotoProgrammer(s)Takeshi SuzukiYuki KidoArtist(s)Hidenori SatoRyo FujimakiWriter(s)Hidetaka MiyazakiGeorge R. R. MartinComposer(s)Tsukasa SaitohShoi MiyazawaTai TomisawaYuka KitamuraYoshimi KudoPlatform(s)PlayStation 4PlayStation 5WindowsXbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseFebruary 25, 2022Genre(s)Action role-playingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Elden Ring is a 2022 action role-playing game developed by FromSoftware. It was directed by Hidetaka Miyazaki with worldbuilding provided by fantasy writer George R. R. Martin. It was published for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on February 25 by FromSoftware in Japan and Bandai Namco Entertainment internationally. Players control a customizable player character on a quest to repair the Elden Ring and become the new Elden Lord. Elden Ring is presented through a third-person perspective with players freely roaming its open world. The six main areas are traversed using the player character's steed Torrent as the primary mode of travel. Linear, hidden dungeons can be explored to find useful items. Players can use several types of weapons and magic spells, including non-direct engagement enabled by stealth mechanics. Throughout the game's world, checkpoints enable fast travel and allow players to improve their attributes using an in-game currency called runes. Elden Ring features an online multiplayer mode in which players join through cooperative play to fight bosses or engage in player versus player combat. FromSoftware wanted to create an open-world game based on Dark Souls. Miyazaki admired Martin's previous work and hoped that his contributions would produce a more accessible narrative than those of the company's earlier games. Martin was given unrestricted freedom to design the backstory, while Miyazaki was lead writer for the in-game narrative. The developers concentrated on environmental scale, role-playing, and the story; the scale required the construction of several structures inside the open world. Elden Ring has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time, with praise directed towards its open world, gameplay systems, and setting, despite some criticism for its technical performance. It won several Game of the Year awards and sold 25 million copies, making it one of the best-selling games of all time. The downloadable content Shadow of the Erdtree is scheduled for release in June 2024. Gameplay The player on Torrent, fighting a dragon. Elden Ring is an action role-playing game set in third-person perspective. It includes elements that are similar to those in other FromSoftware-developed games, such as the Dark Souls series, Bloodborne, and Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice. The game is set in an open world; players can freely explore the Lands Between and its six main areas, which include Limgrave—an area of grassy plains and ancient ruins—and Caelid, a wasteland that is home to undead monsters. The open world is explored using the character's mount Torrent as the main mode of transportation, though players may use fast travel outside combat. Throughout the game, players encounter non-player characters (NPCs) and enemies, including demigods who rule each main area and serve as the game's main bosses. Aside from the main areas, Elden Ring has hidden dungeons, catacombs, tunnels, and caves where players can fight bosses and gather helpful items. At the game's start, the player chooses a character class, which determines their starting spells, equipment, and attributes. Combat with enemies can be within melee, or from a distance using ranged weapons. Enemy attacks can be dodged or blocked using shields. Spells allow players to enhance their weapons, fight enemies from afar, and restore lost hit points. The player can memorize a limited amount of these spells, which can be cast using a staff or sacred seal item. Weapons can be improved using ashes of war, which are obtainable "enchantments" that grant weapons new capabilities. Ashes of war can be applied to or removed from weapons, and each Ash adds a weapon art, a special ability that can be used during combat. Aside from direct combat, stealth mechanics can be used to avoid enemies or allow the targeting of foes with critical hits while hidden. Staggering enemies and parrying their attacks can also create opportunities for critical hits. Checkpoints called sites of grace are located throughout the game; in these places, characters can increase the power of their attributes, change memorized spells, swap ashes of war, or walk to using fast travel. Upon death, players respawn at the last site of grace they interacted with. Alternatively, they may choose to respawn at certain locations highlighted by "stakes of Marika" provided they died nearby. To increase their attributes at sites of grace, the player must spend runes, an in-game currency that is acquired by defeating enemies. Runes can be used to buy items, and improve weapons and armor. Dying in Elden Ring causes the player to lose all collected runes at the location of death; if the player dies again before retrieving the runes, they will be lost forever. Elden Ring contains crafting mechanics; the creation of items requires materials. Recipes, which are required for the crafting of items, can be found inside collectibles called cookbooks, which are scattered throughout the world. Materials can be collected by defeating enemies, exploring the game's world, or by trading with merchant NPCs. Crafted items include poison darts, exploding pots, and consumables that temporarily increase the player's combat strength. Similar to the Dark Souls games, the player can summon friendly NPCs called spirits to fight enemies. Summoning each type of spirit requires its equivalent Spirit Ash; different types of Spirit Ashes can be discovered as the player explores the game world. Spirits can only be summoned near structures called Rebirth Monuments, which are primarily found in large areas and inside boss fight arenas. Elden Ring has a multiplayer system that allows players to be summoned for both cooperative and player-versus-player (PvP) play over the Internet. Cooperative play involves the placing of a summon sign on the ground, which causes the sign to become visible to online players who have used a corresponding item. If another player interacts with the sign, the player who placed the sign is summoned into their world. Cooperative players remain in the same world until the boss of the area is defeated or until a summoned player dies and is returned to their home world. In PvP combat, a summon sign is used to challenge another player to a duel, or the player can use additional items to invade the worlds of others. World hosts may use a "taunter's tongue" to increase the likelihood their world will be invaded by others and to decrease the time between invasions. Synopsis Premise Elden Ring takes place in the Lands Between, a fictional realm over which several demigods rule. It was previously ruled over by the immortal Queen Marika, who acted as keeper of the Elden Ring, a powerful force that manifested itself as the physical concept of order. When Marika shattered the Elden Ring and disappeared, her demigod children, including Starscourge Radahn and Malenia, began fighting over pieces of the Ring in an event called The Shattering. Each demigod has a shard of the Ring called a Great Rune, which corrupts them with power. In the game, the player character is a Tarnished, one of a group of exiles from the Lands Between who are summoned back after the Shattering. The player must traverse the realm to repair the Elden Ring and become the Elden Lord. Plot Early in their journey to repair the Elden Ring, the player-character Tarnished encounters a maiden named Melina. Because the Tarnished is maidenless, Melina offers to act as their maiden, granting them the ability to turn runes into strength and giving the Tarnished a steed named Torrent. In exchange, Melina requires the Tarnished to take her to the Erdtree, the home of the Elden Ring. Melina later takes the Tarnished to the Roundtable Hold, a gathering place for other Tarnished seeking to repair the Elden Ring. The Hold's benefactor, the Two Fingers, instructs the Tarnished to collect the Great Runes and bring them to the Erdtree, where they can be used to repair the Elden Ring. The Tarnished travels into the Lands Between, investigating its locales and defeating the demigods. After recovering at least two Great Runes, the Two Fingers allows them to battle Morgott the Grace-Given, the demigod guarding the Erdtree. The Tarnished defeats Morgott but finds a wall of thorns blocking the Erdtree's interior. Melina arrives and advises the Tarnished to find the Flame of Ruin, which they can use to ignite the Erdtree and destroy the thorns. The Tarnished is free to travel towards the Flame of Ruin or search for a way to harness the equally powerful Frenzied Flame. If, upon obtaining the Flame of Ruin, the Tarnished did not gain the power of the Frenzied Flame, Melina takes the Flame of Ruin and sacrifices herself to set alight the Erdtree. If the Tarnished gained the power of the Frenzied Flame, Melina abandons the Tarnished, forcing them to use the Frenzied Flame to set alight the Erdtree. While the Erdtree burns, the Tarnished is transported to the ruined city Farum Azula. After defeating Maliketh the Black Blade and using his Rune of Death to fuel the fire, the Tarnished is returned to the foot of the scorched Erdtree. Inside, they fight Radagon, Queen Marika's consort cohabitating her body, and the tree's guardian the Elden Beast. After both are vanquished, the Tarnished gains access to Marika's shattered corpse, which contains the remains of the Elden Ring. Depending on the Tarnished's actions during the game, six different endings can be achieved; the primary of which include the Tarnished becoming the Elden Lord, the Elden Ring being destroyed by Ranni the Witch, and the Tarnished using the Frenzied Flame to destroy the Lands Between. The three alternate endings include an Age of Order, brought about by perfecting the Elden Ring, the Age of the Duskborn, embedding the principle of "Life within Death" into Order, and the Blessing of Despair, overtaking the Lands Between with a reviled curse. Development and release Elden Ring was directed by Hidetaka Miyazaki (top) with worldbuilding provided by fantasy writer George R. R. Martin (bottom) FromSoftware's Dark Souls series of games is noted for its high level of difficulty. Director Hidetaka Miyazaki wanted to create an open world game, intending Elden Ring as a mechanical evolution of Dark Souls. Elden Ring was designed to have a more-expansive environment than the narrow dungeons of FromSoftware's previous games; Miyazaki hoped the grander scale would add freedom and depth to exploration. FromSoftware approached American author George R. R. Martin, creator of the fantasy-novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, to provide worldbuilding for Elden Ring. Miyazaki, a fan of Martin's work, hoped his contributions would produce a more-accessible narrative than those of the studio's earlier games. Miyazaki remained lead writer for the game's main storyline but gave Martin creative freedom to write about events that occurred before the main narrative. Miyazaki compared the process to using a "dungeon master's handbook in a tabletop ". As with many of FromSoftware's previous games, the story was designed to be poorly explained; the developers wanted players to interpret the story for themselves via flavor text and optional discussions with non-player characters (NPCs). Miyazaki said he enjoyed writing NPCs with more detail, believing they are more compelling than those in his earlier works. In an interview with IGN, Miyazaki said he chose to give Martin control over the backstory because of the restrictions FromSoftware's method of storytelling placed on writers. He noted FromSoftware did not want a linear or story-focused game, and by giving Martin oversight of a backstory with which the player is not directly involved, he could allow Martin to freely design his contributions. Some staff from Game of Thrones, a television series adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, assisted with the game's development. Production of the game began in early 2017 following the release of The Ringed City, a piece of downloadable content (DLC) for Dark Souls III. Elden Ring was developed alongside Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, which Miyazaki also directed. He said although the combat in Elden Ring has similarities to that in Sekiro, neither game directly inspired the mechanics of the other. FromSoftware simultaneously developed both games using a "co-director" structure in which each of the games had a staff member acting as director through its first stages of development. Miyazaki would then provide direction on the game's mechanics, art, and music. Yui Tanimura, who previously directed Dark Souls II and co-directed Dark Souls III, served as co-director for the game. The design team of Elden Ring concentrated on environmental scale, roleplaying, and storytelling as the main elements. Developers credited the scale with responsibility for creating a sense of diversity, and intended the roleplaying elements to allow for a variety of player-environment interactions. Increasing the game's scale required the creation of several explorable structures, which the team conjoined in the open world. Miyazaki named Shadow of the Colossus, The Elder Scrolls, The Witcher 3, and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild as design influences for Elden Ring. He credited the tabletop role-playing game RuneQuest, and the novels The Lord of the Rings and The Eternal Champion as inspirations for the game's story. Tsukasa Saitoh, Shoi Miyazawa, Tai Tomisawa, Yuka Kitamura, and Yoshimi Kudo composed Elden Ring's original soundtrack. Elden Ring was revealed during an Xbox games conference at E3 2019. Some information about the game had previously been leaked online due to a vulnerability of the servers at Bandai Namco Entertainment. Elden Ring was widely anticipated on announcement but no further material was released until a trailer was shown in June 2021. Playtesting was facilitated by Bandai Namco, which in November 2021 initially released the game as a closed beta that players could sign up to test. The game's full release was scheduled for January 21, 2022, but was postponed to February 25 the same year. Elden Ring had performance issues at launch; players complained of an insufficient frame rate. Bandai Namco addressed some of these problems through software patches and updates. In February 2023, an expansion called Shadow of the Erdtree was announced for release at a later date. A trailer for the expansion was launched on February 21 2024, announcing a release date on either Thursday, 20th June 2024 or at midnight on Friday, 21st June 2024, depending on the time zone. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 94/100PS5: 96/100XSXS: 96/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid10/10Easy Allies9.5/10Famitsu39/40Game Informer10/10GameRevolutionGameSpot10/10GamesRadar+Hardcore Gamer5/5IGN10/10PC Gamer (US)90/100PCGamesN10/10Shacknews9/10The GuardianVG247VideoGamer.com9/10 Elden Ring received "universal acclaim" according to review aggregator website Metacritic. The game drew nearly 900,000 viewers within 24 hours of release on the live streaming platform Twitch, putting it among the most-popular debuts on the platform. The game's open world setting received acclaim; reviewers praised the exploration mechanics. Tamoor Hussain of GameSpot praised the Lands Between as the most-expansive of FromSoftware's settings, calling exploration and discovery the game's main appeal. Mitchell Saltzman of IGN lauded Elden Ring for rewarding exploration in every part of the map. Simon Parkin of The Guardian called the game's environments "intriguing and inventive". Some reviewers liked the open landscape's provision of opportunities to discover and try multiple challenges. The game's exploration drew many favorable comparisons with The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. The game's environments were also praised for their artistic designs; reviewers positively rated their execution in an open setting and appreciated the designs of linear dungeons. Similarly to many of FromSoftware's earlier games, Elden Ring's difficulty provoked much commentary; reviewers both praised and criticized its lack of easy modes. Other reviewers considered Elden Ring the most-accessible Souls game, saying the player can choose to avoid difficult threats and return with more experience. The combat of Elden Ring was praised for offering options for fighting enemies while keeping the game challenging. Torrent and fast travel were well-received features, with reviewers citing them as large improvements towards making the game easier to explore. The placing of checkpoints was praised as helpful to the game's approachability. Some reviewers criticized a number of the game's menu and accessibility systems. Reviewers complained about the poor performance of the Windows version; framerate issues were commonly mentioned. Reviewers noted the story of Elden Ring lacks Martin's writing style. Kyle Orland of Ars Technica said the game's storytelling is "characteristically sparse and cryptic", and differs from the expectations of Martin's fans. Chris Carter of Destructoid called the story "low key" but said it is better-told than those of previous FromSoftware games. Aoife Wilson of Eurogamer said George R. R. Martin's heavy inclusion in the marketing was "baffling" when his contributions to the overall narrative were unclear. Mitchell Saltzman did not mind the lack of Martin's style, saying the side-stories rather than any grand, overarching plot kept him "enthralled". Journalists have covered the game's speedrunning community. Shortly after release, players discovered a glitch called the "zip glitch" which allows players to warp across the map. The glitch was removed by the developers, leading speedrunners to use older version of the game for speedruns. The game has been beaten in under five minutes using the glitch. Sales Elden Ring sold 13.4 million copies worldwide by the end of March 2022 and 25 million by June 2024, making it one of the best-selling video games of all time. It was the best-selling game in several regions between February and March 2022, and is the fastest-selling Bandai Namco game of all time. It was the second-bestselling game of 2022 in the US after Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II, the third-bestselling in Europe, and the tenth-bestselling in Japan at retail. Awards Elden Ring winning Game of the Year at the 23rd Game Developers Choice Awards Elden Ring won many awards and accolades. It was listed as the 2022's Game of the Year by several publications, including Ars Technica, Destructoid, EGM, Eurogamer, Game Informer, GamesRadar+, GameSpot, IGN, PC Gamer, and Polygon. It is among the most awarded games in history with 324 Game of the Year awards. Accolades received by Elden Ring Award Date Category Result Ref. British Academy Games Awards March 30, 2023 Best Game Nominated Artistic Achievement Nominated Game Design Nominated Multiplayer Won Music Nominated Original Property Won Technical Achievement Nominated EE Game of the Year Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards February 24, 2023 Game of the Year Won Role-Playing Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Dragon Awards September 5, 2022 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy PC / Console Game Won Famitsu Dengeki Game Awards March 18, 2023 Game of the Year Won Best Graphics Won Best RPG Nominated Best Rookie Game Nominated Game Audio Network Guild Awards March 23, 2023 Best Main Theme Nominated The Game Awards December 10, 2020 Most Anticipated Game Won December 9, 2021 Most Anticipated Game Won December 8, 2022 Game of the Year Won Best Game Direction Won Best Narrative Nominated Best Art Direction Won Best Score and Music Nominated Best Audio Design Nominated Best Role Playing Game Won Players' Voice Nominated Game Developers Choice Awards March 22, 2023 Game of the Year Won Best Audio Nominated Best Design Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Technology Nominated Best Visual Art Won Gamescom August 27, 2021 Best of Gamescom Won Most Wanted Won Best Microsoft Xbox Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Sony PlayStation Game Won Best Action Adventure Game Won Best Role Playing Game Won Golden Joystick Awards November 24, 2020 Most Wanted Game Nominated November 23, 2021 Most Wanted Game Won November 22, 2022 Ultimate Game of the Year Won PlayStation Game of the Year Nominated Best Visual Design Won Best Multiplayer Game Won Critics' Choice Award Won Golden Trailer Awards October 6, 2022 Best Video Game Trailer ("Ming Na Wen") Nominated Japan Game Awards September 15, 2022 Grand Award Won Award for Excellence Won MTV Millennial Awards July 10, 2022 Gamer Obsession Nominated Nebula Awards May 15, 2023 Best Game Writing Won New York Game Awards January 17, 2023 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Won Herman Melville Award for Best Writing in a Game Nominated Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Won Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game Nominated The Steam Awards January 3, 2023 Game of the Year Won Best Game You Suck At Won The Streamer Awards March 11, 2023 Stream Game of the Year Won References ^ Sawyer, Will; Franey, Joel (April 8, 2022). 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"New York Game Awards 2023: Elden Ring Wins Two Awards as Phil Spencer Is Honored". IGN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023. ^ Fragen, Jordan (January 3, 2023). "The Steam Awards 2022 announces winners". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ Hale, James (March 13, 2023). "Kai Cenat takes home Streamer of the Year at the 2023 Streamer Awards". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023. Notes ^ Japanese: エルデンリング, Hepburn: Eruden Ringu External links Official website Elden Ring at MobyGames vteGames directed by Hidetaka MiyazakiGames Armored Core 4 (2006) Armored Core: For Answer (2008) Demon's Souls (2009) Dark Souls (2011) Bloodborne (2015) Dark Souls III (2016) Déraciné (2018) Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice (2019) Elden Ring (2022) Category vteWorks by George R. R. MartinNovels Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter's Run A Song of​ Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Reference The World of Ice & Fire Fire & Blood The Rise of the Dragon Novellas A Song for Lya Sandkings The Ice Dragon Nightflyers The Skin Trade A Song of Ice and Fire Tales of Dunk and Egg The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Editing Wild Cards list of works Songs of the Dying Earth Warriors Songs of Love and Death Down These Strange Streets Old Mars Dangerous Women Rogues Old Venus Short stories "With Morning Comes Mistfall" "The Way of Cross and Dragon" Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet: Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs: A RRetrospective TelevisionThe Twilight Zone "The Last Defender of Camelot" "The Once and Future King" "Lost and Found" "The Toys of Caliban" "The Road Less Traveled" Beauty and the Beast Doorways Game of Thrones "The Pointy End" "Blackwater" "The Bear and the Maiden Fair" "The Lion and the Rose" Other Nightflyers (film) Elden Ring (video game) Category vteFromSoftwareAnother Century's Episode Another Century's Episode 2 3: The Final R Portable Armored Core Armored Core Project Phantasma Master of Arena 2 Another Age 3 Silent Line Nexus Nine Breaker Last Raven Formula Front 4 For Answer V Verdict Day VI: Fires of Rubicon Echo Night Echo Night 2: The Lord of Nightmares Beyond Evergrace Evergrace Forever Kingdom King's Field King's Field King's Field II King's Field III King's Field IV Lost Kingdoms Lost Kingdoms Lost Kingdoms II Otogi Otogi: Myth of Demons 2: Immortal Warriors Shadow Tower Shadow Tower Shadow Tower Abyss SoulslikeDark Souls Dark Souls Dark Souls II Dark Souls III Demon's Souls Bloodborne Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice Elden Ring Other games 3D Dot Game Heroes The Adventures of Cookie & Cream Chromehounds Déraciné Enchanted Arms Eternal Ring Frame Gride Kuon Metal Wolf Chaos Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn Monster Hunter Diary Murakumo Ninja Blade Steel Battalion: Heavy Armor Tenchu Yoshitsune Eiyūden Related Hidetaka Miyazaki Kota Hoshino Kadokawa Corporation Category vteDark Souls FromSoftware Hidetaka Miyazaki Bandai Namco Entertainment Video games Dark Souls Artorias of the Abyss Dark Souls II The Lost Crowns Dark Souls III The Ringed City Other media Slashy Souls Dark Souls – The Board Game Universe Anor Londo Ornstein and Smough Sif Solaire of Astora Bonfire Soulslike King's Field Demon's Souls remake Bloodborne Yharnam Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice Elden Ring Category Game of the Year awards vteD.I.C.E. Awards' Game of the Year GoldenEye 007 (1997/1998) The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1998/1999) The Sims (1999/2000) Diablo II (2000) Halo: Combat Evolved (2001) Battlefield 1942 (2002) Call of Duty (2003) Half-Life 2 (2004) God of War (2005) Gears of War (2006) Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (2007) LittleBigPlanet (2008) Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) Mass Effect 2 (2010) The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) Journey (2012) The Last of Us (2013) Dragon Age: Inquisition (2014) Fallout 4 (2015) Overwatch (2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) God of War (2018) Untitled Goose Game (2019) Hades (2020) It Takes Two (2021) Elden Ring (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) vteThe Game AwardsYears 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Game of the Year Dragon Age: Inquisition (2014) The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015) Overwatch (2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) God of War (2018) Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice (2019) The Last of Us Part II (2020) It Takes Two (2021) Elden Ring (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) Related Geoff Keighley Spike Video Game Awards Summer Game Fest Category vteGame Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year2000s The Sims (2000) Grand Theft Auto III (2001) Metroid Prime (2002) Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (2003) Half-Life 2 (2004) Shadow of the Colossus (2005) Gears of War (2006) Portal (2007) Fallout 3 (2008) Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) 2010s Red Dead Redemption (2010) The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) Journey (2012) The Last of Us (2013) Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014) The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015) Overwatch (2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) God of War (2018) Untitled Goose Game (2019) 2020s Hades (2020) Inscryption (2021) Elden Ring (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) vteGolden Joystick Award for Ultimate Game of the Year Jetpac (1983) Knight Lore (1984) The Way of the Exploding Fist (1985) Gauntlet (1986) Out Run (1987/88) Operation Wolf † / Speedball ‡ / Thunder Blade (1988/89) The Untouchables † / Kick Off ‡ (1989/90) Rick Dangerous 2 † / Kick Off 2 ‡ / Mega Man † / John Madden Football ‡ (1990/91) Sonic the Hedgehog (1991/92) Street Fighter II: The World Warrior (1992/93) Super Mario 64 (1996/97) Grand Theft Auto III (2002) Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2003) Doom 3 (2004) Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2005) The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion (2006) Gears of War (2007) Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (2008) Fallout 3 (2009) Mass Effect 2 (2010) Portal 2 (2011) The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2012) Grand Theft Auto V (2013) Dark Souls II (2014) The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015) Dark Souls III (2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) Fortnite Battle Royale (2018) Resident Evil 2 (2019) The Last of Us Part II (2020) Resident Evil Village (2021) Elden Ring (2022) Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) † denotes 8-bit; ‡ denotes 16-bit vteJapan Game Awards' Game of the Year Sakura Wars (1996) Final Fantasy VII (1997) The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1998) Doko Demo Issyo / Final Fantasy VIII (1999) Phantasy Star Online (2000) Final Fantasy X (2001–02) Taiko no Tatsujin: Tatakon de Dodon ga Don / Final Fantasy XI (2002–03) Monster Hunter (2003–04) Dragon Quest VIII (2004–05) Brain Age / Final Fantasy XII (2005–06) Wii Sports / Monster Hunter Freedom 2 (2006–07) Wii Fit / Monster Hunter Freedom Unite (2007–08) Mario Kart Wii / Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (2008–09) New Super Mario Bros. Wii (2009–10) Monster Hunter Portable 3rd (2010–11) Gravity Rush / JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All Star Battle (2011–12) Animal Crossing: New Leaf (2012–13) Monster Hunter 4 / Yo-kai Watch (2013–14) Yo-kai Watch 2 (2014–15) Splatoon (2015–16) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2016–17) Monster Hunter: World (2017–18) Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018–19) Animal Crossing: New Horizons (2019–20) Ghost of Tsushima / Monster Hunter Rise (2020–21) Elden Ring (2021–22) Monster Hunter Rise: Sunbreak (2022–23) Portal: Video gamesElden Ring at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from Wikiquote
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"FromSoftware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FromSoftware"},{"link_name":"Hidetaka Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetaka_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"worldbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"George R. R. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X/S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X/S"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"third-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_view"},{"link_name":"freely roaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"Torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_(Elden_Ring)"},{"link_name":"stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_game"},{"link_name":"fast travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_travel"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"cooperative play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_play"},{"link_name":"bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"player versus player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls"},{"link_name":"greatest video games of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_video_games_of_all_time"},{"link_name":"Game of the Year awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_the_Year_awards"},{"link_name":"best-selling games of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-selling_games_of_all_time"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"}],"text":"2022 video game2022 video gameElden Ring[a] is a 2022 action role-playing game developed by FromSoftware. It was directed by Hidetaka Miyazaki with worldbuilding provided by fantasy writer George R. R. Martin. It was published for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on February 25 by FromSoftware in Japan and Bandai Namco Entertainment internationally. Players control a customizable player character on a quest to repair the Elden Ring and become the new Elden Lord.Elden Ring is presented through a third-person perspective with players freely roaming its open world. The six main areas are traversed using the player character's steed Torrent as the primary mode of travel. Linear, hidden dungeons can be explored to find useful items. Players can use several types of weapons and magic spells, including non-direct engagement enabled by stealth mechanics. Throughout the game's world, checkpoints enable fast travel and allow players to improve their attributes using an in-game currency called runes. Elden Ring features an online multiplayer mode in which players join through cooperative play to fight bosses or engage in player versus player combat.FromSoftware wanted to create an open-world game based on Dark Souls. Miyazaki admired Martin's previous work and hoped that his contributions would produce a more accessible narrative than those of the company's earlier games. Martin was given unrestricted freedom to design the backstory, while Miyazaki was lead writer for the in-game narrative. The developers concentrated on environmental scale, role-playing, and the story; the scale required the construction of several structures inside the open world.Elden Ring has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time, with praise directed towards its open world, gameplay systems, and setting, despite some criticism for its technical performance. It won several Game of the Year awards and sold 25 million copies, making it one of the best-selling games of all time. The downloadable content Shadow of the Erdtree is scheduled for release in June 2024.","title":"Elden Ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elden_Ring_gameplay.png"},{"link_name":"Torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_(Elden_Ring)"},{"link_name":"third-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_view"},{"link_name":"FromSoftware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FromSoftware"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls"},{"link_name":"Bloodborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodborne"},{"link_name":"Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekiro:_Shadows_Die_Twice"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_(Elden_Ring)"},{"link_name":"fast travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_travel"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_characters"},{"link_name":"bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elden_Ring_IGN_1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elden_ring_interview-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"character class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_class"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hit points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_point"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_game"},{"link_name":"critical hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_hit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"parrying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrying"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game#Checkpoints"},{"link_name":"respawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respawn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elden_Ring_Collectible-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"player-versus-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-versus-player"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The player on Torrent, fighting a dragon.Elden Ring is an action role-playing game set in third-person perspective. It includes elements that are similar to those in other FromSoftware-developed games, such as the Dark Souls series, Bloodborne, and Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice. The game is set in an open world; players can freely explore the Lands Between and its six main areas, which include Limgrave—an area of grassy plains and ancient ruins—and Caelid, a wasteland that is home to undead monsters.[1] The open world is explored using the character's mount Torrent as the main mode of transportation, though players may use fast travel outside combat. Throughout the game, players encounter non-player characters (NPCs) and enemies, including demigods who rule each main area and serve as the game's main bosses.[2][3] Aside from the main areas, Elden Ring has hidden dungeons, catacombs, tunnels, and caves where players can fight bosses and gather helpful items.[4]At the game's start, the player chooses a character class, which determines their starting spells, equipment, and attributes.[5] Combat with enemies can be within melee, or from a distance using ranged weapons. Enemy attacks can be dodged or blocked using shields. Spells allow players to enhance their weapons, fight enemies from afar, and restore lost hit points. The player can memorize a limited amount of these spells, which can be cast using a staff or sacred seal item.[6][7] Weapons can be improved using ashes of war, which are obtainable \"enchantments\" that grant weapons new capabilities. Ashes of war can be applied to or removed from weapons, and each Ash adds a weapon art, a special ability that can be used during combat.[8] Aside from direct combat, stealth mechanics can be used to avoid enemies or allow the targeting of foes with critical hits while hidden.[9][10] Staggering enemies and parrying their attacks can also create opportunities for critical hits.[11][12]Checkpoints called sites of grace are located throughout the game; in these places, characters can increase the power of their attributes, change memorized spells, swap ashes of war, or walk to using fast travel. Upon death, players respawn at the last site of grace they interacted with. Alternatively, they may choose to respawn at certain locations highlighted by \"stakes of Marika\" provided they died nearby.[8][13][14] To increase their attributes at sites of grace, the player must spend runes, an in-game currency that is acquired by defeating enemies.[15] Runes can be used to buy items, and improve weapons and armor. Dying in Elden Ring causes the player to lose all collected runes at the location of death; if the player dies again before retrieving the runes, they will be lost forever.[16]Elden Ring contains crafting mechanics; the creation of items requires materials. Recipes, which are required for the crafting of items, can be found inside collectibles called cookbooks, which are scattered throughout the world. Materials can be collected by defeating enemies, exploring the game's world, or by trading with merchant NPCs. Crafted items include poison darts, exploding pots, and consumables that temporarily increase the player's combat strength.[17][18] Similar to the Dark Souls games, the player can summon friendly NPCs called spirits to fight enemies.[19] Summoning each type of spirit requires its equivalent Spirit Ash; different types of Spirit Ashes can be discovered as the player explores the game world. Spirits can only be summoned near structures called Rebirth Monuments, which are primarily found in large areas and inside boss fight arenas.[20]Elden Ring has a multiplayer system that allows players to be summoned for both cooperative and player-versus-player (PvP) play over the Internet.[21] Cooperative play involves the placing of a summon sign on the ground, which causes the sign to become visible to online players who have used a corresponding item. If another player interacts with the sign, the player who placed the sign is summoned into their world. Cooperative players remain in the same world until the boss of the area is defeated or until a summoned player dies and is returned to their home world. In PvP combat, a summon sign is used to challenge another player to a duel, or the player can use additional items to invade the worlds of others. World hosts may use a \"taunter's tongue\" to increase the likelihood their world will be invaded by others and to decrease the time between invasions.[22][23][24]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starscourge Radahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starscourge_Radahn"},{"link_name":"Malenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenia"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"}],"sub_title":"Premise","text":"Elden Ring takes place in the Lands Between, a fictional realm over which several demigods rule. It was previously ruled over by the immortal Queen Marika, who acted as keeper of the Elden Ring, a powerful force that manifested itself as the physical concept of order. When Marika shattered the Elden Ring and disappeared, her demigod children, including Starscourge Radahn and Malenia, began fighting over pieces of the Ring in an event called The Shattering. Each demigod has a shard of the Ring called a Great Rune, which corrupts them with power. In the game, the player character is a Tarnished, one of a group of exiles from the Lands Between who are summoned back after the Shattering. The player must traverse the realm to repair the Elden Ring and become the Elden Lord.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranni the Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranni_the_Witch"}],"sub_title":"Plot","text":"Early in their journey to repair the Elden Ring, the player-character Tarnished encounters a maiden named Melina. Because the Tarnished is maidenless, Melina offers to act as their maiden, granting them the ability to turn runes into strength and giving the Tarnished a steed named Torrent. In exchange, Melina requires the Tarnished to take her to the Erdtree, the home of the Elden Ring. Melina later takes the Tarnished to the Roundtable Hold, a gathering place for other Tarnished seeking to repair the Elden Ring. The Hold's benefactor, the Two Fingers, instructs the Tarnished to collect the Great Runes and bring them to the Erdtree, where they can be used to repair the Elden Ring.The Tarnished travels into the Lands Between, investigating its locales and defeating the demigods. After recovering at least two Great Runes, the Two Fingers allows them to battle Morgott the Grace-Given, the demigod guarding the Erdtree. The Tarnished defeats Morgott but finds a wall of thorns blocking the Erdtree's interior. Melina arrives and advises the Tarnished to find the Flame of Ruin, which they can use to ignite the Erdtree and destroy the thorns. The Tarnished is free to travel towards the Flame of Ruin or search for a way to harness the equally powerful Frenzied Flame.If, upon obtaining the Flame of Ruin, the Tarnished did not gain the power of the Frenzied Flame, Melina takes the Flame of Ruin and sacrifices herself to set alight the Erdtree. If the Tarnished gained the power of the Frenzied Flame, Melina abandons the Tarnished, forcing them to use the Frenzied Flame to set alight the Erdtree. While the Erdtree burns, the Tarnished is transported to the ruined city Farum Azula. After defeating Maliketh the Black Blade and using his Rune of Death to fuel the fire, the Tarnished is returned to the foot of the scorched Erdtree. Inside, they fight Radagon, Queen Marika's consort cohabitating her body, and the tree's guardian the Elden Beast. After both are vanquished, the Tarnished gains access to Marika's shattered corpse, which contains the remains of the Elden Ring. Depending on the Tarnished's actions during the game, six different endings can be achieved; the primary of which include the Tarnished becoming the Elden Lord, the Elden Ring being destroyed by Ranni the Witch, and the Tarnished using the Frenzied Flame to destroy the Lands Between. The three alternate endings include an Age of Order, brought about by perfecting the Elden Ring, the Age of the Duskborn, embedding the principle of \"Life within Death\" into Order, and the Blessing of Despair, overtaking the Lands Between with a reviled curse.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hidetaka_Miyazaki,_The_Game_Awards_2022_(cropped).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_photoshoot_at_Worldcon_75,_Helsinki,_before_the_Hugo_Awards_%E2%80%93_George_R._R._Martin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hidetaka Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetaka_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"worldbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"George R. R. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls"},{"link_name":"difficulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_difficulty"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hidetaka Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetaka_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"George R. R. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin"},{"link_name":"A Song of Ice and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"worldbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNMiyazaki-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinPCGamer-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNMiyazaki-30"},{"link_name":"flavor text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_text"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNMiyazaki-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Ringed City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringed_City"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls_III"},{"link_name":"Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekiro:_Shadows_Die_Twice"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XboxInterview-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls_II"},{"link_name":"Dark Souls III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Souls_III"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Colossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Colossus"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"The Witcher 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witcher_3"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"RuneQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuneQuest"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"The Eternal Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Champion_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"original soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox"},{"link_name":"E3 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2019"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"leaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_leak"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Playtesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtest"},{"link_name":"closed beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_beta"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Elden Ring was directed by Hidetaka Miyazaki (top) with worldbuilding provided by fantasy writer George R. R. Martin (bottom)FromSoftware's Dark Souls series of games is noted for its high level of difficulty.[25][26] Director Hidetaka Miyazaki wanted to create an open world game, intending Elden Ring as a mechanical evolution of Dark Souls. Elden Ring was designed to have a more-expansive environment than the narrow dungeons of FromSoftware's previous games; Miyazaki hoped the grander scale would add freedom and depth to exploration. FromSoftware approached American author George R. R. Martin, creator of the fantasy-novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, to provide worldbuilding for Elden Ring. Miyazaki, a fan of Martin's work, hoped his contributions would produce a more-accessible narrative than those of the studio's earlier games.[27][28][29]Miyazaki remained lead writer for the game's main storyline but gave Martin creative freedom to write about events that occurred before the main narrative. Miyazaki compared the process to using a \"dungeon master's handbook in a tabletop [role-playing game]\".[30][29] As with many of FromSoftware's previous games, the story was designed to be poorly explained; the developers wanted players to interpret the story for themselves via flavor text and optional discussions with non-player characters (NPCs). Miyazaki said he enjoyed writing NPCs with more detail, believing they are more compelling than those in his earlier works.[29][31] In an interview with IGN, Miyazaki said he chose to give Martin control over the backstory because of the restrictions FromSoftware's method of storytelling placed on writers. He noted FromSoftware did not want a linear or story-focused game, and by giving Martin oversight of a backstory with which the player is not directly involved, he could allow Martin to freely design his contributions.[28] Some staff from Game of Thrones, a television series adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, assisted with the game's development.[32]Production of the game began in early 2017 following the release of The Ringed City, a piece of downloadable content (DLC) for Dark Souls III. Elden Ring was developed alongside Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, which Miyazaki also directed. He said although the combat in Elden Ring has similarities to that in Sekiro, neither game directly inspired the mechanics of the other.[33][34] FromSoftware simultaneously developed both games using a \"co-director\" structure in which each of the games had a staff member acting as director through its first stages of development. Miyazaki would then provide direction on the game's mechanics, art, and music.[28] Yui Tanimura, who previously directed Dark Souls II and co-directed Dark Souls III, served as co-director for the game.[35] The design team of Elden Ring concentrated on environmental scale, roleplaying, and storytelling as the main elements. Developers credited the scale with responsibility for creating a sense of diversity, and intended the roleplaying elements to allow for a variety of player-environment interactions. Increasing the game's scale required the creation of several explorable structures, which the team conjoined in the open world.[36] Miyazaki named Shadow of the Colossus, The Elder Scrolls, The Witcher 3, and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild as design influences for Elden Ring. He credited the tabletop role-playing game RuneQuest, and the novels The Lord of the Rings and The Eternal Champion as inspirations for the game's story.[37][38] Tsukasa Saitoh, Shoi Miyazawa, Tai Tomisawa, Yuka Kitamura, and Yoshimi Kudo composed Elden Ring's original soundtrack.[39]Elden Ring was revealed during an Xbox games conference at E3 2019.[40][41] Some information about the game had previously been leaked online due to a vulnerability of the servers at Bandai Namco Entertainment.[42] Elden Ring was widely anticipated on announcement but no further material was released until a trailer was shown in June 2021.[43] Playtesting was facilitated by Bandai Namco, which in November 2021 initially released the game as a closed beta that players could sign up to test.[44] The game's full release was scheduled for January 21, 2022, but was postponed to February 25 the same year.[45][46] Elden Ring had performance issues at launch; players complained of an insufficient frame rate.[47][48] Bandai Namco addressed some of these problems through software patches and updates.[49][50] In February 2023, an expansion called Shadow of the Erdtree was announced for release at a later date.[51] A trailer for the expansion was launched on February 21 2024, announcing a release date on either Thursday, 20th June 2024 or at midnight on Friday, 21st June 2024, depending on the time zone.[52]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS5-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXSXS-56"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-57"},{"link_name":"Easy 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Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-77"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-74"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-78"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-73"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-80"},{"link_name":"easy modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mode"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-79"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-77"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"framerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framerate"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-85"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Ars Technica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-80"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-74"},{"link_name":"speedrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedrunning"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamer_speedrun_glitch-92"},{"link_name":"glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamer_speedrun_glitch-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamer_speedrun_glitch-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 94/100[53]PS5: 96/100[54]XSXS: 96/100[55]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid10/10[56]Easy Allies9.5/10[57]Famitsu39/40[58]Game Informer10/10[59]GameRevolution[60]GameSpot10/10[61]GamesRadar+[62]Hardcore Gamer5/5[63]IGN10/10[64]PC Gamer (US)90/100[65]PCGamesN10/10[66]Shacknews9/10[67]The Guardian[68]VG247[69]VideoGamer.com9/10[70]Elden Ring received \"universal acclaim\" according to review aggregator website Metacritic.[53][54][55] The game drew nearly 900,000 viewers within 24 hours of release on the live streaming platform Twitch, putting it among the most-popular debuts on the platform.[71]The game's open world setting received acclaim; reviewers praised the exploration mechanics. Tamoor Hussain of GameSpot praised the Lands Between as the most-expansive of FromSoftware's settings, calling exploration and discovery the game's main appeal.[72] Mitchell Saltzman of IGN lauded Elden Ring for rewarding exploration in every part of the map.[73] Simon Parkin of The Guardian called the game's environments \"intriguing and inventive\".[74] Some reviewers liked the open landscape's provision of opportunities to discover and try multiple challenges.[75][76] The game's exploration drew many favorable comparisons with The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.[72][73][77] The game's environments were also praised for their artistic designs; reviewers positively rated their execution in an open setting and appreciated the designs of linear dungeons.[72][78][79]Similarly to many of FromSoftware's earlier games, Elden Ring's difficulty provoked much commentary; reviewers both praised and criticized its lack of easy modes.[80][81][82] Other reviewers considered Elden Ring the most-accessible Souls game, saying the player can choose to avoid difficult threats and return with more experience.[75][76][77] The combat of Elden Ring was praised for offering options for fighting enemies while keeping the game challenging.[76][78][83] Torrent and fast travel were well-received features, with reviewers citing them as large improvements towards making the game easier to explore.[75][76][84] The placing of checkpoints was praised as helpful to the game's approachability.[85][83][86]Some reviewers criticized a number of the game's menu and accessibility systems.[87][88] Reviewers complained about the poor performance of the Windows version; framerate issues were commonly mentioned.[84][89] Reviewers noted the story of Elden Ring lacks Martin's writing style. Kyle Orland of Ars Technica said the game's storytelling is \"characteristically sparse and cryptic\", and differs from the expectations of Martin's fans.[79] Chris Carter of Destructoid called the story \"low key\" but said it is better-told than those of previous FromSoftware games.[83] Aoife Wilson of Eurogamer said George R. R. Martin's heavy inclusion in the marketing was \"baffling\" when his contributions to the overall narrative were unclear.[75] Mitchell Saltzman did not mind the lack of Martin's style, saying the side-stories rather than any grand, overarching plot kept him \"enthralled\".[73]Journalists have covered the game's speedrunning community.[90][91] Shortly after release, players discovered a glitch called the \"zip glitch\" which allows players to warp across the map.[91] The glitch was removed by the developers, leading speedrunners to use older version of the game for speedruns.[91] The game has been beaten in under five minutes using the glitch.[92]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"best-selling video games of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-selling_video_games_of_all_time"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bankhurst-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_II"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Elden Ring sold 13.4 million copies worldwide by the end of March 2022 and 25 million by June 2024, making it one of the best-selling video games of all time.[93][94] It was the best-selling game in several regions between February and March 2022,[95][96] and is the fastest-selling Bandai Namco game of all time.[97][98] It was the second-bestselling game of 2022 in the US after Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II,[99] the third-bestselling in Europe,[100] and the tenth-bestselling in Japan at retail.[101]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elden_Ring_wins_Game_of_the_Year,_GDCA_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"23rd Game Developers Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Game_Developers_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards"},{"link_name":"Ars Technica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"EGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Elden Ring winning Game of the Year at the 23rd Game Developers Choice AwardsElden Ring won many awards and accolades. It was listed as the 2022's Game of the Year by several publications, including Ars Technica,[102] Destructoid,[103] EGM,[104] Eurogamer,[105] Game Informer,[106] GamesRadar+,[107] GameSpot,[108] IGN,[109] PC Gamer,[110] and Polygon.[111] It is among the most awarded games in history with 324 Game of the Year awards.[112][113]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Japanese: エルデンリング, Hepburn: Eruden Ringu","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The player on Torrent, fighting a dragon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Elden_Ring_gameplay.png/220px-Elden_Ring_gameplay.png"},{"image_text":"Elden Ring winning Game of the Year at the 23rd Game Developers Choice Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Elden_Ring_wins_Game_of_the_Year%2C_GDCA_2023.jpg/220px-Elden_Ring_wins_Game_of_the_Year%2C_GDCA_2023.jpg"}]
null
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Martin wrote Elden Ring's 'overarching mythos'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617155636/https://www.pcgamer.com/george-rr-martin-wrote-elden-rings-overarching-mythos/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Matt (August 27, 2021). \"Elden Ring's In-Game Text Is Being Written by Miyazaki, Not George R.R. Martin\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/elden-ring-in-game-text-miyazaki-george-martin","url_text":"\"Elden Ring's In-Game Text Is Being Written by Miyazaki, Not George R.R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Delft)
Oude Kerk (Delft)
["1 History","2 Furnishings","3 Bells","4 Graves","5 See also","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°0′45″N 4°21′19″E / 52.01250°N 4.35528°E / 52.01250; 4.35528The leaning tower Interior of the church The church from above The Oude Kerk (Old Church), nicknamed Oude Jan ("Old John") and Scheve Jan ("Skewed John"), is a Gothic Protestant church in the old city center of Delft, the Netherlands. Its most recognizable feature is a 75-meter-high brick tower that leans about two meters from the vertical. History The Oude Kerk undergoing renovations in 2017. The Oude Kerk was founded as St. Bartholomew's Church in the year 1246, on the site of previous churches dating back up to two centuries earlier. The layout followed that of a traditional basilica, with a nave flanked by two smaller aisles. The tower with its central spire and four corner turrets was added between 1325–50, and dominated the townscape for a century and a half until it was surpassed in height by the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church). During its construction the foundations were not strong enough to support the building, and the church began to lean. As work continued, the builders tried to compensate for its lean on each layer of the tower, but to this day only the four turrets at the top are truly vertical. It is possible that the course of the adjacent canal had to be shifted slightly to make room for the tower, leaving an unstable foundation that caused the tilt. By the end of the 14th century, expansion of the side aisles to the height of the nave transformed the building into a hall church, which was rededicated to St. Hippolytus. The church again took on a typical basilican cross-section with the construction of a higher nave between about 1425 and 1440. The Delft town fire of 1536 and the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation brought a premature end to an ambitious expansion project led by two members of the Keldermans family of master builders. This construction phase resulted in the flat-roofed, stone-walled northern transept arm that differs markedly in style from the older parts. The great fire, iconoclasm, weather, and the explosion of the town's gunpowder store in 1654 (see Delft Explosion) took their toll on the church and its furnishings, necessitating much repair work over the years. During one renovation, the tower turrets were rebuilt in a more vertical alignment than the leaning body below, giving the tower as a whole a slightly kinked appearance. The current stained-glass windows were crafted by the master glazier Joep Nicolas in the mid-20th century. Furnishings The church possesses three pipe organs, from the years 1857 (main organ), 1873 (north aisle) and 1770 (choir). Bells There are 2 bells that hang in the tower, The large Trinitasklok or Bourdon, chimes every hour and the small Laudate which chimes every half hour. The larger of the two bells was cast in 1570 weighs nearly nine tonnes, and because of its strong and potentially damaging vibrations, is rung only on such special occasions as the burial of a Dutch royal family member in the nearby New Church. The massive bell is also sounded during disasters, when local air-raid sirens are sounded (but not during the monthly country-wide siren tests). In April 2020, the Bourdon was part of the "Bells of Hope" initiative as a token of appreciation for the relief workers and caregivers during the first weeks of the corona pandemic outbreak. The smaller of the two bells has an unusual story. In 1943 the clock, together with the one from the Nieuwe Kerk, was taken by the German occupier to be melted down. Fortunately that never happened; in 1946 Laudate was put back in its old place. Graves Approximately 400 people are entombed in the Oude Kerk, including the following notables: Elizabeth Morgan, daughter of nobleman Marnix van St. Aldegonde (1608) noblewoman and benefactrix Clara van Sparwoude (1615) naval hero Piet Hein (1629) writer Jan Stalpaert van der Wiele (1630) naval hero Maarten Tromp (1653) painter Johannes Vermeer (1675) painter Hendrick Cornelisz van Vliet, who had painted the church interior (1675) statesman Anthonie Heinsius (1720) scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1723) poet Hubert Poot (1733) See also List of tallest structures built before the 20th century External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oude Kerk (Delft). Oude Kerk website Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine View of the Oude Kerk painted by Jan van der Heyden, ca. 1660 (Web Gallery of Art) 52°0′45″N 4°21′19″E / 52.01250°N 4.35528°E / 52.01250; 4.35528
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Its most recognizable feature is a 75-meter-high brick tower that leans about two meters from the vertical.","title":"Oude Kerk (Delft)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delft_Old_Church_(Old_Kerk)_Rennovation.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"aisles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisle"},{"link_name":"Nieuwe Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)"},{"link_name":"truly vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turrets"},{"link_name":"hall church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_church"},{"link_name":"St. Hippolytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Keldermans family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldermans_family"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm#Reformation_era"},{"link_name":"Delft Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_Explosion"},{"link_name":"stained-glass windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"}],"text":"The Oude Kerk undergoing renovations in 2017.The Oude Kerk was founded as St. Bartholomew's Church in the year 1246, on the site of previous churches dating back up to two centuries earlier. The layout followed that of a traditional basilica, with a nave flanked by two smaller aisles.The tower with its central spire and four corner turrets was added between 1325–50, and dominated the townscape for a century and a half until it was surpassed in height by the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church). During its construction the foundations were not strong enough to support the building, and the church began to lean. As work continued, the builders tried to compensate for its lean on each layer of the tower, but to this day only the four turrets at the top are truly vertical. It is possible that the course of the adjacent canal had to be shifted slightly to make room for the tower, leaving an unstable foundation that caused the tilt.By the end of the 14th century, expansion of the side aisles to the height of the nave transformed the building into a hall church, which was rededicated to St. Hippolytus. The church again took on a typical basilican cross-section with the construction of a higher nave between about 1425 and 1440.The Delft town fire of 1536 and the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation brought a premature end to an ambitious expansion project led by two members of the Keldermans family of master builders. This construction phase resulted in the flat-roofed, stone-walled northern transept arm that differs markedly in style from the older parts.The great fire, iconoclasm, weather, and the explosion of the town's gunpowder store in 1654 (see Delft Explosion) took their toll on the church and its furnishings, necessitating much repair work over the years. During one renovation, the tower turrets were rebuilt in a more vertical alignment than the leaning body below, giving the tower as a whole a slightly kinked appearance. The current stained-glass windows were crafted by the master glazier Joep Nicolas in the mid-20th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pipe organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"}],"text":"The church possesses three pipe organs, from the years 1857 (main organ), 1873 (north aisle) and 1770 (choir).","title":"Furnishings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Dutch royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_monarchy"},{"link_name":"air-raid sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_siren"}],"text":"There are 2 bells that hang in the tower, The large Trinitasklok or Bourdon, chimes every hour and the small Laudate which chimes every half hour.The larger of the two bells was cast in 1570 weighs nearly nine tonnes, and because of its strong and potentially damaging vibrations, is rung only on such special occasions as the burial of a Dutch royal family member in the nearby New Church. The massive bell is also sounded during disasters, when local air-raid sirens are sounded (but not during the monthly country-wide siren tests). In April 2020, the Bourdon was part of the \"Bells of Hope\" initiative as a token of appreciation for the relief workers and caregivers during the first weeks of the corona pandemic outbreak.The smaller of the two bells has an unusual story. In 1943 the clock, together with the one from the Nieuwe Kerk, was taken by the German occupier to be melted down. Fortunately that never happened; in 1946 Laudate was put back in its old place.","title":"Bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marnix van St. Aldegonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marnix_van_St._Aldegonde"},{"link_name":"Clara van Sparwoude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_van_Spaerwoude"},{"link_name":"Piet Hein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein"},{"link_name":"Jan Stalpaert van der Wiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Stalpaert_van_der_Wiele&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maarten Tromp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Tromp"},{"link_name":"Johannes Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Cornelisz van Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Cornelisz_van_Vliet"},{"link_name":"Anthonie Heinsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Heinsius"},{"link_name":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek"},{"link_name":"Hubert Poot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Poot&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Approximately 400 people are entombed in the Oude Kerk, including the following notables:Elizabeth Morgan, daughter of nobleman Marnix van St. Aldegonde (1608)\nnoblewoman and benefactrix Clara van Sparwoude (1615)\nnaval hero Piet Hein (1629)\nwriter Jan Stalpaert van der Wiele (1630)\nnaval hero Maarten Tromp (1653)\npainter Johannes Vermeer (1675)\npainter Hendrick Cornelisz van Vliet, who had painted the church interior (1675)\nstatesman Anthonie Heinsius (1720)\nscientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1723)\npoet Hubert Poot (1733)","title":"Graves"}]
[{"image_text":"The leaning tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oude_Kerk_Delft_2.jpg/220px-Oude_Kerk_Delft_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Delft_-_Oude_Kerk_-_interieur.jpg/220px-Delft_-_Oude_Kerk_-_interieur.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church from above","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Delft%2C_centrum_met_de_Oude_Kerk_RM11970_foto1_2014-03-09_11.21.jpg/235px-Delft%2C_centrum_met_de_Oude_Kerk_RM11970_foto1_2014-03-09_11.21.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Oude Kerk undergoing renovations in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Delft_Old_Church_%28Old_Kerk%29_Rennovation.jpg/220px-Delft_Old_Church_%28Old_Kerk%29_Rennovation.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of tallest structures built before the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oude_Kerk_(Delft)&params=52_0_45_N_4_21_19_E_type:landmark_region:NL-ZH","external_links_name":"52°0′45″N 4°21′19″E / 52.01250°N 4.35528°E / 52.01250; 4.35528"},{"Link":"http://www.oudekerk-delft.nl/eng/kerkgebouw/index.html","external_links_name":"Oude Kerk website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201173908/http://www.oudekerk-delft.nl/eng/kerkgebouw/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wga.hu/art/h/heyden/view_d.jpg","external_links_name":"View of the Oude Kerk"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oude_Kerk_(Delft)&params=52_0_45_N_4_21_19_E_type:landmark_region:NL-ZH","external_links_name":"52°0′45″N 4°21′19″E / 52.01250°N 4.35528°E / 52.01250; 4.35528"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_(disambiguation)
Lancet
["1 Medicine","2 Architecture","3 People","4 Other uses","5 See also"]
Look up lancet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lancet most commonly refers to The Lancet, a medical journal. It may also refer to: Medicine Lancet (surgery), a cutting instrument with a double-edged blade and a pointed end for making small incisions or drainage punctures. Blood lancet, a pricking needle used to obtain drops of blood for testing Architecture Lancet arch, a narrow, tall opening with a pointed arch Lancet window, a window set in a lancet arch People Doron Lancet, Israeli geneticist Other uses Dennis Lancet, a bus chassis LG Lancet, a Windows smartphone ZALA Lancet, a Russian military drone See also Lancelet, an animal Lance (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lancet.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lancet"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"}],"text":"Look up lancet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Lancet most commonly refers to The Lancet, a medical journal.It may also refer to:","title":"Lancet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancet (surgery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_(surgery)"},{"link_name":"Blood lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_lancet"}],"text":"Lancet (surgery), a cutting instrument with a double-edged blade and a pointed end for making small incisions or drainage punctures.\nBlood lancet, a pricking needle used to obtain drops of blood for testing","title":"Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancet arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_arch"},{"link_name":"Lancet window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_window"}],"text":"Lancet arch, a narrow, tall opening with a pointed arch\nLancet window, a window set in a lancet arch","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doron Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Lancet"}],"text":"Doron Lancet, Israeli geneticist","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lancet"},{"link_name":"LG Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Lancet"},{"link_name":"ZALA Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZALA_Lancet"}],"text":"Dennis Lancet, a bus chassis\nLG Lancet, a Windows smartphone\nZALA Lancet, a Russian military drone","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORP_Kujawiak_(L72)
ORP Kujawiak (L72)
["1 Design","2 War service","2.1 1941","2.2 1942","2.3 Discovery of wreck","3 References"]
Coordinates: 35°53′N 14°35′E / 35.883°N 14.583°E / 35.883; 14.583For other ships with the same name, see ORP Kujawiak and HMS Oakley. Kujawiak in 1942 History United Kingdom NameHMS Oakley BuilderVickers-Armstrongs,Tyne Laid down22 November 1939 Launched30 October 1940 FateTransferred to Poland 3 April 1941 Poland NameORP Kujawiak Commissioned17 June 1941 FateSunk by mine on 16 June 1942, near Malta General characteristics Class and typeType II Hunt-class destroyer Displacement 1,050 tons standard 1,490 tons full load Length85 m (279 ft) Beam9.5 m (31 ft) Draught2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) Propulsionpowered by 2 shaft steam turbines 19,000 hp (14,200 kW) Speed27 knots (50 km/h) Range 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km) at 20 knots (40 km/h) 3,700 nautical miles (6,900 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h) Complement160 Armament 6 × QF 4 in Mark XVI guns (3 twin turrets) 4 × 40 mm anti-aircraft cannons 2 to 4 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons 6 depth charge throwers ORP Kujawiak was a British Type II Hunt-class destroyer escort, originally ordered as HMS Oakley. Kujawiak was built by Vickers-Armstrongs at the company's High Walker yard on the River Tyne. Her keel was laid down on 22 November 1939 and she was launched on 30 October 1940 as HMS Oakley but on completion in June 1941 she was renamed and commissioned into the Polish Navy. Kujawiak was sunk on 16 June 1942 after running into a German MT 14 minefield near Malta while participating in Operation Harpoon. 13 Polish sailors died and 20 were wounded. Design The ship was ordered under the 1939 War Emergency Programme as HMS Oakley on 4 September 1939 from Vickers-Armstrongs High Walker Yard on the Tyne who laid her down on 22 November 1939 with the yard number of J4145. Her engines were to be constructed by Parsons. She was launched on 30 October 1940 under her British name but on 3 April 1941 it was decided to transfer her together with HMS Silverton to the Polish Navy. On her completion on 17 June 1941 she was commissioned as ORP Kujawiak. War service 1941 On 18 June Kujawiak came under attack by German aircraft whilst on passage from Tyne to Scapa Flow to work-up for operational service with ships of Home Fleet. Fire from the aircraft hit the 4-inch ready-use ammunition which exploded causing one fatal casualty. After completing her work-up on 25 July she joined the 15th Destroyer Flotilla based at Plymouth for local convoy escort and patrol duties. Later that year on 23 October Kujawiak deployed with fellow Polish destroyer ORP Krakowiak for escort of inward Convoy SL89 during final stage of passage in Irish Sea from Freetown into Liverpool. On 22 December she sailed from Scapa Flow as part of Force J to carry out landings on the Lofoten Islands as part of Operation Claymore. Two days later on 27 December the destroyer sustained slight damage from a near miss during air attacks. 1942 In early June 1942 Kujawiak was nominated for loan service with the Home Fleet as part of the escort for the planned relief convoy to Malta (Operation Harpoon). On 6 June she joined military Convoy WS19S in the Northwest Approaches as part of Ocean Escort for passage to Gibraltar. She joined Force X at Gibraltar on 12 June whose task was to escort the Harpoon convoy through the Sicilian Narrows to Malta. On 14 June the convoy came under heavy and sustained air attacks during which the cruiser Liverpool was damaged. The following day the air attacks continued and Kujawiak was in action with Italian warships attempting to intercept and attack the convoy. Near midnight on 16 June, while entering Grand Harbor, Malta Kujawiak sustained major structural damage forward after detonating a mine while going to the aid of Badsworth after she had struck a mine. Kujawiak sank before a successful tow could be achieved. Discovery of wreck On 22 September 2014 a Polish expedition discovered the location of the wreck of Kujawiak. Further dives were made in 2015 and 2017 with the latter recovering the ship's bell which has been passed to the Maritime Museum of Malta for conservation and display. The Maltese government has declared the wreck site a war grave and prohibited unauthorised diving References ^ English, John (1987). The Hunts. World Ship Society. pp. 17 & 73. ISBN 0905617444. ^ "ORP Kujawiak". Naval History Net. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ "Odnaleźli wrak okrętu wojennego ORP..." (in Polish). fakt.pl. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015. ^ "Kujawiak bell recovered". Dzieje (in Polish). Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ "Kujawiak". Rzeczpospolilta (in Polish). Retrieved 23 November 2018. 35°53′N 14°35′E / 35.883°N 14.583°E / 35.883; 14.583 vteHunt-class destroyersType I Royal Navy Atherstone Berkeley Blencathra Brocklesby Cattistock Cleveland Cotswold Cottesmore Eglinton Exmoor (L61) Fernie Garth Hambledon Holderness Liddesdale Mendip Meynell Pytchley Quantock Quorn Southdown Tynedale Whaddon  Republic of China Navy Lin Fu (ex-Mendip)  Ecuadorian Navy Presidente Alfaro (ex-Quantock) Presidente Velasco Ibarra (ex-Meynell)  Egyptian Navy Mohamed Ali el-Kebir (1949) / Ibrahim el-Awal (1951) (ex-Mendip) Ibrahim el-Awal (1950) / Mohamed Ali el-Kebir (1951)/ Port Said (ex-Cottesmore)  Israeli Navy Haifa (ex-Ibrahim el-Awal (1951)) Type II Royal Navy Avon Vale Badsworth Beaufort Bedale Bicester Blackmore Blankney Bramham Burton / Exmoor (L08) Calpe Chiddingfold Cowdray Croome Dulverton Eridge Farndale Grove Heythrop Hursley Hurworth Lamerton Lauderdale Ledbury Middleton Oakley (L72) Puckeridge Southwold Silverton Tetcott Tickham / Oakley (L98) Wheatland Wilton Zetland  Royal Danish Navy Esbern Snare (ex-Blackmore) Rolf Krake (ex-Calpe) Valdemar Sejr (ex-Exmoor (L08))  German Navy Gneisenau (ex-Oakley (L98))  Royal Hellenic Navy Aigaion (ex-Lauderdale) Admiral Hastings (L52) (ex-Cowdray) Themistoklis (ex-Bramham) Kriti (ex-Hursley)  Indian Navy Godavari (ex-Bedale) Gomati (ex-Lamerton) Ganga (ex-Chiddingfold)  Royal Norwegian Navy Arendal (ex-Badsworth) Haugesund (ex-Beaufort) Tromsø (ex-Zetland)  Free Polish Navy Krakowiak (ex-Silverton) Kujawiak (ex-Oakley (L72)) Ślązak (ex-Bedale) Type III Royal Navy Airedale Albrighton Aldenham Belvoir Blean Bleasdale Bolebroke Border Catterick Derwent Easton Eggesford Eskdale Glaisdale Goathland Haldon Hatherleigh Haydon Holcombe Limbourne Melbreak Modbury Penylan Rockwood Stevenstone Talybont Tanatside Wensleydale  Free French Naval Forces La Combattante (ex-Haldon)  German Navy Raule (ex-Albrighton) Brommy (ex-Eggesford)  Royal Hellenic Navy Adrias (L67) (ex-Border) Adrias (D06) (ex-Tanatside) Hastings (L81) (ex-Catterick) Kanaris (ex-Hatherleigh) Miaoulis (ex-Modbury) Pindos (ex-Bolebroke)  Royal Norwegian Navy Eskdale Narvik (ex-Glaisdale) Type IV Royal Navy Brecon Brissenden Preceded by: N class Followed by: L class List of destroyer classes of the Royal Navy vteShipwrecks and scuttled vessels of Malta (list)World War I shipwrecks Aegusa Luciston Nasturtium Polynesien Russell World War II shipwrecks Eddy Hellespont Jersey Kujawiak Maori Margit Olympus S-31 St. Angelo Southwold X127 Scuttled ships Cominoland Hephaestus Imperial Eagle Karwela Levant II P29 P31 P33 Rozi St. Michael Stubborn Tug No. 2 Tug No. 10 Um El Faroud Xlendi Other shipwrecks Camadan Lady Davinia Star of Malta vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in June 1942Shipwrecks 1 Jun: HMAS Kuttabul, Malmö 2 Jun: U-652 3 Jun: USS Bunting, Iron Chieftain, Northwestern 4 Jun: Iron Crown, Kaga, Sōryū 5 Jun: Akagi, C.O. Stillman, Hiryū 6 Jun: USS Hammann, Mikuma 7 Jun: Coast Trader, Edith, USS Gannet, USS Yorktown 8 Jun: Agios Georgios IV, Said 10 Jun: Abkhazia, Empire Clough 12 Jun: HMS Grove 13 Jun: Gruziya, Supetar, U-157 15 Jun: HMS Airedale, HMS Bedouin, City of Oxford, HMS Hasty, Thurso, Trento 16 Jun: Argo, HMS Hermione, ORP Kujawiak, Managua, HMAS Nestor, Port Nicholson 17 Jun: HMS Wild Swan 18 Jun: Macdhui 19 Jun: USS S-27, Shch-214, USS YP-389, Nissan Maru 20 Jun: Fort Camosun 21 Jun: HMS P514, HMSAS Parktown 22 Jun: Rio Tercero 23 Jun: USAT Major General Henry Gibbins, Resolute 25 Jun: Yamakaze 26 Jun: Putney Hill 27 Jun: Las Choapas, Tuxpam 29 Jun: Diana, Everalda, Thomas McKean, William Rockefeller 30 Jun: Express, USS Hornbill, HMS Medway, U-158 Other incidents 3 Jun: Luigi Torelli 6 Jun: Luigi Torelli 7 Jun: USS Grayling 9 Jun: Kronprinsen 11 Jun: USS S-28 14 Jun: HMS Liverpool 15 Jun: HMS Newcastle 21 Jun: Strale 26 Jun: Matagalpa 1941 1942 1943 May 1942 July 1942
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ORP Kujawiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORP_Kujawiak"},{"link_name":"HMS Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Hunt-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Vickers-Armstrongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs"},{"link_name":"High Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Walker"},{"link_name":"River Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Polish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Operation Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see ORP Kujawiak and HMS Oakley.ORP Kujawiak was a British Type II Hunt-class destroyer escort, originally ordered as HMS Oakley.Kujawiak was built by Vickers-Armstrongs at the company's High Walker yard on the River Tyne. Her keel was laid down on 22 November 1939 and she was launched on 30 October 1940 as HMS Oakley but on completion in June 1941 she was renamed and commissioned into the Polish Navy.Kujawiak was sunk on 16 June 1942 after running into a German MT 14 minefield near Malta while participating in Operation Harpoon. 13 Polish sailors died and 20 were wounded.","title":"ORP Kujawiak (L72)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Silverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORP_Krakowiak_(L115)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The ship was ordered under the 1939 War Emergency Programme as HMS Oakley on 4 September 1939 from Vickers-Armstrongs High Walker Yard on the Tyne who laid her down on 22 November 1939 with the yard number of J4145. Her engines were to be constructed by Parsons. She was launched on 30 October 1940 under her British name but on 3 April 1941 it was decided to transfer her together with HMS Silverton to the Polish Navy. On her completion on 17 June 1941 she was commissioned as ORP Kujawiak.[1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scapa Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapa_Flow"},{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"15th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"ORP Krakowiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORP_Krakowiak_(L115)"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lofoten Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten_Islands"},{"link_name":"Operation Claymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claymore"}],"sub_title":"1941","text":"On 18 June Kujawiak came under attack by German aircraft whilst on passage from Tyne to Scapa Flow to work-up for operational service with ships of Home Fleet. Fire from the aircraft hit the 4-inch ready-use ammunition which exploded causing one fatal casualty. After completing her work-up on 25 July she joined the 15th Destroyer Flotilla based at Plymouth for local convoy escort and patrol duties.Later that year on 23 October Kujawiak deployed with fellow Polish destroyer ORP Krakowiak for escort of inward Convoy SL89 during final stage of passage in Irish Sea from Freetown into Liverpool. On 22 December she sailed from Scapa Flow as part of Force J to carry out landings on the Lofoten Islands as part of Operation Claymore. Two days later on 27 December the destroyer sustained slight damage from a near miss during air attacks.","title":"War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Operation Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liverpool_(C11)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grand Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Harbor"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Badsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Badsworth"}],"sub_title":"1942","text":"In early June 1942 Kujawiak was nominated for loan service with the Home Fleet as part of the escort for the planned relief convoy to Malta (Operation Harpoon). On 6 June she joined military Convoy WS19S in the Northwest Approaches as part of Ocean Escort for passage to Gibraltar. She joined Force X at Gibraltar on 12 June whose task was to escort the Harpoon convoy through the Sicilian Narrows to Malta. On 14 June the convoy came under heavy and sustained air attacks during which the cruiser Liverpool was damaged. The following day the air attacks continued and Kujawiak was in action with Italian warships attempting to intercept and attack the convoy.[2]Near midnight on 16 June, while entering Grand Harbor, Malta Kujawiak sustained major structural damage forward after detonating a mine while going to the aid of Badsworth after she had struck a mine. Kujawiak sank before a successful tow could be achieved.","title":"War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Discovery of wreck","text":"On 22 September 2014 a Polish expedition discovered the location of the wreck of Kujawiak.[3] Further dives were made in 2015 and 2017 with the latter recovering the ship's bell which has been passed to the Maritime Museum of Malta for conservation and display.[4] The Maltese government has declared the wreck site a war grave and prohibited unauthorised diving[5]","title":"War service"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"English, John (1987). The Hunts. World Ship Society. pp. 17 & 73. ISBN 0905617444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905617444","url_text":"0905617444"}]},{"reference":"\"ORP Kujawiak\". Naval History Net. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-HMS_Oakley1-Kujawiak.htm","url_text":"\"ORP Kujawiak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odnaleźli wrak okrętu wojennego ORP...\" (in Polish). fakt.pl. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fakt.pl/gdansk/polscy-nurkowie-odkryli-wrak-orp-kujawiak,artykuly,491090.html","url_text":"\"Odnaleźli wrak okrętu wojennego ORP...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kujawiak bell recovered\". Dzieje (in Polish). Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dzieje.pl/artykuly-historyczne/wydobyty-przez-nurkow-dzwon-niszczyciela-orp-kujawiak-odzyskal-dawny-blask","url_text":"\"Kujawiak bell recovered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kujawiak\". Rzeczpospolilta (in Polish). Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rp.pl/artykul/1208573-Kujawiak-pod-szczegolnym-nadzorem.html","url_text":"\"Kujawiak\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ORP_Kujawiak_(L72)&params=35_53_N_14_35_E_","external_links_name":"35°53′N 14°35′E / 35.883°N 14.583°E / 35.883; 14.583"},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-HMS_Oakley1-Kujawiak.htm","external_links_name":"\"ORP Kujawiak\""},{"Link":"http://www.fakt.pl/gdansk/polscy-nurkowie-odkryli-wrak-orp-kujawiak,artykuly,491090.html","external_links_name":"\"Odnaleźli wrak okrętu wojennego ORP...\""},{"Link":"https://dzieje.pl/artykuly-historyczne/wydobyty-przez-nurkow-dzwon-niszczyciela-orp-kujawiak-odzyskal-dawny-blask","external_links_name":"\"Kujawiak bell recovered\""},{"Link":"https://www.rp.pl/artykul/1208573-Kujawiak-pod-szczegolnym-nadzorem.html","external_links_name":"\"Kujawiak\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ORP_Kujawiak_(L72)&params=35_53_N_14_35_E_","external_links_name":"35°53′N 14°35′E / 35.883°N 14.583°E / 35.883; 14.583"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park
Marriott Wardman Park
["1 History","1.1 Original 1918 hotel structure","1.2 Second 1980 hotel structure","2 Residents","3 Events","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°55′30″N 77°3′13″W / 38.92500°N 77.05361°W / 38.92500; -77.05361United States historic placeWardman Park Annex and ArcadeU.S. National Register of Historic Places Wardman Tower Condominiums, formerly part of the hotelShow map of Washington, D.C.Show map of the United StatesLocation2600 Woodley Road NW, Washington, D.C.Coordinates38°55′30″N 77°3′13″W / 38.92500°N 77.05361°W / 38.92500; -77.05361Area2.7 acres (1.1 ha)Built1928; 96 years ago (1928)ArchitectMihran MesrobianArchitectural styleColonial RevivalNRHP reference No.84000869 (original)100003945 (increase)Significant datesAdded to NRHPJanuary 31, 1984; 40 years ago (1984-01-31)Boundary increaseMay 10, 2019; 5 years ago (2019-05-10) The Washington Marriott Wardman Park was a hotel on Connecticut Avenue next to the Woodley Park station of the Washington Metro in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The hotel had 1,152 rooms, 195,000 square feet (18,100 m2) of event space, and 95,000 square feet (8,800 m2) of exhibit space. It opened in 1918 and closed in 2020. The owner filed for bankruptcy in 2021 and the property was sold to Carmel Partners for $152.2 million, with plans for redevelopment. The Wardman Tower wing was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1984. History Original 1918 hotel structure The original Wardman Park Hotel, in 1922, before the addition of the Wardman Tower. The original hotel on the site was built between 1917 and 1918 by local developer Harry Wardman and was designed by local architect Frank Russell White. It was an eight-story, red brick structure modeled on The Homestead resort in Virginia. The hotel was the largest in the city, with 1,200 rooms and 625 baths. It was nicknamed Wardman's Folly, due to its location far outside the developed area of Washington at the time. The hotel opened as the Wardman Park Inn on November 23, 1918, just days after the 1918 Armistice ended World War I. No elaborate opening festivities were held, since public gatherings were illegal during the Spanish flu pandemic. The hotel was hugely successful due to the housing shortage caused by the growth of Washington, D.C., during World War I. Within a year of its opening, the property was renamed the Wardman Park Hotel. It attracted prominent guests and tenants; foreign ambassadors, members of Congress, and Vice President Marshall took up residence. In 1928, the hotel added an eight-story, 350-room residential-hotel annex designed by architect Mihran Mesrobian. That building, now converted into condominiums, is the only surviving portion of the original Wardman Park, known as the Wardman Tower, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wardman was forced to sell the hotel in 1931 due to the Great Depression, and the hotel was acquired by Washington Properties. Before the United States entered World War II, a British spy named Cynthia operated out of the premises as she spied on the Vichy French Embassy. At night, she would visit her lover, an embassy employee whom she had compromised, and steal secret documents, transport them back to the hotel, and photograph them in a lab she had set up in her room. The hotel contained a full-service drug store/pharmacy; the pharmacist was known as Doc Wardman. There was also a U.S. Post Office and shops in the basement, including a butcher, grocery store, and dry cleaner that was stocked even during World War II. In the late 1940s, the Olympic-size swimming pool was used by the 5th Marine Reserves, who were taught how to swim with their clothes on. The first televised broadcast of NBC's Meet the Press took place in 1947 in the Wardman Tower, where host Lawrence Spivak lived. Other shows broadcast from the hotel include The Camel News Caravan, The Today Show (Frank Blair segments), and The Arthur Murray Dance Program. In 1953, Sheraton Hotels purchased Washington Properties Inc., owner of the Wardman Park Hotel and the Wardman-built Carlton Hotel. Renamed the Sheraton-Park Hotel, its focus shifted from longer-term residents to overnight guests. Substantial additions were made to the property, including large new ballrooms and a 1964 addition known as the Motor Inn and later known as the Park Tower. In August 1962, Army Special Forces soldiers trained by rappelling down the side of the hotel. New main building of the hotel, completed in 1980. In 1972, Sheraton began planning to replace the aging main wing of the hotel. In 1977, the company presented plans to local residents groups for a modern, 1,050-room hotel to be built on the 12-acre property. Construction began in early 1979. The furniture and fittings of the original 950-room 1918 structure were sold to the public in June 1979 and demolition of the original wing began on July 25, 1979, to allow further construction of the new wing. The 500 rooms in the Wardman Tower and Motor Inn wings remained open throughout construction. Second 1980 hotel structure The partially-completed new $104 million building opened in October 1979 as the Sheraton Washington Hotel, the largest hotel and convention complex on the East Coast. The new wing was fully completed and opened in August 1980. While construction was still underway, in 1979, Sheraton sold an interest in the hotel to the John Hancock Life Insurance Company. In 1985, John Hancock bought out Sheraton's remaining interest in the hotel, but paid the chain to continue managing the property. In August 1997, John Hancock filed a breach-of-contract suit against the hotel chain, by then renamed ITT Sheraton, alleging mismanagement of the hotel. In March 1998, a federal judge in Delaware ordered ITT Sheraton to withdraw as manager of the hotel. Marriott International took over management of the property that month, renaming it the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel. In January 1999, Thayer Lodging Group of Annapolis, Maryland, run by two former Marriott executives, purchased the hotel from John Hancock for $227 million and spent another $100 million on renovations. In 2005, Thayer Lodging Group sold the hotel to JBG Smith and CIM Group for $300 million. JBG planned to convert a portion of the hotel into luxury condominiums and construct a 200-unit condominium building on a 16-acre (65,000 m2) lot next to the hotel. JBG also said it would demolish the hotel's parking garage and main ballroom, and spend $50 million to renovate the guest rooms, add dining space, build a new fitness center, and improve the exhibition and meeting space. Marriott, which managed the hotel, had the right to veto the conversion of hotel rooms into condos if revenues on the remaining hotel section fell below a specified number. Hotel revenues declined during the Great Recession, and Marriott exercised its right to stop the conversion of the hotel into condominiums. On November 20, 2008, United States Attorney General Michael Mukasey collapsed and lost consciousness at the hotel while giving a speech to the Federalist Society. He revived and was taken to George Washington University Hospital. On March 29, 2010, Superior Court of the District of Columbia Judge Natalia Combs Greene granted partial summary judgment and a motion to dismiss. A partial out-of-court settlement had already been reached by the parties giving JBG some limited ability to move forward on the condo project, but that agreement now seemed unnecessary given the court's ruling. The parties suspended litigation against one another to negotiate, but litigation resumed on June 8, 2010. The parties in the various lawsuits resolved their legal dispute on July 1, 2010, allowing construction to resume. After the collapse of the housing market during the financial crisis of 2007-2008, JBG decided to construct an apartment building on the vacant acreage rather than condominiums. D.C.-based architect David M. Schwarz designed an eight-story, 212-unit building for the company. Originally called Wardman West, the name was later changed to 2700 Woodley and then later to The Woodley. In June 2014, after the building was completed, but before it was leased, JBG sold The Woodley for $195 million, or $920,000 per unit, to TIAA-CREF, which set a record for the highest price-per-unit ever paid for a multifamily project in the D.C. metropolitan area. In 2015, JBG renovated floors 3 to 8 of the Wardman Tower into 32 luxury condominiums, while the first and second floors remained part of the hotel business. The project was financed by $54 million from North America Sekisui House LLC (NASH), the North American division of the largest homebuilding corporation in Japan. One of the condominium units sold for $8.4 million. In January 2018, JBG Group and CIM Group, which had owned roughly equal interests in the hotel, sold a controlling interest in the property (66.67%) to Pacific Life, with JBG and CIM each retaining 16.67% ownership. In February 2020, CIM Group sold its interest in the hotel. In March 2020, the hotel closed temporarily, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 22, 2020, the hotel's owners notified the workers' union that they might close the hotel permanently. On September 3, 2020, Pacific Life petitioned in a Delaware court to dissolve its ownership partnership with JBG. The two companies resolved their dispute on October 2, 2020. On October 6, 2020, Marriott sued Pacific Life (which owned 80% of the property) and JBG Smith (which owned 20%). Marriott claimed the two companies were intentionally failing to invest contractually obligated capital in the hotel to force the property to close so it could be redeveloped, cheating Marriott of fees to be earned from its long-term management contract. In October 2020, JBG Smith transferred its ownership stake in the hotel to Pacific Life with a zero value. On January 11, 2021, the owning entity, Pacific Life subsidiary Wardman Hotel Owner LLC, filed for bankruptcy, announced that the hotel would be closed permanently, and ended its management contract with Marriott. In December 2021, the property was sold in a 192-round bankruptcy auction to Carmel Partners for $152.2 million, with plans for redevelopment. In August 2023, Carmel secured a $360 million loan from Wells Fargo for the redevelopment, with plans for two large residential towers to be built on the property. Residents The Wardman Tower building was home to several politicians and other world public figures: President Lyndon B. Johnson for about 45 days as Vice President of the United States Vice President of the United States Spiro Agnew Vice President of the United States Charles Curtis Actress Marlene Dietrich Senator Bob Dole President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower Former airline Trans World Airlines (TWA) President Jack Frye and wife, Helen U.S. Attorney Paul M. Gagnon Senator Barry Goldwater Secretary of State Cordell Hull President of the United States Herbert Hoover Socialite Perle Mesta Publisher Lawrence Spivak Senator Chuck Robb Chief Justice Frederick M. Vinson Vice President of the United States Henry A. Wallace Chief Justice Earl Warren Senator Milton Young Senator Prescott Bush Senator Prentiss M. Brown Former Peruvian Ambassador to the United States Celso Pastor de la Torre and family Guillermo F. Pérez-Argüello, great grand son of Angélica Balladares Montealegren and family (Summer of 1970) Inventor Emile Berliner David Eisenhower and Julie Nixon Eisenhower, (Summer of 1970) President of the British Cartographic Society Dr Alexander Kent, (Summer of 2017) Vice President of the United States Thomas R. Marshall lived for a short time in the Wardman Park Hotel that was destroyed in 1980 Major League Baseball player (1911–12) and lawyer, Harry Lee Spratt Events The Marriott Wardman Park hosted many annual events including: The Association of American Law Schools' entry-level hiring conference, colloquially known as the "meat market". Conservative Political Action Conference International Telecommunications Week (ITW) trade show and idea summit American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) annual meeting Anime USA, an anime convention The hotel was included in the rotation of cities in which the American Contract Bridge League holds North American Bridge Championship tournaments. The annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board was held at the Marriott Wardman Park for nearly 60 years. It was moved to the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in 2015. In March 2017, Cvent, an event management company, ranked the Marriott Wardman Park at 87th in its annual list of the top U.S. hotels for meetings. References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Every floor plan is different in Wardman Tower condos". Washington Post. June 14, 2021. ISSN 0190-8286. ^ a b c d e https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/84000869_text ^ a b "The Washington Post 01 Jun 1919, page Page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ Clabaugh, Jeff (June 24, 2020). "Marriott Wardman Park may close for good". WTOP-FM. ^ "Evening Star 25 Nov 1919, page 9". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ MCINTOSH, ELIZABETH P. (1998). "Sisterhood of Spies". Naval Institute Press – via The New York Times. ^ a b Koma, Alex (December 21, 2021). "The former Marriott Wardman Park could soon be torn down. What comes next is unclear". American City Business Journals. ^ "Think you know MTP? Test your knowledge with broadcast-themed trivia". NBC News. July 4, 2010. ^ "Sheraton Corporation of America, 1953 Annual Report". digitalcollections.lib.uh.edu. ^ Mitchell, Henry (June 28, 1979). "The Great Sheraton-Park Renovation Sale". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Mitchell, Henry (June 28, 1979). "The Great Sheraton-Park Renovation Sale". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Oman, Anne H. (July 19, 1979). "Woodley Park Residents to Fight Sheraton Plans for Larger Hotel". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Mitchell, Henry (June 28, 1979). "The Great Sheraton-Park Renovation Sale". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Gamarekian, Barbara (October 7, 1979). "The Boom on the Potomac". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Levey, Bob (July 24, 1980). "The Hotel vs. Woodley Park: Trading Rancor for Rapport?". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ^ Deady, Tim (March 16, 1998). "Sheraton out as hotel manager". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ Evans, Judith (August 20, 1998). "John Hancock to Sell off Prime Real Estate". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Thayer Hotel Investors Purchase the 1,338-room Marriott Wardman Park - Price in Excess of $200 Million". Hotel Online. January 15, 1999. ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (September 23, 2004). "D.C.'s Biggest Hotel May Be Sold". The Washington Post. ^ "DC Hotel Owner Says Its Ch. 11 Case Belongs In Delaware". Law360. February 3, 2021. ^ a b O'Connell, Jonathan (April 13, 2012). "What's Going On With...Construction at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel?". The Washington Post. ^ Hedgepeth, Dana (July 4, 2005). "New Owners Have Plans for District Hotel". The Washington Post. ^ a b Castro, Melissa; O'Connell, Jonathan (October 5, 2009). "What's Behind JBG's Convention Hotel Lawsuit?". American City Business Journals. ^ "AG Mukasey collapsed in 'fainting spell,' official says". CNN. November 21, 2008. ^ Krouse, Sarah (March 30, 2010). "No Word Yet From JBG After Judge Dismisses Convention Hotel Lawsuit". American City Business Journals. ^ "Attorney General: D.C. Lawsuit Against JBG Back On". American City Business Journals. June 9, 2010. ^ "Marriott, JBG Agreement Clears Convention Hotel". American City Business Journals. July 7, 2010. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan (July 7, 2010). "JBG and Marriott agree to allow convention center hotel construction to start". The Washington Post. ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. (June 26, 2014). "With The Woodley, TIAA-CREF Sets New Record Last Held By... TIAA-CREF". American City Business Journals. ^ Terry, Robert J. (May 1, 2015). "The Woodley". American City Business Journals. ^ Banister, Jon (June 25, 2020). "Marriott Might Close 100-Year-Old Wardman Park Hotel". Bisnow Media. ^ "Japanese investor partners on Wardman Tower condos". American City Business Journals. February 28, 2014. ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. (February 28, 2014). "Japanese Investor Partners on Wardman Tower Condos". American City Business Journals. ^ Neibauer, Michael (May 10, 2017). "At $8.4M, Wardman Tower condo nearly sets record for most expensive ever sold in D.C.". American City Business Journals. ^ "JBG SMITH Properties 2017 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. ^ "Union to employees: Marriott Wardman Park Hotel may close after storied, 102-year run". WJLA-TV. June 23, 2020. ^ a b Maake, Katishi (October 6, 2020). "Marriott sues Wardman Park hotel owner, alleging a lack of investment in the property". American City Business Journals. ^ Maake, Katishi (November 3, 2020). "JBG Smith transfers its ownership of the Marriott Wardman Park in D.C.". American City Business Journals. ^ "Owner of DC's Wardman Park Hotel files for bankruptcy". WTOP-FM. January 12, 2021. ^ Jr, James Wright (7 July 2021). "D.C. Debates Fate of Shuttered Marriott Wardman Park Hotel". The Washington Informer. ^ a b Loria, Keith (2023-08-30). "Wells Fargo Provides $360M For Carmel Partner's Historic Hotel Redevelopment in DC". Commercial Observer. Retrieved 2023-11-08. ^ Winkjer Collin, Andrea (2010). Mr. Wheat: A Biography of U.S. Senator Milton Young. Bismarck, North Dakota: Smoky Water Press. p. 290. ^ "DC Collaborative Selected to Be Beneficiary of AnimeUSA Auction". Anime News Network (Press release). November 6, 2012. ^ "Past NABCs". American Contract Bridge League. ^ "Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting 2014". World Resources Institute. 4 January 2014. ^ "94th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (TRB)". World Resources Institute. 22 December 2014. ^ Neibauer, Michael (March 28, 2017). "Six D.C.-area hotels land in Cvent's top 100 for U.S. meetings". American City Business Journals. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Marriott Wardman Park. Wardman Tower condominiums official website vteList of Marriott hotelsHotels Alaska Building Algonquin Hotel The Algonquin Resort St. Andrews By-The-Sea Armenia Marriott Hotel Yerevan Aruba Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino Atlanta Marriott Marquis The Bidwell Marriott Portland Breadsall Priory Cardiff Marriott Hotel Carnegie Building (Atlanta) Château Champlain Des Moines Marriott Hotel Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites Glenn Building Hanbury Manor Indianapolis Marriott Downtown LECOM Harborcenter Marriott Downtown at City Creek Hotel Marriott London Park Lane Marriott Marquis Houston Marriott Niagara Falls Hotel Fallsview & Spa Marriott on the Falls Hotel Marriott Rivercenter Marriott Syracuse Downtown Marriott Taipei Marriott Wardman Park Marriott West India Quay Marriott World Trade Center Marriott's Grand Chateau Marriott's Grande Vista Marriott's Maui Ocean Club Miri Marriott Resort & Spa New York Marriott Marquis Orlando World Center Marriott Ottawa Marriott Hotel Rhodes–Haverty Building San Francisco Marriott Marquis Tbilisi Marriott Hotel Twin Bridges Motor Hotel Washington Marriott Marquis Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel Related Marriott International Hotels portal vteHotels in Washington, D.C.5-star hotels Four Seasons Hotel The Ritz-Carlton, Georgetown The Ritz-Carlton, Washington, D.C. 4-star hotels The Fairmont Hay–Adams Hotel The Jefferson Madison Hotel The Mayflower Hotel Omni Shoreham Hotel Park Hyatt Rosewood Salamander The St. Regis The Westin Georgetown Willard InterContinental 3-star hotels AKA White House Capital Hilton Churchill Hotel Courtyard Washington, DC Dupont Circle Hotel The Dupont Circle Hotel Embassy Suites by Hilton Grand Hyatt Hamilton Hotel Henley Park Hotel Hilton Washington DC National Mall Kimpton Hotel Monaco Kimpton Banneker Royal Sonesta The Mansion on O Street Melrose Georgetown Hotel St. Gregory Hotel The Ven at Embassy Row Hotel Washington Washington Hilton Washington Marriott Marquis Watergate Hotel Hotel Zena Defunct hotels Capitol Skyline Hotel The Fairfax at Embassy Row Marriott Wardman Park Hotels portal Category Commons vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Woodley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodley_Park_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Woodley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodley_Park"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Washington Marriott Wardman Park was a hotel on Connecticut Avenue next to the Woodley Park station of the Washington Metro in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C.The hotel had 1,152 rooms, 195,000 square feet (18,100 m2) of event space, and 95,000 square feet (8,800 m2) of exhibit space. It opened in 1918 and closed in 2020. The owner filed for bankruptcy in 2021 and the property was sold to Carmel Partners for $152.2 million, with plans for redevelopment.The Wardman Tower wing was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1984.[2]","title":"Marriott Wardman Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_wardman_park_inn_3b42714u.tif"},{"link_name":"Harry Wardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wardman"},{"link_name":"Frank Russell White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Russell_White"},{"link_name":"The Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homestead_(Hot_Springs,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPapp-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPapp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPapp-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Mihran Mesrobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihran_Mesrobian"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPapp-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vichy French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_French"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"drug store/pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugstore_(pharmacy)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Post_Office"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torndown-8"},{"link_name":"Olympic-size swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic-size_swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(military)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Spivak"},{"link_name":"Camel News Caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_News_Caravan"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"Frank Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Blair_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Murray"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sheraton Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Carlton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_St._Regis_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPapp-3"},{"link_name":"Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Special_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marriott_Wardman_Park_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Original 1918 hotel structure","text":"The original Wardman Park Hotel, in 1922, before the addition of the Wardman Tower.The original hotel on the site was built between 1917 and 1918 by local developer Harry Wardman and was designed by local architect Frank Russell White. It was an eight-story, red brick structure modeled on The Homestead resort in Virginia.[3] The hotel was the largest in the city, with 1,200 rooms and 625 baths. It was nicknamed Wardman's Folly, due to its location far outside the developed area of Washington at the time.[3]The hotel opened as the Wardman Park Inn[4] on November 23, 1918,[5] just days after the 1918 Armistice ended World War I. No elaborate opening festivities were held, since public gatherings were illegal during the Spanish flu pandemic. The hotel was hugely successful due to the housing shortage caused by the growth of Washington, D.C., during World War I.[3] Within a year of its opening, the property was renamed the Wardman Park Hotel.[6] It attracted prominent guests and tenants; foreign ambassadors, members of Congress, and Vice President Marshall took up residence.[4]In 1928, the hotel added an eight-story, 350-room residential-hotel annex designed by architect Mihran Mesrobian. That building, now converted into condominiums, is the only surviving portion of the original Wardman Park, known as the Wardman Tower, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wardman was forced to sell the hotel in 1931 due to the Great Depression, and the hotel was acquired by Washington Properties.[3]Before the United States entered World War II, a British spy named Cynthia operated out of the premises as she spied on the Vichy French Embassy. At night, she would visit her lover, an embassy employee whom she had compromised, and steal secret documents, transport them back to the hotel, and photograph them in a lab she had set up in her room.[7]The hotel contained a full-service drug store/pharmacy; the pharmacist was known as Doc Wardman. There was also a U.S. Post Office and shops in the basement, including a butcher, grocery store, and dry cleaner that was stocked even during World War II.[8]In the late 1940s, the Olympic-size swimming pool was used by the 5th Marine Reserves, who were taught how to swim with their clothes on.The first televised broadcast of NBC's Meet the Press took place in 1947 in the Wardman Tower, where host Lawrence Spivak lived. Other shows broadcast from the hotel include The Camel News Caravan, The Today Show (Frank Blair segments), and The Arthur Murray Dance Program.[9]In 1953, Sheraton Hotels purchased Washington Properties Inc., owner of the Wardman Park Hotel and the Wardman-built Carlton Hotel. Renamed the Sheraton-Park Hotel,[10] its focus shifted from longer-term residents to overnight guests.[3] Substantial additions were made to the property, including large new ballrooms and a 1964 addition known as the Motor Inn and later known as the Park Tower.In August 1962, Army Special Forces soldiers trained by rappelling down the side of the hotel.New main building of the hotel, completed in 1980.In 1972, Sheraton began planning to replace the aging main wing of the hotel.[11] In 1977, the company presented plans to local residents groups for a modern, 1,050-room hotel to be built on the 12-acre property. Construction began in early 1979. The furniture and fittings of the original 950-room 1918 structure were sold to the public in June 1979[12] and demolition of the original wing began on July 25, 1979, to allow further construction of the new wing.[13] The 500 rooms in the Wardman Tower and Motor Inn wings remained open throughout construction.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"John Hancock Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Financial"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"JBG Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBG_Smith"},{"link_name":"CIM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM_Group"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoingOnWith-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotellawsuit-24"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotellawsuit-24"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Michael Mukasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mukasey"},{"link_name":"Federalist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Society"},{"link_name":"George Washington University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Superior Court of the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"financial crisis of 2007-2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007-2008"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoingOnWith-22"},{"link_name":"TIAA-CREF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA-CREF"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Pacific Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Life"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"CIM Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM_Group"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costs-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costs-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-42"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torndown-8"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-42"}],"sub_title":"Second 1980 hotel structure","text":"The partially-completed new $104 million building opened in October 1979 as the Sheraton Washington Hotel, the largest hotel and convention complex on the East Coast.[15] The new wing was fully completed and opened in August 1980.[16]While construction was still underway, in 1979, Sheraton sold an interest in the hotel to the John Hancock Life Insurance Company. In 1985, John Hancock bought out Sheraton's remaining interest in the hotel, but paid the chain to continue managing the property. In August 1997, John Hancock filed a breach-of-contract suit against the hotel chain, by then renamed ITT Sheraton, alleging mismanagement of the hotel. In March 1998, a federal judge in Delaware ordered ITT Sheraton to withdraw as manager of the hotel.[17] Marriott International took over management of the property that month, renaming it the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel.[18]In January 1999, Thayer Lodging Group of Annapolis, Maryland, run by two former Marriott executives, purchased the hotel from John Hancock[19] for $227 million and spent another $100 million on renovations.[20]In 2005, Thayer Lodging Group sold the hotel to JBG Smith and CIM Group for $300 million.[21]JBG planned to convert a portion of the hotel into luxury condominiums and construct a 200-unit condominium building on a 16-acre (65,000 m2) lot next to the hotel.[22] JBG also said it would demolish the hotel's parking garage and main ballroom, and spend $50 million to renovate the guest rooms, add dining space, build a new fitness center, and improve the exhibition and meeting space.[23] Marriott, which managed the hotel, had the right to veto the conversion of hotel rooms into condos if revenues on the remaining hotel section fell below a specified number.[24] Hotel revenues declined during the Great Recession, and Marriott exercised its right to stop the conversion of the hotel into condominiums.[24]On November 20, 2008, United States Attorney General Michael Mukasey collapsed and lost consciousness at the hotel while giving a speech to the Federalist Society. He revived and was taken to George Washington University Hospital.[25]On March 29, 2010, Superior Court of the District of Columbia Judge Natalia Combs Greene granted partial summary judgment and a motion to dismiss. A partial out-of-court settlement had already been reached by the parties giving JBG some limited ability to move forward on the condo project, but that agreement now seemed unnecessary given the court's ruling.[26] The parties suspended litigation against one another to negotiate, but litigation resumed on June 8, 2010.[27]The parties in the various lawsuits resolved their legal dispute on July 1, 2010, allowing construction to resume.[28][29]After the collapse of the housing market during the financial crisis of 2007-2008, JBG decided to construct an apartment building on the vacant acreage rather than condominiums.[22] D.C.-based architect David M. Schwarz designed an eight-story, 212-unit building for the company. Originally called Wardman West, the name was later changed to 2700 Woodley and then later to The Woodley. In June 2014, after the building was completed, but before it was leased, JBG sold The Woodley for $195 million, or $920,000 per unit, to TIAA-CREF, which set a record for the highest price-per-unit ever paid for a multifamily project in the D.C. metropolitan area.[30][31][32]In 2015, JBG renovated floors 3 to 8 of the Wardman Tower into 32 luxury condominiums, while the first and second floors remained part of the hotel business.[33] The project was financed by $54 million from North America Sekisui House LLC (NASH), the North American division of the largest homebuilding corporation in Japan.[34] One of the condominium units sold for $8.4 million.[35]In January 2018, JBG Group and CIM Group, which had owned roughly equal interests in the hotel, sold a controlling interest in the property (66.67%) to Pacific Life, with JBG and CIM each retaining 16.67% ownership.[36] In February 2020, CIM Group sold its interest in the hotel.In March 2020, the hotel closed temporarily, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 22, 2020, the hotel's owners notified the workers' union that they might close the hotel permanently.[37] On September 3, 2020, Pacific Life petitioned in a Delaware court to dissolve its ownership partnership with JBG. The two companies resolved their dispute on October 2, 2020.[38] On October 6, 2020, Marriott sued Pacific Life (which owned 80% of the property) and JBG Smith (which owned 20%). Marriott claimed the two companies were intentionally failing to invest contractually obligated capital in the hotel to force the property to close so it could be redeveloped, cheating Marriott of fees to be earned from its long-term management contract.[38] In October 2020, JBG Smith transferred its ownership stake in the hotel to Pacific Life with a zero value.[39]On January 11, 2021, the owning entity, Pacific Life subsidiary Wardman Hotel Owner LLC, filed for bankruptcy, announced that the hotel would be closed permanently, and ended its management contract with Marriott.[40][41] In December 2021, the property was sold in a 192-round bankruptcy auction[42] to Carmel Partners for $152.2 million, with plans for redevelopment.[8] In August 2023, Carmel secured a $360 million loan from Wells Fargo for the redevelopment, with plans for two large residential towers to be built on the property.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Spiro Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Paul M. Gagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._Gagnon"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"Cordell Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Perle Mesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle_Mesta"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Spivak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Spivak"},{"link_name":"Chuck Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Robb"},{"link_name":"Frederick M. Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_M._Vinson"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace"},{"link_name":"Earl Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"},{"link_name":"Milton Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Young"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Prescott Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescott_Bush"},{"link_name":"Prentiss M. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown"},{"link_name":"Guillermo F. Pérez-Argüello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Hang_Ten%27s#Changes_and_ulterior_disbandment"},{"link_name":"Angélica Balladares Montealegren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Mujeres_Americanas"},{"link_name":"Emile Berliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner"},{"link_name":"David Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Julie Nixon Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Dr Alexander Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_James_Kent"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Harry Lee Spratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Spratt"}],"text":"The Wardman Tower building was home to several politicians and other world public figures:President Lyndon B. Johnson for about 45 days as Vice President of the United States\nVice President of the United States Spiro Agnew\nVice President of the United States Charles Curtis\nActress Marlene Dietrich\nSenator Bob Dole\nPresident of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower\nFormer airline Trans World Airlines (TWA) President Jack Frye and wife, Helen\nU.S. Attorney Paul M. Gagnon\nSenator Barry Goldwater\nSecretary of State Cordell Hull\nPresident of the United States Herbert Hoover\nSocialite Perle Mesta\nPublisher Lawrence Spivak\nSenator Chuck Robb\nChief Justice Frederick M. Vinson\nVice President of the United States Henry A. Wallace\nChief Justice Earl Warren\nSenator Milton Young[43]\nSenator Prescott Bush\nSenator Prentiss M. Brown\nFormer Peruvian Ambassador to the United States Celso Pastor de la Torre and family\n Guillermo F. Pérez-Argüello, great grand son of Angélica Balladares Montealegren and family (Summer of 1970)\nInventor Emile Berliner\nDavid Eisenhower and Julie Nixon Eisenhower, (Summer of 1970)\nPresident of the British Cartographic Society Dr Alexander Kent, (Summer of 2017)\nVice President of the United States Thomas R. Marshall lived for a short time in the Wardman Park Hotel that was destroyed in 1980\nMajor League Baseball player (1911–12) and lawyer, Harry Lee Spratt","title":"Residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association of American Law Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools"},{"link_name":"Conservative Political Action Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference"},{"link_name":"AIPLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIPLA"},{"link_name":"Anime USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_USA"},{"link_name":"anime convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"American Contract Bridge League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Contract_Bridge_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Transportation Research Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Walter E. Washington Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Washington_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Cvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvent"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The Marriott Wardman Park hosted many annual events including:The Association of American Law Schools' entry-level hiring conference, colloquially known as the \"meat market\".\nConservative Political Action Conference\nInternational Telecommunications Week (ITW) trade show and idea summit\nAmerican Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) annual meeting\nAnime USA, an anime convention[44]The hotel was included in the rotation of cities in which the American Contract Bridge League holds North American Bridge Championship tournaments.[45]The annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board was held at the Marriott Wardman Park for nearly 60 years.[46] It was moved to the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in 2015.[47]In March 2017, Cvent, an event management company, ranked the Marriott Wardman Park at 87th in its annual list of the top U.S. hotels for meetings.[48]","title":"Events"}]
[{"image_text":"The original Wardman Park Hotel, in 1922, before the addition of the Wardman Tower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aerial_view_wardman_park_inn_3b42714u.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Aerial_view_wardman_park_inn_3b42714u.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"New main building of the hotel, completed in 1980.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marriott_Wardman_Park_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg/200px-Marriott_Wardman_Park_by_Matthew_Bisanz.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Every floor plan is different in Wardman Tower condos\". Washington Post. June 14, 2021. ISSN 0190-8286.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/every-floor-plan-is-different-in-wardman-tower-condos/2021/06/14/59295796-c915-11eb-afd0-9726f7ec0ba6_story.html","url_text":"\"Every floor plan is different in Wardman Tower condos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"The Washington Post 01 Jun 1919, page Page 4\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/28922889/","url_text":"\"The Washington Post 01 Jun 1919, page Page 4\""}]},{"reference":"Clabaugh, Jeff (June 24, 2020). \"Marriott Wardman Park may close for good\". WTOP-FM.","urls":[{"url":"https://wtop.com/business-finance/2020/06/marriott-wardman-park-may-close-for-good/","url_text":"\"Marriott Wardman Park may close for good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOP-FM","url_text":"WTOP-FM"}]},{"reference":"\"Evening Star 25 Nov 1919, page 9\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/332690015/","url_text":"\"Evening Star 25 Nov 1919, page 9\""}]},{"reference":"MCINTOSH, ELIZABETH P. (1998). \"Sisterhood of Spies\". Naval Institute Press – via The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/mcintosh-sisterhood.html","url_text":"\"Sisterhood of Spies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Koma, Alex (December 21, 2021). \"The former Marriott Wardman Park could soon be torn down. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyanthropus
Kenyanthropus
["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Discovery","1.2 Age","1.3 Classification","2 Anatomy","3 Technology","4 Palaeoecology","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Oldest-known tool-making hominin KenyanthropusTemporal range: Middle Pliocene, 3.3–3.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Cast of KNM-WT 40000 at the Cantonal Museum of Geology, Lausanne Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Genus: †KenyanthropusLeakey et al., 2001 Species †Kenyanthropus platyops (Leakey et al., 2001) †Kenyanthropus rudolfensis? (Alexeev, 1986) Kenyanthropus is a genus of extinct hominin identified from the Lomekwi site by Lake Turkana, Kenya, dated to 3.3 to 3.2 million years ago during the Middle Pliocene. It contains one species, K. platyops, but may also include the 2 million year old Homo rudolfensis, or K. rudolfensis. Before its naming in 2001, Australopithecus afarensis was widely regarded as the only australopithecine to exist during the Middle Pliocene, but Kenyanthropus evinces a greater diversity than once acknowledged. Kenyanthropus is most recognisable by an unusually flat face and small teeth for such an early hominin, with values on the extremes or beyond the range of variation for australopithecines in regard to these features. Multiple australopithecine species may have coexisted by foraging for different food items (niche partitioning), which may be reason why these apes anatomically differ in features related to chewing. The Lomekwi site also yielded the earliest stone tool industry, the Lomekwian, characterised by the rudimentary production of simple flakes by pounding a core against an anvil or with a hammerstone. It may have been manufactured by Kenyanthropus, but it is unclear if multiple species were present at the site or not. The knappers were using volcanic rocks collected no more than 100 m (330 ft) from the site. Kenyanthropus seems to have lived on a lakeside or floodplain environment featuring forests and grasslands. Taxonomy Discovery Location of Lomekwi, on the western shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya In August 1998, field technician Blasto Onyango discovered a hominin partial left maxilla (upper jaw), specimen KNM-WT 38350, on the Kenyan Lomekwi dig site by Lake Turkana, overseen by prominent paleoanthropologists Louise and Meave Leakey. In August 1999 at the Lomekwi site, research assistant Justus Erus discovered an uncharacteristically flat-faced australopithecine skull, specimen KNM-WT 40000. The 1998–1999 field season subsequently uncovered 34 more craniodental hominin specimens, but the research team was unable to determine if these can be placed into the same species as the former two specimens (that is, if multiple species were present at the site). Age The specimens were recovered near the Nabetili tributary of the Lomekwi river in a mudstone layer of the Nachukui Formation. KNM-WT 40000 was recovered from the Kataboi Member, 8 m (26 ft) below the 3.4 million year old Tulu Bor Tuff, and 12 m (39 ft) above the 3.57 million year old Lokochot Tuff. By linear interpolation, KNM-WT 40000 is approximately 3.5 million years old, dating back to the Middle Pliocene. Only three more specimens were recovered from the Kataboi Member at around the same level, the deepest KNM-WT 38341 probably sitting on 3.53 million year old sediments. KNM-WT 38350 was recovered from the Lomekwi Member 17 m (56 ft) above Tulu Bor, and is approximately 3.3 million years old. The other specimens from this member sit 16 to 24 m (52 to 79 ft) above Tulu Bor, roughly 3.3 million years old as well. The highest specimens—KNM-WT 38344, -55, and -56—may be around 3.2 million years old. Classification In 2001, Meave Leakey and colleagues assigned the Lomekwi remains to a new genus and species, Kenyanthropus platyops, with KNM-WT 40000 the holotype, and KNM-WT 38350 a paratype. The genus name honours Kenya where Lomekwi and a slew of other major human-ancestor sites have been identified. The species name derives from Ancient Greek platus "flat" and opsis "face" in reference to the unusually flat face for such an early hominin. The classification of early hominins with their widely varying anatomy has been a difficult subject matter. The 20th century generated an overabundance of hominin genera plunging the field into taxonomic turmoil, until German evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, surveying a "bewildering diversity of names", decided to recognise only a single genus, Homo, containing a few species. Though other genera and species have since become popular, his more conservative view of hominin diversity has become the mainstay, and the acceptance of further genera is usually met with great resistance. Since Mayr, hominins are classified into Australopithecus which gave rise to Homo (which includes modern humans) and the robust Paranthropus (which is sometimes not recognised as its own genus), which by definition leaves Australopithecus polyphyletic (a non-natural group which does not comprise a common ancestor and all of its descendants). In addition to Kenyanthropus, the 1990s saw the introduction of A. bahrelghazali, Ardipithecus, Orrorin, and Sahelanthropus, which has complicated discussions of hominin diversity, though the latter three have not been met with much resistance on account of their greater age (all predating Australopithecus). At the time Kenyanthropus was discovered, Australopithecus afarensis was the only recognised australopithecine to have existed between 4 and 3 million years ago, aside from its probable ancestor A. anamensis, making A. afarensis the likely progenitor of all other australopithecines as they diversified in the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Leakey and colleagues considered Kenyanthropus to be evidence of a greater diversity of Pliocene australopithecines than previously acknowledged. In 2015, Ethiopian palaeoanthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie and colleagues erected a new species, A. deyiremeda, which lived in the same time and region as Kenyanthropus and A. afarensis. Reconstruction of H. rudolfensis KNM-ER 1470, which resembles Kenyanthropus KNM-WT 40000 Meave Leakey and colleagues drew attention to namely the flat face and small cheek teeth, in addition to several other traits, to distinguish the genus from earlier Ardipithecus, contemporary and later Australopithecus, and later Paranthropus. Kenyanthropus lacks any of the derived traits seen in Homo. They conceded Kenyanthropus could be subsumed into Australopithecus if the widest definition of the latter is used, but this conservative approach to hominin diversity leaves Australopithecus a grade taxon, a non-natural grouping of similar-looking species whereby it effectively encompasses all hominins not classifiable into Ardipithecus or Homo regardless of how they may be related to each other. Leakey and colleagues further drew parallels with KNM-WT 40000 and the 2 million year old KNM-ER 1470 assigned to Homo rudolfensis, attributing differences in braincase and nasal anatomy to archaicness. They suggested H. rudolfensis may be better classified as K. rudolfensis. In 2003, American palaeoanthropologist Tim D. White was concerned that KNM-WT 40000 was far too distorted to obtain any accurate metrics for classification purposes, especially because the skull was splintered into over 1,100 pieces often measuring less than 1 cm (0.39 in) across. Because such damage is rarely even seen, he argues that it cannot be reliably reconstructed. Because the skulls of modern ape species vary widely, he suggested further fossil discoveries in the region may prove the Lomekwi hominins to be a local variant of A. afarensis rather than a distinct genus or species. In response, anthropologist Fred Spoor and Meave and Louise Leakey produced much more detailed digital topographical scans of the KNM-WT 40000 maxilla in 2010, permitting the comparison of many more anatomical landmarks on the maxillae of all other early hominins, modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, in order to more accurately correct the distortion. The new reconstruction more convincingly verifies the distinctness of Kenyanthropus. In 2003, Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Conde and evolutionary biologist Francisco J. Ayala proposed resurrecting the genus "Praeanthropus" to house all australopithecines which are not Ardipithecus, Paranthropus, or A. africanus, though they opted to synonymise Kenyanthropus with Homo as "H. platyops". Their recommendations have been largely rejected. African hominin timeline (in mya)View references Anatomy KNM-WT 40000 from different angles KNM-WT 40000 has been heavily distorted during the fossilisation process, the braincase shifted downwards and backwards, the nasal region to the right, and the mouth and cheek region forward. It is unclear if the specimen represents a male or a female. Kenyanthropus has a relatively flat face, including subnasally, between the nose and the mouth (the nasoalveolar clivus). The clivus inclines at 45° (there is relaxed sub-nasal prognathism), steeper than almost all other australopithecine specimens (on the upper end of variation for Paranthropus), more comparable to H. rudolfensis and H. habilis. This is the earliest example of a flat face in the hominin fossil record. Unlike A. afarensis, Kenyanthropus lacks the anterior pillars, bony columns running down from the nasal aperture (nose hole). It is also one of the longest early hominin clivi discovered at 32 mm (1.3 in). The nasal aperture (nose hole) is narrow compared to that of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The cheekbones are tall and steep, and the anterior surface (where the cheeks juts out the most) is positioned above the premolars, more frequently seen in Paranthropus than other hominins. The zygomaticoalveolar crest (stretching between the cheek and the teeth) is low and curved. Overall, the face resembles H. rudolfensis, though has longer nasal bones, a narrower nasal aperture, a shorter postcanine (the molars and premolars) tooth row, and a less steeply inclined (less flat, more prognathic) midfacial region. Much later Paranthropus are also characterised by relatively flat faces, but this is generally considered to be an adaptation to maximise bite force through enormous teeth, which Kenyanthropus enigmatically does not have. Among all the specimens, only the M2 (2nd upper left molar) and the tooth sockets of the left side of the mouth of KNM-WT 40000 are preserved well enough to measure and study. With dimensions of 11.4 mm2 × 12.4 mm2 (0.0177 sq in × 0.0192 sq in), a surface area of 141.4 mm (5.57 in), it is the smallest M2 ever discovered for an early hominin. For comparison, those of A. afarensis in the comparative sample Leakey and colleagues used ranged from about 160 to 225 mm2 (0.248 to 0.349 sq in), H. habilis and H. rudolfensis 165 to 250 mm2 (0.256 to 0.388 sq in), and the robust P. boisei (with the largest molars among hominins) about 240 to 380 mm2 (0.37 to 0.59 sq in). The reconstructed dimensions of KNM-WT 38350's M1 are 10.5 mm × 12 mm (0.41 in × 0.47 in) for a surface area of 126 mm2 (0.195 sq in), which is on the lower end of variation for A. anamensis, A. afarensis and H. habilis. The thick molar enamel is on par with that of A. anamensis and A. afarensis. KNM-WT40000 retains the ancestral ape premolar tooth root morphology, with a single lingual root (on the tongue side) and two buccal roots (towards the cheeks), though the P4 of KNM-WT 38350 may only have a single buccal root; the ancestral pattern is frequent in Paranthropus and variable in Australopithecus. Individuals of more derived species typically have single-rooted premolars. The canine jugum is not visible (a line of bone in the maxilla corresponding to the canine tooth root), which may mean the canines were not that large. The cross-sectional area of the I2 (2nd upper incisor) is 90% the size of that of I1, whereas it is usually 50 to 70% in other great apes. The tooth roots of the incisors do not appear to be orientated out (there was probably no alveolar prognathism, the front teeth did not jut forward). Brain volume is uncalculable due to distortion of the braincase, but it was probably similar to that of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. A sample of five A. afarensis averaged 445 cc. Like Paranthropus, there is no frontal trigon (a triangle formed by the conjunction of the temporal lines behind the brow ridge). Unlike H. habilis but like H. rudolfensis, there is no sulcus (trench) behind the brow ridge. The degree of postorbital constriction, the narrowing of the braincase in the frontal lobe region, is on par with that of Australopithecus, H. rudolfensis, and H. habilis, but less than P. boisei. Like the earlier A. anamensis and Ar. ramidus, the tympanic bone retains the ancestral hominin ear morphology, lacking the petrous crest, and bearing a narrow ear canal with a small opening. The foramen magnum, where the skull connects to the spine, was probably oval shaped as opposed to the heart-shaped one of P. boisei. Technology In 2015, French archaeologist Sonia Harmand and colleagues identified the Lomekwian stone-tool industry at the Lomekwi site. The tools are attributed to Kenyanthropus as it is the only hominin identified at the site, but in 2015, anthropologist Fred Spoor suggested that at least some of the indeterminate specimens may be assignable to A. deyiremeda as the two species have somewhat similar maxillary anatomy. At 3.3 million years old, it is the oldest proposed industry. The assemblage comprises 83 cores, 35 flakes, 7 possible anvils, 7 possible hammerstones, 5 pebbles (which may have also been used as hammers), and 12 indeterminant fragments, of which 52 were sourced from basalt, 51 from phonolite, 35 from trachyphonolite (intermediate composition of phonolite and trachyte), 3 from vesicular basalt, 2 from trachyte, and 6 indeterminant. These materials could have originated at a conglomerate only 100 m (330 ft) from the site. The cores are large and heavy, averaging 167 mm × 147.8 mm × 108.8 mm (6.57 in × 5.82 in × 4.28 in) and 3.1 kg (6.8 lb). Flakes ranged 19 to 205 mm (0.75 to 8.07 in) in length, normally shorter than later Oldowan industry flakes. Anvils were heavy, up to 15 kg (33 lb). Flakes seem to have been cleaved off primarily using the passive hammer technique (directly striking the core on the anvil) and/or the bipolar method (placing the core on the anvil and striking it with a hammerstone). They produced both unifaces (the flake was worked on one side) and bifaces (both sides were worked). Though they may have been shaping cores beforehand to make them easier to work, the knappers more often than not poorly executed the technique, producing incomplete fractures and fissures on several cores, or requiring multiple blows to flake off a piece. Harmand and colleagues suggested such rudimentary skills may place the Lomekwian as an intermediate industry between simple pounding techniques probably used by earlier hominins, and the flaking Oldowan industry developed by Homo. It is typically assumed that early hominins were using stone tools to cut meat in addition to other organic materials. Wild chimpanzees and black-striped capuchins have been observed to make flakes by accident while using hammerstones to crack nuts on anvils, but the Lomekwi knappers were producing multiple flakes from the same core, and flipped over flakes to work the other side, which speak to the intentionality of their production. In 2016, Spanish archaeologists Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo and Luis Alcalá argued Harmand and colleagues did not convincingly justify that the tools were discovered in situ, that is, the tools may be much younger and were reworked into an older layer. If the date of 3.3 million years is accepted, then there is a 700,000 year gap between the next solid evidence of stone tools, at Ledi-Geraru associated with the earliest Homo LD 350-1, the Oldowan industry, reported by American palaeoanthropologist David Braun and colleagues in 2019. This gap can either be interpreted as the loss and reinvention of stone tool technology, or preservation bias (that tools from this time gap either did not preserve for whatever reason, or sit undiscovered), the latter implying the Lomekwian evolved into the Oldowan. Palaeoecology Kenyanthropus was contemporary with A. afarensis ("Lucy" above) From 4.5 to 4 million years ago, Lake Turkana may have swelled to upwards of 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi), in comparison to today's 6,400 km2 (2,500 sq mi); the lake at what is now the Koobi Fora site possibly sat at minimum 36 m (118 ft) below the surface. Volcanic hills by Lomekwi pushed basalt into the lake sediments. The lake broke up and from 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago, the region was probably characterised by a series of much smaller lakes, each covering no more than 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi). Similarly, the bovid remains at Lomekwi are suggestive of a wet mosaic environment featuring both grasslands and forests on a lakeside or floodplain. Theropithecus brumpti is the most common monkey at the site as well as the rest of the Turkana Basin at this time; this species tends to live in more forested and closed environments. At the fossiliferous A. afarensis Hadar site in Ethiopia, Theropithecus darti is the most common monkey, which tends to prefer drier conditions conducive to wood- or grassland environments. Leakey and colleagues argued this distribution means Kenyanthropus was living in somewhat more forested environments than more northerly A. afarensis. Kenyanthropus, A. afarensis, and A. deyiremeda all coexisted in the same time and region, and, because their anatomy largely diverges in areas relevant to chewing, they may have practised niche partitioning and foraged for different food items. See also Paleontology portal List of fossil sites List of human evolution fossils References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leakey, Meave G.; et al. (2001). "New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages". Nature. 410 (6827): 433–440. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..433L. doi:10.1038/35068500. PMID 11260704. S2CID 4409453. ^ a b c Tattersall, I. (2017). "Species, genera, and phylogenetic structure in the human fossil record: a modest proposal". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 26 (3): 116–118. doi:10.1002/evan.21523. PMID 28627785. S2CID 43487900. Forms such as Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, and Orrorin have also been admitted to the pantheon, though this has clearly been facilitated by their great age. And in a nod to history, the venerable genus Paranthropus has been grandfathered in for use by those who think it useful. But except for the widely dismissed revival of Praeanthropus, there has been little real rethinking of the hugely minimalist hominid taxonomy, generic as well as specific, that Mayr foisted on us all those years ago... ^ a b Cela-Conde, C. J.; Ayala, F. J. (2003). "Genera of the human lineage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (13): 7684–7689. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.7684C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0832372100. PMC 164648. PMID 12794185. ^ Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Gibert, Luis; Melillo, Stephanie M.; Ryan, Timothy M.; Alene, Mulugeta; Deino, Alan; Levin, Naomi E.; Scott, Gary; Saylor, Beverly Z. (2015). "New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity" (PDF). Nature. 521 (7553): 483–488. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..483H. doi:10.1038/nature14448. PMID 26017448. S2CID 4455029. ^ White, T. (2003). "Early Hominids - Diversity or Distortion?". Science. 299 (5615): 1994–1997. doi:10.1126/science.1078294. PMID 12663903. S2CID 83973951. ^ Spoor, F.; Leakey, M. G.; Leakey, L. N. (2010). "Hominin diversity in the middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365 (1556): 3377–3388. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0042. PMC 2981955. PMID 20855311. ^ Gunz, P.; Neubauer, S.; Falk, D.; et al. (2020). "Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth". Science Advances. 6 (14): eaaz4729. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4729G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729. PMC 7112758. PMID 32270044. ^ a b c d Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285. ^ a b Spoor, F.; Leakey, M. G.; O'Higgins, P. (2016). "Middle Pliocene hominin diversity: Australopithecus deyiremeda and Kenyanthropus platyops". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1698). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0231. PMC 4920288. PMID 27298462. ^ a b de la Torre, I. (2019). "Searching for the emergence of stone tool making in eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (24): 11567–11569. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11611567D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1906926116. PMC 6575166. PMID 31164417. ^ Lombard, M.; Högberg, A.; Haidle, M. N. (2018). "Cognition: From Capuchin Rock Pounding to Lomekwian Flake Production". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 29 (2): 201–231. doi:10.1017/S0959774318000550. ^ Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Alcalá, L. (2016). "3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and Butchery Traces? More Evidence Needed". PaleoAnthropology: 46–53. doi:10.4207/PA.2016.ART99 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) ^ Grine, F. E. (2017). Evolutionary History of the Robust Australopithecines. Routledge. pp. 332–333. ISBN 978-1-351-52126-0. ^ Feibel, C. S. (2011). "A Geological History of the Turkana Basin". Evolutionary Anthropology. 20 (6): 206–216. doi:10.1002/evan.20331. PMID 22170690. S2CID 16478971. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenyanthropus platyops. The flat faced man of Kenya (Nature) BBC Science article A picture of Kenyathropus platyops at the American Museum of Natural History Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). vteHuman evolutionTaxonomy(Hominins)Last common ancestors Chimpanzee–human Gorilla–human Orangutan–human Gibbon–human Australopithecines Nakalipithecus Orrorin Sahelanthropus Kenyanthropus Ardipithecus A. kadabba A. ramidus Australopithecus A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba Paranthropus P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus Humans andproto-humans(Homo)Proto-humans H. gautengensis (?) H. habilis H. naledi H. rudolfensis (?) H. tsaichangensis (?) Homo erectus H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis Archaic humans H. antecessor Denisovans H. ergaster (?) H. floresiensis H. heidelbergensis H. longi (?) H. luzonensis H. neanderthalensis H. rhodesiensis (?) Modern humansHomo sapiens H. s. sapiens (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) Jebel Irhoud H. s. idaltu Cro-Magnon Manot people Tam Pa Ling Red Deer Cave people Ancestors Homo habilis → Homo ergaster / Homo erectus (→ Homo antecessor)? → Homo heidelbergensis → archaic Homo sapiens → Homo sapiens ModelsGeneral models Hunting Gathering Endurance running Aquatic ape Sexual selection Self-domestication Specific models Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore-based Drugs Drunken monkey Evolutionary models of human drug use Stoned ape theory Behavior Killer ape Cooperative eye Life history Grandmother Patriarch Topics Bipedalism Skeleton Muscles Skin color Hair Thermoregulation Speech Language Intelligence Gender roles Origin of modern humans Recent African origin Multiregional origin Archaic admixture Behavioral modernity Early migrations Recent evolution Timelines Human evolution Human prehistory Human timeline Others Theorists Books Fossils Evolutionary anthropology Paleoanthropology Human evolutionary developmental biology Category Commons Evolutionary biology Portal vtePrehistoric technology Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Glossary ToolsFarming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration ArchitectureCeremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and cultureMaterial goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism vteHaplorhini Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Haplorhini†"Omomyidae" Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius Microchoerinae Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex "Anaptomorphinae" Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina "Omomyinae" Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius Tarkadectinae Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops Tarsiiformes †Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"? Tarsiidae Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis? Simiiformes see below↓ SimiiformesSimiiformes †Altiatlasius? †Amamria †Aseanpithecus †Nosmips? †Phileosimias? †Afrotarsiidae? Afrasia Afrotarsius †Eosimiidae Bahinia Eosimias Phenacopithecus †Amphipithecidae Amphipithecus Bugtipithecus? Ganlea Krabia Myanmarpithecus Pondaungia Siamopithecus †Parapithecoidea Arsinoea Biretia Proteopithecidae Proteopithecus Serapia Parapithecidae Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus Platyrrhini †Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico Aotidae Aotus †Tremacebus Pitheciidae †Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix Atelidae Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia Cebidae †Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus Callitrichidae Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus Catarrhini see below↓ CatarrhiniCatarrhini †Micropithecus †Saadanius †Oligopithecidae Catopithecus Oligopithecus Talahpithecus †Propliopithecidae Aegyptopithecus Propliopithecus †Pliopithecoidea Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi Pliopithecidae Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus Dionysopithecidae Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus Crouzeliidae Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates Cercopithecoidea †Alophe †Victoriapithecidae Noropithecus Nsungwepithecus? Prohylobates? Victoriapithecus Zaltanpithecus Colobinae †Cercopithecoides Colobus †Dolichopithecus †Kuseracolobus †Libypithecus †Mesopithecus †Microcolobus Nasalis †Paracolobus †Parapresbytis Piliocolobus Presbytis Procolobus Pygathrix †Rhinocolobus Rhinopithecus †Sawecolobus Semnopithecus Simias Trachypithecus CercopithecinaeCercopithecini Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus Papionini Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus Hominoidea see below↓ HominoideaHominoidea †Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus †Dendropithecidae Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus Hylobatidae †Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus Hominidae †Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus Ponginae †Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus Homininae†Dryopithecini Anoiapithecus Danuvius Dryopithecus Hispanopithecus? Pierolapithecus? Rudapithecus Gorillini †Chororapithecus? Gorilla †Nakalipithecus? Hominini Pan Hominina †Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus Taxon identifiersKenyanthropus platyops Wikidata: Q311123 Wikispecies: Homo platyops BioLib: 32384 EoL: 10512596 GBIF: 4827695 IRMNG: 11263421 Open Tree of Life: 3607700 Paleobiology Database: 83080 uBio: 5526215 Kenyanthropus Wikidata: Q1813596 Wikispecies: Kenyanthropus BioLib: 848544 EoL: 10512595 GBIF: 4827694 IRMNG: 1221876 Paleobiology Database: 83079 uBio: 4619554 Homo platyops Wikidata: Q56425720 GBIF: 4827696 IRMNG: 11092326 Paleobiology Database: 83090 Homo rudolfensis Wikidata: Q107742 Wikispecies: Homo rudolfensis EoL: 4454111 GBIF: 4827581 IRMNG: 11089734 Open Tree of Life: 3607673 Paleobiology Database: 83081
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lomekwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomekwi"},{"link_name":"Lake Turkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana"},{"link_name":"Middle Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pliocene"},{"link_name":"Homo rudolfensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis"},{"link_name":"Australopithecus afarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis"},{"link_name":"hominin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin"},{"link_name":"niche partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_partitioning"},{"link_name":"stone tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"flakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_flake"},{"link_name":"core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_core"},{"link_name":"hammerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstone"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"}],"text":"Oldest-known tool-making homininKenyanthropus is a genus of extinct hominin identified from the Lomekwi site by Lake Turkana, Kenya, dated to 3.3 to 3.2 million years ago during the Middle Pliocene. It contains one species, K. platyops, but may also include the 2 million year old Homo rudolfensis, or K. rudolfensis. Before its naming in 2001, Australopithecus afarensis was widely regarded as the only australopithecine to exist during the Middle Pliocene, but Kenyanthropus evinces a greater diversity than once acknowledged. Kenyanthropus is most recognisable by an unusually flat face and small teeth for such an early hominin, with values on the extremes or beyond the range of variation for australopithecines in regard to these features. Multiple australopithecine species may have coexisted by foraging for different food items (niche partitioning), which may be reason why these apes anatomically differ in features related to chewing.The Lomekwi site also yielded the earliest stone tool industry, the Lomekwian, characterised by the rudimentary production of simple flakes by pounding a core against an anvil or with a hammerstone. It may have been manufactured by Kenyanthropus, but it is unclear if multiple species were present at the site or not. The knappers were using volcanic rocks collected no more than 100 m (330 ft) from the site. Kenyanthropus seems to have lived on a lakeside or floodplain environment featuring forests and grasslands.","title":"Kenyanthropus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenyanthropus-Lomekwi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lomekwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomekwi"},{"link_name":"Lake Turkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana"},{"link_name":"hominin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"Lomekwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomekwi"},{"link_name":"Lake Turkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana"},{"link_name":"Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Leakey"},{"link_name":"Meave Leakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meave_Leakey"},{"link_name":"australopithecine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Discovery","text":"Location of Lomekwi, on the western shore of Lake Turkana, KenyaIn August 1998, field technician Blasto Onyango discovered a hominin partial left maxilla (upper jaw), specimen KNM-WT 38350, on the Kenyan Lomekwi dig site by Lake Turkana, overseen by prominent paleoanthropologists Louise and Meave Leakey. In August 1999 at the Lomekwi site, research assistant Justus Erus discovered an uncharacteristically flat-faced australopithecine skull, specimen KNM-WT 40000. The 1998–1999 field season subsequently uncovered 34 more craniodental hominin specimens, but the research team was unable to determine if these can be placed into the same species as the former two specimens (that is, if multiple species were present at the site).[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mudstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"Nachukui Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nachukui_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"linear interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_interpolation"},{"link_name":"Middle Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Age","text":"The specimens were recovered near the Nabetili tributary of the Lomekwi river in a mudstone layer of the Nachukui Formation. KNM-WT 40000 was recovered from the Kataboi Member, 8 m (26 ft) below the 3.4 million year old Tulu Bor Tuff, and 12 m (39 ft) above the 3.57 million year old Lokochot Tuff. By linear interpolation, KNM-WT 40000 is approximately 3.5 million years old, dating back to the Middle Pliocene. Only three more specimens were recovered from the Kataboi Member at around the same level, the deepest KNM-WT 38341 probably sitting on 3.53 million year old sediments. KNM-WT 38350 was recovered from the Lomekwi Member 17 m (56 ft) above Tulu Bor, and is approximately 3.3 million years old. The other specimens from this member sit 16 to 24 m (52 to 79 ft) above Tulu Bor, roughly 3.3 million years old as well. The highest specimens—KNM-WT 38344, -55, and -56—may be around 3.2 million years old.[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"paratype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratype"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tattersall2017-2"},{"link_name":"Australopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus"},{"link_name":"Homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo"},{"link_name":"Paranthropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"A. bahrelghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali"},{"link_name":"Ardipithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus"},{"link_name":"Orrorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorin"},{"link_name":"Sahelanthropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conde2003-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tattersall2017-2"},{"link_name":"Australopithecus afarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis"},{"link_name":"A. anamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis"},{"link_name":"diversified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Yohannes Haile-Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_Haile-Selassie"},{"link_name":"A. deyiremeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haile2015-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KNM_ER_1470_(H._rudolfensis).png"},{"link_name":"H. rudolfensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cheek teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_teeth"},{"link_name":"Ardipithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus"},{"link_name":"Australopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus"},{"link_name":"grade taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Homo rudolfensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis"},{"link_name":"braincase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braincase"},{"link_name":"nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_bones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Tim D. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_D._White"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"topographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographical"},{"link_name":"chimpanzees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spoor2010-6"},{"link_name":"Camilo José Cela Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela_Conde"},{"link_name":"Francisco J. Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala"},{"link_name":"A. africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus"},{"link_name":"synonymise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conde2003-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tattersall2017-2"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"In 2001, Meave Leakey and colleagues assigned the Lomekwi remains to a new genus and species, Kenyanthropus platyops, with KNM-WT 40000 the holotype, and KNM-WT 38350 a paratype. The genus name honours Kenya where Lomekwi and a slew of other major human-ancestor sites have been identified. The species name derives from Ancient Greek platus \"flat\" and opsis \"face\" in reference to the unusually flat face for such an early hominin.[1]The classification of early hominins with their widely varying anatomy has been a difficult subject matter. The 20th century generated an overabundance of hominin genera plunging the field into taxonomic turmoil, until German evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, surveying a \"bewildering diversity of names\", decided to recognise only a single genus, Homo, containing a few species. Though other genera and species have since become popular, his more conservative view of hominin diversity has become the mainstay, and the acceptance of further genera is usually met with great resistance.[2] Since Mayr, hominins are classified into Australopithecus which gave rise to Homo (which includes modern humans) and the robust Paranthropus (which is sometimes not recognised as its own genus), which by definition leaves Australopithecus polyphyletic (a non-natural group which does not comprise a common ancestor and all of its descendants). In addition to Kenyanthropus, the 1990s saw the introduction of A. bahrelghazali, Ardipithecus, Orrorin, and Sahelanthropus, which has complicated discussions of hominin diversity,[3] though the latter three have not been met with much resistance on account of their greater age (all predating Australopithecus).[2]At the time Kenyanthropus was discovered, Australopithecus afarensis was the only recognised australopithecine to have existed between 4 and 3 million years ago, aside from its probable ancestor A. anamensis, making A. afarensis the likely progenitor of all other australopithecines as they diversified in the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Leakey and colleagues considered Kenyanthropus to be evidence of a greater diversity of Pliocene australopithecines than previously acknowledged.[1] In 2015, Ethiopian palaeoanthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie and colleagues erected a new species, A. deyiremeda, which lived in the same time and region as Kenyanthropus and A. afarensis.[4]Reconstruction of H. rudolfensis KNM-ER 1470, which resembles Kenyanthropus KNM-WT 40000[1]Meave Leakey and colleagues drew attention to namely the flat face and small cheek teeth, in addition to several other traits, to distinguish the genus from earlier Ardipithecus, contemporary and later Australopithecus, and later Paranthropus. Kenyanthropus lacks any of the derived traits seen in Homo. They conceded Kenyanthropus could be subsumed into Australopithecus if the widest definition of the latter is used, but this conservative approach to hominin diversity leaves Australopithecus a grade taxon, a non-natural grouping of similar-looking species whereby it effectively encompasses all hominins not classifiable into Ardipithecus or Homo regardless of how they may be related to each other.[1] Leakey and colleagues further drew parallels with KNM-WT 40000 and the 2 million year old KNM-ER 1470 assigned to Homo rudolfensis, attributing differences in braincase and nasal anatomy to archaicness. They suggested H. rudolfensis may be better classified as K. rudolfensis.[1]In 2003, American palaeoanthropologist Tim D. White was concerned that KNM-WT 40000 was far too distorted to obtain any accurate metrics for classification purposes, especially because the skull was splintered into over 1,100 pieces often measuring less than 1 cm (0.39 in) across. Because such damage is rarely even seen, he argues that it cannot be reliably reconstructed. Because the skulls of modern ape species vary widely, he suggested further fossil discoveries in the region may prove the Lomekwi hominins to be a local variant of A. afarensis rather than a distinct genus or species.[5] In response, anthropologist Fred Spoor and Meave and Louise Leakey produced much more detailed digital topographical scans of the KNM-WT 40000 maxilla in 2010, permitting the comparison of many more anatomical landmarks on the maxillae of all other early hominins, modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, in order to more accurately correct the distortion. The new reconstruction more convincingly verifies the distinctness of Kenyanthropus.[6]In 2003, Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Conde and evolutionary biologist Francisco J. Ayala proposed resurrecting the genus \"Praeanthropus\" to house all australopithecines which are not Ardipithecus, Paranthropus, or A. africanus, though they opted to synonymise Kenyanthropus with Homo as \"H. platyops\".[3] Their recommendations have been largely rejected.[2]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenyanthropus_platyops_IMG_2945-white.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenyanthropus_platyops_IMG_2946-white.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"prognathism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism"},{"link_name":"H. habilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#anterior_and_posterior"},{"link_name":"molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"premolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"tooth sockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_alveolus"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel"},{"link_name":"tooth root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_root"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_root"},{"link_name":"incisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"temporal lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_line"},{"link_name":"sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)"},{"link_name":"postorbital constriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postorbital_constriction"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"P. boisei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei"},{"link_name":"A. anamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis"},{"link_name":"Ar. ramidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus"},{"link_name":"tympanic bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_bone"},{"link_name":"petrous crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone"},{"link_name":"ear canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_canal"},{"link_name":"foramen magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_magnum"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"KNM-WT 40000 from different anglesKNM-WT 40000 has been heavily distorted during the fossilisation process, the braincase shifted downwards and backwards, the nasal region to the right, and the mouth and cheek region forward. It is unclear if the specimen represents a male or a female.[1]Kenyanthropus has a relatively flat face, including subnasally, between the nose and the mouth (the nasoalveolar clivus). The clivus inclines at 45° (there is relaxed sub-nasal prognathism), steeper than almost all other australopithecine specimens (on the upper end of variation for Paranthropus), more comparable to H. rudolfensis and H. habilis. This is the earliest example of a flat face in the hominin fossil record. Unlike A. afarensis, Kenyanthropus lacks the anterior pillars, bony columns running down from the nasal aperture (nose hole). It is also one of the longest early hominin clivi discovered at 32 mm (1.3 in). The nasal aperture (nose hole) is narrow compared to that of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The cheekbones are tall and steep, and the anterior surface (where the cheeks juts out the most) is positioned above the premolars, more frequently seen in Paranthropus than other hominins. The zygomaticoalveolar crest (stretching between the cheek and the teeth) is low and curved. Overall, the face resembles H. rudolfensis, though has longer nasal bones, a narrower nasal aperture, a shorter postcanine (the molars and premolars) tooth row, and a less steeply inclined (less flat, more prognathic) midfacial region. Much later Paranthropus are also characterised by relatively flat faces, but this is generally considered to be an adaptation to maximise bite force through enormous teeth, which Kenyanthropus enigmatically does not have.[1]Among all the specimens, only the M2 (2nd upper left molar) and the tooth sockets of the left side of the mouth of KNM-WT 40000 are preserved well enough to measure and study. With dimensions of 11.4 mm2 × 12.4 mm2 (0.0177 sq in × 0.0192 sq in), a surface area of 141.4 mm (5.57 in), it is the smallest M2 ever discovered for an early hominin. For comparison, those of A. afarensis in the comparative sample Leakey and colleagues used ranged from about 160 to 225 mm2 (0.248 to 0.349 sq in), H. habilis and H. rudolfensis 165 to 250 mm2 (0.256 to 0.388 sq in), and the robust P. boisei (with the largest molars among hominins) about 240 to 380 mm2 (0.37 to 0.59 sq in). The reconstructed dimensions of KNM-WT 38350's M1 are 10.5 mm × 12 mm (0.41 in × 0.47 in) for a surface area of 126 mm2 (0.195 sq in), which is on the lower end of variation for A. anamensis, A. afarensis and H. habilis. The thick molar enamel is on par with that of A. anamensis and A. afarensis. KNM-WT40000 retains the ancestral ape premolar tooth root morphology, with a single lingual root (on the tongue side) and two buccal roots (towards the cheeks), though the P4 of KNM-WT 38350 may only have a single buccal root; the ancestral pattern is frequent in Paranthropus and variable in Australopithecus. Individuals of more derived species typically have single-rooted premolars. The canine jugum is not visible (a line of bone in the maxilla corresponding to the canine tooth root), which may mean the canines were not that large. The cross-sectional area of the I2 (2nd upper incisor) is 90% the size of that of I1, whereas it is usually 50 to 70% in other great apes. The tooth roots of the incisors do not appear to be orientated out (there was probably no alveolar prognathism, the front teeth did not jut forward).[1]Brain volume is uncalculable due to distortion of the braincase, but it was probably similar to that of Australopithecus and Paranthropus.[1] A sample of five A. afarensis averaged 445 cc.[7] Like Paranthropus, there is no frontal trigon (a triangle formed by the conjunction of the temporal lines behind the brow ridge). Unlike H. habilis but like H. rudolfensis, there is no sulcus (trench) behind the brow ridge. The degree of postorbital constriction, the narrowing of the braincase in the frontal lobe region, is on par with that of Australopithecus, H. rudolfensis, and H. habilis, but less than P. boisei. Like the earlier A. anamensis and Ar. ramidus, the tympanic bone retains the ancestral hominin ear morphology, lacking the petrous crest, and bearing a narrow ear canal with a small opening. The foramen magnum, where the skull connects to the spine, was probably oval shaped as opposed to the heart-shaped one of P. boisei.[1]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonia Harmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Harmand"},{"link_name":"stone-tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmand2015-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spoor2015-9"},{"link_name":"cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_core"},{"link_name":"flakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_flake"},{"link_name":"hammerstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstone"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"phonolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonolite"},{"link_name":"trachyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyte"},{"link_name":"vesicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_texture"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmand2015-8"},{"link_name":"Oldowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan"},{"link_name":"unifaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniface"},{"link_name":"bifaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biface"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmand2015-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torre2019-10"},{"link_name":"black-striped capuchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-striped_capuchin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmand2015-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"reworked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reworked_fossil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ledi-Geraru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledi-Geraru"},{"link_name":"LD 350-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD_350-1"},{"link_name":"Oldowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan"},{"link_name":"preservation bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_bias"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torre2019-10"}],"text":"In 2015, French archaeologist Sonia Harmand and colleagues identified the Lomekwian stone-tool industry at the Lomekwi site.[8] The tools are attributed to Kenyanthropus as it is the only hominin identified at the site, but in 2015, anthropologist Fred Spoor suggested that at least some of the indeterminate specimens may be assignable to A. deyiremeda as the two species have somewhat similar maxillary anatomy.[9] At 3.3 million years old, it is the oldest proposed industry. The assemblage comprises 83 cores, 35 flakes, 7 possible anvils, 7 possible hammerstones, 5 pebbles (which may have also been used as hammers), and 12 indeterminant fragments, of which 52 were sourced from basalt, 51 from phonolite, 35 from trachyphonolite (intermediate composition of phonolite and trachyte), 3 from vesicular basalt, 2 from trachyte, and 6 indeterminant. These materials could have originated at a conglomerate only 100 m (330 ft) from the site.[8]The cores are large and heavy, averaging 167 mm × 147.8 mm × 108.8 mm (6.57 in × 5.82 in × 4.28 in) and 3.1 kg (6.8 lb). Flakes ranged 19 to 205 mm (0.75 to 8.07 in) in length, normally shorter than later Oldowan industry flakes. Anvils were heavy, up to 15 kg (33 lb). Flakes seem to have been cleaved off primarily using the passive hammer technique (directly striking the core on the anvil) and/or the bipolar method (placing the core on the anvil and striking it with a hammerstone). They produced both unifaces (the flake was worked on one side) and bifaces (both sides were worked). Though they may have been shaping cores beforehand to make them easier to work, the knappers more often than not poorly executed the technique, producing incomplete fractures and fissures on several cores, or requiring multiple blows to flake off a piece. Harmand and colleagues suggested such rudimentary skills may place the Lomekwian as an intermediate industry between simple pounding techniques probably used by earlier hominins, and the flaking Oldowan industry developed by Homo.[8]It is typically assumed that early hominins were using stone tools to cut meat in addition to other organic materials.[10] Wild chimpanzees and black-striped capuchins have been observed to make flakes by accident while using hammerstones to crack nuts on anvils, but the Lomekwi knappers were producing multiple flakes from the same core, and flipped over flakes to work the other side, which speak to the intentionality of their production.[8][11] In 2016, Spanish archaeologists Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo and Luis Alcalá argued Harmand and colleagues did not convincingly justify that the tools were discovered in situ, that is, the tools may be much younger and were reworked into an older layer.[12] If the date of 3.3 million years is accepted, then there is a 700,000 year gap between the next solid evidence of stone tools, at Ledi-Geraru associated with the earliest Homo LD 350-1, the Oldowan industry, reported by American palaeoanthropologist David Braun and colleagues in 2019. This gap can either be interpreted as the loss and reinvention of stone tool technology, or preservation bias (that tools from this time gap either did not preserve for whatever reason, or sit undiscovered), the latter implying the Lomekwian evolved into the Oldowan.[10]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australopithecus_afarensis_reconstruction.JPG"},{"link_name":"A. afarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)"},{"link_name":"Koobi Fora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobi_Fora"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovid"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Theropithecus brumpti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropithecus_brumpti"},{"link_name":"Turkana Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkana_Basin"},{"link_name":"Hadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadar,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Theropithecus darti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropithecus_darti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"A. deyiremeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda"},{"link_name":"niche partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_partitioning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spoor2015-9"}],"text":"Kenyanthropus was contemporary with A. afarensis (\"Lucy\" above)From 4.5 to 4 million years ago, Lake Turkana may have swelled to upwards of 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi), in comparison to today's 6,400 km2 (2,500 sq mi); the lake at what is now the Koobi Fora site possibly sat at minimum 36 m (118 ft) below the surface. Volcanic hills by Lomekwi pushed basalt into the lake sediments. The lake broke up and from 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago, the region was probably characterised by a series of much smaller lakes, each covering no more than 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi).[13][14] Similarly, the bovid remains at Lomekwi are suggestive of a wet mosaic environment featuring both grasslands and forests on a lakeside or floodplain. Theropithecus brumpti is the most common monkey at the site as well as the rest of the Turkana Basin at this time; this species tends to live in more forested and closed environments. At the fossiliferous A. afarensis Hadar site in Ethiopia, Theropithecus darti is the most common monkey, which tends to prefer drier conditions conducive to wood- or grassland environments. Leakey and colleagues argued this distribution means Kenyanthropus was living in somewhat more forested environments than more northerly A. afarensis.[1]Kenyanthropus, A. afarensis, and A. deyiremeda all coexisted in the same time and region, and, because their anatomy largely diverges in areas relevant to chewing, they may have practised niche partitioning and foraged for different food items.[9]","title":"Palaeoecology"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Lomekwi, on the western shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kenyanthropus-Lomekwi.jpg/220px-Kenyanthropus-Lomekwi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of H. rudolfensis KNM-ER 1470, which resembles Kenyanthropus KNM-WT 40000[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KNM_ER_1470_%28H._rudolfensis%29.png/220px-KNM_ER_1470_%28H._rudolfensis%29.png"},{"image_text":"Kenyanthropus was contemporary with A. afarensis (\"Lucy\" above)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Australopithecus_afarensis_reconstruction.JPG/170px-Australopithecus_afarensis_reconstruction.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Paleontology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology"},{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"List of human evolution fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils"}]
[{"reference":"Leakey, Meave G.; et al. (2001). \"New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages\". Nature. 410 (6827): 433–440. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..433L. doi:10.1038/35068500. PMID 11260704. S2CID 4409453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meave_Leakey","url_text":"Leakey, Meave G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.410..433L","url_text":"2001Natur.410..433L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35068500","url_text":"10.1038/35068500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11260704","url_text":"11260704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4409453","url_text":"4409453"}]},{"reference":"Tattersall, I. (2017). \"Species, genera, and phylogenetic structure in the human fossil record: a modest proposal\". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 26 (3): 116–118. doi:10.1002/evan.21523. PMID 28627785. S2CID 43487900. Forms such as Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, and Orrorin have also been admitted to the pantheon, though this has clearly been facilitated by their great age. And in a nod to history, the venerable genus Paranthropus has been grandfathered in for use by those who think it useful. But except for the widely dismissed revival of Praeanthropus, there has been little real rethinking of the hugely minimalist hominid taxonomy, generic as well as specific, that Mayr foisted on us all those years ago...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Tattersall","url_text":"Tattersall, I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.21523","url_text":"10.1002/evan.21523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28627785","url_text":"28627785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43487900","url_text":"43487900"}]},{"reference":"Cela-Conde, C. J.; Ayala, F. J. (2003). \"Genera of the human lineage\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (13): 7684–7689. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.7684C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0832372100. PMC 164648. PMID 12794185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela_Conde","url_text":"Cela-Conde, C. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala","url_text":"Ayala, F. J."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164648","url_text":"\"Genera of the human lineage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.7684C","url_text":"2003PNAS..100.7684C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0832372100","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0832372100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164648","url_text":"164648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12794185","url_text":"12794185"}]},{"reference":"Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Gibert, Luis; Melillo, Stephanie M.; Ryan, Timothy M.; Alene, Mulugeta; Deino, Alan; Levin, Naomi E.; Scott, Gary; Saylor, Beverly Z. (2015). \"New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity\" (PDF). Nature. 521 (7553): 483–488. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..483H. doi:10.1038/nature14448. PMID 26017448. S2CID 4455029.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v521/n7553/extref/nature14448-s1.pdf","url_text":"\"New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..483H","url_text":"2015Natur.521..483H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14448","url_text":"10.1038/nature14448"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017448","url_text":"26017448"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4455029","url_text":"4455029"}]},{"reference":"White, T. (2003). \"Early Hominids - Diversity or Distortion?\". Science. 299 (5615): 1994–1997. doi:10.1126/science.1078294. PMID 12663903. S2CID 83973951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078294","url_text":"10.1126/science.1078294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663903","url_text":"12663903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83973951","url_text":"83973951"}]},{"reference":"Spoor, F.; Leakey, M. G.; Leakey, L. N. (2010). \"Hominin diversity in the middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365 (1556): 3377–3388. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0042. PMC 2981955. PMID 20855311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meave_Leakey","url_text":"Leakey, M. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Leakey","url_text":"Leakey, L. N."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981955","url_text":"\"Hominin diversity in the middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0042","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2010.0042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981955","url_text":"2981955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855311","url_text":"20855311"}]},{"reference":"Gunz, P.; Neubauer, S.; Falk, D.; et al. (2020). \"Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth\". Science Advances. 6 (14): eaaz4729. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4729G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729. PMC 7112758. PMID 32270044.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112758","url_text":"\"Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.4729G","url_text":"2020SciA....6.4729G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaz4729","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112758","url_text":"7112758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270044","url_text":"32270044"}]},{"reference":"Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). \"3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya\". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..310H","url_text":"2015Natur.521..310H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14464","url_text":"10.1038/nature14464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25993961","url_text":"25993961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1207285","url_text":"1207285"}]},{"reference":"Spoor, F.; Leakey, M. G.; O'Higgins, P. (2016). \"Middle Pliocene hominin diversity: Australopithecus deyiremeda and Kenyanthropus platyops\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1698). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0231. PMC 4920288. PMID 27298462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meave_Leakey","url_text":"Leakey, M. G."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920288","url_text":"\"Middle Pliocene hominin diversity: Australopithecus deyiremeda and Kenyanthropus platyops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0231","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2015.0231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920288","url_text":"4920288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27298462","url_text":"27298462"}]},{"reference":"de la Torre, I. (2019). \"Searching for the emergence of stone tool making in eastern Africa\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (24): 11567–11569. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11611567D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1906926116. PMC 6575166. PMID 31164417.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6575166","url_text":"\"Searching for the emergence of stone tool making in eastern Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11611567D","url_text":"2019PNAS..11611567D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1906926116","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1906926116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6575166","url_text":"6575166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31164417","url_text":"31164417"}]},{"reference":"Lombard, M.; Högberg, A.; Haidle, M. N. (2018). \"Cognition: From Capuchin Rock Pounding to Lomekwian Flake Production\". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 29 (2): 201–231. doi:10.1017/S0959774318000550.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774318000550","url_text":"\"Cognition: From Capuchin Rock Pounding to Lomekwian Flake Production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774318000550","url_text":"10.1017/S0959774318000550"}]},{"reference":"Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Alcalá, L. (2016). \"3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and Butchery Traces? More Evidence Needed\". PaleoAnthropology: 46–53. doi:10.4207/PA.2016.ART99 (inactive 31 January 2024).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4207%2FPA.2016.ART99","url_text":"10.4207/PA.2016.ART99"}]},{"reference":"Grine, F. E. (2017). Evolutionary History of the Robust Australopithecines. Routledge. pp. 332–333. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuocyte
Nuocyte
["1 References","2 See also"]
The nuocyte is a cell of the innate immune system that plays an important role in type 2 immune responses that are induced in response to helminth worm infection or in conditions such as asthma and atopic disease. Nuocytes are amongst the first cells activated in type 2 immune responses and are thought to play important roles in activating and recruiting other cells types through their production of type 2 cytokines interleukin 4, 5 and 13. Nuocytes have been observed to proliferate in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7) in vitro. Nuocytes contribute to the expulsion of helminth worms and to the pathology of colitis and allergic airways disease. The nuocyte was identified at the same time as several other immune cells that play similar roles in type 2 immunity. These include Natural Helper Cells (NHCs), Innate Helper 2 (Ih2) cells and multi-potent progenitor (MPP) type 2 cells. The exact relationship between these cell types remains contentious but all share a type-2-inducing phenotype. MPP type 2 cells appear to differ from the other populations in that they have a myeloid, rather than lymphoid, origin. Nuocytes have been shown to have a lymphoid origin and a developmental pathway that is dependent upon the transcription factor RORα and Notch signalling. Pro-T cell progenitors retain nuocyte developmental potential but, unlike T cells, the thymus is dispensable for their development. References ^ a b c Neill, DR; Wong, SH; Bellosi, A; Flynn, RJ; Daly, M; Langford, TK; Bucks, C; Kane, CM; Fallon, PG; Pannell, R; Jolin, HE; McKenzie, AN (2010). "Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity". Nature. 464 (7293): 1367–70. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1367N. doi:10.1038/nature08900. PMC 2862165. PMID 20200518. ^ Mirchandani, A; Salmond, R; Liew, F (2012). "Interleukin-33 and the function of innate lymphoid cells". Trends in Immunology. 33 (8): 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.04.005. PMID 22609147. ^ Camelo, A; Barlow, JL; Drynan, LF; Neill, DR; Ballantyne, SJ; Wong, SH; Pannell, R; Gao, W; Wrigley, K; Sprenkle, J; McKenzie, AN (2012-04-27). "Blocking IL-25 signalling protects against gut inflammation in a type-2 model of colitis by suppressing nuocyte and NKT derived IL-13". Journal of Gastroenterology. 47 (11): 1198–211. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0591-2. PMC 3501170. PMID 22539101. ^ Barlow, JL; Bellosi, A; Hardman, CS; Drynan, LF; Wong, SH; Cruickshank, JP; McKenzie, AN (Jan 2012). "Innate IL-13-producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 129 (1): 191–8.e1–4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.041. PMID 22079492. ^ Moro, K; Yamada, T; Tanabe, M; Takeuchi, T; Ikawa, T; Kawamoto, H; Furusawa, J; Ohtani, M; Fujii, H; Koyasu, S (2010-01-28). "Innate production of T(H)2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) lymphoid cells". Nature. 463 (7280): 540–4. doi:10.1038/nature08636. PMID 20023630. S2CID 4420895. ^ Price, AE; Liang, HE; Sullivan, BM; Reinhardt, RL; Eisley, CJ; Erle, DJ; Locksley, RM (2010-06-22). "Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (25): 11489–94. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10711489P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003988107. PMC 2895098. PMID 20534524. ^ a b Saenz, SA; Siracusa, MC; Perrigoue, JG; Spencer, SP; Urban JF Jr; Tocker, JE; Budelsky, AL; Kleinschek, MA; Kastelein, RA; Kambayashi, T; Bhandoola, A; Artis, D (2010-04-29). "IL25 elicits a multipotent progenitor cell population that promotes T(H)2 cytokine responses". Nature. 464 (7293): 1362–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1362S. doi:10.1038/nature08901. PMC 2861732. PMID 20200520. ^ Neill, DR; McKenzie, AN (May 2011). "Nuocytes and beyond: new insights into helminth expulsion". Trends in Parasitology. 27 (5): 214–21. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.001. PMID 21292555. ^ Saenz, SA; Noti, M; Artis, D (Nov 2010). "Innate immune cell populations function as initiators and effectors in Th2 cytokine responses". Trends in Immunology. 31 (11): 407–13. doi:10.1016/j.it.2010.09.001. PMID 20951092. ^ Wong, SH; Walker, JA; Jolin, HE; Drynan, LF; Hams, E; Camelo, A; Barlow, JL; Neill, DR; Panova, V; Koch, U; Radtke, F; Hardman, CS; Hwang, YY; Fallon, PG; McKenzie, AN (2012-01-22). "Transcription factor RORα is critical for nuocyte development". Nature Immunology. 13 (3): 229–36. doi:10.1038/ni.2208. PMC 3343633. PMID 22267218. See also Innate lymphoid cell vteLymphocytesB cells B1 cell Plasmablast Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Breg cell B10 cell Transitional B cell Lymphoplasmacytoid cell T cells Thymocyte αβ (Cytotoxic CD8+ Helper CD4+ / TFH / Th3 / Th17 / Regulatory) Naïve Memory T cell TCM TEM TRM TVM Innate-like T cells Natural killer T cell γδ Mucosal associated invariant T cell Innate lymphoid cellsNK cells Cytokine-induced killer cell Lymphokine-activated killer cell Null cell Adaptive NK cell Uterine natural killer cells Type 1 innate lymphoid cells Type 2 innate lymphoid cells Nuocytes Type 3 innate lymphoid cells LTi cells Lymphopoiesis Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"multi-potent progenitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-potent_progenitor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saenz-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"myeloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid"},{"link_name":"lymphoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saenz-7"},{"link_name":"RORα","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha"},{"link_name":"Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"thymus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus"}],"text":"The nuocyte was identified at the same time as several other immune cells that play similar roles in type 2 immunity. These include Natural Helper Cells (NHCs),[5] Innate Helper 2 (Ih2) cells [6] and multi-potent progenitor (MPP) type 2 cells.[7] The exact relationship between these cell types remains contentious [8][9] but all share a type-2-inducing phenotype. MPP type 2 cells appear to differ from the other populations in that they have a myeloid, rather than lymphoid, origin.[7]Nuocytes have been shown to have a lymphoid origin and a developmental pathway that is dependent upon the transcription factor RORα and Notch signalling.[10] Pro-T cell progenitors retain nuocyte developmental potential but, unlike T cells, the thymus is dispensable for their development.","title":"Nuocyte"}]
[]
[{"title":"Innate lymphoid cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lymphocytes"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphocytes"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphocytes"},{"title":"Lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte"},{"title":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"title":"B1 cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_cell"},{"title":"Plasmablast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmablast"},{"title":"Plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell"},{"title":"Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_B_cell"},{"title":"Follicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_cell"},{"title":"Marginal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_zone_B-cell"},{"title":"Naïve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_B_cell"},{"title":"Pre-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell#Development"},{"title":"Breg cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_B_cell"},{"title":"B10 cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B10_cell"},{"title":"Transitional B cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_B_cell"},{"title":"Lymphoplasmacytoid cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphoplasmacytoid_cell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"title":"Thymocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymocyte"},{"title":"Cytotoxic CD8+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"title":"Helper CD4+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"title":"TFH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells"},{"title":"Th3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_3_cell"},{"title":"Th17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_17_cell"},{"title":"Regulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell"},{"title":"Naïve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_T_cell"},{"title":"Memory T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_T_cell"},{"title":"TCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_memory_T_cell"},{"title":"TEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effector_memory_T_cell"},{"title":"TRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue-resident_memory_T_cell"},{"title":"TVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory_T_cell"},{"title":"Innate-like T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate-like_T_cell"},{"title":"Natural killer T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell"},{"title":"γδ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_delta_T_cell"},{"title":"Mucosal associated invariant T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell"},{"title":"Innate lymphoid cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell"},{"title":"NK cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"title":"Cytokine-induced killer cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine-induced_killer_cell"},{"title":"Lymphokine-activated killer cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine-activated_killer_cell"},{"title":"Null cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_cell"},{"title":"Adaptive NK cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_NK_cells"},{"title":"Uterine natural killer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_natural_killer_cells"},{"title":"Type 1 innate lymphoid cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_innate_lymphoid_cell"},{"title":"Type 2 innate lymphoid cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_innate_lymphoid_cell"},{"title":"Nuocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Type 3 innate lymphoid cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_3_innate_lymphoid_cells"},{"title":"LTi cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTi_cells"},{"title":"Lymphopoiesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphopoiesis"},{"title":"Hematopoietic stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell"},{"title":"Lymphoblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoblast"},{"title":"Prolymphocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolymphocyte"}]
[{"reference":"Neill, DR; Wong, SH; Bellosi, A; Flynn, RJ; Daly, M; Langford, TK; Bucks, C; Kane, CM; Fallon, PG; Pannell, R; Jolin, HE; McKenzie, AN (2010). \"Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity\". Nature. 464 (7293): 1367–70. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1367N. doi:10.1038/nature08900. PMC 2862165. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(mathematics)
Partition function (mathematics)
["1 Definition","2 The parameter β","3 Symmetry","4 As a measure","5 Normalization","6 Expectation values","7 Information geometry","8 Correlation functions","9 Gaussian integrals","10 General properties","11 See also","12 References"]
Generalization of the concept from statistical mechanics For the partition function in number theory, see Partition function (number theory). The partition function or configuration integral, as used in probability theory, information theory and dynamical systems, is a generalization of the definition of a partition function in statistical mechanics. It is a special case of a normalizing constant in probability theory, for the Boltzmann distribution. The partition function occurs in many problems of probability theory because, in situations where there is a natural symmetry, its associated probability measure, the Gibbs measure, has the Markov property. This means that the partition function occurs not only in physical systems with translation symmetry, but also in such varied settings as neural networks (the Hopfield network), and applications such as genomics, corpus linguistics and artificial intelligence, which employ Markov networks, and Markov logic networks. The Gibbs measure is also the unique measure that has the property of maximizing the entropy for a fixed expectation value of the energy; this underlies the appearance of the partition function in maximum entropy methods and the algorithms derived therefrom. The partition function ties together many different concepts, and thus offers a general framework in which many different kinds of quantities may be calculated. In particular, it shows how to calculate expectation values and Green's functions, forming a bridge to Fredholm theory. It also provides a natural setting for the information geometry approach to information theory, where the Fisher information metric can be understood to be a correlation function derived from the partition function; it happens to define a Riemannian manifold. When the setting for random variables is on complex projective space or projective Hilbert space, geometrized with the Fubini–Study metric, the theory of quantum mechanics and more generally quantum field theory results. In these theories, the partition function is heavily exploited in the path integral formulation, with great success, leading to many formulas nearly identical to those reviewed here. However, because the underlying measure space is complex-valued, as opposed to the real-valued simplex of probability theory, an extra factor of i appears in many formulas. Tracking this factor is troublesome, and is not done here. This article focuses primarily on classical probability theory, where the sum of probabilities total to one. Definition Given a set of random variables X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} taking on values x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} , and some sort of potential function or Hamiltonian H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} , the partition function is defined as Z ( β ) = ∑ x i exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ) {\displaystyle Z(\beta )=\sum _{x_{i}}\exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\right)} The function H is understood to be a real-valued function on the space of states { X 1 , X 2 , ⋯ } {\displaystyle \{X_{1},X_{2},\cdots \}} , while β {\displaystyle \beta } is a real-valued free parameter (conventionally, the inverse temperature). The sum over the x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is understood to be a sum over all possible values that each of the random variables X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} may take. Thus, the sum is to be replaced by an integral when the X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} are continuous, rather than discrete. Thus, one writes Z ( β ) = ∫ exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ) d x 1 d x 2 ⋯ {\displaystyle Z(\beta )=\int \exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\right)\,dx_{1}\,dx_{2}\cdots } for the case of continuously-varying X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} . When H is an observable, such as a finite-dimensional matrix or an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space operator or element of a C-star algebra, it is common to express the summation as a trace, so that Z ( β ) = tr ⁡ ( exp ⁡ ( − β H ) ) {\displaystyle Z(\beta )=\operatorname {tr} \left(\exp \left(-\beta H\right)\right)} When H is infinite-dimensional, then, for the above notation to be valid, the argument must be trace class, that is, of a form such that the summation exists and is bounded. The number of variables X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} need not be countable, in which case the sums are to be replaced by functional integrals. Although there are many notations for functional integrals, a common one would be Z = ∫ D φ exp ⁡ ( − β H [ φ ] ) {\displaystyle Z=\int {\mathcal {D}}\varphi \exp \left(-\beta H\right)} Such is the case for the partition function in quantum field theory. A common, useful modification to the partition function is to introduce auxiliary functions. This allows, for example, the partition function to be used as a generating function for correlation functions. This is discussed in greater detail below. The parameter β The role or meaning of the parameter β {\displaystyle \beta } can be understood in a variety of different ways. In classical thermodynamics, it is an inverse temperature. More generally, one would say that it is the variable that is conjugate to some (arbitrary) function H {\displaystyle H} of the random variables X {\displaystyle X} . The word conjugate here is used in the sense of conjugate generalized coordinates in Lagrangian mechanics, thus, properly β {\displaystyle \beta } is a Lagrange multiplier. It is not uncommonly called the generalized force. All of these concepts have in common the idea that one value is meant to be kept fixed, as others, interconnected in some complicated way, are allowed to vary. In the current case, the value to be kept fixed is the expectation value of H {\displaystyle H} , even as many different probability distributions can give rise to exactly this same (fixed) value. For the general case, one considers a set of functions { H k ( x 1 , ⋯ ) } {\displaystyle \{H_{k}(x_{1},\cdots )\}} that each depend on the random variables X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} . These functions are chosen because one wants to hold their expectation values constant, for one reason or another. To constrain the expectation values in this way, one applies the method of Lagrange multipliers. In the general case, maximum entropy methods illustrate the manner in which this is done. Some specific examples are in order. In basic thermodynamics problems, when using the canonical ensemble, the use of just one parameter β {\displaystyle \beta } reflects the fact that there is only one expectation value that must be held constant: the free energy (due to conservation of energy). For chemistry problems involving chemical reactions, the grand canonical ensemble provides the appropriate foundation, and there are two Lagrange multipliers. One is to hold the energy constant, and another, the fugacity, is to hold the particle count constant (as chemical reactions involve the recombination of a fixed number of atoms). For the general case, one has Z ( β ) = ∑ x i exp ⁡ ( − ∑ k β k H k ( x i ) ) {\displaystyle Z(\beta )=\sum _{x_{i}}\exp \left(-\sum _{k}\beta _{k}H_{k}(x_{i})\right)} with β = ( β 1 , β 2 , ⋯ ) {\displaystyle \beta =(\beta _{1},\beta _{2},\cdots )} a point in a space. For a collection of observables H k {\displaystyle H_{k}} , one would write Z ( β ) = tr ⁡ [ exp ⁡ ( − ∑ k β k H k ) ] {\displaystyle Z(\beta )=\operatorname {tr} \left} As before, it is presumed that the argument of tr is trace class. The corresponding Gibbs measure then provides a probability distribution such that the expectation value of each H k {\displaystyle H_{k}} is a fixed value. More precisely, one has ∂ ∂ β k ( − log ⁡ Z ) = ⟨ H k ⟩ = E [ H k ] {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \beta _{k}}}\left(-\log Z\right)=\langle H_{k}\rangle =\mathrm {E} \left} with the angle brackets ⟨ H k ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle H_{k}\rangle } denoting the expected value of H k {\displaystyle H_{k}} , and E [ ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {E} } being a common alternative notation. A precise definition of this expectation value is given below. Although the value of β {\displaystyle \beta } is commonly taken to be real, it need not be, in general; this is discussed in the section Normalization below. The values of β {\displaystyle \beta } can be understood to be the coordinates of points in a space; this space is in fact a manifold, as sketched below. The study of these spaces as manifolds constitutes the field of information geometry. Symmetry The potential function itself commonly takes the form of a sum: H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) = ∑ s V ( s ) {\displaystyle H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )=\sum _{s}V(s)\,} where the sum over s is a sum over some subset of the power set P(X) of the set X = { x 1 , x 2 , … } {\displaystyle X=\lbrace x_{1},x_{2},\dots \rbrace } . For example, in statistical mechanics, such as the Ising model, the sum is over pairs of nearest neighbors. In probability theory, such as Markov networks, the sum might be over the cliques of a graph; so, for the Ising model and other lattice models, the maximal cliques are edges. The fact that the potential function can be written as a sum usually reflects the fact that it is invariant under the action of a group symmetry, such as translational invariance. Such symmetries can be discrete or continuous; they materialize in the correlation functions for the random variables (discussed below). Thus a symmetry in the Hamiltonian becomes a symmetry of the correlation function (and vice versa). This symmetry has a critically important interpretation in probability theory: it implies that the Gibbs measure has the Markov property; that is, it is independent of the random variables in a certain way, or, equivalently, the measure is identical on the equivalence classes of the symmetry. This leads to the widespread appearance of the partition function in problems with the Markov property, such as Hopfield networks. As a measure The value of the expression exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ) {\displaystyle \exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\right)} can be interpreted as a likelihood that a specific configuration of values ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} occurs in the system. Thus, given a specific configuration ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} , P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) = 1 Z ( β ) exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ) {\displaystyle P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )={\frac {1}{Z(\beta )}}\exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\right)} is the probability of the configuration ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} occurring in the system, which is now properly normalized so that 0 ≤ P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\leq 1} , and such that the sum over all configurations totals to one. As such, the partition function can be understood to provide a measure (a probability measure) on the probability space; formally, it is called the Gibbs measure. It generalizes the narrower concepts of the grand canonical ensemble and canonical ensemble in statistical mechanics. There exists at least one configuration ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} for which the probability is maximized; this configuration is conventionally called the ground state. If the configuration is unique, the ground state is said to be non-degenerate, and the system is said to be ergodic; otherwise the ground state is degenerate. The ground state may or may not commute with the generators of the symmetry; if commutes, it is said to be an invariant measure. When it does not commute, the symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken. Conditions under which a ground state exists and is unique are given by the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions; these conditions are commonly used to justify the use of the Gibbs measure in maximum-entropy problems. Normalization The values taken by β {\displaystyle \beta } depend on the mathematical space over which the random field varies. Thus, real-valued random fields take values on a simplex: this is the geometrical way of saying that the sum of probabilities must total to one. For quantum mechanics, the random variables range over complex projective space (or complex-valued projective Hilbert space), where the random variables are interpreted as probability amplitudes. The emphasis here is on the word projective, as the amplitudes are still normalized to one. The normalization for the potential function is the Jacobian for the appropriate mathematical space: it is 1 for ordinary probabilities, and i for Hilbert space; thus, in quantum field theory, one sees i t H {\displaystyle itH} in the exponential, rather than β H {\displaystyle \beta H} . The partition function is very heavily exploited in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory, to great effect. The theory there is very nearly identical to that presented here, aside from this difference, and the fact that it is usually formulated on four-dimensional space-time, rather than in a general way. Expectation values The partition function is commonly used as a probability-generating function for expectation values of various functions of the random variables. So, for example, taking β {\displaystyle \beta } as an adjustable parameter, then the derivative of log ⁡ ( Z ( β ) ) {\displaystyle \log(Z(\beta ))} with respect to β {\displaystyle \beta } E [ H ] = ⟨ H ⟩ = − ∂ log ⁡ ( Z ( β ) ) ∂ β {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\langle H\rangle =-{\frac {\partial \log(Z(\beta ))}{\partial \beta }}} gives the average (expectation value) of H. In physics, this would be called the average energy of the system. Given the definition of the probability measure above, the expectation value of any function f of the random variables X may now be written as expected: so, for discrete-valued X, one writes ⟨ f ⟩ = ∑ x i f ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) = 1 Z ( β ) ∑ x i f ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle f\rangle &=\sum _{x_{i}}f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\\&={\frac {1}{Z(\beta )}}\sum _{x_{i}}f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\right)\end{aligned}}} The above notation is strictly correct for a finite number of discrete random variables, but should be seen to be somewhat 'informal' for continuous variables; properly, the summations above should be replaced with the notations of the underlying sigma algebra used to define a probability space. That said, the identities continue to hold, when properly formulated on a measure space. Thus, for example, the entropy is given by S = − k B ⟨ ln ⁡ P ⟩ = − k B ∑ x i P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) ln ⁡ P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) = k B ( β ⟨ H ⟩ + log ⁡ Z ( β ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-k_{B}\langle \ln P\rangle \\&=-k_{B}\sum _{x_{i}}P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\ln P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )\\&=k_{B}(\beta \langle H\rangle +\log Z(\beta ))\end{aligned}}} The Gibbs measure is the unique statistical distribution that maximizes the entropy for a fixed expectation value of the energy; this underlies its use in maximum entropy methods. Information geometry The points β {\displaystyle \beta } can be understood to form a space, and specifically, a manifold. Thus, it is reasonable to ask about the structure of this manifold; this is the task of information geometry. Multiple derivatives with regard to the Lagrange multipliers gives rise to a positive semi-definite covariance matrix g i j ( β ) = ∂ 2 ∂ β i ∂ β j ( − log ⁡ Z ( β ) ) = ⟨ ( H i − ⟨ H i ⟩ ) ( H j − ⟨ H j ⟩ ) ⟩ {\displaystyle g_{ij}(\beta )={\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \beta ^{i}\partial \beta ^{j}}}\left(-\log Z(\beta )\right)=\langle \left(H_{i}-\langle H_{i}\rangle \right)\left(H_{j}-\langle H_{j}\rangle \right)\rangle } This matrix is positive semi-definite, and may be interpreted as a metric tensor, specifically, a Riemannian metric. Equipping the space of lagrange multipliers with a metric in this way turns it into a Riemannian manifold. The study of such manifolds is referred to as information geometry; the metric above is the Fisher information metric. Here, β {\displaystyle \beta } serves as a coordinate on the manifold. It is interesting to compare the above definition to the simpler Fisher information, from which it is inspired. That the above defines the Fisher information metric can be readily seen by explicitly substituting for the expectation value: g i j ( β ) = ⟨ ( H i − ⟨ H i ⟩ ) ( H j − ⟨ H j ⟩ ) ⟩ = ∑ x P ( x ) ( H i − ⟨ H i ⟩ ) ( H j − ⟨ H j ⟩ ) = ∑ x P ( x ) ( H i + ∂ log ⁡ Z ∂ β i ) ( H j + ∂ log ⁡ Z ∂ β j ) = ∑ x P ( x ) ∂ log ⁡ P ( x ) ∂ β i ∂ log ⁡ P ( x ) ∂ β j {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{ij}(\beta )&=\langle \left(H_{i}-\langle H_{i}\rangle \right)\left(H_{j}-\langle H_{j}\rangle \right)\rangle \\&=\sum _{x}P(x)\left(H_{i}-\langle H_{i}\rangle \right)\left(H_{j}-\langle H_{j}\rangle \right)\\&=\sum _{x}P(x)\left(H_{i}+{\frac {\partial \log Z}{\partial \beta _{i}}}\right)\left(H_{j}+{\frac {\partial \log Z}{\partial \beta _{j}}}\right)\\&=\sum _{x}P(x){\frac {\partial \log P(x)}{\partial \beta ^{i}}}{\frac {\partial \log P(x)}{\partial \beta ^{j}}}\\\end{aligned}}} where we've written P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} for P ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) {\displaystyle P(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )} and the summation is understood to be over all values of all random variables X k {\displaystyle X_{k}} . For continuous-valued random variables, the summations are replaced by integrals, of course. Curiously, the Fisher information metric can also be understood as the flat-space Euclidean metric, after appropriate change of variables, as described in the main article on it. When the β {\displaystyle \beta } are complex-valued, the resulting metric is the Fubini–Study metric. When written in terms of mixed states, instead of pure states, it is known as the Bures metric. Correlation functions By introducing artificial auxiliary functions J k {\displaystyle J_{k}} into the partition function, it can then be used to obtain the expectation value of the random variables. Thus, for example, by writing Z ( β , J ) = Z ( β , J 1 , J 2 , … ) = ∑ x i exp ⁡ ( − β H ( x 1 , x 2 , … ) + ∑ n J n x n ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Z(\beta ,J)&=Z(\beta ,J_{1},J_{2},\dots )\\&=\sum _{x_{i}}\exp \left(-\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\dots )+\sum _{n}J_{n}x_{n}\right)\end{aligned}}} one then has E [ x k ] = ⟨ x k ⟩ = ∂ ∂ J k log ⁡ Z ( β , J ) | J = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\langle x_{k}\rangle =\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial J_{k}}}\log Z(\beta ,J)\right|_{J=0}} as the expectation value of x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} . In the path integral formulation of quantum field theory, these auxiliary functions are commonly referred to as source fields. Multiple differentiations lead to the connected correlation functions of the random variables. Thus the correlation function C ( x j , x k ) {\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})} between variables x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} and x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} is given by: C ( x j , x k ) = ∂ ∂ J j ∂ ∂ J k log ⁡ Z ( β , J ) | J = 0 {\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})=\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial J_{j}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial J_{k}}}\log Z(\beta ,J)\right|_{J=0}} Gaussian integrals For the case where H can be written as a quadratic form involving a differential operator, that is, as H = 1 2 ∑ n x n D x n {\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n}x_{n}Dx_{n}} then partition function can be understood to be a sum or integral over Gaussians. The correlation function C ( x j , x k ) {\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})} can be understood to be the Green's function for the differential operator (and generally giving rise to Fredholm theory). In the quantum field theory setting, such functions are referred to as propagators; higher order correlators are called n-point functions; working with them defines the effective action of a theory. When the random variables are anti-commuting Grassmann numbers, then the partition function can be expressed as a determinant of the operator D. This is done by writing it as a Berezin integral (also called Grassmann integral). General properties Partition functions are used to discuss critical scaling, universality and are subject to the renormalization group. See also Exponential family Partition function (statistical mechanics) Partition problem Markov random field References ^ Crooks, Gavin E. (2007). "Measuring Thermodynamic Length". Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (10): 100602. arXiv:0706.0559. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99j0602C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.100602. PMID 17930381. S2CID 7527491.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partition function (number theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(number_theory)"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems"},{"link_name":"partition function in statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_in_statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"normalizing constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalizing_constant"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution"},{"link_name":"probability measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_measure"},{"link_name":"Gibbs measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_measure"},{"link_name":"Markov property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_property"},{"link_name":"Hopfield network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopfield_network"},{"link_name":"genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics"},{"link_name":"corpus linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Markov networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_network"},{"link_name":"Markov logic networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_logic_network"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(general_concept)"},{"link_name":"maximum entropy methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_method"},{"link_name":"expectation values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_value"},{"link_name":"Green's functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function"},{"link_name":"Fredholm theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm_theory"},{"link_name":"information geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_geometry"},{"link_name":"Fisher information metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_information_metric"},{"link_name":"correlation function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"complex projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_space"},{"link_name":"projective Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"Fubini–Study metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study_metric"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"path integral formulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"}],"text":"For the partition function in number theory, see Partition function (number theory).The partition function or configuration integral, as used in probability theory, information theory and dynamical systems, is a generalization of the definition of a partition function in statistical mechanics. It is a special case of a normalizing constant in probability theory, for the Boltzmann distribution. The partition function occurs in many problems of probability theory because, in situations where there is a natural symmetry, its associated probability measure, the Gibbs measure, has the Markov property. This means that the partition function occurs not only in physical systems with translation symmetry, but also in such varied settings as neural networks (the Hopfield network), and applications such as genomics, corpus linguistics and artificial intelligence, which employ Markov networks, and Markov logic networks. The Gibbs measure is also the unique measure that has the property of maximizing the entropy for a fixed expectation value of the energy; this underlies the appearance of the partition function in maximum entropy methods and the algorithms derived therefrom.The partition function ties together many different concepts, and thus offers a general framework in which many different kinds of quantities may be calculated. In particular, it shows how to calculate expectation values and Green's functions, forming a bridge to Fredholm theory. It also provides a natural setting for the information geometry approach to information theory, where the Fisher information metric can be understood to be a correlation function derived from the partition function; it happens to define a Riemannian manifold.When the setting for random variables is on complex projective space or projective Hilbert space, geometrized with the Fubini–Study metric, the theory of quantum mechanics and more generally quantum field theory results. In these theories, the partition function is heavily exploited in the path integral formulation, with great success, leading to many formulas nearly identical to those reviewed here. However, because the underlying measure space is complex-valued, as opposed to the real-valued simplex of probability theory, an extra factor of i appears in many formulas. Tracking this factor is troublesome, and is not done here. This article focuses primarily on classical probability theory, where the sum of probabilities total to one.","title":"Partition function (mathematics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"potential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_potential"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_function"},{"link_name":"inverse temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_temperature"},{"link_name":"integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral"},{"link_name":"observable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"C-star algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-star_algebra"},{"link_name":"trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"trace class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class"},{"link_name":"countable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable"},{"link_name":"functional integrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_integral"},{"link_name":"partition function in quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_in_quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function"},{"link_name":"correlation functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function"}],"text":"Given a set of random variables \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n taking on values \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{i}}\n \n, and some sort of potential function or Hamiltonian \n \n \n \n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n, the partition function is defined asZ\n (\n β\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\beta )=\\sum _{x_{i}}\\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\right)}The function H is understood to be a real-valued function on the space of states \n \n \n \n {\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{X_{1},X_{2},\\cdots \\}}\n \n, while \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n is a real-valued free parameter (conventionally, the inverse temperature). The sum over the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{i}}\n \n is understood to be a sum over all possible values that each of the random variables \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n may take. Thus, the sum is to be replaced by an integral when the \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n are continuous, rather than discrete. Thus, one writesZ\n (\n β\n )\n =\n ∫\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n )\n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\beta )=\\int \\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\right)\\,dx_{1}\\,dx_{2}\\cdots }for the case of continuously-varying \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n.When H is an observable, such as a finite-dimensional matrix or an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space operator or element of a C-star algebra, it is common to express the summation as a trace, so thatZ\n (\n β\n )\n =\n tr\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\beta )=\\operatorname {tr} \\left(\\exp \\left(-\\beta H\\right)\\right)}When H is infinite-dimensional, then, for the above notation to be valid, the argument must be trace class, that is, of a form such that the summation exists and is bounded.The number of variables \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n need not be countable, in which case the sums are to be replaced by functional integrals. Although there are many notations for functional integrals, a common one would beZ\n =\n ∫\n \n \n D\n \n \n φ\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n [\n φ\n ]\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=\\int {\\mathcal {D}}\\varphi \\exp \\left(-\\beta H[\\varphi ]\\right)}Such is the case for the partition function in quantum field theory.A common, useful modification to the partition function is to introduce auxiliary functions. This allows, for example, the partition function to be used as a generating function for correlation functions. This is discussed in greater detail below.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inverse temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_temperature"},{"link_name":"conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"generalized coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_coordinates"},{"link_name":"Lagrangian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Lagrange multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier"},{"link_name":"generalized force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_force"},{"link_name":"expectation value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_value"},{"link_name":"probability distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"Lagrange multipliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier"},{"link_name":"maximum entropy methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_method"},{"link_name":"canonical ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy"},{"link_name":"conservation of energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy"},{"link_name":"grand canonical ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_canonical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"fugacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugacity"},{"link_name":"trace class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_class"},{"link_name":"Gibbs measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_measure"},{"link_name":"Normalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Normalization"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"information geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_geometry"}],"text":"The role or meaning of the parameter \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n can be understood in a variety of different ways. In classical thermodynamics, it is an inverse temperature. More generally, one would say that it is the variable that is conjugate to some (arbitrary) function \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n of the random variables \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. The word conjugate here is used in the sense of conjugate generalized coordinates in Lagrangian mechanics, thus, properly \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n is a Lagrange multiplier. It is not uncommonly called the generalized force. All of these concepts have in common the idea that one value is meant to be kept fixed, as others, interconnected in some complicated way, are allowed to vary. In the current case, the value to be kept fixed is the expectation value of \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n, even as many different probability distributions can give rise to exactly this same (fixed) value.For the general case, one considers a set of functions \n \n \n \n {\n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{H_{k}(x_{1},\\cdots )\\}}\n \n that each depend on the random variables \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n. These functions are chosen because one wants to hold their expectation values constant, for one reason or another. To constrain the expectation values in this way, one applies the method of Lagrange multipliers. In the general case, maximum entropy methods illustrate the manner in which this is done.Some specific examples are in order. In basic thermodynamics problems, when using the canonical ensemble, the use of just one parameter \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n reflects the fact that there is only one expectation value that must be held constant: the free energy (due to conservation of energy). For chemistry problems involving chemical reactions, the grand canonical ensemble provides the appropriate foundation, and there are two Lagrange multipliers. One is to hold the energy constant, and another, the fugacity, is to hold the particle count constant (as chemical reactions involve the recombination of a fixed number of atoms).For the general case, one hasZ\n (\n β\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n β\n \n k\n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\beta )=\\sum _{x_{i}}\\exp \\left(-\\sum _{k}\\beta _{k}H_{k}(x_{i})\\right)}with \n \n \n \n β\n =\n (\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta =(\\beta _{1},\\beta _{2},\\cdots )}\n \n a point in a space.For a collection of observables \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{k}}\n \n, one would writeZ\n (\n β\n )\n =\n tr\n ⁡\n \n [\n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n \n ∑\n \n k\n \n \n \n β\n \n k\n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\beta )=\\operatorname {tr} \\left[\\,\\exp \\left(-\\sum _{k}\\beta _{k}H_{k}\\right)\\right]}As before, it is presumed that the argument of tr is trace class.The corresponding Gibbs measure then provides a probability distribution such that the expectation value of each \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{k}}\n \n is a fixed value. More precisely, one has∂\n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n log\n ⁡\n Z\n \n )\n \n =\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n =\n \n E\n \n \n [\n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial \\beta _{k}}}\\left(-\\log Z\\right)=\\langle H_{k}\\rangle =\\mathrm {E} \\left[H_{k}\\right]}with the angle brackets \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle H_{k}\\rangle }\n \n denoting the expected value of \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{k}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {E} [\\;]}\n \n being a common alternative notation. A precise definition of this expectation value is given below.Although the value of \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n is commonly taken to be real, it need not be, in general; this is discussed in the section Normalization below. The values of \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n can be understood to be the coordinates of points in a space; this space is in fact a manifold, as sketched below. The study of these spaces as manifolds constitutes the field of information geometry.","title":"The parameter β"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Ising model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ising_model"},{"link_name":"Markov networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_networks"},{"link_name":"cliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"lattice models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_model_(physics)"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"group symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"translational invariance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_invariance"},{"link_name":"correlation functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function"},{"link_name":"Gibbs measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_measure"},{"link_name":"Markov property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_property"},{"link_name":"equivalence classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"},{"link_name":"Hopfield networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopfield_network"}],"text":"The potential function itself commonly takes the form of a sum:H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n s\n \n \n V\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )=\\sum _{s}V(s)\\,}where the sum over s is a sum over some subset of the power set P(X) of the set \n \n \n \n X\n =\n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X=\\lbrace x_{1},x_{2},\\dots \\rbrace }\n \n. For example, in statistical mechanics, such as the Ising model, the sum is over pairs of nearest neighbors. In probability theory, such as Markov networks, the sum might be over the cliques of a graph; so, for the Ising model and other lattice models, the maximal cliques are edges.The fact that the potential function can be written as a sum usually reflects the fact that it is invariant under the action of a group symmetry, such as translational invariance. Such symmetries can be discrete or continuous; they materialize in the correlation functions for the random variables (discussed below). Thus a symmetry in the Hamiltonian becomes a symmetry of the correlation function (and vice versa).This symmetry has a critically important interpretation in probability theory: it implies that the Gibbs measure has the Markov property; that is, it is independent of the random variables in a certain way, or, equivalently, the measure is identical on the equivalence classes of the symmetry. This leads to the widespread appearance of the partition function in problems with the Markov property, such as Hopfield networks.","title":"Symmetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_space_(physics)"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function"},{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"probability measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_measure"},{"link_name":"probability space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_space"},{"link_name":"Gibbs measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_measure"},{"link_name":"grand canonical ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_canonical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"canonical ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"ground state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state"},{"link_name":"ergodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic"},{"link_name":"invariant measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_measure"},{"link_name":"spontaneously broken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneously_broken"},{"link_name":"Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush%E2%80%93Kuhn%E2%80%93Tucker_conditions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The value of the expressionexp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\right)}can be interpreted as a likelihood that a specific configuration of values \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n occurs in the system. Thus, given a specific configuration \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n,P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n Z\n (\n β\n )\n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )={\\frac {1}{Z(\\beta )}}\\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\right)}is the probability of the configuration \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n occurring in the system, which is now properly normalized so that \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n ≤\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\leq 1}\n \n, and such that the sum over all configurations totals to one. As such, the partition function can be understood to provide a measure (a probability measure) on the probability space; formally, it is called the Gibbs measure. It generalizes the narrower concepts of the grand canonical ensemble and canonical ensemble in statistical mechanics.There exists at least one configuration \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n for which the probability is maximized; this configuration is conventionally called the ground state. If the configuration is unique, the ground state is said to be non-degenerate, and the system is said to be ergodic; otherwise the ground state is degenerate. The ground state may or may not commute with the generators of the symmetry; if commutes, it is said to be an invariant measure. When it does not commute, the symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken.Conditions under which a ground state exists and is unique are given by the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions; these conditions are commonly used to justify the use of the Gibbs measure in maximum-entropy problems.[citation needed]","title":"As a measure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematical space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_space"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"complex projective space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_space"},{"link_name":"projective Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"probability amplitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_amplitude"},{"link_name":"Jacobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"path integral formulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"}],"text":"The values taken by \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n depend on the mathematical space over which the random field varies. Thus, real-valued random fields take values on a simplex: this is the geometrical way of saying that the sum of probabilities must total to one. For quantum mechanics, the random variables range over complex projective space (or complex-valued projective Hilbert space), where the random variables are interpreted as probability amplitudes. The emphasis here is on the word projective, as the amplitudes are still normalized to one. The normalization for the potential function is the Jacobian for the appropriate mathematical space: it is 1 for ordinary probabilities, and i for Hilbert space; thus, in quantum field theory, one sees \n \n \n \n i\n t\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle itH}\n \n in the exponential, rather than \n \n \n \n β\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta H}\n \n. The partition function is very heavily exploited in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory, to great effect. The theory there is very nearly identical to that presented here, aside from this difference, and the fact that it is usually formulated on four-dimensional space-time, rather than in a general way.","title":"Normalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"probability-generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability-generating_function"},{"link_name":"expectation values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_value"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"sigma algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_algebra"},{"link_name":"probability space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_space"},{"link_name":"measure space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_space"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(general_concept)"},{"link_name":"maximum entropy methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_method"}],"text":"The partition function is commonly used as a probability-generating function for expectation values of various functions of the random variables. So, for example, taking \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n as an adjustable parameter, then the derivative of \n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n (\n Z\n (\n β\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log(Z(\\beta ))}\n \n with respect to \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }E\n \n [\n H\n ]\n =\n ⟨\n H\n ⟩\n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n log\n ⁡\n (\n Z\n (\n β\n )\n )\n \n \n ∂\n β\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} [H]=\\langle H\\rangle =-{\\frac {\\partial \\log(Z(\\beta ))}{\\partial \\beta }}}gives the average (expectation value) of H. In physics, this would be called the average energy of the system.Given the definition of the probability measure above, the expectation value of any function f of the random variables X may now be written as expected: so, for discrete-valued X, one writes⟨\n f\n ⟩\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n Z\n (\n β\n )\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\langle f\\rangle &=\\sum _{x_{i}}f(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\\\&={\\frac {1}{Z(\\beta )}}\\sum _{x_{i}}f(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\right)\\end{aligned}}}The above notation is strictly correct for a finite number of discrete random variables, but should be seen to be somewhat 'informal' for continuous variables; properly, the summations above should be replaced with the notations of the underlying sigma algebra used to define a probability space. That said, the identities continue to hold, when properly formulated on a measure space.Thus, for example, the entropy is given byS\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n ⟨\n ln\n ⁡\n P\n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n ln\n ⁡\n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n (\n β\n ⟨\n H\n ⟩\n +\n log\n ⁡\n Z\n (\n β\n )\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}S&=-k_{B}\\langle \\ln P\\rangle \\\\&=-k_{B}\\sum _{x_{i}}P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\ln P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )\\\\&=k_{B}(\\beta \\langle H\\rangle +\\log Z(\\beta ))\\end{aligned}}}The Gibbs measure is the unique statistical distribution that maximizes the entropy for a fixed expectation value of the energy; this underlies its use in maximum entropy methods.","title":"Expectation values"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"information geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_geometry"},{"link_name":"covariance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix"},{"link_name":"metric tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor"},{"link_name":"Riemannian metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_metric"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"information geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_geometry"},{"link_name":"Fisher information metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_information_metric"},{"link_name":"Fisher information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_information"},{"link_name":"Fisher information metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_information_metric"},{"link_name":"Euclidean metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_metric"},{"link_name":"Fubini–Study metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study_metric"},{"link_name":"mixed states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_state_(physics)"},{"link_name":"pure states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_state"},{"link_name":"Bures metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bures_metric"}],"text":"The points \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n can be understood to form a space, and specifically, a manifold. Thus, it is reasonable to ask about the structure of this manifold; this is the task of information geometry.Multiple derivatives with regard to the Lagrange multipliers gives rise to a positive semi-definite covariance matrixg\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n log\n ⁡\n Z\n (\n β\n )\n \n )\n \n =\n ⟨\n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{ij}(\\beta )={\\frac {\\partial ^{2}}{\\partial \\beta ^{i}\\partial \\beta ^{j}}}\\left(-\\log Z(\\beta )\\right)=\\langle \\left(H_{i}-\\langle H_{i}\\rangle \\right)\\left(H_{j}-\\langle H_{j}\\rangle \\right)\\rangle }This matrix is positive semi-definite, and may be interpreted as a metric tensor, specifically, a Riemannian metric. Equipping the space of lagrange multipliers with a metric in this way turns it into a Riemannian manifold.[1] The study of such manifolds is referred to as information geometry; the metric above is the Fisher information metric. Here, \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n serves as a coordinate on the manifold. It is interesting to compare the above definition to the simpler Fisher information, from which it is inspired.That the above defines the Fisher information metric can be readily seen by explicitly substituting for the expectation value:g\n \n i\n j\n \n \n (\n β\n )\n \n \n \n =\n ⟨\n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n ⟩\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n x\n \n \n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n −\n ⟨\n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n x\n \n \n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n log\n ⁡\n Z\n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n H\n \n j\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n log\n ⁡\n Z\n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n x\n \n \n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n ∂\n log\n ⁡\n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n log\n ⁡\n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}g_{ij}(\\beta )&=\\langle \\left(H_{i}-\\langle H_{i}\\rangle \\right)\\left(H_{j}-\\langle H_{j}\\rangle \\right)\\rangle \\\\&=\\sum _{x}P(x)\\left(H_{i}-\\langle H_{i}\\rangle \\right)\\left(H_{j}-\\langle H_{j}\\rangle \\right)\\\\&=\\sum _{x}P(x)\\left(H_{i}+{\\frac {\\partial \\log Z}{\\partial \\beta _{i}}}\\right)\\left(H_{j}+{\\frac {\\partial \\log Z}{\\partial \\beta _{j}}}\\right)\\\\&=\\sum _{x}P(x){\\frac {\\partial \\log P(x)}{\\partial \\beta ^{i}}}{\\frac {\\partial \\log P(x)}{\\partial \\beta ^{j}}}\\\\\\end{aligned}}}where we've written \n \n \n \n P\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x)}\n \n for \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )}\n \n and the summation is understood to be over all values of all random variables \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{k}}\n \n. For continuous-valued random variables, the summations are replaced by integrals, of course.Curiously, the Fisher information metric can also be understood as the flat-space Euclidean metric, after appropriate change of variables, as described in the main article on it. When the \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n are complex-valued, the resulting metric is the Fubini–Study metric. When written in terms of mixed states, instead of pure states, it is known as the Bures metric.","title":"Information geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"path integral formulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"source fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_field"},{"link_name":"connected correlation functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursell_function"}],"text":"By introducing artificial auxiliary functions \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J_{k}}\n \n into the partition function, it can then be used to obtain the expectation value of the random variables. Thus, for example, by writingZ\n (\n β\n ,\n J\n )\n \n \n \n =\n Z\n (\n β\n ,\n \n J\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n J\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n −\n β\n H\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n J\n \n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}Z(\\beta ,J)&=Z(\\beta ,J_{1},J_{2},\\dots )\\\\&=\\sum _{x_{i}}\\exp \\left(-\\beta H(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots )+\\sum _{n}J_{n}x_{n}\\right)\\end{aligned}}}one then hasE\n \n [\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n ]\n =\n ⟨\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n ⟩\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n J\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n Z\n (\n β\n ,\n J\n )\n \n |\n \n \n J\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} [x_{k}]=\\langle x_{k}\\rangle =\\left.{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial J_{k}}}\\log Z(\\beta ,J)\\right|_{J=0}}as the expectation value of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{k}}\n \n. In the path integral formulation of quantum field theory, these auxiliary functions are commonly referred to as source fields.Multiple differentiations lead to the connected correlation functions of the random variables. Thus the correlation function \n \n \n \n C\n (\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})}\n \n between variables \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{k}}\n \n is given by:C\n (\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n J\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n \n J\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n Z\n (\n β\n ,\n J\n )\n \n |\n \n \n J\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})=\\left.{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial J_{j}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial J_{k}}}\\log Z(\\beta ,J)\\right|_{J=0}}","title":"Correlation functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"differential operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_operator"},{"link_name":"integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integral"},{"link_name":"Green's function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function"},{"link_name":"Fredholm theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm_theory"},{"link_name":"propagators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagator"},{"link_name":"effective action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_action"},{"link_name":"Grassmann numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann_number"},{"link_name":"Berezin integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezin_integral"}],"text":"For the case where H can be written as a quadratic form involving a differential operator, that is, asH\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n D\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H={\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{n}x_{n}Dx_{n}}then partition function can be understood to be a sum or integral over Gaussians. The correlation function \n \n \n \n C\n (\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x_{j},x_{k})}\n \n can be understood to be the Green's function for the differential operator (and generally giving rise to Fredholm theory). In the quantum field theory setting, such functions are referred to as propagators; higher order correlators are called n-point functions; working with them defines the effective action of a theory.When the random variables are anti-commuting Grassmann numbers, then the partition function can be expressed as a determinant of the operator D. This is done by writing it as a Berezin integral (also called Grassmann integral).","title":"Gaussian integrals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"critical scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_scaling"},{"link_name":"universality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(dynamical_systems)"},{"link_name":"renormalization group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization_group"}],"text":"Partition functions are used to discuss critical scaling, universality and are subject to the renormalization group.","title":"General properties"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Seykota
Ed Seykota
["1 Career","2 The Trading Tribe","3 Books","4 Influence","5 References","6 Further reading","6.1 Magazines","7 External links","8 Further reading"]
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Edward SeykotaBorn (1946-08-07) August 7, 1946 (age 77)OccupationCapital Allocation Edward Arthur Seykota (born August 7, 1946) is a commodities trader, who earned B.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT and Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, both in 1969. In 1970, Seykota pioneered systems trading by using early punched card computers to test market trading ideas. Seykota resided in Incline Village, Nevada, on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, but moved to Texas. Career As a young man he attended high school near The Hague, Netherlands and also lived in Voorburg. In 1970, he pioneered a computerized trading system (now known as Trading System) for the futures market for the brokerage house he and Michael Marcus worked for. Later, he decided to venture out independently and manage a few of his clients' accounts. Much of Seykota's success was attributed to his development and utilization of computerized trading systems, which he first tested on a mainframe IBM computer. Later, the brokerage house he had been working for adopted his system for their trades. His interest in creating a computerized system grew after he read a letter by Richard Donchian on utilizing mechanical trend-following systems for trading and Donchian's 5- and 20-day moving average systems. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefèvre also inspired Seykota. Seykota based his first trading system on exponential moving averages. Ed Seykota, Market Wizards Systems don't need to be changed. The trick is for a trader to develop a system with which he is compatible. Seykota improved this system over time, adapting it to fit his trading style and preferences. Although the initial version of the system was rigid, he later introduced more rules, pattern triggers, and money management algorithms. Another aspect of his success was his genuine love for trading and his optimistic demeanor. These factors sustained his efforts to continuously improve his system, although he never changed the system's response indicators and instead fine-tuned market stimuli. The Trading Tribe In 1992, Seykota gathered a group of traders to discuss their emotions due to his concern that traders often allow their emotions to overrule their logic. They start gathering regularly, and Seykota develops methods to support personal growth. Over the years, it expands to include Tribes all over the world and people in many professions. Members help to develop a standard set of practices Seykota calls TTP, the Trading Tribe Process. He describes these ideas and practices in his book The Trading Tribe (2005) and its refinement in an online article called TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process (2013). Books The Trading Tribe (2005) Govopoly in the 39th Day (2013) Influence In Market Wizards, Updated: Interviews With Top Traders, author Jack D. Schwager devotes a chapter to Seykota and writes that his "achievements must certainly rank him as one of the best traders of our time." References ^ "Famous Traders and Their Strategies: Episode 6 – Ed Seykota". Orbex Forex Trading Blog. 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2020-01-20. ^ Sekota, Ed. Govopoly in the 39th Day. p. 339. ^ "Ed's FAQ April 1-10, 2013". ^ Seykota, Ed (10 Dec 2013). "TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process" (PDF). Seykota.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20. ^ Schwager, Jack (2012-02-07). Market Wizards, Updated: Interviews With Top Traders. Wiley. p. 151. ISBN 978-1118273050. Further reading Elbe, Susan (October 11, 2000). "Seykota expects "No Excuses" for reading proficiency". Zephyr staff. University of Nevada, Reno. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04. Troseth, Eric (October 20, 2003). "Can you forecast the market?". Work & Money. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-09-04. Seykota, Ed; Dave Druz (March 1993). "Determining Optimal Risk". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-04. Seykota, Ed; Easan Katir (2010). "Superior Returns with Average Indicators, published as 'There is a Tide'". Amazon. Retrieved 2024-01-04. Magazines Seykota, Ed (March 1993). "MACD: sweet anticipation?". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23. Hartle, Thom (August 1992). "Ed Seykota Of Technical Tools". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-05. Collins, Daniel P. (November 2001). "Turtles hatch". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Ed Seykota. "Seykota's official home page". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04. "Seykota's Trading Tribe website". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04. "Seykota's Bernoulli challenge website". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04. "Listing Seykota's "theory of radial momentum"". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04. "Brief biography". Profile. Master Mind Trader. 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-12. "Curated Alpha: Curated Interview With Ed Seykota From Market Wizards". Further reading Schwager, Jack D. (1993). Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders. Collins. ISBN 0-88730-610-1. Covel, Michael W. (2009). Trend Following (Updated Edition): Learn to Make Millions in Up or Down Markets. FT Press. ISBN 978-0-13-702018-8. Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commodities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_market"},{"link_name":"trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_(finance)"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienti%C3%A6_Baccalaureus"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"MIT Sloan School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Incline Village, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incline_Village,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"}],"text":"Edward Arthur Seykota (born August 7, 1946) is a commodities trader, who earned B.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT and Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, both in 1969. In 1970, Seykota pioneered systems trading by using early punched card computers to test market trading ideas. Seykota resided in Incline Village, Nevada, on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, but moved to Texas.","title":"Ed Seykota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Voorburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Marcus_(trader)"},{"link_name":"Richard Donchian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Donchian"},{"link_name":"Reminiscences of a Stock Operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminiscences_of_a_Stock_Operator"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lef%C3%A8vre"}],"text":"As a young man he attended high school near The Hague, Netherlands and also lived in Voorburg.[1]In 1970, he pioneered a computerized trading system (now known as Trading System) for the futures market for the brokerage house he and Michael Marcus worked for. Later, he decided to venture out independently and manage a few of his clients' accounts.Much of Seykota's success was attributed to his development and utilization of computerized trading systems, which he first tested on a mainframe IBM computer. Later, the brokerage house he had been working for adopted his system for their trades.His interest in creating a computerized system grew after he read a letter by Richard Donchian on utilizing mechanical trend-following systems for trading and Donchian's 5- and 20-day moving average systems. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefèvre also inspired Seykota. Seykota based his first trading system on exponential moving averages.Ed Seykota, Market WizardsSystems don't need to be changed. The trick is for a trader to develop a system with which he is compatible.Seykota improved this system over time, adapting it to fit his trading style and preferences. Although the initial version of the system was rigid, he later introduced more rules, pattern triggers, and money management algorithms.Another aspect of his success was his genuine love for trading and his optimistic demeanor. These factors sustained his efforts to continuously improve his system, although he never changed the system's response indicators and instead fine-tuned market stimuli.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"In 1992, Seykota gathered a group of traders to discuss their emotions due to his concern that traders often allow their emotions to overrule their logic. They start gathering regularly, and Seykota develops methods to support personal growth.[2] Over the years, it expands to include Tribes all over the world and people in many professions. Members help to develop a standard set of practices Seykota calls TTP, the Trading Tribe Process.[3] He describes these ideas and practices in his book The Trading Tribe (2005) and its refinement in an online article called TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process (2013).[4]","title":"The Trading Tribe"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Trading Tribe (2005)\nGovopoly in the 39th Day (2013)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Wizards"},{"link_name":"Jack D. Schwager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Schwager"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In Market Wizards, Updated: Interviews With Top Traders, author Jack D. Schwager devotes a chapter to Seykota and writes that his \"achievements must certainly rank him as one of the best traders of our time.\"[5]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Seykota expects \"No Excuses\" for reading proficiency\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060914040438/http://www.jour.unr.edu/educate/elbe.trusteesseykota.html"},{"link_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jour.unr.edu/educate/elbe.trusteesseykota.html"},{"link_name":"\"Can you forecast the market?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csmonitor.com/2003/1020/p13s01-wmgn.html"},{"link_name":"The Christian Science Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor"},{"link_name":"\"Determining Optimal Risk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//traderscom.stores.yahoo.net/-v11-c03-determi-pdf.html"},{"link_name":"Stocks & Commodities magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Analysis_of_Stocks_%26_Commodities"},{"link_name":"\"Superior Returns with Average Indicators, published as 'There is a Tide'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/There-Tide-Easan-Katir-ebook/dp/B00MH8V8VS/ref=sr_1_1?crid=VABWR8EEHE4W&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.fZ6uIknohDfBmlQhFZgluQ.NrJdXRUGCc4CGpQbYOei1l9c6vXySHF4FFEdxL28nZ0&dib_tag=se&keywords=there+is+a+tide+easan+katir&qid=1708477500&sprefix=there+is+a+tide+easan+kati%2Caps%2C189&sr=8-1"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"}],"text":"Elbe, Susan (October 11, 2000). \"Seykota expects \"No Excuses\" for reading proficiency\". Zephyr staff. University of Nevada, Reno. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.\nTroseth, Eric (October 20, 2003). \"Can you forecast the market?\". Work & Money. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-09-04.\nSeykota, Ed; Dave Druz (March 1993). \"Determining Optimal Risk\". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-04.\nSeykota, Ed; Easan Katir (2010). \"Superior Returns with Average Indicators, published as 'There is a Tide'\". Amazon. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"MACD: sweet anticipation?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allbusiness.com/technology/computer-software/154988-1.html"},{"link_name":"Futures magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Ed Seykota Of Technical Tools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//traderscom.stores.yahoo.net/-v10-c08-edseyko-pdf.html"},{"link_name":"Stocks & Commodities magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Analysis_of_Stocks_%26_Commodities"},{"link_name":"\"Turtles hatch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allbusiness.com/personal-finance/investing-trading-futures/822658-1.html"},{"link_name":"Futures magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Magazines","text":"Seykota, Ed (March 1993). \"MACD: sweet anticipation?\". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23.\nHartle, Thom (August 1992). \"Ed Seykota Of Technical Tools\". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-05.\nCollins, Daniel P. (November 2001). \"Turtles hatch\". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schwager, Jack D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Schwager"},{"link_name":"Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marketwizardsint00schw"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88730-610-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-610-1"},{"link_name":"Covel, Michael W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Covel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-702018-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-702018-8"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5335389#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1624154260684524480007"}],"text":"Schwager, Jack D. (1993). Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders. Collins. ISBN 0-88730-610-1.\nCovel, Michael W. (2009). Trend Following (Updated Edition): Learn to Make Millions in Up or Down Markets. FT Press. ISBN 978-0-13-702018-8.Authority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Famous Traders and Their Strategies: Episode 6 – Ed Seykota\". Orbex Forex Trading Blog. 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2020-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orbex.com/blog/en/2018/06/famous-traders-and-their-strategies-ed-seykota","url_text":"\"Famous Traders and Their Strategies: Episode 6 – Ed Seykota\""}]},{"reference":"Sekota, Ed. Govopoly in the 39th Day. p. 339.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ed's FAQ April 1-10, 2013\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seykota.com/tt/2013/Apr/01-10/default.html","url_text":"\"Ed's FAQ April 1-10, 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Seykota, Ed (10 Dec 2013). \"TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process\" (PDF). Seykota.com. Retrieved 2018-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seykota.com/tt/Pages/Book/Extensions/TTP_Extensions.pdf","url_text":"\"TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process\""}]},{"reference":"Schwager, Jack (2012-02-07). Market Wizards, Updated: Interviews With Top Traders. Wiley. p. 151. ISBN 978-1118273050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118273050","url_text":"978-1118273050"}]},{"reference":"Elbe, Susan (October 11, 2000). \"Seykota expects \"No Excuses\" for reading proficiency\". Zephyr staff. University of Nevada, Reno. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914040438/http://www.jour.unr.edu/educate/elbe.trusteesseykota.html","url_text":"\"Seykota expects \"No Excuses\" for reading proficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno","url_text":"University of Nevada, Reno"},{"url":"http://www.jour.unr.edu/educate/elbe.trusteesseykota.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Troseth, Eric (October 20, 2003). \"Can you forecast the market?\". Work & Money. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1020/p13s01-wmgn.html","url_text":"\"Can you forecast the market?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor","url_text":"The Christian Science Monitor"}]},{"reference":"Seykota, Ed; Dave Druz (March 1993). \"Determining Optimal Risk\". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://traderscom.stores.yahoo.net/-v11-c03-determi-pdf.html","url_text":"\"Determining Optimal Risk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Analysis_of_Stocks_%26_Commodities","url_text":"Stocks & Commodities magazine"}]},{"reference":"Seykota, Ed; Easan Katir (2010). \"Superior Returns with Average Indicators, published as 'There is a Tide'\". Amazon. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/There-Tide-Easan-Katir-ebook/dp/B00MH8V8VS/ref=sr_1_1?crid=VABWR8EEHE4W&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.fZ6uIknohDfBmlQhFZgluQ.NrJdXRUGCc4CGpQbYOei1l9c6vXySHF4FFEdxL28nZ0&dib_tag=se&keywords=there+is+a+tide+easan+katir&qid=1708477500&sprefix=there+is+a+tide+easan+kati%2Caps%2C189&sr=8-1","url_text":"\"Superior Returns with Average Indicators, published as 'There is a Tide'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)","url_text":"Amazon"}]},{"reference":"Seykota, Ed (March 1993). \"MACD: sweet anticipation?\". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/technology/computer-software/154988-1.html","url_text":"\"MACD: sweet anticipation?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_(magazine)","url_text":"Futures magazine"}]},{"reference":"Hartle, Thom (August 1992). \"Ed Seykota Of Technical Tools\". Stocks & Commodities magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://traderscom.stores.yahoo.net/-v10-c08-edseyko-pdf.html","url_text":"\"Ed Seykota Of Technical Tools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Analysis_of_Stocks_%26_Commodities","url_text":"Stocks & Commodities magazine"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Daniel P. (November 2001). \"Turtles hatch\". Futures magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/personal-finance/investing-trading-futures/822658-1.html","url_text":"\"Turtles hatch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_(magazine)","url_text":"Futures magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Seykota's official home page\". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seykota.com/","url_text":"\"Seykota's official home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seykota's Trading Tribe website\". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tradingtribe.com/","url_text":"\"Seykota's Trading Tribe website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seykota's Bernoulli challenge website\". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radialmomentum.com/","url_text":"\"Seykota's Bernoulli challenge website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listing Seykota's \"theory of radial momentum\"\". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crank.net/antigravity.html","url_text":"\"Listing Seykota's \"theory of radial momentum\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief biography\". Profile. Master Mind Trader. 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastermindtrader.com/Ed_Seykota.html","url_text":"\"Brief biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curated Alpha: Curated Interview With Ed Seykota From Market Wizards\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.curatedalpha.com/2011/curated-interview-with-ed-seykota-from-market-wizards/","url_text":"\"Curated Alpha: Curated Interview With Ed Seykota From Market Wizards\""}]},{"reference":"Schwager, Jack D. (1993). Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders. Collins. ISBN 0-88730-610-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Schwager","url_text":"Schwager, Jack D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/marketwizardsint00schw","url_text":"Market Wizards: Interviews with Top Traders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-610-1","url_text":"0-88730-610-1"}]},{"reference":"Covel, Michael W. (2009). Trend Following (Updated Edition): Learn to Make Millions in Up or Down Markets. FT Press. ISBN 978-0-13-702018-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Covel","url_text":"Covel, Michael W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-702018-8","url_text":"978-0-13-702018-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_railway_station
Haydarpaşa railway station
["1 History","1.1 Ottoman era (1872–1922)","1.2 Republican era (1923–present)","1.3 Archaeological excavations","2 Service","3 Historic monuments in the vicinity of the station","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°59′46″N 29°01′07″E / 40.9962°N 29.0187°E / 40.9962; 29.0187Railway station in Istanbul, Turkey HAYDARPAŞAFront facade of the station building.General informationLocationHaydarpaşa Gar Sk., Rasimpaşa Mah., 34716Kadıköy, IstanbulTurkeyCoordinates40°59′46″N 29°01′07″E / 40.9962°N 29.0187°E / 40.9962; 29.0187Owned byTurkish State RailwaysLine(s)Istanbul-Ankara railwayPlatforms6 Bay platformsTracks9ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeParkingFor employees onlyArchitectOtto Ritter, Helmuth ConuArchitectural styleGerman NeoclassicalOther informationStatusUnder renovationHistoryOpened22 September 1872 (1872-09-22)Closed19 June 2013 (2013-06-19)Rebuilt1908Electrified29 May 196925 kV AC, 60 HzLocation Haydarpaşa station (Turkish: Haydarpaşa Garı) is a railway station in Istanbul, that was, until 2012 the main city terminal for trains travelling to and from the Anatolian side of Turkey. It used to be Turkey's busiest railway station. (Its counterpart on the European side of the city was Sirkeci station which served train services to and from the Thracian side of the country.) The station building still houses the headquarters for District 1 of the State Railways but since a fire in 2010 the station has not been in use and its future remains uncertain. Haydarpaşa stands on an embankment over the Bosphorus just south of the Port of Haydarpaşa (one of the main container terminals in Turkey) and is slightly north of busy Kadıköy. Until the rail service was suspended, ferry services connected it to Eminönü, Karaköy and Kadıköy. The closure of the station has been very controversial and a group known as the Haydarpaşa Solidarity Group (Turkish: Haydarpaşa Dayanışması) has staged regular protest sit-ins in front of it amid fears that the station and port would be sold; a plan involving seven skyscrapers provoked especially strong adverse reaction. In December 2015, the reintegration of Haydarpaşa station into the Marmaray network was theoretically approved along with the restoration and rehabilitation of the station building and platforms. However, in 2022 its future still remained unclear. History Ottoman era (1872–1922) In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered the first railway line to be built from Haydarpaşa in Istanbul to İzmit. Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, by which time the railway extended as far as Gebze. In 1888 the Anatolian Railway (Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie, CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built right beside the Bosphorus, freight trains could unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight could be transferred straight to ships. Haydarpaşa station saw its first regular passenger service - daily train from Haydarpaşa to İzmit - in 1890. In 1892 the CFOA laid a line to Ankara and shortly afterwards a daily train started to run between the two cities. Interior hall in Haydarpaşa Terminal Haydarpaşa was chosen as the northern terminus for the Baghdad Railway and the Hejaz Railway in 1904, and, with rail traffic increasing, a larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects, Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu, to build the new building. They chose a Neo-classical design and construction started in 1906. Its foundation is based on 1100 wooden piles, each 21 metres (69 ft) long, driven into the soft shore by a steam hammer. German and Italian stonemasons crafted the decoration of the exterior. The work was completed on land reclaimed from the sea on 19 August 1909 and the new terminal was inaugurated on 4 November 1909 for the birthday of Mehmed V. While the work was in progress the community of German engineers and craftsmen established a small German neighbourhood with its own school in the Yeldeğirmeni quarter of Kadıköy. World War I broke out in 1914 and the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers against the Allied Powers. When the Ottomans lost İstanbul was taken over by the British Empire and Haydarpaşa fell under British military control during the occupation. In 1917 the architect Vedat Tek designed the pretty terminal decorated with Kütahya tiles where ferries used to deposit would-be train passengers in front of the station. Republican era (1923–present) Haydarpasa terminal in 2007 Intercity trains at Haydarpasa station in 2012. The Turkish Independence War ended on 29 October 1923 with the British withdrawal from Istanbul and the formation of the Republic of Turkey. Haydarpaşa terminal was still under CFOA control but in 1927 the newly formed Turkish State Railways (TCDD) took over the CFOA and the terminal as part of the process of nationalising all the Turkish railways. In 1927 the CIWL started a premier train service, the all-sleeper Anatolian Express, that travelled daily between Haydarpaşa and Ankara. In 1938 the Eastern Express started running from Haydarpaşa to the eastern Turkish city of Kars, a distance of 1,994 km (1,239 mi). The famous Taurus Express from Haydarpaşa to Baghdad, a distance of 2,566 km (1,594 mi), entered service in 1940. In 1965 the Trans-Asia Express began running from Haydarpaşa to Tehran, a distance of 3,059 km (1,901 mi). In 1969 the tracks from Haydarpaşa to Gebze were electrified with 25 kV AC catenary for the Haydarpaşa-Gebze commuter line. Haydarpaşa terminal after the fire that destroyed its roof in 2010 Haydarpaşa terminal undergoing restoration works in 2019. In 1979 a tanker burning on the Bosphorus damaged the terminal building, but it was restored a few months later. On 28 November 2010 a fire caused by carelessness during restoration work destroyed the station's roof and the 4th floor. Three people were sentenced to ten months in prison for "recklessly causing the fire". In 2011 the World Monuments Fund, the New York-based heritage preservation organisation, placed the railway terminal on its 2012 Watch, drawing attention to its uncertain future. In November 2012 the station hosted a three-day art exhibition entitled Haydarpasa: Past, Present and Uncertain Future, which was organised in collaboration with the WMF, and featured Canadian and Turkish artists and photographers seeking to raise international interest in preserving the station as a transportation hub. On 2 February 2012 Haydarpaşa Station closed to long-distance trains to allow for the construction of the Istanbul–Ankara high-speed railway and the Marmaray which now connects Istanbul's Asian and European sides, halting train services between Istanbul and the Anatolian region of Turkey). Although work on the Marmaray has now been completed along with high-speed train services to Ankara, Konya and Eskişehir, these now leave from stations other than Haydarpaşa which remained closed and under restoration in 2022. Archaeological excavations Haydarpaşa train station excavations in 2022 In 2018, remains of a Byzantine coastal town were uncovered during restoration work on the station. The excavations also unearthed a Byzantine-era fountain, a large fortification wall and a ceramic brick kiln. Dozens of graves were also discovered; in October 2018, archaeologists found an intact skeleton wearing a scented necklace. Jewellery and coins dating back to between 610-641 and 527-565 A.D were also found. A podium made of sheared rectangular blocks found between the railway platforms is believed to date back to the Hellenistic era. Haydarpaşa Terminal with Seraglio Point in the background. Service Previous Turkish State Railways Next Terminus Trans-Asian Express BostancıToward Tatvan Pier Capital Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Eskişehir Republic Express Fatih Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Ankara Ankara Express Bosphorus Express Anatolia Express Eskişehir Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Eskişehir Sakarya Express Eastern Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Kars Van Lake Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Tatvan Southern Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Kurtalan Meram Express SöğütlüçeşmeToward Konya Central Anatolia Blue Train SöğütlüçeşmeToward Adana Haydarpaşa-Adapazarı Regional SöğütlüçeşmeToward Adapazarı Haydarpaşa-Gebze Line SöğütlüçeşmeToward Gebze Historic monuments in the vicinity of the station The nearby Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University, originally built as the Imperial Medical School and designed by Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco. The small Haydarpaşa Cemetery is dedicated to the British and Commonwealth soldiers who lost their lives during the Crimean War (1854–1856) and the two World Wars. It also contains the graves of members of the Levantine community who used to live in Kadıköy and Moda. The north-west wing of the 19th-century Selimiye Barracks was transformed into a military hospital during the Crimean War and became the place where the nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale cared for wounded and infected British soldiers. Her room is maintained in a small museum which also contains other items dating from the Crimean War. Permission from the military is required before visiting the museum. The buildings of the Haydarpaşa Numune Hospital, GATA Military Hospital, Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital and the present-day Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University designed by architects Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco are also near the station. See also Baghdad Railway Hejaz Railway Istanbul Sirkeci Terminal, the other major train terminal of Istanbul on the European side List of train stations in Turkey Public transport in Istanbul References ^ "Haydarpaşa Garı'nın 10 Yıllık Mücadelesi". bianet.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 December 2017. ^ Haydarpasa Port Geldi, Gozde Haydarpasa kentvedemiryolu.com ^ Haydarpasa Port onaylandi ^ Haydarpasa ne olacak? - kentvedemiryolu.com ^ "Haydarpaşa'da Restorasyon Başlıyor". gazetekadikoy.com.tr (in Turkish). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2017. ^ https://raillynews.com/2022/07/haydarpasa-gari-icin-yeni-plan/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b c CFOA History - Trains and Railways of Turkey ^ "The German School at Yeldeğirmeni". Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ Yale 1 Tonguç 2, Pat 1 Saffet Emre 2 (2010). Istanbul The Ultimate Guide (1st ed.). Istanbul: Boyut. p. 493. ISBN 9789752307346.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b TCDD History - Trains and Railways of Turkey ^ The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Steam and Rail - By Colin Garrat and Max Wade-Matthews, page 401 ^ The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Steam and Rail - By Colin Garrat and Max Wade-Matthews, page 396 ^ The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Steam and Rail - By Colin Garrat and Max Wade-Matthews, page 403 ^ "Istanbul court sentences three people in Haydarpaşa Station fire case - LOCAL". Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 2017-09-03. ^ Haydarpaşa Railway Station WMF Program: 2012 Watch - World Monuments Fund ^ Haydarpasa closed for restoration after 104 years Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine - PortTurkey.com ^ Archaeological remains from Byzantine era found during restoration of historic Istanbul station ^ a b c Intact skeleton found in Haydarpaşa train station excavations ^ "Florence Nightingale and her Museum | All About Turkey". www.allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2022-08-10. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haydarpaşa Terminal. Başkent Ekspresi Fatih Ekspresi Boğaziçi Treni Anadolu Ekspresi Ankara Ekspresi İç Anadolu Mavi Treni Meram Ekspresi Doğu Ekspresi Vangölü Ekspresi Transasya Ekspresi Güney Ekspresi Cumhuriyet Ekspresi Eskişehir Ekspresi Sakarya Ekspresi The world's most spectacular railway stations Mesin Ekspresi vteTurkish State Railways (TCDD)Main stations Istanbul Haydarpaşa Istanbul Sirkeci Ankara Izmir Alsancak Izmir Basmane Eskişehir Kayseri Sivas Malatya Adana Afyon Service High-speed Rail Intercity Service Regional Service Commuter Service International Service Freight Service Ports Port of Haydarpaşa Port of İzmir Port of Mersin Port of Derince Port of Samsun Port of İskendurun Port of Bandırma Railway districts (HQs) 1 (Haydarpaşa) 2 (Ankara) 3 (Alsancak) 4 (Sivas) 5 (Malatya) 6 (Adana) 7 (Afyon) Predecessor railways Oriental Railway Ottoman Railway Company Smyrna Cassaba Railway Anatolian Railway Pozantı Nusaybin Railway Bursa Mudanya Railway Transcaucasus Railway Southern Railway (Turkey) vteRailway stations in TurkeyMarmara Region Adapazarı Alpullu Arifiye Balıkesir Bandırma Bilecik YHT Bostancı Bozüyük YHT Çerkezköy Edirne Fatih Gebze Halkalı Bakırköy Haydarpaşa Lüleburgaz İzmit Kapıkule Maltepe Mithatpaşa Pehlivanköy Pendik Sapanca Sirkeci Söğütlüçeşme Tekirdağ Uzunköprü Black Sea Region Zonguldak Amasya Central Anatolia Region Akşehir Alpu Ankara Ankara YHT Enveriye Eskişehir Ereğli Eryaman YHT Kayseri Konya Polatlı Polatlı YHT Sivas Aegean Region Afyon Ali Çetinkaya Çatal Denizli Emiralem Halkapınar Alsancak Basmane Manisa Menemen Ödemiş Pancar Selçuk Torbalı Uşak Mediterranean Region Adana Bahçe Ceyhan İncirlik İskenderun Kiremithane Köprüağzı Mersin Pozantı Şakirpaşa Şehitlik Tarsus Yakapınar Yenice Southeastern Anatolia Region Gaziantep İslahiye Mardin Nusaybin Eastern Anatolia Region Kars Sarıkamış Selim Süngütaşı Tatvan Topdağ YHT stations under construction Emirdağ YHT Kırıkkale YHT Pamukova YHT Sorgun YHT Yerköy YHT Yozgat YHT Stations in italics are under construction. Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Sirkeci station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkeci_railway_station"},{"link_name":"District 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCDD_District_1"},{"link_name":"Port of Haydarpaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa"},{"link_name":"container terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal"},{"link_name":"Kadıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Eminönü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Karaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Kadıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Railway station in Istanbul, TurkeyHaydarpaşa station (Turkish: Haydarpaşa Garı) is a railway station in Istanbul, that was, until 2012 the main city terminal for trains travelling to and from the Anatolian side of Turkey. It used to be Turkey's busiest railway station. (Its counterpart on the European side of the city was Sirkeci station which served train services to and from the Thracian side of the country.) The station building still houses the headquarters for District 1 of the State Railways but since a fire in 2010 the station has not been in use and its future remains uncertain.Haydarpaşa stands on an embankment over the Bosphorus just south of the Port of Haydarpaşa (one of the main container terminals in Turkey) and is slightly north of busy Kadıköy. Until the rail service was suspended, ferry services connected it to Eminönü, Karaköy and Kadıköy.The closure of the station has been very controversial and a group known as the Haydarpaşa Solidarity Group (Turkish: Haydarpaşa Dayanışması) has staged regular protest sit-ins in front of it[1] amid fears that the station and port would be sold; a plan involving seven skyscrapers provoked especially strong adverse reaction.[2][3][4] In December 2015, the reintegration of Haydarpaşa station into the Marmaray network was theoretically approved along with the restoration and rehabilitation of the station building and platforms.[5] However, in 2022 its future still remained unclear.[6]","title":"Haydarpaşa railway station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Abdülaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz"},{"link_name":"Haydarpaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa"},{"link_name":"İzmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFOA-7"},{"link_name":"Gebze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebze"},{"link_name":"Anatolian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_Ottomans_d%27Anatolie"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFOA-7"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpasa-1070032_1070097a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baghdad Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hejaz Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjaz_Railway"},{"link_name":"Neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"stonemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemason"},{"link_name":"Mehmed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_V"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFOA-7"},{"link_name":"German neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus_Germans"},{"link_name":"Kadıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vedat Tek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat_Tek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era (1872–1922)","text":"In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered the first railway line to be built from Haydarpaşa in Istanbul to İzmit.[7] Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, by which time the railway extended as far as Gebze. In 1888 the Anatolian Railway (Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie, CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built right beside the Bosphorus, freight trains could unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight could be transferred straight to ships. Haydarpaşa station saw its first regular passenger service - daily train from Haydarpaşa to İzmit - in 1890.[7] In 1892 the CFOA laid a line to Ankara and shortly afterwards a daily train started to run between the two cities.Interior hall in Haydarpaşa TerminalHaydarpaşa was chosen as the northern terminus for the Baghdad Railway and the Hejaz Railway in 1904, and, with rail traffic increasing, a larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects, Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu, to build the new building. They chose a Neo-classical design and construction started in 1906. Its foundation is based on 1100 wooden piles, each 21 metres (69 ft) long, driven into the soft shore by a steam hammer. German and Italian stonemasons crafted the decoration of the exterior. The work was completed on land reclaimed from the sea on 19 August 1909 and the new terminal was inaugurated on 4 November 1909 for the birthday of Mehmed V.[7] While the work was in progress the community of German engineers and craftsmen established a small German neighbourhood with its own school in the Yeldeğirmeni quarter of Kadıköy.[8]World War I broke out in 1914 and the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers against the Allied Powers. When the Ottomans lost İstanbul was taken over by the British Empire and Haydarpaşa fell under British military control during the occupation.In 1917 the architect Vedat Tek designed the pretty terminal decorated with Kütahya tiles where ferries used to deposit would-be train passengers in front of the station.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpasa_train_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trains_at_Haydarpasa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turkish Independence War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Independence_War"},{"link_name":"Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCDD-10"},{"link_name":"CIWL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIWL"},{"link_name":"Anatolian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Express"},{"link_name":"Eastern Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Express"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Taurus Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Express"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Trans-Asia Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Asia_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gebze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebze"},{"link_name":"25 kV AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_kV_AC"},{"link_name":"catenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_lines"},{"link_name":"Haydarpaşa-Gebze commuter line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa-Gebze_Commuter_Line"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCDD-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminus_And_Pier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar%C4%B1_restorasyon_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"World Monuments Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Istanbul–Ankara high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul%E2%80%93Ankara_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Marmaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaray"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya"}],"sub_title":"Republican era (1923–present)","text":"Haydarpasa terminal in 2007Intercity trains at Haydarpasa station in 2012.The Turkish Independence War ended on 29 October 1923 with the British withdrawal from Istanbul and the formation of the Republic of Turkey. Haydarpaşa terminal was still under CFOA control but in 1927 the newly formed Turkish State Railways (TCDD) took over the CFOA and the terminal as part of the process of nationalising all the Turkish railways.[10] In 1927 the CIWL started a premier train service, the all-sleeper Anatolian Express, that travelled daily between Haydarpaşa and Ankara. In 1938 the Eastern Express started running from Haydarpaşa to the eastern Turkish city of Kars, a distance of 1,994 km (1,239 mi).[11] The famous Taurus Express from Haydarpaşa to Baghdad, a distance of 2,566 km (1,594 mi), entered service in 1940.[12] In 1965 the Trans-Asia Express began running from Haydarpaşa to Tehran, a distance of 3,059 km (1,901 mi).[13] In 1969 the tracks from Haydarpaşa to Gebze were electrified with 25 kV AC catenary for the Haydarpaşa-Gebze commuter line.[10]Haydarpaşa terminal after the fire that destroyed its roof in 2010Haydarpaşa terminal undergoing restoration works in 2019.In 1979 a tanker burning on the Bosphorus damaged the terminal building, but it was restored a few months later. On 28 November 2010 a fire caused by carelessness during restoration work destroyed the station's roof and the 4th floor. Three people were sentenced to ten months in prison for \"recklessly causing the fire\".[14]In 2011 the World Monuments Fund, the New York-based heritage preservation organisation, placed the railway terminal on its 2012 Watch, drawing attention to its uncertain future.[15] In November 2012 the station hosted a three-day art exhibition entitled Haydarpasa: Past, Present and Uncertain Future, which was organised in collaboration with the WMF, and featured Canadian and Turkish artists and photographers seeking to raise international interest in preserving the station as a transportation hub.On 2 February 2012 Haydarpaşa Station closed to long-distance trains to allow for the construction of the Istanbul–Ankara high-speed railway and the Marmaray which now connects Istanbul's Asian and European sides, halting train services between Istanbul and the Anatolian region of Turkey).[16] Although work on the Marmaray has now been completed along with high-speed train services to Ankara, Konya and Eskişehir, these now leave from stations other than Haydarpaşa which remained closed and under restoration in 2022.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Restoration_works_of_the_Haydarapa%C5%9Fa_railway_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiln"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intact-skeleton-hurriyet-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intact-skeleton-hurriyet-18"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_era"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intact-skeleton-hurriyet-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminal_and_Seraglio_Point_at_the_back,_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG"},{"link_name":"Seraglio Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraglio_Point"}],"sub_title":"Archaeological excavations","text":"Haydarpaşa train station excavations in 2022In 2018, remains of a Byzantine coastal town were uncovered during restoration work on the station.[17] The excavations also unearthed a Byzantine-era fountain, a large fortification wall and a ceramic brick kiln.[18] Dozens of graves were also discovered; in October 2018, archaeologists found an intact skeleton wearing a scented necklace. Jewellery and coins dating back to between 610-641 and 527-565 A.D were also found.[18]A podium made of sheared rectangular blocks found between the railway platforms is believed to date back to the Hellenistic era.[18]Haydarpaşa Terminal with Seraglio Point in the background.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydarpasa_campus_general.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marmara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_University"},{"link_name":"Alexander Vallaury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vallaury"},{"link_name":"Raimondo D'Aronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_D%27Aronco"},{"link_name":"Haydarpaşa Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Kadıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Moda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda,_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Selimiye Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selimiye_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Marmara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_University"},{"link_name":"Alexander Vallaury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vallaury"},{"link_name":"Raimondo D'Aronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_D%27Aronco"}],"text":"The nearby Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University, originally built as the Imperial Medical School and designed by Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco.The small Haydarpaşa Cemetery is dedicated to the British and Commonwealth soldiers who lost their lives during the Crimean War (1854–1856) and the two World Wars. It also contains the graves of members of the Levantine community who used to live in Kadıköy and Moda.The north-west wing of the 19th-century Selimiye Barracks was transformed into a military hospital during the Crimean War and became the place where the nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale cared for wounded and infected British soldiers. Her room is maintained in a small museum which also contains other items dating from the Crimean War. Permission from the military is required before visiting the museum.[19]The buildings of the Haydarpaşa Numune Hospital, GATA Military Hospital, Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital and the present-day Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University designed by architects Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco are also near the station.","title":"Historic monuments in the vicinity of the station"}]
[{"image_text":"Interior hall in Haydarpaşa Terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Haydarpasa-1070032_1070097a.jpg/220px-Haydarpasa-1070032_1070097a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haydarpasa terminal in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Haydarpasa_train_station.jpg/220px-Haydarpasa_train_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Intercity trains at Haydarpasa station in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Trains_at_Haydarpasa.jpg/220px-Trains_at_Haydarpasa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haydarpaşa terminal after the fire that destroyed its roof in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminus_And_Pier.jpg/220px-Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminus_And_Pier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haydarpaşa terminal undergoing restoration works in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar%C4%B1_restorasyon_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar%C4%B1_restorasyon_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haydarpaşa train station excavations in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Restoration_works_of_the_Haydarapa%C5%9Fa_railway_station.jpg/220px-Restoration_works_of_the_Haydarapa%C5%9Fa_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haydarpaşa Terminal with Seraglio Point in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminal_and_Seraglio_Point_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG/220px-Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Terminal_and_Seraglio_Point_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG"},{"image_text":"The nearby Haydarpaşa Campus of the Marmara University, originally built as the Imperial Medical School and designed by Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Haydarpasa_campus_general.jpg/220px-Haydarpasa_campus_general.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Haydarpaşa Garı'nın 10 Yıllık Mücadelesi\". bianet.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bianet.org/biamag/toplum/160311-haydarpasa-gari-nin-10-yillik-mucadelesi","url_text":"\"Haydarpaşa Garı'nın 10 Yıllık Mücadelesi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Haydarpaşa'da Restorasyon Başlıyor\". gazetekadikoy.com.tr (in Turkish). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazetekadikoy.com.tr/genel/haydarpasada-restorasyon-basliyor-h7927.html","url_text":"\"Haydarpaşa'da Restorasyon Başlıyor\""}]},{"reference":"https://raillynews.com/2022/07/haydarpasa-gari-icin-yeni-plan/.","urls":[{"url":"https://raillynews.com/2022/07/haydarpasa-gari-icin-yeni-plan/","url_text":"https://raillynews.com/2022/07/haydarpasa-gari-icin-yeni-plan/"}]},{"reference":"\"The German School at Yeldeğirmeni\". Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://maviboncuk.blogspot.com/2020/02/the-german-school-at-yeldegirmeni.html","url_text":"\"The German School at Yeldeğirmeni\""}]},{"reference":"Yale 1 Tonguç 2, Pat 1 Saffet Emre 2 (2010). Istanbul The Ultimate Guide (1st ed.). Istanbul: Boyut. p. 493. ISBN 9789752307346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789752307346","url_text":"9789752307346"}]},{"reference":"\"Istanbul court sentences three people in Haydarpaşa Station fire case - LOCAL\". Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 2017-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-court-sentences-three-people-in-haydarpasa-station-fire-case-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=59151&NewsCatID=341","url_text":"\"Istanbul court sentences three people in Haydarpaşa Station fire case - LOCAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florence Nightingale and her Museum | All About Turkey\". www.allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutturkey.com/florence-nightingale.html","url_text":"\"Florence Nightingale and her Museum | All About Turkey\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veoh
Veoh
["1 History","1.1 Chapter 7 bankruptcy","2 Controversies","2.1 International blocking","2.2 Legal issues","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Video streaming website This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: includes too much sporadic information which requires further linking together to inform the subject matter. Please help improve this article if you can. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Veoh Networks, Inc.OwnerFC2, Inc.Created byDmitry Shapiro and Ted DunningParentVeoh Networks, Inc.URLhttp://veoh.comRegistrationFreeLaunchedSeptember 2005 Veoh (/ˈviːoʊ/) is an American video-sharing website, launched in September 2005. It was originally launched as a virtual television network application, and then became a video-sharing website in March 2006. During the mid-2000s, it was one of the largest video-sharing websites, though eventually began to be superseded by YouTube, Vimeo and Dailymotion. In February 2010, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, until it was saved two months later by the technology company Qlipso Inc. It was later sold to blogging host FC2, Inc, who still own it as of October 2021. History Veoh was founded by web-developer Dmitry Shapiro, who had the idea of creating a video-sharing website in 2004 during his honeymoon, wanting to create a platform for anyone to be able to record and share video online. It raised around $70 million from venture capital and media investors. Time Warner, Michael Eisner's Tornante Company, Spark Capital, Shelter Capital Partners, Tom Freston's Firefly3 LLC, Jonathan Dolgen (former chairman of Viacom Entertainment Group), Intel, and Goldman Sachs were all major investors. The company launched an early version of its distribution technology in September 2005, and debuted its full beta service in March 2006. Veoh officially launched (out of beta) in February 2007. In addition to the user-generated content that Veoh broadcasts, Veoh has distributed content from major media companies via its VeohTV Beta including CBS, ABC, The WB, Viacom's MTV Networks, ESPN, FEARNet, Billboard, Ford Models, Us Weekly, TV Guide, and others. Independent creators who produced Veoh include NextNewNetworks, 60 Frames, Can We Do That?, Goodnight Burbank, and Dave and Tom. The company received media attention after Michael Eisner, a former Disney chairman, joined the board. In April 2006, he was one of the investors (along with Time Warner) in the $12.5 million second round of financing for Veoh and re-affirmed his status in August 2007 as an investor in the company's $25 million Series C financing round. In 2008, the website veoh.com attracted approximately 17 million unique visitors monthly according to a Quantcast.com study. In April 2009, following layoffs in November 2008, Veoh reduced its staff by 25 more to 45 remaining employees and reinstated Dmitry Shapiro as its CEO, replacing Steve Mitgang. Chapter 7 bankruptcy In February 2010, Shapiro, indicated on his blog that "the distraction of the legal battles, and the challenges of the broader macro-economic climate have led to our Chapter 7 bankruptcy." On April 7, 2010, it was announced that Israeli blogging host Qlipso had acquired Veoh out of bankruptcy for an undisclosed sum, who aimed to use the acquisition to add users and revenue to its blogging and content sharing service. As of September 2021, its website remains active, though its social pages remain fairly inactive. Its privacy policy has not been updated since 2008, its terms of service have not been updated since 2009. The site contains pornographic advertising on nearly every page. Controversies International blocking In late May 2008, Veoh discontinued operating in many countries. The company stated that the decision was made in order to focus on the 34 markets in which it has the most viewers. As of May 31, 2008, upon trying to access the site from a Latvian IP address a screen is displayed: "Veoh is no longer available in Latvia & Mauritius." Without prior notice, users from these countries were denied the ability to back up the contents they have contributed to the website. As of June 2008, visitors (IP addresses) in the vast majority of countries, including Asia, portions of Europe, Africa, Central America, and South America, have reported being blocked or experiencing a similar message for their region. Gaude Paez, a spokesperson told NewTeeVee.com "The markets we are exiting collectively represent less than 10 percent of our viewer base." She maintained that the decision was "not about saving resources but rather refocusing those resources." Recently, however, the restriction has been removed from certain territories such as Puerto Rico. Indian users have reported that the Veoh restrictions were lifted for a month, yet came back in August. As of March 30, 2009, Veoh also blocked the Czech Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia and Serbia. Egypt, Romania, Martinique and Pakistan were also blocked in June. Turkey, Thailand and the UAE were blocked as of October 2009. The ban on Malaysia has since been removed. As of September 2010 site was accessible again from Serbia, but starting of December 2010 access was removed once again. Veoh is also blocked in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Mongolia. As of July 26, 2011 service has been restored to these blocked countries. However, as of April 2012, users from Macau are still being blocked, with the message "Veoh is no longer available in MACAO. If you are not in MACAO or think you have received this message in error, please go to veoh.com and report the issue." Legal issues June 23, 2006: IO Group, Inc. filed a complaint against Veoh Networks, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for California's Northern District. The Court has granted the Veoh's motion for summary judgment, that it was entitled to the statute's "safe harbor" provision. September 4, 2007: Universal Music Group Recordings, Inc. et al. filed a complaint against Veoh Networks, Inc. et al. in the California Central District Court. On September 9, 2009, the court ruled in favor of Veoh, stating that Veoh was taking the necessary steps to stop copyright infringement. Universal Music Group planned to appeal the decision. On Dec 20 2011, the appeals court upheld the original dismissal. See also Comparison of video services IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc. UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC References ^ Whatever Happened To VEOH?, archived from the original on 2021-12-14, retrieved 2021-09-22 ^ Kirkpatrick, Marshall (February 12, 2007). "Veoh Relaunches Powerful Video Sharing Service". Retrieved April 25, 2007. ^ "Whoops, looks like something went wrong". ^ "Watch Movies Online For Free | Your #1 Online Movie Experience". Veoh. Retrieved 2014-06-11. ^ "Veoh Blocks Some International Access — Tech News and Analysis". Newteevee.com. 2008-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2014-06-11. ^ "News Post - JVP". Jvpvc.com. Retrieved 2014-06-11. ^ "Eisner Invests in TV Startup". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-04. ^ "Veoh.com Audience Insights - Quantcast". www.quantcast.com. ^ Rao, Leena (April 1, 2009) Veoh Lays Off 25 Employees And Shifts Focus Away From Competing With YouTube And Hulu ^ "Dmitry Shapiro (@dmitry) - Twitter". www.dmitryshapiro.com. ^ Ackerman, Gwen (April 8, 2010), "Israeli Start-Up Qlipso Acquires Veoh to Add Users, Revenue", Business Week, archived from the original on April 11, 2010 ^ Takahashi, Dean (April 7, 2010) Israeli social media firm Qlipso buys assets of video site Veoh VentureBeat. Retrieved November 17, 2016 ^ "My Veoh". www.veoh.com. Retrieved 2021-09-22. ^ Liz Gannes (2008-06-01). "Veoh Blocks Some International Access". Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23. ^ Paez to NewTeeVee About Veoh Blocking Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc. ^ "Court decision (PDF)" (PDF). ^ "Docket Information for UMG Recordings, Inc. et al v. Veoh Networks, Inc. et al, 2:07-cv-05744 (C.D.Cal.)". Retrieved 9 May 2013. ^ "Granting Veoh's Motion for Summary Judgment that it is entitled to the section 512(c) safe harbor". Docket Alarm, Inc. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2013. ^ a b "Veoh wins Universal Music case". Los Angeles Times. 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2014. ^ Court's file-sharing ruling favors Veoh Networks, San Francisco Chronicle, Dec 21, 2011 External links Archive page of former Veoh web site Interview with Dmitry Shapiro, CEO of Veoh in socalTECH VEOH on Ubuntu (and some others) with wine Video critical of Veoh's new policy of blocking countries from accessing its videos Archived 2020-07-11 at the Wayback Machine vteVideo on demand services Digital library Streaming media Video on demand Free orad-supported 3ABN+ 7plus 9Now 10Play ABC iview Abema Amazon Freevee Angel Studios Arte Boutique BBC iPlayer CBC Gem Channel 4 CONtv Crackle CTV Movies / Throwback CW Seed ERTFLIX Facebook Watch Fandango at Home France·tv Globoplay Free Haystack News Hoopla Ici TOU.TV ITVX iWantTFC Joyn Kanopy Lemino Libreflix Local Now meWATCH Mediaset Infinity MX Player My5 NASA+ The Network Ora TV PBS PBS Kids PictureBox Films Plex Pluto TV Pop Player Popcornflix PPTV RaiPlay RTÉ Player RTP Play RCTI+ The Roku Channel RTVE Play Revry SBS On Demand Shahid Shout! Factory TV Sling Freestream Snapchat Spuul STV Player SVT Play Stirr Telemundo TF1+ ThreeNow Toon Goggles tonton Tubi TVer Tvigle TVNZ+ tvyo S4C Clic UKTV Play Veoh Vevo Viddsee Vidio Viki Virgin Media Player Vision+ ViX Voddler Xfinity Streampix XITE Xumo YouTube Kids YuppTV Subscription-based Abema Premium Acorn TV Aha Alchemiya Allblk ALTBalaji Amazon Prime Video AMC+ Ameba TV ANT1+ Apple TV+ APTN Lumi Atresplayer BBC Select Beacon Bentkey BET+ Binge BritBox Bongo BD Brown Sugar Canal+ Chorki Club illico C More Play Crave Criterion Channel Crunchyroll Curiosity Stream DailyWire+ Discovery+ Disney+ Hotstar Star d-anime Store DocPlay Dropout Eros Now Fandor Floatplane Filmin Fox Nation Foxtel Now GagaOOLala Gaia Globoplay (+ live channels · Telecine) Great American Pure Flix Hayu HIDIVE History Vault Hulu Hulu Japan Icflix Iflix iQIYI Lemino Premium Max Infinity+ MGM+ Irokotv ITVX Premium iWantTFC Kocowa Means TV meWATCH Prime Mola Motor Trend Mubi Nebula Neon Netflix Night Flight Plus NOW News9 Plus OutTVGO Pantaya Paramount+ PBS Passport Peacock RTL+ Shahid VIP Showmax Shudder SkyShowtime Sling TV SonyLIV Stan Star+ Starz Struum STV Player+ SundanceNow Sun NXT TAPP TV Telasa The Roku Channel TIMvision Toku TV 2 Play TVING U-Next Paravi Upstream Viaplay VidAngel Videoland Vidio Premier Vision+ Premium Viu VVVVID ViX Premium Voyo Wondrium WOW Presents Plus XITE Yippee TV YouTube Premium ZEE5 Rental orpurchase Amazon Prime Video Fandango at Home FandangoNOW Google Play Google TV iTunes Store Microsoft Movies & TV Nintendo eShop Rakuten TV Redbox Sky Store The Great Courses YouTube Movies & Shows Huawei Video Sports All Japan Pro Wrestling TV B/R Live beIN Sports Connect Big Japan Pro Wrestling Core DAZN Wrestle Universe Eleven Sports ESPN+ Eurosport Player Fanseat Fanatiz Triller TV NWA All Access FloSports FuboTV Honor Club IMPACT! +Plus Kayo Sports Laola1 MLB.tv MLS Season Pass NBA League Pass NBL TV New Japan Pro-Wrestling World NFL Game Pass Premier Football OneSoccer Sky Sport Now Sportsnet Now Stan Sport TSN Direct UFC Fight Pass WWE Network TV Everywhere ABC AMC Premiere Bally Sports app CBS Cinemax On Demand CNN TV app DisneyNow Foxtel Go Freeform FXNOW Canais Globo HBO Go HGTV NBC Redbox Free Live TV Sky Go Sky Q Spark Sport The CW Watch TBS Ziggo Go Discontinued 123Movies AnimeLab Blim TV CNN+ DC Universe Disney Deluxe dittoTV Dplay DramaFever FOXNOW Funimation FX+ Global Wrestling Network go90 GolfTV HBO Now Hillsong Channel Now Hitchhike TV HOOQ Lightbox NBC Sports Gold Noggin On Demand PlayStation Video Presto Quibi Quickflix Redbox Instant Seeso Shomi Sky On Demand Sky Select Vessel Viewster Voot VRV VyRT Wakanim WatchESPN Yahoo! Screen Related Australia Canada New Zealand vteThe Tornante CompanyPeople Michael Eisner Andy Redman Companies Omaze Topps Vuguru Internet ventures Veoh Vuguru (SamHas7Friends Prom Queen) Television Glenn Martin, DDS (2009–2011) BoJack Horseman (2014–2020) Judge Faith (2014–2018) Tuca & Bertie (2019–2022) NOS4A2 (2019–2020) Undone (2019–2022)
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During the mid-2000s, it was one of the largest video-sharing websites, though eventually began to be superseded by YouTube, Vimeo and Dailymotion. In February 2010, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, until it was saved two months later by the technology company Qlipso Inc. It was later sold to blogging host FC2, Inc, who still own it as of October 2021.","title":"Veoh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"Tornante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornante"},{"link_name":"Spark Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_Capital"},{"link_name":"Tom Freston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Freston"},{"link_name":"Viacom Entertainment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"user-generated content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Goodnight Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight_Burbank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"Quantcast.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast.com"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Veoh was founded by web-developer Dmitry Shapiro, who had the idea of creating a video-sharing website in 2004 during his honeymoon, wanting to create a platform for anyone to be able to record and share video online.[1] It raised around $70 million from venture capital and media investors. Time Warner, Michael Eisner's Tornante Company, Spark Capital, Shelter Capital Partners, Tom Freston's Firefly3 LLC, Jonathan Dolgen (former chairman of Viacom Entertainment Group), Intel, and Goldman Sachs were all major investors.The company launched an early version of its distribution technology in September 2005, and debuted its full beta service in March 2006. Veoh officially launched (out of beta) in February 2007.[2]In addition to the user-generated content that Veoh broadcasts, Veoh has distributed content from major media companies via its VeohTV Beta[3] including CBS, ABC, The WB, Viacom's MTV Networks, ESPN, FEARNet, Billboard, Ford Models, Us Weekly, TV Guide, and others. Independent creators who produced Veoh include NextNewNetworks, 60 Frames, Can We Do That?, Goodnight Burbank, and Dave and Tom.[4][5] [6]The company received media attention[7] after Michael Eisner, a former Disney chairman, joined the board. In April 2006, he was one of the investors (along with Time Warner) in the $12.5 million second round of financing for Veoh and re-affirmed his status in August 2007 as an investor in the company's $25 million Series C financing round.In 2008, the website veoh.com attracted approximately 17 million unique visitors monthly according to a Quantcast.com study.[8]In April 2009, following layoffs in November 2008, Veoh reduced its staff by 25 more to 45 remaining employees and reinstated Dmitry Shapiro as its CEO, replacing Steve Mitgang.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapter 7 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_7,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Qlipso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlipso"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackerman-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Chapter 7 bankruptcy","text":"In February 2010, Shapiro, indicated on his blog that \"the distraction of the legal battles, and the challenges of the broader macro-economic climate have led to our Chapter 7 bankruptcy.\"[10] On April 7, 2010, it was announced that Israeli blogging host Qlipso had acquired Veoh out of bankruptcy for an undisclosed sum, who aimed to use the acquisition to add users and revenue to its blogging and content sharing service.[11][12]As of September 2021, its website remains active, though its social pages remain fairly inactive. Its privacy policy has not been updated since 2008, its terms of service have not been updated since 2009. The site contains pornographic advertising on nearly every page.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"}],"sub_title":"International blocking","text":"In late May 2008, Veoh discontinued operating in many countries. The company stated that the decision was made in order to focus on the 34 markets in which it has the most viewers.[14]\nAs of May 31, 2008, upon trying to access the site from a Latvian IP address a screen is displayed: \"Veoh is no longer available in Latvia & Mauritius.\" Without prior notice, users from these countries were denied the ability to back up the contents they have contributed to the website. As of June 2008, visitors (IP addresses) in the vast majority of countries, including Asia, portions of Europe, Africa, Central America, and South America, have reported being blocked or experiencing a similar message for their region.\nGaude Paez, a spokesperson told NewTeeVee.com \"The markets we are exiting collectively represent less than 10 percent of our viewer base.\" She maintained that the decision was \"not about saving resources but rather refocusing those resources.\"[15] Recently, however, the restriction has been removed from certain territories such as Puerto Rico. Indian users have reported that the Veoh restrictions were lifted for a month, yet came back in August.\nAs of March 30, 2009, Veoh also blocked the Czech Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia and Serbia. Egypt, Romania, Martinique and Pakistan were also blocked in June. Turkey, Thailand and the UAE were blocked as of October 2009. The ban on Malaysia has since been removed. As of September 2010 site was accessible again from Serbia, but starting of December 2010 access was removed once again. Veoh is also blocked in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Mongolia.\nAs of July 26, 2011 service has been restored to these blocked countries. However, as of April 2012, users from Macau are still being blocked, with the message \"Veoh is no longer available in MACAO. If you are not in MACAO or think you have received this message in error, please go to veoh.com and report the issue.\"","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UMGVeohDocket-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostBusiness-21"}],"sub_title":"Legal issues","text":"June 23, 2006: IO Group, Inc. filed a complaint against Veoh Networks, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for California's Northern District.[16] The Court has granted the Veoh's motion for summary judgment, that it was entitled to the statute's \"safe harbor\" provision.[17]September 4, 2007: Universal Music Group Recordings, Inc. et al. filed a complaint against Veoh Networks, Inc. et al. in the California Central District Court.[18] On September 9, 2009, the court ruled in favor of Veoh, stating that Veoh was taking the necessary steps to stop copyright infringement.[19][20] Universal Music Group planned to appeal the decision.[20] On Dec 20 2011, the appeals court upheld the original dismissal.[21]","title":"Controversies"}]
[]
[{"title":"Comparison of video services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_video_services"},{"title":"IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc."},{"title":"UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMG_Recordings,_Inc._v._Shelter_Capital_Partners_LLC"}]
[{"reference":"Whatever Happened To VEOH?, archived from the original on 2021-12-14, retrieved 2021-09-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXv5daJPIEk","url_text":"Whatever Happened To VEOH?"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/WXv5daJPIEk","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Marshall (February 12, 2007). \"Veoh Relaunches Powerful Video Sharing Service\". Retrieved April 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2007/02/12/veoh-relaunches-powerful-video-sharing-service","url_text":"\"Veoh Relaunches Powerful Video Sharing Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whoops, looks like something went wrong\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.veoh.com/downloadFlow.html","url_text":"\"Whoops, looks like something went wrong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Movies Online For Free | Your #1 Online Movie Experience\". Veoh. Retrieved 2014-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.veoh.com/error/tvshows-restricted-geo","url_text":"\"Watch Movies Online For Free | Your #1 Online Movie Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veoh Blocks Some International Access — Tech News and Analysis\". Newteevee.com. 2008-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2014-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819011505/http://newteevee.com/2008/06/01/veoh-blocks-some-international-access/","url_text":"\"Veoh Blocks Some International Access — Tech News and Analysis\""},{"url":"http://newteevee.com/2008/06/01/veoh-blocks-some-international-access","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Post - JVP\". Jvpvc.com. Retrieved 2014-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jvpvc.com/news/qlipso-integrates-pioneering-social-features","url_text":"\"News Post - JVP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eisner Invests in TV Startup\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092429/http://www.redherring.com/Home/16537","url_text":"\"Eisner Invests in TV Startup\""},{"url":"http://www.redherring.com/Home/16537","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veoh.com Audience Insights - Quantcast\". www.quantcast.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quantcast.com/veoh.com","url_text":"\"Veoh.com Audience Insights - Quantcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dmitry Shapiro (@dmitry) - Twitter\". www.dmitryshapiro.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dmitryshapiro.com/blog/?p=160","url_text":"\"Dmitry Shapiro (@dmitry) - Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, Gwen (April 8, 2010), \"Israeli Start-Up Qlipso Acquires Veoh to Add Users, Revenue\", Business Week, archived from the original on April 11, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100411204731/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-08/israeli-start-up-qlipso-acquires-veoh-to-add-users-revenue.html","url_text":"\"Israeli Start-Up Qlipso Acquires Veoh to Add Users, Revenue\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-08/israeli-start-up-qlipso-acquires-veoh-to-add-users-revenue.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"My Veoh\". www.veoh.com. Retrieved 2021-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.veoh.com/","url_text":"\"My Veoh\""}]},{"reference":"Liz Gannes (2008-06-01). \"Veoh Blocks Some International Access\". Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624095452/http://newteevee.com/2008/06/01/veoh-blocks-some-international-access/","url_text":"\"Veoh Blocks Some International Access\""},{"url":"http://newteevee.com/2008/06/01/veoh-blocks-some-international-access/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Court decision (PDF)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/files/Io%20v.%20Veoh%20(d%20ct).pdf","url_text":"\"Court decision (PDF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Docket Information for UMG Recordings, Inc. et al v. Veoh Networks, Inc. et al, 2:07-cv-05744 (C.D.Cal.)\". Retrieved 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/California_Central_District_Court/2--07-cv-05744/UMG_Recordings_Inc_et_al_v_Veoh_Networks_Inc_et_al/","url_text":"\"Docket Information for UMG Recordings, Inc. et al v. Veoh Networks, Inc. et al, 2:07-cv-05744 (C.D.Cal.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Granting Veoh's Motion for Summary Judgment that it is entitled to the section 512(c) safe harbor\". Docket Alarm, Inc. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/California_Central_District_Court/2--07-cv-05744/UMG_Recordings_Inc_et_al_v_Veoh_Networks_Inc_et_al/575/","url_text":"\"Granting Veoh's Motion for Summary Judgment that it is entitled to the section 512(c) safe harbor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veoh wins Universal Music case\". Los Angeles Times. 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915165816/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/15/business/fi-briefs15.S1","url_text":"\"Veoh wins Universal Music case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/15/business/fi-briefs15.S1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Court's file-sharing ruling favors Veoh Networks, San Francisco Chronicle, Dec 21, 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/12/20/BUTI1METMN.DTL","url_text":"Court's file-sharing ruling favors Veoh Networks"}]}]
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Veoh Networks, Inc. et al, 2:07-cv-05744 (C.D.Cal.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/California_Central_District_Court/2--07-cv-05744/UMG_Recordings_Inc_et_al_v_Veoh_Networks_Inc_et_al/575/","external_links_name":"\"Granting Veoh's Motion for Summary Judgment that it is entitled to the section 512(c) safe harbor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915165816/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/15/business/fi-briefs15.S1","external_links_name":"\"Veoh wins Universal Music case\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/15/business/fi-briefs15.S1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/12/20/BUTI1METMN.DTL","external_links_name":"Court's file-sharing ruling favors Veoh Networks"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080110193043/http://www.veoh.com/","external_links_name":"Archive page of former Veoh web site"},{"Link":"http://www.socaltech.com/fullstory/0002761.html","external_links_name":"Interview with Dmitry Shapiro, CEO of Veoh in socalTECH"},{"Link":"http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=519189","external_links_name":"VEOH on Ubuntu (and some others) with wine"},{"Link":"http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1378341/veoh_blocks_85_of_the_world/","external_links_name":"Video critical of Veoh's new policy of blocking countries from accessing its videos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711025204/https://www.metacafe.com/watch/1378341/veoh_blocks_85_of_the_world/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]